SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

BT-105
Engineering Graphics
Module:
Target Audience: CS/IT Semester I

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 Basic Projection Terminology
• Drawing : A drawing of an object that contains all information
like actual shape, accurate size , manufacturing methods, etc.,
required for its construction
• No construction/manufacturing of any (man -made) engineering
objects is possible without engineering drawing.
• Engineering Drawing is
Graphical means of expression of technical details without the
barrier of a language. It is a Universal language.
Drawing Sheet

Drawing pencils
H, 2H, 3H, 4H, 5H, 6H, 7H, 8H, 9H – increasing order of
hardness.
B, 2B,3B,4B increasing order of boldness

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• How to draw a polygon:
Internal angle between two side= 180ϴ - (360ϴ / Number of
sides)

• Dimensioning: The size and other details of the object essential

for its construction and function are required to be indicated in a
drawing by proper dimensioning.
Two types of dimensioning system exist i.e. Aligned system and the
unidirectional system.

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• Representative fraction (R.F.):-

o R.F. < 1 for reducing scale, like airplane, ship, tree, lathe
etc.
o R.F. = 1 for full size scale. Objects May be a book, shoe,
pencil, pen, cell phone, remote etc.
o R.F.>1 for enlarging Scale thus for small size objects like a
wrist watch, pencil cell, thread needle, button etc.

o If size on drawing = the actual size, it is a FULL SCALE,

represented as 1:1
o If size on drawing < the actual size, it is a REDUCED
SCALE, represented as 1:4
o If size on drawing > the actual size, it is a ENLARGED
SCALE, represented as 3:1
Different styles of scales are:
• Plain scale: In which, one can measure certain units and its one
tenth value. For example a scale in cm and mm is a plain scale,
m and dm is another plain scale.
• Diagonal scale: In which, one can measure certain units, its one
tenth value as well as its one hundredth value. For example a

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 scale in m, dm and cm is a diagonal scale, dm, and cm and mm is
another diagonal scale.
• Comparative or Corresponding scale: These are two different
scales having same R.F. but different units. These can be placed
side by side or placed over one and another.For example: in
miles and kilometres.
These scales can be plain scales or diagonal scales.

• Vernier scales: It is a scale which is extremely accurate for

measurement. It uses a Vernier calliper. Vernier calliper is an
instrument to measure a dimension very precisely. Normally its
least count is 1/100 of the scale unit. Say a scale is in cm, then a
Vernier can measure very accurately up to 1/100 of a cm i.e. 2.12
cm.

The Requirements For The Construction Of A Scale

i) Maximum distance to be measured

ii) R.F.( representative fraction) of the scale
iii) Length of Scale= R.F×M.L

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Linear measurement units S.I. unit system

Linear measurement units F.P.S. unit system

Area measurement units S.I. unit system:

Area measurement units F.P.S. unit system

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Conic Section: Circle, Ellipse, Parabola, Hyperbola, Rectangle
hyperbola
Construction Method of Ellipse:
• Eccentricity or general method
• Concentric Circle Method
• Oblong method
• Arcs of Circle Method

Construction Method Parabola

• Rectangle Method

• Method of Tangents ( Triangle Method)

• Eccentricity or general method

Construction Method HYPERBOLA

• Eccentricity or general method

• Intersecting arc method

COMMON DEFINATION OF ELLIPSE, PARABOLA &

HYPERBOLA: These are the loci of points moving in a plane such
that the ratio of it’s distances from a fixed point and a fixed line
always remains constant. The Ratio is called ECCENTRICITY.

A) For Ellipse E<1

B) For Parabola E=1
C) For Hyperbola E>1

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Cycloid:
IT IS A LOCUS OF A POINT ON THE PERIPHERY OF A CIRCLE
WHICH ROLLS ON A STRAIGHT LINE PATH.

INVOLUTE: IT IS A LOCUS OF A FREE END OF A STRING

WHEN IT IS WOUND ROUND A CIRCULAR POLE

SPIRAL:
IT IS A CURVE GENERATED BY A POINT WHICH REVOLVES
AROUND A FIXED POINT AND AT THE SAME MOVES
TOWARDS IT.

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 Basic Projection Terminology
Sr. No. Terminology Meaning

Projection is a way by which we represent a

3D objects on 2D plane by projecting their
1. Projection dimensions.

A parallel projection (or axonometric

projection) is a projection of an object in three-
dimensional space onto a fixed plane, known
2. Parallel Projection as the projection plane or image plane, where
the rays, known as lines of sight or projection
lines, are parallel to each other.

The orthographic projection represents three-

dimensional objects in two dimensions, and the
object is the view in parallel lines that are
Orthographic perpendicular to the drawing plan. Instead of a
3 Projection single three-dimensional view, it uses different
two-dimensional views of the object in
Orthographic projection.

Oblique projection is a method of drawing

objects in 3D. It is quite a simple technique
compared to isometric or even perspective
drawing. However, to draw accurately in
4. Oblique Projection oblique projection traditional drawing
equipment is needed.

Perspective or Central Perspective projection represents the object in

5. Projection three dimensional way. Perspective projection

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Sr. No. Terminology Meaning

cannot give the accurate view of object. The

lines of perspective projection are not parallel.

In the first angle projection, the object is

placed in the 1st quadrant. The object is
positioned at the front of a vertical plane and
top of the horizontal plane. First angle
5 First Angle Projection projection is widely used in India and
European countries. The object is placed
between the observer and projection planes.
The plane of projection is taken solid in 1st
angle projection.

In the third angle projection, the object is

placed in the third quadrant. The object is
placed behind the vertical planes and bottom of
6 the horizontal plane. Third angle projection is
widely used in the United States. The
Third Angle Projection
projection planes come between the object and
observer. The plane of projection is taken as
. transparent in 3rd angle projection.

A vertical plane, also known as “Front

Reference plane’, is assumed to be placed
7. Vertical Plane vertically and is denoted by V.P

A horizontal plane, also known as ‘Horizontal

Reference plane’, is assumed to be placed
8. Horizontal Plane horizontally and is denoted by H.P. It is
perpendicular to the V.P

9. Profile Plane The plane perpendicular to both the principles

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Sr. No. Terminology Meaning

planes, is known as profile plane. The plane on

the right end of the principle planes is known
as the right profile plane, while the plane on
the left end of the principle planes is known as
the left profile plane.

The line of intersection between the principle

planes is known as reference line. It is also
10. Reference Line popularly called an XY plane.

The view of an object produced on the V.P is

11. Front View known as the front view (FV) or elevation.

The view of an object produced on the H.P is

12. Top View known as the Top view (TV) or plan.

The view of an object, drawn by observing it

from the left-hand side or right-hand side
13. Side View drawn on a profile plane, is known the side
view.

Isometric projection is a type of single view

projection in which a pictorial view is obtained
14. Isometric Projection by keeping the object in such a way that all
three mutually perpendicular geometrical axes
are equally inclined to the plane of projection.

Trimetric projection is an axonometric

projection of an object so placed that no two
axes make equal angles with the plane of
15. Trimetric Projection projection

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Sr. No. Terminology Meaning

Is an axonometric projection of an object so

placed that two of its axes make equal angles
with the plane of projection and the third axis
16. Dimetric Projection make either a smaller or a greater angle.

The three lines, CB, CD and CG, meeting at

point C and making an angle of 120 degree
17. Isometric Axes with each other, are called isometric axes.

The lines parallel to the isometric axes are

18. Isometric Lines termed as isometric lines.

The lines which are not parallel to isometric

19. No-isometric Lines axes are known as non-isometric lines.

The planes representing the faces of the cube

as well as other planes parallel to these planes
20. Isometric Planes are termed as isometric planes.

It is the scale which is used to convert the true

21. Isometric Scale lengths into isometric lengths.

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