Pampanga Colleges

Inc.
MODULE 1
(Lesson 3)
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
(ORGANIC CHEMISTRY)
(Adapted from University of Northern Philippines, authored by Remedios Tabublo, MST
Chem)

JANET BRIGIDA A. CATIPON, MAED

(Instructor, BS Criminology)

STUDENT’S MODULE GUIDE FOR BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CRIMINOLOGY

 Pampanga Colleges
Inc.
Course Description: GENERAL AND ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Course Credit: 3 units, 3 hours (2-hours lecture, 1 hour- Laboratory)/week)
(18 weeks, 54 hours)

COURSE OVERVIEW:

Introduction

This 3-unit subject is a general course in Chemistry for students intending to take up
higher chemistry or related technical courses. Basically, it is an introduction to the various
concepts and principles in general and organic Chemistry. It covers topics on measurements,
matter and energy, atomic structure and chemical bonding. It also presents chemical
nomenclature, and chemical reactions. It also deals on the emphasis in the classification and
identification of organic compounds

A. Program Learning Outcomes

1. Develop intellectual understanding of the concepts and theoretical principles in
chemistry to recognize the need to keep abreast with the developments in the practice of
forensic investigation.
2. Demonstrate the ability to communicate clearly and effectively the practice of the
profession in public safety services and related areas of practice.
3. Demonstrate the ability to practice the methods in the separation and identification of
organic compounds and appropriate technologies to evaluate issues in the practice of
forensic investigation.
4. Apply practical skills to work effectively and independently as a group.
5. Innovate technological ideas to facilitate criminological research.

B. Course Learning Outcomes

At the end of the semester, student will be able to:

1. Explain understanding on the importance of chemistry in the conduct of forensic
investigation.
2. Discuss the standard processes and techniques in naming, and writing chemical formula
in the practice of scientific and forensic investigation.

STUDENT’S MODULE GUIDE FOR BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CRIMINOLOGY

 Pampanga Colleges
Inc.
3. Identify, enumerate and discuss the methods in the identification of organic compounds
in the practice of forensic investigation.
4. Apply the knowledge, skills in scientific investigation and procedure in criminal and
forensic examination.
5. Apply scientifically the skills in chemistry making more responsive to the needs in the
practice of criminal and forensic investigation.

LESSON 3: Classification of Matter and Energy

Learning outcomes:
At the end of the lesson, the students will be able to:
1. Identify the classification of matter.
2. Distinguish among elements, compounds, and mixtures.
3. Define the types of mixtures and its separation techniques.
4. Define energy and the fundamental laws of energy.

Introduction

Chemistry is at the heart of many changes we see in the world around us, and it accounts
for the myriad different properties we see in matter. Matter is anything that has mass and
occupies space and it’s found all around us. From the water that we drink, to the household
chemicals, particularly those used for cleaning and cooking, and even those which can’t be seen
by naked eye like air, are matters. Matter is typically characterized by:
• It’s physical state (gas, liquid, solid)
• It’s composition (whether it is an element, a compound, or a mixture).

Matter is something that occupies space and has its own mass. It is something that can be felt,
different classification of matter are included to identify substances regardless of their
composition, and identification of mixtures and the techniques in the separation of mixtures.

Activity 1. ……..What do I know?

1. What do you know about the states of matter?

__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________

STUDENT’S MODULE GUIDE FOR BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CRIMINOLOGY

 Pampanga Colleges
Inc.
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________

Let’s Explore this…

In your own experience, have you ever encountered a product that uses organic compounds
as the ingredients? How was it mixed? Describe briefly?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________

Classification of Matter

Matter can be classified into several categories. Below is a chart to distinguish the various
major classification of matter.

Matter is anything that has weight and takes up space. Matter requires at least one subatomic
particle, although most matter consists of atoms. The two main classification of matter:

I. Pure substance

Most forms of matter we encounter 3 the air we breathe (a gas), the gasoline we
burn in our cars (a liquid) and the sidewalk we walk (a solid) 3 are not chemically
pure. We can’t, however. Separate these forms of matter into pure substances. A pure
substance (usually referred to simply as a substance) is matter that has distinct
properties and composition that does not vary from sample to sample. Water and
table salt (sodium chloride) are examples of pure substances. All substances are
either, elements and compounds.

STUDENT’S MODULE GUIDE FOR BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CRIMINOLOGY

 Pampanga Colleges
Inc.
• Elements are substances that cannot be decomposed into simpler substances. On the
molecular level, each element is composed of only kind of atom.
• Compounds are substances of two or more elements; they contain two or more kinds
of atoms. Water, for example, is a compound composed of two element: hydrogen
and oxygen.

a. Elements
Currently, 118 elements are known, though they vary widely in abundance, hydrogen
constitutes aboute74% of the mass in the Milky Way galaxy, and helium constitutes 24%.
Closer to home, only five elements 3 oxygen, silicon, aluminium, iron, and calcium 3
account for over 90% of Erath’s crust (including oceans and atmosphere), and only three
3 oxygen, carbon, and hydrogen account over 90% of the mass of the human body.
Elements can be arranged into what is called the periodic table of elements based on
observed similarities in chemical and physical among the different elements. Each
element has a unique chemical name and symbol. Elements are given specific one-letter
or two-letter symbols. Oxygen, carbon, and hydrogen may be written as O, C, and H
respectively.

Classification of Elements

1. Metals 3 are the base-forming elements whose atoms tend to lose their electrons and
form a positive ion. They are found on the right side of the periodic table.
Properties of metals:
• Usually malleable (can be hammered, pounded or pressed into different shape
without breaking).
• Ductile (can be drawn into sheets or wire without breaking).
• Usually solid at room temperature.
• Good conductor of heat and electricity

• Show metallic luster when polish.

• Usually ends in IUM and UM like sodium, potassium, and barium.

Chemical properties:
• Combine with other metal to form an alloy.
Alloy 3 is a metal made by melting and mixing two or more metals or another
materials together.

STUDENT’S MODULE GUIDE FOR BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CRIMINOLOGY

 Pampanga Colleges
Inc.
Example: Bronze (Cu and Sn)
Brass (Cu and Zn)
• React with non-metal; to form ionic compounds or salts.
Examples: NaCl. CaF2, K2O
• Lose electrons forming positive ion (for base forming elements)
Examples: K, Mg, Ca, Al

2. Non-metals 3 are acid forming elements whose atoms can gain electrons and form a
negative ion. Non-metals are found on the left of the periodic table.

Physical properties:
• They are usually brittle solids (except bromine)  Tend to be colourless and
brilliantly coloured.
• Generally have low melting point.
• Serve as [poor conductor of heat and electricity.
• Usually ends in GEN, INE, ON like carbon, oxygen, iodine.
•
Chemical properties:
• Combine with non-metals to form covalent compounds.
• Gain electrons forming a negative ion (for acid forming elements)

3. Metalloids 3 are elements that are intermediate in properties between the typical metal
and non-metals. Metalloids are the borderline elements. They can combine with a metal
to form an alloy.
4.
Physical properties:
• Have properties that lie between metals and non-metals.
• Often look like metal but are brittle like non-metals.
• Are neither conductor nor insulator but make excellent semi-conductor. Examples:
B, Si, As, Ge

5. Noble Gas 3 is any group of rare gases that include helium, argon, krypton, xenon and
radon. They were believed to be totally unreactive. Sometimes they are called Inert gases.
They are found in the last group of the periodic table.
6.
The six most abundant elements in the human body account for around 99% by mass:

STUDENT’S MODULE GUIDE FOR BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CRIMINOLOGY

 Pampanga Colleges
Inc.
• Oxygen
• Hydrogen
• Nitrogen
• Calcium
• Phosphorus

Most Abundant Elements in the Human Body

Element Symbol % ( by mass) Functions
Oxygen O 65.0 Used for cellular respiration
Carbon C 18.0 Basic building block of most cells in the body
Hydrogen H 10.0 Mainly found in the body as water, which
comprises the body fluids
Nitrogen N 3.0 Makes up the proteins and nucleic acids ( including
DNA and RNA)
Calcium Ca 1.5 Found in compounds that make up the boned, teeth,
and body fluids
Phosphorus P 1.0 Present in the adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
molecule, the energy currency of the body
Sulfur S 0.25 Found in amino acid that makes up proteins

b. Compounds –
Are pure substances that composed of two or more elements combined
chemically in a definite proportions. Compounds can be broken down by chemical means. This
breakdown may produce either elements or other compounds, or both. Compounds contains more
than one type of atoms, but all molecules are the same like water (H2O), ethanol (C2H5OH),
quartz (SiO2), sodium chloride ( NaCl)
Examples: Mercury (II) oxide, an orange, crystalline solid, can be broken down by
heat into the elements mercury and oxygen. When heated in the absence of air, the
compound sucrose is broken down into the element carbon and the compound water. Silver (I)
chloride is a white solid that can be broken down into its elements, silver and chlorine, by
absorption of light. This property is the basis for the use of this compound in photographic
films and photochromic eyeglasses (those with lenses that darken when exposed to light)

Compounds can be classified into:

STUDENT’S MODULE GUIDE FOR BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CRIMINOLOGY

 Pampanga Colleges
Inc.
1. Oxides 3 are any of a large and important class of chemical compounds in which oxygen
is combined with another element.

The most important basic oxides are:

• Magnesium oxide (MgO), a good thermal conductor and electrical insulator that is
used in firebrick and thermal insulation.
• Calcium oxide (CaO), also called quicklime or lime, used extensively in the steel
industry and in water purification.

2. Acids 3 comes from the Latin word acidus which means <sharp=. They are compounds
which contain hydrogen ion replaceable by metals. The negative portion of the acid is a non-
metal.

Properties of acid:
• have a sour taste.
• turn blue litmus paper to red
• react with certain metals to produce hydrogen  react with bases to produce
hydrogen
Examples: Hydrobromic acid (HBr), hydrochloric acid (HCl)

3. Bases 3 are compounds which form hydroxyl group (OH) as the only negative group in
the solution. Bases are proton acceptor. The cells secrete bases to maintain the proper pH for
enzymes to work. Every time you digest food, bases are at work in your digestive system.

Properties of bases:
• have bitter taste
• have soapy or slippery feeling
• turn red litmus paper to blue

Examples: Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), Potassium hydroxide (KOH)

4. Salts – are substances that consist of a metal or metallic radical combined with a non-
metal or an acid. Salts are ionic compounds consisting of a positive ion except hydrogen and a
negative ion, hydroxide or oxide ion.

Types of salts:

STUDENT’S MODULE GUIDE FOR BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CRIMINOLOGY

 Pampanga Colleges
Inc.
• normal salt 3 contains only a metal or a metallic radical. Combined with a
nonmetal or an acid radical. It is neutral to litmus paper.
Examples: NaCl, KCl
• basic salt 3 contains one or more OH radical. It reacts to litmus paper changing
red to blue.
Example: Bi (OH)2NO3
• acid salt 3 compound in which a part of the hydrogen of the acid has been
replaced by a metal. It reacts to litmus paper changing blue to red.
• Example: NaHSO3

II. Mixtures - contains two or more substances that intermingle without being
chemically combined.
Most of the matter we encounter consists of mixtures of different substances. Each
substance in a mixture retains its chemical identity an properties. In contrast to a pure
substance,mwhich by definition ha s a fixed composition, the composition of a mixture can vary.
A cup of sweetened coffee, for example, can contain either little sugar or a lot. The substances
making up a mixture are called components of the mixture. Some mixtures do not have the same
composition, properties, and appearance throughout. Rocks and wood, for exmaple, vary in
texture and appearance in atypical sample. Such mixtures are:
 Homogeneous mixtures are mixtyres that are uniform throughout. Air is a
honmogeneous mixture of nitrogen, oxygen, and smaller amounts of other
gases. The appearnace , prperties, and composition are uniform throughout the
sample. If you cut two pieces out of a silver mercury amalgam, their
compositions will be the same.They will contain the same relative amounts of
silver and mercury, no matter the size of each piece. Another example, sugar
solution, alloy, starch and flour.

Homogeneous mixtures are referred to as:

a. Solutions - are homogeneous mixture of substances and can be physically combined in
varying proportions. The major is called the solvent, and the minor com[ponents are
called solute. If both components in a solution are 50%, the term can be assigned to
either.component. When gas or solid material dissolve in a liquid, the gas or solid
material is called the solute.when two liquds disssolve in each other, the major
component is called the solvent and the minor component is called the solute. Many
chemical reactions are caried out in solutions and solutions are also closely related to our
daily lives. The air we are surrounded by solutions sudh as tehair and waters (in rivers,
lakes, and oceans)

STUDENT’S MODULE GUIDE FOR BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CRIMINOLOGY

 Pampanga Colleges
Inc.
Solutions can be in the form of a liquid form such as tea and lemonade, but solutions
can be solids, liquids, and gases. They can be a mixture of a solid and a gas, a solid and
a liquid, a gas and a liquid and so on. An example is a solution of water and salt, which
may be prepared by mixing the two substances in ratios such as one teaspoon is to one
glass, two teaspoons is to one glass, three teaspoons into half glass, and so on. All
resulting mixtures are called salt-water solution.

Types of Solutions
At the molecular level, mnolecules and ions of a solute are completely mixed with and
interact with those of the solvent when a solute dissolves in a solvent. This type of mixing
homogeneous because noboundary is visible in the entire dolution. In a mixture, differenences
may exist between regions or parts of the whole system. Materia exixts in the three states, solid,
liquid, and gas. Solutions exixts in all these states.
• Gaseous mixtures are usualy homogeneous and all gas mixtures are called gas-
gas solutions,. For quantitative treatment of this type of soliutions, we
willdevoite a unit to gases. The atmosphere is a gaseous solution that consists of
nitrogen, oxygen,argon, carbon dioxide, water, metrhane, aand some other
minor components, but its water abd carbon dioxide contenets may vary
depending on the temperature and place.
• When molecules of gas, solid, or liquid ate dispersed an dmxed with those of
liquid, homogeneous (uniform) states are called liquid solutions. Solid, liquid
and gas disolve in liwuid to form liquid solutions. In general, the terms solution
and liquid solution ate synanymous. Gases and liquid to fom solutions have
attracted the attention of most chemists, while material scientists and engineers
are more interested in the manufacture and properties od solid solutios.
• Many alloys, ceramcs and polymers are solid solutions. Within a certain range,
copper and zinc dissolve in each and harden to give solid solutions called brass.
Silver , gold, and copper from many different alloys with unique colors and
apperances. Alloys and solid solutions are important in thr world of materials.

b. Colloid 3 is a heterogeneous mixture in which the dispersed particles are intermediate in

size between those of a solution and a suspension. The particles are spread evenly
througout the dispersion medium, which can be a solid, liquid, or gas. Because the
dispersed particles of a colloid are not as large as those of a suspension,they do not settle
out upon standing. Colloids are unlike solitions because their dispersed particles are
much larger than those of a soliution. The dispersed particles of a colloid cannot be
separted by filtration. The table below summarizes the properties and distinction between
solutions and colloids.

STUDENT’S MODULE GUIDE FOR BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CRIMINOLOGY

 Pampanga Colleges
Inc.
Properties of Solutions and Colloids

Solution Colloids
Homogeneous Heterogeneous
Do not separate on standing Do not separate on standing
Cannot be separated by filtration Cannot be separated by filtration
Do not scatter light Scatter light

 Heterogenous mixture 3 is a mixture that does not blend smoothly throughout

and in which individual substances remain distinct.The components are easily
identified or distinguished.Some hetergeneous mixtures such as oil-water
mixture, form layers of their constituent substances. The salad dressing mixture
is an example of a heterogeneous mixture. Its composition is not uniform 3 the
substances have not blended smoothly and remain distinct. In another example,
fresh-squeezed juice is a heterogeneous mixture of juice and pulp. The pulp
component floats in the juice component. Therfore , the existence of two or
more distinct areas indicates a heterogeneous mixture.Below is an illustration
of a homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures.

Homogeneous mixture Heterogeneous mixture

(pirate.shu.edu)

STUDENT’S MODULE GUIDE FOR BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CRIMINOLOGY

 Pampanga Colleges
Inc.
Physical Methods of Separating Mixtures
Most matter exists naturally in the form of mixtures. To gain a thorough understanding of
matter it is important to be able to separate mixtures into their component substances. Because
the substances in a mixture are chemically combined, the processes used to separate a mixture
are physical processes that are based on the differences in the physical properties of the
substance. As mentioned earlier, mixtures can be separated into its component substances by
physical means. This is because in mixtures, each individual component still retains its physical
properties. These properties are the basis of which separation technique is appropriate to use.
a. Filtration 3is the process in which solid particles in a liquid or gaseous fluid are
removed by the use of a medium that permits the fluid to pass through but retains the
solid particles.
Heterogeneous mixtures composed of solids and liquids are easily separated by filtration. It
makes use of a filter paper whose pores are able to separate components based on particle size.
Only solid particles that are bigger than the pores are separated from the mixture. Thus, the
smaller the pore size, the most selective the filtration process. Figure below shows the mixture is
poured through a piece of filter paper that has been folded into a cone shape.

Filtration Set-up (www.ostralo.net)

In the case of dissolved solids in liquids, on the other hand, filtration cannot be
used since the particles are too small to be filled out, instead the technique is:

b. Evaporation – is a technique where the liquid component is evaporated away by

applying heat until the solid component remains. In this technique, the liquid component
can no longer be recovered. Below shows the evaporation process.

STUDENT’S MODULE GUIDE FOR BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CRIMINOLOGY

 Pampanga Colleges
Inc.

Evaporation Set-up (www.chemhelp.com)

When the mixture is made up of two or more liquids of different boiling points another technique
is used. An elaborate set-up that involves the process of evaporation and condensation. This
technique is called distillation.

c. Distillation 3 is the process of separating the components or substances from a liquid

mixture by using selective boiling and condensation.
Distillation may result in essentially complete separation or it may be a partial separation that
increases the concentration of selected components in the mixture. The original mixture is first
heated in a distillation flask the a portion of the liquid mixture containing of the component with
lower boiling point evaporates first and is eventually condensed back to liquid thru cooling, by
retrieving in a receiving flask. Illustration below shows the process of distillation. For example,
if we boil a solution of salt and water, the water evaporates, forming a gas, and the salt is left
behind. The gaseous water can be converted back to a liquid on the walls of a condenser. The set
3up for distillation is shown below.

STUDENT’S MODULE GUIDE FOR BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CRIMINOLOGY

 Pampanga Colleges
Inc.

Distillation Set-up (www.chemhelp.com)

d. Chromatography – is another technique used for separation components of different

degrees of solubility using a moving and stationary solvent? This method works in
separating the color pigments of inks.

Pigment of ink are separated through Paper Chromatography

STUDENT’S MODULE GUIDE FOR BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CRIMINOLOGY

 Pampanga Colleges
Inc.
Chromatography is a general technique to separate the components of a mixture based on their
solubility. One type of this technique is paper chromatography by which homogeneous mixture
is made to travel through the material of a paper by capillary tube. A suitable solvent serves as
the mobile phase that carries the mixture along the paper, which is the stationary phase.

e. Magnets – are rocks or metals that create an invisible field around themselves and
attracts other magnets or certain metals. For example, a heterogeneous mixture of iron
filings and potassium dichromate could be sorted by color into components. As less
tedious approach would be to use a magnet to attract the iron filings, leaving the
potassium dichromate ones behind.

Magnets are normally used to remove magnetic solids from the nonmagnetic components of a
mixture. A magnetic field is concentrated around the ends of magnets. These ends are called
poles. All magnets have two poles: a north pole and a south pole. Below shows how the magnet
attracts the substance to separate each substances.

Separation of Mixture using a Magnet

(www.cmmagnets.com)
Energy
Energy has the ability to bring about change or to do work. Energy can be found in many
things and can take different forms. The total of energy and matter in the Universe remains
constant, merely changing from one form to another. Every change in matter involves energy.

Forms of Energy
Energy is the ability or the capacity to do work. Energy may exist in potential and kinetic.

STUDENT’S MODULE GUIDE FOR BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CRIMINOLOGY

 Pampanga Colleges
Inc.
• Kinetic Energy – energy possessed by body by virtue of its motion.
• Potential Energy – energy possessed by a body at rest on the basis of its position and
condition.

Kinetic Energy Potential Energy

Energy possessed by a body in motion by Energy possessed by a body at rest on the
virtue of its motion basis of its position, condition
Forms of Kinetic Energy Forms of Potential Energy
Electrical Energy is the movement of Chemical Energy is energy stored in the
electrical charges. It may operate electrical bonds of atoms or molecules. It is the energy
devices. that holds these particles together.
Radiant Energy is electromagnetic energy Nuclear Energy is energy stored in the
that travels in transverse waves. Radiant nucleus of an atom-- the energy that holds the
energy includes visible light, x-rays, gamma nucleus together.
rays, and radio waves.
Thermal energy, or heat, is the internal Gravitational energy is the energy of
energy in substances-- the vibration and position or place.
movement of the atoms and molecules within
substances.
Sound energy is produced when a force
causes an object or substance to vibrate4the
energy is transferred through the substance in
a wave.
Changes in Energy
Chemical reactions often involve changes in energy due to the breaking and in formation of
bonds. Reactions in which energy is released are:
1. Exothermic change 3 energy is given off. It involves heat flow from the system to the
surroundings.
Example: combustion, rusting of iron, reaction between water and calcium chloride
2. Endothermic change 3 energy is absorbed. It involves heat flow from the surroundings to
the system.
Example: decomposition of water; melting of ice

Laws of Matter and Energy

STUDENT’S MODULE GUIDE FOR BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CRIMINOLOGY

 Pampanga Colleges
Inc.
In science, a law is a general statement that explains a large number of observations. Before
being accepted, a law must be verified many times under many conditions. Laws are therefore
form of scientific knowledge .While the development of more precise ideas on elements,
compounds and mixtures, scientists began to investigate how and why substances react. French
chemist A. Lavoisier laid the foundation to the scientific investigation of matter by describing
that substances react by following certain laws.

1. Law of conservation of Mass

According to this law, during any physical or chemical change, the total mass of product
remains equal to the total mass of the reactant. Another way of stating is,= In a chemical
reaction, matter is neither created nor destroyed in any transformation of matter=.
It may seem as though burning destroys matter, but the same amount or mass, of matter still
exists after a campfire as before that when wood burns. It combines with oxygen and changes not
to ashes, but also to carbon dioxide and water vapour. The gases float into the air, leaving behind
just the ashes. Below illustrates the wood after burning. The total mass of matter after the fire
would be the same as the total mass of matter before the fire. Below illustrates the burning
process of a substance.

Burning is a chemical process. The flames are caused as a result of fuel

undergoing
Combustion (burning). (CC BY-2.5; Einar Helland Berger)

STUDENT’S MODULE GUIDE FOR BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CRIMINOLOGY

 Pampanga Colleges
Inc.
2. Law of Definite Proportions
This law states that a given chemical compound always contains the same elements in the
same exact proportions by mass. As an example, any sample of water always contain
(11.19%) hydrogen and (88.81%) oxygen by mass. It does not matter where the sample of water
came from or how it was prepared .Its composition, like that of every other compound, is fixed.

Another example is carbon dioxide. This gas is produced from a variety of reactions, often by the
burning of materials. The structure of the gas consists of one atom of carbon and two atoms of
oxygen. Carbon dioxide is of interest in many areas, from the amount we breathe to the amount
of the gas produced by burning wood or fossil fuels. By knowing the exact composition of
carbon dioxide, we can make predictions as to the effects of different chemical processes. The
figure below shows how carbon dioxide is produced.

Carbon Dioxide is produced during the burning process

(www.ecy.wa.gov)

3. Law of Multiple Proportions

This states that when two elements combine with each other to form more than one
compounds, the weights of one element that combine with a fixed weight of the other are in a
ratio of small whole numbers.
Once the idea that elements combined in definite proportions to form compounds, experiments
also began to demonstrate that the same pairs of certain elements could combine to form more
than one compound. Consider the elements carbon and oxygen. Combined in one, they form the
familiar compound carbon dioxide. There is another compound that forms from the combination
of carbon and oxygen called carbon monoxide. This examples illustrate the law of multiple
proportions. Below is an illustration how carbon and oxygen form two compounds.

STUDENT’S MODULE GUIDE FOR BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CRIMINOLOGY

 Pampanga Colleges
Inc.

Carbon can form two different compounds with oxygen

(wps.prenhall.com)

In carbon monoxide, on the left, there is 1.33 grams of oxygen for every 1 gram of carbon.
In carbon dioxide, on the right, there is 2.66 grams of oxygen for every gram of carbon. So the
ratio of oxygen in the two compounds is 1:2, a small whole number ratio.

Activity 2.
1. What process do you think can be applied to separate a mixture of a miscible and
immiscible liquids? Explain.
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
Assessment Task:
Applying what you have learned about the lessons, answer the following questions. Use
another sheet of paper if needed.

1. Give a short description and examples of the classification of matter.

STUDENT’S MODULE GUIDE FOR BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CRIMINOLOGY

 Pampanga Colleges
Inc.
Classification of Matter Description Examples

Pure substance

Element

Compound

Mixture

2. From the substances given below, choose whether it is a mixture, an element, or pure
substance. Just write M, E, or PS respectively.

________ 1. Flour ________ 11. Baking soda

________ 2. Blood ________ 12. Table salt
________ 3. Starch powder _________13. Steel bar
________ 4. Nitrogen gas _________14. Ethyl alcohol
________ 5. Agua oxygenada _________15. Aluminum metal
________ 6. Copper _________16. Magnesium ribbon
________ 7. Gold bar _________17. Apple juice
________ 8. Iron fillings _________18. Calcium carbonate
________ 9. Glycerin _________19. Amino acid
________10.Oxygen gas _________20. DNA

3. Identify each substance as a heterogeneous, or a homogeneous mixture (solution). 

Filtered tea _____________________________
• Freshly squeezed orange juice _____________________________
• Sand and gravel _____________________________
• 70% alcohol _____________________________
• Table salt solution _____________________________

STUDENT’S MODULE GUIDE FOR BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CRIMINOLOGY

 Pampanga Colleges
Inc.
4. Is the separation method used in brewing a cup of coffee best described as distillation,
filtration, or something else? Explain your answer.
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________

5. Define the fundamental laws of energy and give examples of each law.
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________ Assessment
Tools: Pen and Paper (10/10)
(20/20)
(15/15)
Rubric to be used id designed below.

HOLLISTIC RUBRIC FOR SHORT ESSAY

This will be my basis in giving scores in your assessment tasks and other activities in a
form of essay.

10 points • Demonstrate a thorough understanding of the concepts and/or

procedures embodied in the task.
Response is • Indicates that the student has completed the task correctly, using
complete and applied concepts and procedures.
correct. • Contains clear, complete explanation and/or adequate work when

STUDENT’S MODULE GUIDE FOR BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CRIMINOLOGY

 Pampanga Colleges
Inc.
required.

6 points • Demonstrate partial understanding of the concepts/and or

procedures embodied in the task.
• Addresses most aspects of the task, using applied concepts and
Response is procedures.
partially correct. • May contain an incorrect answer but applies appropriate process
with valid reasoning and/or explanation.
• May contain a correct answer but provides incomplete procedures,
reasoning, and/or explanation.
• May reflect some misunderstanding of the underlying concepts
and/or procedures.
3 points • Demonstrate only a limited understanding of the concepts/and or
procedures embodied in the task.
Response is • May address some elements of the task correctly but reaches an
incomplete and inadequate solution and/or provides reasoning that is faulty or
exhibits many incomplete.
flaws but is nor
• Exhibits multiple flaws related to a misunderstanding of
incorrect.
important aspects of the task, misuse of the concept or
procedures, or faulty reasoning.
• Reflects a lack of essential understanding concepts and
procedures.
• May contain a correct answer but required work is not provided.

STUDENT’S MODULE GUIDE FOR BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CRIMINOLOGY