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Binomials

The document discusses the binomial theorem and provides examples of using it to expand binomial expressions and evaluate expressions at certain values. It also introduces the concept of linear approximation, where higher order terms of small quantities are ignored, providing a reasonable approximation when the quantity is small. Examples are given of finding the linear approximation of expressions involving powers and square roots.

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23 views5 pages

Binomials

The document discusses the binomial theorem and provides examples of using it to expand binomial expressions and evaluate expressions at certain values. It also introduces the concept of linear approximation, where higher order terms of small quantities are ignored, providing a reasonable approximation when the quantity is small. Examples are given of finding the linear approximation of expressions involving powers and square roots.

Uploaded by

oseidubeng
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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BINOMIAL THEOREM

You should know that ( x +a )2= ( x+ a ) ( x + a )


2 2
¿ x + 2 ax+ a

( x +3 )2=( x +a )( x +a )( x +a )
2 2
¿ ( x +a ) (x +2 ax +a )
3 2 2 3
¿ x + 3 x a+3 xa + a

( x +a ) 4=x 4 + 4 x 3 a+6 x 2 a 2+ 4 xa3 + a4

Note the following points in these expression.

1. Each expression is homogeneous in x and a , ie. The sum of the powers of x and a is
constant and equal to the power of the binomial.
2. The power of x are in descending order and consequently the power of a are in
ascending order.
3. With the power arranged in this way, the coefficient form a pattern as shown
Binomial

=( x +a )1

=( x +a )2

=( x +a )3

=( x +a ) 4
Coefficients

This pattern of coefficient is called Pascal’s triangle. It can be used to find the coefficient for
particular expansion, using x +a as a standard binomial.

Eg: 1. Expand ( a−b )6

Solu.
6
( a−b )6=[ a+(−b) ]

From Pascal’s triangle, the coefficient will be 1 , 6 ,15 , 20 , 15 , 6 ,1

Again, the powers of a will decrease and those of b will decrease. So we can write as
2 5 2 4 2 3 2 2 4 1 5 0 6
1 a(−b) +6 a (−b) +15 a (−b) +20 a (−b) +15 (−b) +6 a (−b) +1 a (−b)

=a 6−6 a 5 b+ 15 a4 b 2−20 a3 b3 +15 a2 b 4−6 ab5 +b6

Example 2

Expand (3 x−2)5using Pascal’s triangle

Solution.
5
(3 x−2) , the initial coefficient are 1 ,5 , 10 , 5 ,1
Then
5 5 0 4 1 3 2 2 3 1 4 0 5
(3 x−2) =1(3 x) (−2 ) +5(3 x ) (−2) + 10(3 x) (−2) +10(3 x) (−2) +5(3 x) (−2) +1 (3 x ) (−2)

=243 x 5−810 x 4 +1080 x 3−720 x 3+ 240 x−32

TRY

Write out the expression of the following simplifying the coefficients.


3
1. ( x−1)
4
2. (x +2)
3
3. (2−x )
4
4. (2 x−1)
3
5. (2 x−3 y)
4
1
6. (x + )
x
3
1
7. (x− )
x
BINOMIAL THEOREM

Consider ( x +a)n=( x +a ) ( x +a ) ( x+ a ) −−−−−−−−(x+ a) i.e n brackets.

According to binomials theorem,

( X + a )n=x n + ❑nc 1 x n−1 a+ ❑nc 2 x n−2 a2 + ❑nc 3 x n−3 a3 −−−❑nc r x n−r a4 r −−−❑nc n an .

Which is the binomial theorem for all values of x and a, is a positive integer.
Where ❑n c1=n
n
n(n−1)
c2=
❑ 2!
n
n (n−1)(n−2)
c3= , and so on.
❑ 3!

Eg. 1 Find the first five term of the expansion of (1-x)10 in ascending power of x, and use it to
find the value of (0.98)10 correct to 5 places of decimal.

Soln.

a. (1−x )10=(1+ (−x ) )10 , n=10


10 10 9 10 8 2 10 7 3 10 6 4
The first 5 term are: (1) + ❑c 1 (1 ) (−x ) + ❑c 2 (1) (−x) + ❑c3 (1) (−x ) + ❑c 4 (1) (−x) ..
10× 9 2 10 ×9 × 8 3 10 × 9× 8 ×7 4
=1−10 x + x− x+ x
2 1 ×2 ×3 1 ×2 ×3 × 4

= 1−10 x +45 x 2−120 x 3 +210 x 4

b. We write 0.98 as 1−0.02 and substitute x=0.02in the expansion.


Then (0.98)10

≈1−10 ( 0.02 ) + 45 ( 0.02 )2−120 ( 0.02 )3 +210(0.02)4


¿ 1−0.2+ 0.018−0.00096 +0.0000336
¿ 0.81707 (5 dp)

Eg. 2 Using binomial theorem, expand (1+x)6 to find the value of 1.986 correct to 5dp

Soln.
6 6 5 6 4 2 6 3 3 6 2 4 6 5 6 6 6
(1+ x ) =1 +c 1 ( 1 ) ( x )+ ❑c2 (1) ( x) +❑c 3 (1) ( x ) + ❑c 4 (1) ( x) + ❑c 5 ( 1 )( x ) + ❑¿ ❑c 6 (x) ¿
2 3 4 5 6
¿ 1+6 x +15 x +20 x +15 x +6 x + x

b 1.986 =(1+0.98)6
⟹ x=0.98
6 2 3 4 5 6
(1+0.98) =1+6 ( 0.98 ) +15(0.98) +20( 0.98) +15 (0.98) +6( 0.98) +(0.98)
¿ 60.25473(5 dp)

OR

1.986 ¿(2−0.02)6=26 (1−0.01)6

1.986 ¿ 26 ¿ ¿ 60.25473(5 dp)

Try

1. Without using calculator, find the value of ¿ ¿

2. If the expression of ( 1+8 x )4 is used to obtain the values of a . ( 1.04 ) ∧b .


4
( 3 √5 3 ) , find the
value of x to be substitute in each case.
3. Using binomial theorem, expand (1+x)5 and use it to determine the exact value of (1.02)5

( ) ( )
8 4
X 8 16
4. The expansion of 1+ is used to find the value of a .(0.995) , b . . What value of
2 25
x should be substituted in each case?
LINEAR APPROXIMATION

Given that (1+ x )n=1 ❑n c1 x+ ❑n c2 x 2+ . .. now if x is small, then x2, x3--- will get progressively
smaller and can be ignored. This will give a reasonable approximation: ( 1+ x )n ≈ 1+ nx .Similarly,
( 1−x ) ≈ 1−nx , provided x is small. This is called a linear approximation to the value of ( 1+ x )n
as we are only taking 1+nx , which is a linear function of x.

Eg. Find the linear approximation for

a. ( 1.003 )12
b. √ 1.07

Soln.

a. ( 1.003 )12=( 1+0.003 )12 ≈ 1+ 12× 0.003=1.036


1
1
b. √ 1.07= (1+ 0.07 ) 2 ≈ 1+ × 0.07=1.035
2

TRY

Find linear approximation for

1. ( 2.005 )8
2. ( 1.005 )10
3. √ 1.004
4. √3 1.006
1
5.
√1.003

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