ARRAYS

in
JAVA
TOPICS TO COVER:--
 Array declaration and use.

 One-Dimensional Arrays.
 Passing arrays and array elements as parameters
 Arrays of objects
 Searching an array
 Sorting elements in an array
 ARRAYS
 An array is group of like-typed variables that are referred to
by a common name.

The entire array Each value has a numeric index

has a single name
0 1 2 3 4 5 6

scores 50.5
50 12.8
12 4.05
45 78
7.8 66
0.66100
1.00125
12.5
An array of size N is indexed from zero to N-1
INTEGER
FLOAT
 An array can be of any type.
 Specific element in an array is accessed by its index.
 Can have more than one dimension
 2D Array Elements
Row
 Requires two indices
 Which cell is
CHART [3][2]?
Column

[0] [1] [2] [3] [4] [5]

[0] 0 97 90 268 262 130
[1] 97 0 74 337 144 128
[2] 90 74 0 354 174 201
[3] 268 337 354 0 475 269
[4] 262 144 174 475 0 238
[5] 130 128 201 269 238 0
CHART
 Arrays
 A particular value in an array is referenced using the array
name followed by the index in brackets

 For example, the expression

scores[2]

refers to the value 45 (the 3rd value in the array)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

50 12 45 78 66 100 125
5
 DECLARAING ARRAYS
 The general form of 1-d array declaration is:-
type var_name[ ]; 1. Even though an array variable
“scores” is declared, but there
int, float, char array name is no array actually existing.
2. “score” is set to NULL, i.e.
E.g.:--- int scores [ ]; an array with NO VALUE.

scores
int[] scores = new int[10];
NULL

To link with actual, physical array of integers….

Declaring Arrays
 Some examples of array declarations:

double[] prices = new double[500];

boolean[] flags;

flags = new boolean[20];

char[] codes = new char[1750];

8
 ARRAY INITIALIZATION
 Giving values into the array created is known as
INITIALIZATION.
 The values are delimited by braces and separated by commas
 Examples:
int[ ] units = {147, 323, 89, 933, 540, 269, 97, 114, 298, 476};
char[ ] letterGrades = {'A', 'B', 'C', 'D', ’F'};
 Note that when an initializer list is used:

 the new operator is not used

 no size value is specified

 The size of the array is determined by the number of items in the

initializer list. An initializer list can only be used only in the array
declaration
 ACCESSING ARRAY
 A specific element in an array can be accessed by
specifying its index within square brackets.
 All array indexes start at ZERO.

Example:- System.out.println(units[4]);

mean = (units[0] + units[1])/2;

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
int[ ] units = {147, 323, 89, 933, 540, 269, 97, 114, 298, 476};
 PROCESSING ARRAY ELEMENTS
 Often a for( ) loop is used to process each of the elements
of the array in turn.

 The loop control variable, i, is used as the index to access array

components
EXAMPLE:- int i;
score [0]
for(i=0;i<=2;i++)
{
System.out.println(+score[i]);
} 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
score
50 12 45 78 66 100 125
 int i; score [1]
for(i=1;i<=2;i++)
{
System.out.println(+score[i]);
}

0 1 2 3 4 5 6
score
50 12 45 78 66 100 125
 Bounds Checking
 Once an array is created, it has a fixed size

 An index used in an array reference must specify a valid

element

 That is, the index value must be in bounds (0 to N-1)

 The Java interpreter throws an

ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException if an array index
is out of bounds

 This is called automatic bounds checking

14
 Bounds Checking
 For example, if the array score can hold 100 values, it
can be indexed using only the numbers 0 to 99

 If i has the value 100, then the following reference will

cause an exception to be thrown:

System.out.println (score[i]);

 It’s common to introduce off-by-one errors when using

arrays problem

for (int i=0; i <= 100; i++)

score[i] = i*50;
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 ARRAY OF OBJECTS
 Create a class student containing data members Name,
Roll_no, and Marks.WAP in JAVA to accept details of 5
students. Print names of all those students who scored
greater than 85 marks

student

Chris,101,85
student[0]
student[1] Brad, 102,75.8
student[2]
student[3] Andrew, 103,75.9
 Recursion
• Recursion is the process of defining something
in terms of itself.
• It allows a method to call itself.

compute()

In general, to solve a problem using recursion, you

break it into sub problems.
AREAS WHERE RECURSION CAN BE USED…………….
 FACTORIAL OF A NUMBER.
FIBONACCI SERIES.
GCD OF TWO NUMBERS.
TOWER OF HANOI.
QUICK SORT.
MERGE SORT.
Recursion Example
cal (5)

return 5 +cal (4)

return 4 +cal (3)

6
return 3 +cal (2)
3
return 2 +cal (1)
TO WHOM??????
return 1 1
5 cal(5) CALLING FUNCTION
 Iteration vs. Recursion
ITERATION RECURSION

• Certain set of instructions • Certain set of

are repeated without instructions are repeated
calling function. calling function.

• Uses for, while, do-while • Uses if, if-else or switch.

loops.

• More efficient because of • Less efficient.

better execution speed.
 COMPARSION contd….
• Memory utilization is • Memory utilization is
less. more.

• Complex to implement.
• Simple to implement.

• More lines of code. • Brings compactness in

the program.

• Terminates when loop

• Terminates when base
condition fails.
case is satisfied.
 GCD USING RECURSION
ALGORITHM:-
int GCD(int a, int b)
{
if(b>a)
return (GCD(b, a));
if(b==0)
return (a);
else
return (GCD(b,(a%b));
}
FIBONACCI SERIES USING RECURSION
int fibo(int f1,int f2,int count)
{
if(count==0) then
return 0;
else
f3=f1+f2;
f1=f2;
f2=f3;
System.out.print(" "+f3);
count--;
return fibo(f1,f2,count);

}
 TWO- DIMENSIONAL ARRAY
 DECLARATION:-
Follow the same steps as that of simple arrays.
Example:-
int [ ][ ]; int chart[ ][ ] = new int [3][2];
chart = new int [3][2];

 INITIALIZATION:-
15 16
int chart[3][2] = { 15,16,17,18,19,20}; 17 18
19 20
int chart[ ][ ] = { {15,16,17},{18,19,20} };
15 16 17
18 19 20
PROGRAM FOR PRACTISE
 The daily maximum temperature is recorded in 5 cities during 3
days. Write a program to read the table elements into 2-d array
“temperature” and find the city and day corresponding to “ Highest
Temperature” and “Lowest Temperature” .

 Write a program to create an array of objects of a class student. The

class should have field members id, total marks and marks in 3
subjects viz. Physics, Chemistry & Maths. Accept information of 3
students and display them in tabular form in descending order of the
total marks obtained by the student.