CHAPTER 19: EUROPE

• Scandinavian Countries: Finland, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Iceland

• Baltic Countries: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania
• United Kingdom: England, Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland
• Britain: England, Scotland, Wales

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 MOUNTAINS OF EUROPE
Mountains Information Mapping
Scandinavi • Extends From: Finland
an through Sweden, Norway
Mountains and the British Isles to
Iceland.
• Northern Part: Fenno
Scandinavian shield.
• Highest Peak:
Galdhopiggen in South.

Alps • Extent: Highest and most

extensive mountain range
system that lies entirely in
Europe.
• Spreads Across: (from
west to east): France,
Switzerland, Liechtenstein,
Germany, Austria, Slovenia
and Italy.

Pyrenees • Location: Mountain

Ranges straddling the
border of France and Spain.
• Highest Point: Maximum
altitude of 3,404 metres at
the peak of Aneto.
• Role of Andorra: For the
most part, it forms a divide
between Spain and France,
with microstate of Andorra
sandwiched in between.

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 Carpathian • Location/Shape: They are
Mountains a range of mountains
forming an arc across
Central and Eastern
Europe.
• Size: It is the third-longest
European mountain range
after the Urals and the
Scandinavian Mountains

Caucasus • Location: It is a mountain

Mountains range at the intersection of
Asia and Europe.
• Features:
§ Stretching between:
Black Sea and Caspian
Sea.
§ Surrounded by:
Caucasus region.
§ Home To : Mount
Elbrus, the highest
peak in Europe at
5,642 metres above
sea level.

Dinaric • Location: Mountain range

Alps/ in Southern and South-
Dinarides eastern Europe,
• Separates: The continental
Balkan Peninsula from the
Adriatic Sea.
• Stretch From: Italy in the
northwest through
Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia
and Herzegovina, Serbia,
Montenegro, and Kosovo to
Albania in the southeast.

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 Apennine • Location: Mountain range
Mountains consisting of parallel
smaller chains extending
along the length of
peninsular Italy.

Balkan • Location: The Balkan

Mountains Mountain range, known
locally also as Stara
planina, is a mountain range
in the eastern part of the
Balkan Peninsula in South-
eastern Europe.

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 PENINSULAS OF EUROPE
• Southern Peninsula: Iberian, Italian, and Balkan.
• Northern Peninsula: Scandinavian and Jutland.

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 IMPORTANT RIVERS

River Information Mapping

Danube • Size: Second-
longest river in
Europe, after the
Volga in Russia.
• Flows Through:
Much of Central
and South-
eastern Europe,
from the Black
Forest into the
Black Sea.
• Countries:
Germany,
Austria,
Slovakia,
Hungary,
Croatia, Serbia,
Bulgaria,
Romania,

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 Moldova,
Ukraine.
Rhine • Source-Sink:
The river begins
in the Swiss
canton of
Graubünden in
the south-eastern
Swiss Alps, and
empties into the
North Sea.
• Cities On The
Rhine: Cologne,
Düsseldorf,
Rotterdam,
Strasbourg and
Basel.
• Countries:
Switzerland,
Liechtenstein,
Austria,
Germany,
France,
Netherlands
Rhone • Location: A
Major river in
France and
Switzerland.
• Source: Arising
in the Alps and
flowing west and
south through
Lake Geneva and
south-eastern
France.
• Discharge Into:
Mediterranean
Sea

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 IMPORTANT WATER BODIES

Water Information Location

Body
Baltic • Location: It is an arm of
Sea the Atlantic Ocean.
• Enclosed By: Denmark,
Estonia, Finland,
Germany, Latvia,
Lithuania, Poland,
Russia, Sweden and the
North and Central
European Plain.
• Includes: The Gulf of
Bothnia, the Bay of
Bothnia, the Gulf of
Finland, the Gulf of Riga
and the Bay of Gdańsk.

Gulf of • Location: A wide

Lion embayment of the
Mediterranean
coastline of France.

Bay of • Location: A gulf of

Biscay the northeast Atlantic
Ocean located south
of the Celtic Sea.

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 CHAPTER 20: RUSSIA
GENERAL INFORMATION
• Size: Russia is the largest country in the world.
• Time Zones: Russia has Eleven time zones.
• Continental Part: Russia is a part of both Asia and Europe.

RIVERS OF RUSSIA

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 River Mapping
River Volga
• Size: It is the longest river in
Europe.
• Location/Flow Through:
Situated in Russia, it flows
through Central Russia to
Southern Russia and into
Caspian Sea.
• Rank: It is also Europe's
largest river in terms of
discharge and of drainage
basin.

River Ob
• Location: Major river in
Russia.
• It is in western Siberia; and
together with Irtysh forms the
world's seventh-
longest river system

River Yenisei
• Size: Fifth-longest river
system in the world, and the
largest to drain into the Arctic
Ocean.
• Flow Into: The Arctic Ocean
(the other two being the Ob
and the Lena that flow into
Arctic Ocean).

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 River Lena
• The Lena is the eleventh-
longest river in the world,
and the longest river
totally within Russia.

LAKES OF RUSSIA
Lake Mapping
Lake Baikal
It is a rift lake created by Baikal Rift
Zone located in Russia situated in
southern Siberia.
Special Features
• Lake Baikal is the world's largest
freshwater lake by volume,
containing 22–23% of the world's
fresh surface water, more than all of
the North American Great Lakes
combined.
• It is the world's deepest lake, with
a maximum depth of 1,642 m (5,387
ft)
• It is the world's oldest lake at 25–
30 million years.
• UNESCO declared it a World
Heritage Site.
It Drains Into: Angara, a tributary of
Yenisey.
NOTE- Baikal is the only confined
freshwater lake in which direct and
indirect evidence of gas hydrates exists.

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 Onega Lake
• Size: It belongs to the basin of the
Baltic Sea, and is the second-largest
lake in Europe after Lake Ladoga
Lake Ladoga
• It is a freshwater lake
• It is the largest lake located
entirely in Europe, the second
largest lake after Baikal in Russia.
• Ladoga Lacus: A methane lake on
Saturn's moon Titan, is named after
the lake.

PHYSICAL FEATURES

• Ural Mountains
§ One of the oldest mountain ranges in world
§ Highest peak of Urals: Narodnaya
§ They extend into Arctic Sea as Novaya Zemlya
§ Ural Mountains are young fold mountains
• Other important ranges of Russia: Yablonovy range, Stanovoy range, Verkhoyansk
range etc.

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 • MOUNT ELBRUS is the highest and most prominent peak in Russia and Europe. It is
situated in the western part of the Caucasus and is the highest peak of the Caucasus
Mountains.
PENINSULAS
Peninsula Mapping
Kamchatka Peninsula
• Location: It is a peninsula
in the Russian Far East.
• The Pacific Ocean and the
Sea of Okhotsk make up
the peninsula's eastern and
western coastlines,
respectively.

Kanin Peninsula
• Location: It is surrounded
by the White Sea to the
west and by the Barents
Sea to the north and east.

Yamal Peninsula
• It is bordered principally
by
§ West: The Kara Sea,
Baydaratskaya Bay.
§ East: The Gulf of Ob.
§ At The Northern
End: Lie the
Malygina Strait and,
beyond it, Bely
Island.

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 Taymyr peninsula
• Location: The Taymyr
Peninsula lies between the
Yenisei Gulf of the Kara
Sea and the Khatanga Gulf
of the Laptev Sea.

Chukchi Peninsula
• Location: It is the
easternmost peninsula of
Asia.

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 CHAPTER- 21: MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION
MAJOR AND MINOR PLATES

MAJOR SEAPORTS OF THE WORLD

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 CYCLONES

CORAL REEF REGIONS

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 INDUSTRIAL CITIES/CENTRES

OCEAN CURRENTS

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 WORLDS MAJOR CITIES

IMPORTANT WINDS

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 MAJOR RESOURCE REGIONS

INTERNATIONAL DATE LINE

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 MAJOR TRENCHES/RIDGES:

MID OCEANIC RIDGE:

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 MAJOR CHOKE-POINTS

MAJOR AIRPORTS

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 WORLD DISTRIBUTION OF RAINFALL

COUNTRIES THROUGH WHICH TROPIC OF CAPRICORN PASSES

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 COUNTRIES THROUGH WHICH TROPIC OF CANCER PASSES

COUNTRIES THROUGH WHICH EQUATOR PASSES

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