Lesson 2

 Power Formula

General Power Formula of Integration (GPF)

 
d u n = n u n 1du
d (u n 1 ) = (n+1)uⁿdu
d (u n 1 ) u n 1
 u du =  n  1 = n  1 + c
n

u n 1
 = +c
n
u du
n 1

Examples:

1.  x dx
4

Solution:
x 4 1 x5
= +c= +c
4 1 5
2.  ( x 4  6)dx
Solution:
x5
=  x dx +  6dx =
4
+ 6x + c
5
 x 2
3. 4
 6 dx
Solution:

 x   x dx +  12 x dx +  36dx =

x 9 12 x 5
= 8
 12 x 4  36 d x = 8 4
  36 x  c
9 5
 x 2
4. 4
 6 x 3 dx
Solution:
First method: (by GPF)
u = x 4 +6
du = 4x³dx
1
cf =
4
 3
1  x4  6
1
x  6 4 x dx =  3  + c
4 
2
= 4 3

4  
=
1 4
12
3
 
x  6 + c; If expand it will become

1 4
12
 3
x 6 =
x12 3x 8
12

2
  9 x  216 
4 x12 3x 8
12

2
 9x 4 + c 1
Solution:
Second method: (by Expansion)

 x   (x  12 x 4  36) x 3 dx   ( x11  12 x 7  36 x 3 )dx

2
4
 6 x 3 dx = 8

x12 12 x 8 36 x 4 x12 3x 8
=   +c=   9x 4 + c
12 8 4 12 2
Exercises:
Evaluate the following:
1
1.  t  )dt
t
 
2
 1
2.   y   dy
 y
ydy
3. 
a2  y2

 x  7 x  dx
4
4. 6

5.  y4  y dy
2

Definite Integrals
b

 f ( x)dx  F (b)  F (a)

a

Examples:
1
1 y
1. 
1 y
dy
4
Solution:
 1


u = 1  y 2 
 
1
du = - 1 y 2 dy
2
cf = -2
n = ½
 1
 1 2 
3
 
  21  y 2   1
1
     1 2
3
1
   1
1 2 1
  
  4 1  y 2  
= -2  1  y 2    y 2 dy      =
 3  
1   2   3    1
   
4 2
 1 4
 
4

 3 3

  1
  1 2 
2 1 2
   4  ( 1 ) 2    4  1  1  4  1 
3
=- 4  2  
1  (1)   1  ( )      
3 
   4   3  2   3  2  2 6  2 
 

=
2 1  2 2
  
3 2  2 6
 2 3
2

a
2
ydy
2. 
a 
3
0
 y2 2
2

Solution:
u = a²-y²
du = -2ydy
cf = -½
3
n=-
2
a
 1 2
 a  y  2 

 2 1
  
  a  ( ) 2   a 2  0 2  2 
2 2 1
a
 
1 
2 1
    2  
 2  0
 1
2 2   
1

   4a 2  a 2   1 
  a    a 
1
 2 a 2 2 
  
2
    1

1
 4    2 
  
4   a  3a 2 a2

4
1 1 2 1 2 3
    
a a a 3 a a 3
3
2
4 4

1 3
 1
 3

3.  1  x  x dx   1  x 2  x  2 dx
1
2

0  0 
Solution:
 3

u = 1  x 2 
 
 1
3 2
du =  x dx
2
2
cf = -
3
n=4
1
 3 5

 1  x 2  
2     2 
3 5
 
3 5
   
   1  (1)   1  (0)     1  1  1  0 
2 2
  2 2 5 5

3 5  15      15 15

 
 0
4
1  y dy  4 1  y  y  12 dy
4. 
1 y

1

Solution:
4
 1   3   12 3 4

  12 1   y 2   y2 
   6 y  2 y 
4 4 1 4 1
 2
   y  y 2 dy   y 2 dy   y 2 dy   
 
1  1 1  1   3
 

 
3
 1
 2   2  1
1    
1 3 1 3
  6(4)  2(4)    6(1)  2(1) 2   1 12  16   6  2  
8
 2 2   2
3  3
   3

Exercises:
Evaluate the following:

4
1.  Sec  Cos  d
2

0
2
2.  ln x  2dx
1
4 x

3.  x e 2 dx
2

0

4
4.  sec
6
xdx

4
 
2
cos4 t
5.  6 dt
 sin t
4

Lesson 3


Even Function- remain unchanged when x is replaced by –x.
Even and Odd functions

f(-x) = f(x); (symmetry to y-axis)

Theorem 17:
If f(x) is an even function of x, then
f x dx  2 f x dx
a a
a 0
Odd Function- changed when x is replaced by –x.
Theorem 18:
If f(x) is an odd function of x, then

 f xdx  0
a

a

Examples:

 x 
2
1. 3
 7 x 5 dx
2
Solution:
f(x) = x 3  7x 5 
f(-x) =  x   7 x    x 3  7 x 5   x 3  7 x 5
3 5
 
so, f(-x) = -f(x)
therefore: Odd Function

 x 
2
3
 7 x 5 dx  0
2

 (2) 4 7 6   (2) 4 7(2) 6 

2
 4 7x6 
check :  x      (2)       0

4 6   2  4 6   4 6 

 6 y 
1
2. 2
 5 y 4 dy
1
Solution:
f(y) = 6 y 2  5 y 4
f(-y) = 6 y   5 y   6 y 2  5 y 4
2 4

since; f(y) = f(-y), it is Even Function

1
 
 2 6 y 2  5 y 4 dy  2 2 y 3  y 5
0
 
1
0 2
  3 3v 2 
4  2v  8  17v  3dv
4
3.

Solution:
3v 2
f(v) = 2v 3   17v  3
8
3 v 
2
3v 2
f(-v) = 2 v    17 v   3  2v 3   17v  3
3

8 8
Not even nor odd function,
cause for even f(-v) = f(v)
for odd f(-v) = -f(v)
but f(-v) = -f(±v)
4
 v 4 v 3 17v 2 
     3v   128  8  136  12   128  8  136  12   16  24  8
 2 8 2  4