 িাাংিা িাবিতয

 িাাংিা িযাকরণ
ïw×KiY evsjv e¨vKi‡Yi GKwU ¸iyZ¡c~Y© Ask| e¯‘Z evsjv evbvb c×wZ †gvUvgywU RwUj| KviY Avgv‡`i eY©gvjvq
Ggb KZK¸‡jv aŸwb i‡q‡Q hv‡`i D”PvwiZ iƒc GK I Awfbœ| myZivs evbvb wjL‡Z †M‡j weåvwšÍ NUvi m¤¢vebvB
†ewk| †hgbÑ B, C, D, E, k, m, l, b, Y, o, p, R, S BZ¨vw` aŸwb¸‡jvi MVbMZ wfbœZv _vK‡jI D”Pvi‡Yi †¶‡Î
j¶¨‡hvM¨ †Zgb †Kvb cv_©K¨ †bB| A_P ÔAskÕ Ges ÔAsmÕ Gi g‡a¨ A‡_©i cv_©K¨ my¯úó| ZvB evbvb m¤ú‡K© Ávb
_vKv fvlv e¨env‡ii †¶‡Î AZ¨vek¨K|

evsjv GKv‡Wwg 1992 mv‡ji wW‡m¤^i gv‡m evsjv evbvb‡K wbqwgZ Awfbœ I cÖwgZ Kivi e¨e¯’v MÖnY K‡i GKwU
wbqg `uvo Kwi‡qwQ‡jb| hvi ÔcwigvwR©Z I ms‡kvwaZÕ ms¯‹iY Zviv 1994-Gi Rvbyqvwi‡Z cÖKvk K‡ib| wb‡gœ
evsjv GKv‡Wwg cÖ¯ÍvweZ wbq‡gi Av‡jv‡K ¸iæZ¡c~Y © wKQz evbvb wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv:
`-Gi mv‡_ D-Kvi ( y ) nq, E-KviI nq Z‡e B”QvgZ nq bv, wbqg gZ nq| wbqgwU wbgœiƒc:
†bwZevPK A_© cÖ`vb Ki‡j A_v©r wbK…ó ev Lvivc A_© †evSv‡j `y-Gi mv‡_ D-Kvi ( y ) nq| †hgbÑ `ybx©wZ,
`ybv©g, `y`k
© v, `ytL, `yej
© , `yišÍ, `yw`©b BZ¨vw`|
Aci w`‡K Distance ev e¨eavb A‡_© `-Gi mv‡_ E-Kvi ( ~ ) nq| †hgbÑ `~i `~ivšÍ, `~i †`k, `~ieZx©,
`~ivjvcbx, `~i`k©b, `~ixf~Z, `~ifvl, `~iex¶v, `~ikÖyZ, `~i`kx© BZ¨vw`|
`~lY, `~wlZ, `~lYxq k㸇jv E-Kvi ( ~ ) w`‡q| †bwZevPK A‡_© D-Kvi nIqvi K_v wQj| wKš‘ G¸‡jv
E-Kvi ( ~ ) w`‡q n‡q‡Q|
`y®‹…wZ, `y®úÖvÖ c¨, `ygw© Z, `y‰`©e, `ywb©evi, `yivjvc (Mvwj), `yivZ¥v, `yivkq (Kz-gZje),
`yia¨q (co‡Z Kó nq Ggb) ,`yic‡bq (mn‡R `~i Kiv hvq bv Ggb), `yiwZµgY, `yi`„ô (`yfv© M¨), `yie¯’v,
`yM©wZ, `y‡Á©q (Rvbv KwVb Ggb), `yR©b BZ¨vw`|
`šÍ¨-m Gi mv‡_ ÔZÕ hy³ nq, Ô_Õ I hy³ nq, Z‡e hLb Lywk ZLb bq| wbqg †g‡b nq| wbqgwU nj:
`yBwU avZz Av‡Q| ÔMÖmÕ I Ô¯’vÕ| MÖm avZzi A_© n‡jv ÔMÖvm KivÕ| myZivs MÖvm Kiv A‡_© †hme kã nq, †mme kã
me mgq m-Gi mv‡_ Z nq| †hgbÑ `vq hv‡K MÖvm K‡i‡Q `vqMÖ¯,Í FY hv‡K MÖvm K‡i‡Q FYMÖ¯,Í GB iƒc
†kvKMÖ¯Í, RivMÖ¯,Í ¶wZMÖ¯,Í wec`MÖ¯Í, mš¿¯Í BZ¨vw`|
Ô¯’vÕ avZzi A_© n‡jv _vKv| myZivs _vKv A‡_© †h me kã nq (¯’v avZz‡hv‡M) †m me k‡ã m-Gi mv‡_ me mgq _
nq| †hgbÑ gy‡L _v‡K hvÑgyL¯’| Af¨šÍ‡i _v‡K hvÑ Af¨šÍi¯’| GiKg Kô¯’, M„n¯’, my¯’, `yt¯’, cvK¯’, ga¨¯’
BZ¨vw`|
hv n‡q †M‡Q A_v©rÑAZxZ †evSvevi Rb¨ cy‡iv Z| †hgbÑ iwÄZ, wkw¶Z,
PwjZ, AwR©Z, KzrwmZ, DwPZ BZ¨vw`| iwÄZ gv‡b hv is Kiv n‡q‡Q| wkw¶Z gv‡b wk¶v MÖnY Kiv n‡q‡Q|
AwR©Z gv‡b AR©b Kiv n‡q‡Q BZ¨vw`|
Aci w`‡K hv P‡j, Pj‡Q NU‡Q ev NU‡e Zvi Rb¨ LÊ-Z (r) nq| †hgbÑ iYwRrÑ hy× Rq K‡i †h, B›`ªwRrÑ
B›`ª‡K Rq K‡i †h, wek¦wRrÑ wek¦‡K Rq K‡I †h BZ¨vw`|
GQvovI wKQz evbvb LÊZ (r) w`‡q nq| †hgbÑ nVvr, gnr, g„r, cif„r (KvK), hver, Zver, hK…r, Mr (Mv‡bi
myi), PgrKvi, wbNv©r, DrmM© BZ¨vw`|
ÔmvrÕ cÖZ¨q-hy³ evbv‡bI LÊÑZ (r) nq| †hgbÑ AvZ¥mvr, a~wjmvr, AwMœmvr| mwÜi Kvi‡YI wKQz kã LÊÑZ
(r) nq Z`&+mg = Zrmg, Z`&+Kvj = ZrKvj, ¶za&+wccvmv = ¶zrwccvmv, wec`+msKzj = wecrmsKzj
BZ¨vw`|
k‡ãi †k‡l LÊÑZ (r) Av‡Q Ggb k‡ãi mv‡_ lôx ev mßgx wefw³ †hvM n‡j LÊÑZ (r) Gi cwie‡Z©
cy‡iv Z nq| †hgbÑ RMr, wKš‘ RM‡Zi, mv¶vr, wKš‘ mv¶v‡Z BZ¨vw`|
 Avðh© A_© we¯§qKi| wew¯§Z A‡_© cÖvqB Avgiv ÔAvðh©Õ nB| wKš‘ bv, n‡Z n‡e ÔAvðh©vwš^ZÕ|
ZvB Avwg Avðh© njvg evK¨wU ï× bq| ï× n‡jv Avwg Avðhv©wš^Z njvg|
†KD KvD‡K ÔAcgvb K‡i bv, K‡i AcgvwbZ| myZivs ÔAvwg Acgvb n‡qwQÕ ej‡j
ï× ejv nq bv, ej‡Z nq, Avwg AcgvwbZ n‡qwQ|
c`‡¶c A_© cv †djv| wKš‘ e¨e¯’v MÖnY A‡_© hLb Ôc`‡¶c wb‡qwQÕ ejv nq ZLb
evK¨Uv wK ï× nq? bv, nq bv| ï× nq Ôe¨e¯’v wb‡qwQÕ ej‡j|
ÔmÕ-Gi A_© ÔmnÕ, Avi ¯^-Gi A_© wbR| GB `yB m-Gi e¨env‡ii †¯^”QvPvwiZv hÎ
ZÎ †Pv‡L c‡o| †jLv nq ÒAvcwb ¯^cwiev‡i Avgwš¿Z|Ó Ôm-Gi wb‡P ÔeÕ w`‡q Ô¯^cwieviÕ wjL‡j A_© nq wbR
cwiev‡i Avgwš¿Z| e¨m eÜ n‡q hvq cwiev‡ii mevB‡K wb‡q `vIqvZ LvIqv| cwiev‡ii mevB‡K wb‡q `vIqv‡Z
†h‡Z n‡j-wjLv _vK‡Z n‡e-ÒAvcwb mcwiev‡i Avgwš¿ZÓ| A_v©rÑcwievi mn Avgwš¿Z, GKv bb|
ÔeÕ GKwU dvwm© DcmM©; Gi A_© njÑmwnZ, m‡gZ ev my×| ZvB gvj mn †Pvi aiv co‡j †m
†Pvi n‡e egvj| Ôegvjmy×Õ †Pvi aiv coj-Giƒc evK¨ †jLv hv‡e bv|
Rvbv _vK‡jB Ggb `yie¯’vq co‡Z nq bv| Aek¨ †Kb Ô`yie¯’viÕ `yive¯’v nj, Zvi GKwU
hyw³ †eva nq Ggbѯ^i mwÜi wbqg Abymv‡i A + A = Av nq †m wnmv‡e `yi + Ae¯’v = A_v©r ¯^imwÜ g‡b
K‡i Av-Ki e¨envi Kiv n‡”Q| wKš‘ welqwU ¯^imwÜi bq| wemM© mwÜi| wbqgwU n‡jv wem‡M©i c‡i hw` ¯^ieY©,
e‡M©i Z…Zxq, PZz_© I cÂg ev h i j e, n _v‡K Z‡e wemM© ¯’v‡b ÔiÕ nq| †hgbÑ `yt+Ae¯’v = `yie¯Ív|GiƒcÑ
`yišÍ (`yt+AšÍ)|
G kãwUi e¨envi Lye AvU‡cÖŠp n‡q †M‡Q| wKš‘ Aó cÖni hviv Zv‡K e¨envi Ki‡Qb Zv‡`i
hw` GKUz Rvwb‡q †`qv hvq †h, B`vbxs-Gi mv‡_ LvgvLv Avi Kvj‡K Rwo‡q †`‡eb bv| ej‡eb bv,
B`vwbsKvj| KviY GUv Aï×|
Ôkvjxi wgjb n‡e Ômg„w×iÕ mv‡_ n‡eÑÔmg„w×kvjxÕ| Zv bv K‡i mg„‡×i mv‡_ kvjxi
wgj‡b mevB e¨¯Í welqwU Ab¨vq| g‡b ivLv PvB Ômg„×Õ we‡klY, Zvi mv‡_ ÔkvjxÕ †hvM K‡i Zv‡K c~Yivq
we‡klY Kiv Ab_©K| mg„w× we‡kl¨ Zvi mv‡_ kvjxi wgj‡b evav bvB| A_v©r-mg„w×i mv‡_ kvjx †hvM K‡i
we‡klY Kiv hvq|
GB `yB Kvwj‡Z gvLvgvwL K‡ib bv Ggb Rb †gjv fvi| wKš‘ GUv Kiv hv‡e bv|
†Pnviv KzrwmZ n‡q hv‡e| ÔKvjxÕ evbvb me mgq ÔC-KviÕ w`‡q wjL‡Z nq| wKš‘ Kvjx k‡ãi †k‡l `vm G‡m
†M‡j CKv‡ii cwie‡Z© B-Kvi wjL‡Z n‡e| †hgbÑKvwj`vm| Ab¨Î Kvjxi C-Kvi eRvq _vK‡e| †hgbÑ
Kvjxc`, Kvjxgw›`i, KvjxNvU BZ¨vw`| wKš‘ RyZvi Kvwj, cvwZ‡ji Kvwj, †`vqv‡Zi Kvwj, Kqjvi Kvwj Aek¨B
B-Kvi w`‡q n‡e|
Ô‡`exÕ Ô`vm'‡K Zvi cv‡k emvi AvnŸvb K‡ib| `vm `vex †Zv‡jb C-Kvi †K miv‡bvi, †`ex eva¨
n‡q `v‡mi `vex i¶v K‡ib Ges n‡q hvb †`we`vm|
evsjv fvlvq GB Pvi R‡bi wekvj ivRZ¡; Aek¨ Kv‡iv Kv‡Q †`ŠivZ¥¨| Z‡e ivRZ¡B †nvK; Avi
†`ŠivZ¥¨B †nvK Zv‡`i ZË¡vbymÜvb bv Kivi cÖvqwðË †h enb Ki‡Z n‡”Q G K_v mZ¨|
k‡ãi †k‡l LÊZ (r) cy‡iv Z (Z) Ges Ô`Õ e¨ZxZ Ab¨ †Kvb eY© _vK‡j Ges H kã‡K ÔZ¡Õ cÖZ¨q †hv‡M
we‡kl¨ c` MVb Ki‡j k‡ãi †k‡l ÔZ¡Õ (Z + e) nq| †hgbÑ bZybZ¡, bvMwiKZ¡, †bZ…Z¡, ivRZ¡, gvZ…Z¡, eÜzZ¡
BZ¨vw`|
†h k‡ãi †k‡l LÊÑZ (r) _v‡K †m k‡ãi †k‡l hw` ÔZ¡Õ cÖZ¨q †hvM nq, ¯^fveZB k‡ãi †k‡l Z+Z+e
A_v©rÑZ‡q-Z‡q-e-djv (Ë¡) nq| †hgbÑ gnr+Z¡ = gnË¡, mr+Z¡ = mË¡, Zr+Z¡ = ZË¡ BZ¨vw`|
†k‡l ÔZÕ Av‡Q Ggb k‡ãi m‡½ ò¨-cÖZ¨q †hvM K‡i we‡kl¨ c` MVb Ki‡j kãv‡šÍ Z-‡q ¨- djv (Z¨)
nq| D‡jL¨ †h, G RvZxq k‡ãi Avw`¯^‡ii e„w× N‡U| †hgbÑ wecixZ+ò¨ = ˆecixZ¨, ¯’cwZ+ò¨ = ¯’vcZ¨
BZ¨vw`|
ms¯‹…Z ÔAvZ¥bÕ kã †_‡K MwVZ me k‡ãB Z-Gi mv‡_ g hy³ n‡q Z-‡q-g-djv nq| †hgbÑ
AvZ¥Kg©, AvZ¥‡Kw›`ªK, AvZ¥wb‡qvM, AvZ¥wek¦vm, AvZ¥NvZx, AvZ¥c¶, AvZ¥cÖeÂbv BZ¨vw`|
 e, †q, h-djv Ges e-‡q-h-djvq-Av-Kvi †K wb‡q `yM©wZi †kl †bB| ZvB e‡j wK Gi †Kvb MwZ †bB? Av‡Q,
GKUz gb‡hvM mnKv‡i j¶ Ki‡jB n‡e|
ÔweÕ GB DcmM©wU †h k‡ãi cÖ_‡g e‡m, †m k‡ãi Av`¨eY© ÔAÕ n‡j e-Gi mv‡_ ïay h-djv nq| †hgbÑ we + Ae¯’v
= e¨e¯’v, we+A_© = e¨_©, we+AMÖ = e¨MÖ, we+AwfPvi = e¨wfPvi, GB iKgÑ e¨wZµg, e¨eavb, e¨eüZ, e¨¯Í,
e¨Z¨q, e¨½ BZ¨vw`| Aci w`‡K GB DcmM©wU (we) †h k‡ãi cÖ_‡g e‡m †m k‡ãi Av`¨ eY© ÔAvÕ n‡j evbv‡b e-Gi
mv‡_ h-djv-Av-Kvi (e¨v) nq †hgbÑ we+AvKzj = e¨vKzj| we+AvcK = e¨vcK, we+Avc„Z = e¨vc„Z, we+AvL¨v =
e¨vL¨v, we+Avwß = e¨vwß GB iKgÑ e¨vm, e¨vqvg, e¨vNvZ, e¨vwa, e¨vKiY BZ¨vw`|
†KvbwU w`‡q cÖkœ Kiv hv‡e? GwU Avgv‡`i Lye Kg †jv‡KiB Rvbv| ÔKxÕ me©bvg, we‡klY I
wµqvÑwe‡klY iƒ‡c e‡m| Aci w`‡K Ae¨q wn‡m‡e em‡j ÔwKÕ n‡e| †hgbÑ Zzwg wK Lv‡e? Gi DËi n‡eÑ n¨vu
A_ev bv; wKš‘ hw` ejv nq Zzwg Kx Lv‡e? Gi DËi n‡eÑ fvZ, gvQ, mvsm....| ÔwKÕ Gi DËi gv_v †b‡oI †`qv
hvq; wKš‘ ÔKxÕ w`‡q cÖkœ Ki‡j gyL Lyj‡Z n‡e|
KviY Abym‡M©i (Qvov, webv, Kv‡Q, wbK‡U, e¨ZxZ,
Aewa, cÖwZ, wen‡b, Z‡i, cv‡b, gZ BZ¨vw`) c~e©eZx© c‡` Ô‡KÕ I ÔiÕ wefw³i e¨envi Avek¨K| myZivs ï×
evK¨wU n‡e ÔAvgv‡K Qvov Avi Kv‡iv Kv‡Q eBwU w`‡eb bv|
†KnB Ôiv¯Ívq w`qvÕ hvq bv| hvq Ôiv¯Ív w`‡qÕ| A‡bK mgq G iKg AvbvKvw•¶Z wefw³i
cÖ‡qv‡M evK¨ fyj n‡Z †`Lv hvq| g‡b ivLv `iKvi AbymM© wefw³ wenxb (cÖvwZcw`K) k‡ãi c‡iI e‡m _v‡K|
G ev‡K¨ Ôiv¯ÍvÕ nj cÖvwZcw`K| Ôw`‡qÕ AbymM©|
Avevi G-I g‡b ivLv Avek¨KÑ †h ¯’‡j †h Abym‡M©i cÖ‡qvM ixwZwm×, †m ¯’‡j Ab¨ Abym‡M©i cÖ‡qvM Ki‡j
evK¨ Aï× nq| †hgbÑ iwng †_‡K msev` †c‡qwQ, ej‡j evK¨ fyj nq| ej‡Z nq, iwn‡gi KvQ †_‡K msev`
†c‡qwQ|
evK¨wU Aï×| KviY, we‡klY hw` ev‡K¨ we‡aq iƒ‡c e¨eüZ nq Zvn‡j we‡k‡l¨i c‡i
e‡m| ZvB ï× evK¨wU nj, †jvKwU Amy¯’ n‡q coj| wKš‘ g‡b ivLv PvB; mvaviY wbqg n‡jv, we‡klY we‡k‡l¨i
c~‡e© e‡m _v‡K| †hgbÑ Avgvi KjgwU `vgx nvwi‡q †M‡Q, ej‡j evK¨wU fyj n‡e| evK¨wUi ï×iƒc n‡jvÑAvgvi
`vgx KjgwU nvwiqv †M‡Q|
GB cÖZ¨q¸‡jv k‡ãi †k‡l e‡m c` cwieZ©‡bi (we‡klY †_‡K
we‡kl¨) gva¨‡g bZzb kã MVb K‡i _v‡K| gRvi e¨vcvi nj, GB Pvi cÖZ¨‡qiB eÇ C-Kvi GjvwR© i‡q‡Q|
k‡ãi †k‡l C-Kvi _vK‡j C-Kv‡ii Mv †N‡l em‡Z Zv‡`i †Nvi AvcwË| eva¨ n‡q †ePviv C-Kvi (x) e‡Y©i evg
cv‡k P‡j Av‡m| nvwi‡q hvq Zvi Aw¯ÍZ¡| n‡q hvq B- ( w ) Kvi|
†hgbÑ `vqx+Z¡ = `vwqZ¡, ¯’vqx+Z¡ = ¯’vwqZ¡, gš¿x+Z¡ = gwš¿Z¡, ¯^vgx+Z¡ = ¯^vwgZ¡, mn‡hvMx+Zv = mn‡hvwMZv,
cÖwZØ›Øx+Zv = cÖwZØw›ØZv, wejvmx+Zv = wejvwmZv, cÖwZ‡hvMx+Zv = cÖwZ‡hvwMZv, m½x+bx = mw½bx,
cmvix+Yx = cmvwiYx BZ¨vw`| : bvixZ¡, mZxZ¡ evbvb¸‡jvi ÔCÕ-Kvi, B-Kvi n‡e bv|
KvM‡R cÖvqB †jLv †`wL Aat¯Íb| Gi A_© `vuovq, wbgœ¯’ ¯Íb| Kx wekªx! Ggb †Kvb K_v Av‡Q
wK? ï× evbvb nj, Aa¯Íb| A_© nj wbgœc`¯’| myZivs ÔAa¯Íb Kg©PvixÕ; ÔAat¯Íb Kg©PvixÕ bq|
ÔC`„k A_© GB cÖKvi ev GB iKg| CÝv A_© Ôcvevi B”QvÕ| evbvb `y'‡Uv ÔBÕ
w`‡q †jLv †_‡K mveavb _vKzb|
evbvb `y‡Uvi fyj cÖ‡qvM cÖvqB †Pv‡L c‡o| GKUz mZK© n‡jB fyj †_‡K evuPv hvq| g‡b ivLyb,
GKwU‡Z hÑdjv Av‡Q, GKwU‡Z †bB, h-djv _vK‡j A_© n‡eÑÔAwfcÖv‡qÕ| †hgbÑ ‡Zvgv‡K cvevi D‡Ï‡k¨|
h-djv bv _vK‡j A_© n‡e Ôw`‡KÕ| †hgbÑ KvjB XvKvi D‡Ï‡k iIbv n‡e|
Ômgq I ÔKvjÕ mgv_©K kã| cÖvqB mgvb A_© nIqv m‡Ë¡I bv Rvbvi Kvi‡Y wØZ¡ cÖ‡qvM cwijw¶Z
nq| †hgbÑ ÒmgqKv‡j bv Ki‡j, †h Avi Kiv nq bv|Ó-evK¨wU Aï×| nq Kvj, bv nq mgqÑGKwU ej‡Z
n‡e|
ïay, gvÎ, †KejÑG ¸‡jvi A_© GKB| ZvB GKwUi e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e| ïaygvÎ †Kej
gvÎ e¨envi Aï×| ÒïaygvÎ GKevi ejÓ ejv/wjLv ï× bq| ïay GKevi ej ev gvÎ GKevi ej BZ¨vw`|
 AkÖyRj †djvi K_v †kvbv hvq| wKš‘ ÔAkÖyÕ I Rj `yB-B-‡h GK Zvn‡j GKUv ej‡jB nq| ïay ÔAkÖyÕ
bqZ ïay ÔRjÕ|
GB `yB k‡ãi e¨env‡i cv_©K¨ Av‡Q, GgbwU bv Rvbvi j¶YB †`Lv hvq †jLv‡jwL‡Z| †kvbvI
hvq| †hgbÑ ‡eZvi-‡Uwjwfk‡b ÒSo, wkjv e„wó nIqvi m¤¢vebv Av‡QÓ Ggb K_v mK‡jB ï‡b _v‡Kb| GUv
Avgv‡`i fyj †kvbv| welqwU nj-BwZevPK A‡_© Ôm¤¢vebvÕ Avi †bwZevPK A‡_© ÔAvk¼vÕ e¨eüZ nq| †hgbÑ
ev¤úvi dj‡bi m¤¢vebv Av‡Q, Avi So-e„wó nevi Avk¼v Av‡Q BZ¨vw`|
A mdj n‡j e¨eüZ, nq Ôm‡Ë¡IÕ Ges mdj n‡j e¨eüZ nq, Ôe‡jÕ| †hgbÑ nvRvi cÖ‡Póv m‡Ë¡I
Zvi we‡`k hvIqv nqwb| K‡Vvi mvavbi e‡j Zvi we. wm. Gm cvIqv m¤¢e n‡q‡Q|
cyuw_cy¯‡Í K, KvM‡R Ôwewea cÖKviÕ wjL‡Z †`Lv hvq cÖvqB| wKš‘ wewe‡ai †h A_© cÖKv‡iiI †mB A_©
myZivs ÔweweaÕ wjL‡jB P‡j, LvgvLv cÖKvi‡K Kó †`Iqvi `iKvi †bB|
`y'‡Uv kãB wVK| Z‡e kã `y'‡Uv‡K GKÎ K‡i `ywb©evh© †jLv fyj| †hgbÑ Ab¨v‡qi cÖwZdj
`ywb©evh©| GwU GKwU fyj evK¨| Gi ï×iƒc n‡e-Ab¨v‡qi cÖwZ dj Awbevh© ev `ywb©evi|
evbvb `y'‡Uvi GB †PnvivB †`Lv hvq †ewk| wKš‘ GUv †h bKj †Pnviv| Avmj †Pnvivi Lei
ivLvi †jv‡Ki msL¨v †h eoB bMY¨|
evbvb `y‡Uvi ï× iƒc n‡jv, B‡Zvg‡a¨, BZtc~‡e©| KviYUv Rvbv hvK| evbvb `y'‡Uv wemM© mwÜRvZ| wemM© mw܇Z
GKwU wbqg Av‡Q, Zv nj ÔKÕ ÔLÕ ÔcÕ ÔdÕ c‡i _vK‡j A-Kv‡ii c‡ii wemM© ÔmÕ Ges B-Kvi D-Kv‡ii c‡ii
wemM© l nq| †hgbÑ cyit+Kvi = cyi¯‹vi, (A-Kv‡ii c‡ii wemM© ÔmÕ n‡q‡Q) cwit+Kvi = cwi®‹vi (BKv‡ii
c‡ii wemM© l n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ wKQz †¶‡Î ÔKÕ ÔLÕ ÔcÕ ÔdÕ ÔkÕ ÔmÕ c‡i _vK‡jI A-Kv‡ii, c‡ii wemM© eRvq
_v‡K| †hgbÑ BZtc~‡e©, gbtKó, wkitcxov, eqtcÖvwß, `ytL, AšÍtKiY, gbtc~Z BZ¨vw`| wKš‘ A-Kv‡ii c‡i
e‡M©i Z…Zxq PZz_© I cÂg eY© ev ÔhÕ ÔeÕ ÔiÕ ÔjÕ ÔnÕ _vK‡j A-Kv‡ii mv‡_ wg‡k wemM© ÔI-KviÕ († v) n‡q hvq|
†hgbÑ BZt+g‡a¨ = B‡Zvg‡a¨, GBiƒc g‡bv‡jvfv, wk‡ivgwY, g‡bv‡hvM, g‡bviÄb, Z‡ZvwaK, g‡bve¨_v,
g‡bvevÃbv BZ¨vw`|
Dc‡iv³ ‡K Avgiv †h e¨envi Kwi Zvi m¤ú‡K© †Kvb †LuvR-Lei ivwL wK? ivwL bv| †LuvR wb‡jB Zvi
Avmj iƒc, Avgiv Rvb‡Z cvwi| Zv n‡j Rvbv hvK welqwU|ÔcwiÕ Dcm‡M©i mv‡_ ¯^iaŸwb ÔAÕ ÔAvÕ ÔBÕ ÔDÕ Gi
mwÜ n‡j `yB ¯^i wg‡j h-‡q-‡id (h©) nq| †hgbÑ Dcwi+D³ = Dch©y³, cwi+AšÍ = ch©šÍ, cwi+Av‡jvPbv =
ch©v‡jvPbv, Dcwi+Dcwi = Dchy©cwi BZ¨vw`|
eûePb ÁvcK kã †hgbÑ mKj, me, me©, eû A‡bK, GKvwaK †h we‡k‡l¨i c~‡e© e‡m, †m we‡k‡l¨i
ci Avevi eûePb ÁvcK kã †hgbÑ ¸wj ev MY BZ¨vw`i e¨envi Aï×| me gvQ¸‡jv, mKj QvÎMY BZ¨vw`
wjLv hv‡e bv|
bv Rvbvi Kvi‡Y we‡klY c`‡K cybivq we‡klY Kivi GKwU cÖeYZv cÖvqB j¶¨ Kiv hvq; GUv
fyj| †hgbÑ mjw¾Z, mwPwÎZ, mkw¼Z, m‡PwóZ, GKwÎZ k㸇jv Aï×| ï×iƒc n‡jvÑ jw¾Z/mj¾,
wPwÎZ/mwPÎ, †PwóZ/m‡Pó, GKÎ BZ¨vw`|
ÔKiÕ GKwU cÖZ¨q, G cÖZ¨qwU †hv‡M we‡klY c` MwVZ nq| †hgbÑ wnZKi, g½jKi, A_©Ki, Kvh©Ki
BZ¨vw`| G k㸇jvi mv‡_ ¯¿xevPK ÔCÕ cÖZ¨q‡K †hvM Kivi GKwU cÖeYZv we‡klfv‡e j¶¨Yxq| hv
AcÖ‡qvRbxq| †hgbÑwnZKix, Kvh©Kix, A_©Kix BZ¨vw`|
GB k㸇jv †hv‡M †h me kã MwVZ nq, †m me k‡ãi ga¨fv‡M C-Kvi ( x ) nq|
†hgbÑ mZK©+KiY = mZK©xKiY, w¯’i+K…Z = w¯’ixK…Z, cÖ¯Íi+feb = cÖ¯Íixfeb, ek+f~Z = ekxf~Z
BZ¨vw`|
ÔdjÕ I ÔkÖywZÕ GB `yB k‡ãi mgš^‡q MwVZ djkÖywZ kã| ÔdjÕ A_© fvj Kv‡Ri Result| ÔkÖywZÕ gv‡b
†kvbv, myZivs djkÖywZ k‡ãi A_© n‡jv fvj Kv‡Ri dj †kvbv, †Kvb Kv‡Ri djvdj A‡_© Gi cÖ‡qvM Aï×|
†hgbÑ ÒNyl MÖnY K‡i‡Q, djkÖywZ‡Z AvR †m †R‡j wM‡q‡Q|Ó -evK¨wU Aï×|
c~ev©nè A_© w`‡bi cÖ_g fvM, ev mKvj †ejv| Av‡M ev c~‡e© A‡_© Gi cÖ‡qvM Aï×| †hgbÑ Òc~ev©‡nè e¨e¯’v wb‡j
G Ae¯’vi m„wó nZ bv|Ó- evK¨wU fyj|
 ÔZrKvjxbÕ A_© †mB mgq| myZivs ZrKvjx‡bi mv‡_ mgq Ry‡o †`qv Ab_©K| ZvB ÒZrKvjxb
mg‡q UvKvq GK gY Pvj cvIqv †hZ|Ó- evK¨wU Aï×|
ÔcUf~wgÕ A‡_© kãwUi e¨envi n‡”Q †``vi‡Q| Rvbv _vK‡j Ggb fyj e¨envi †_‡K †invB cvIqv hvq|
†cÖw¶Z, A_© `k©b Kiv n‡q‡Q| myZivs cUf~wg A‡_© Gi e¨envi Awm×| ZvB Ò`ªe¨g~ ‡j¨i DaŸ©MwZi †cÖw¶‡Z
miKvi b¨vh¨ g~‡j¨i †`vKvb Pvjy K‡i‡Q|ÓÑevK¨wU Aï×|
A½+wòK = Avw½K| A_© nj- A½ m¤^šx^ q| kãwUi ï× cÖ‡qvM cÖvq wbev©wmZ, ÔKjv‡KŠkjÕ A‡_© Gi
cÖ‡qvM A‡bKUv Rv‡qR n‡q †M‡Q| †hgbÑejv n‡q _v‡K, ÒevwowU bZzb Avw½‡K ˆZwi Kiv n‡q‡Q|Ó ÒcyivZb
KwgwU †f‡½ bZzb Avw½‡K MVb Kiv †nvK|Ó-Gme evK¨ fyj|
mgvm wm× c` ÔAvKÉÕ hvi A_© n‡jv KÉ ch©š|Í myZivs ÔAvKÉÕ Gi mv‡_ Avevi ch©šÍ Ry‡o †`qv
AÁZviB bvgvšÍi| GBiƒcÑ AvRb¥ ch©š,Í AvRvby ch©šÍ, AvgiY ch©š,Í Avcv`g¯ÍK ch©šÍ BZ¨vw` k㸇jv
Aï×|
ÒwelqwU Avgvi AvqËvaxb bq|Ó- Ggb evK¨ †kvbv hvq| wKš‘ ÔAvqËÕ k‡ãi A_©B †h Aaxb Zv Rvbv
_vK‡j G fy‡ji wkKvi †_‡K i¶v cvIqv hvq mn‡RB| ï× evK¨wU ZvB, welqwU Avgvi Aaxb bq ev AvqË bq|
mymsnZ †gŠj GKK k‡ã O nq; s nq bv| †hgbÑ A¼, wj½, e½, c½y evbvb ¸‡jv ï×|
kãwU KZ…©c¶| GwU eûePb ÁvcK kã| Zvi †k‡l MY Ry‡o †`qv A_©nxb|
RvZxqKiY A_© RvwZi AšÍfy©w³KiY; miKv‡ii ZË¡veav‡b Avbv bq| A_P †Kvb wKQz miKvwi Kiv
n‡jB dm& K‡i ejv nq-RvZxq KiY Kiv n‡q‡Q| Ggb fyj †_‡K mveavb _vKv evÃbxq|
GB k㸇jv ÔcÖvYxÕ k‡ãi †k‡l em‡j cÖvYxÕi C-Kvi ( x ) cwiewZ©Z n‡q B-Kvi
(w ) nq| †hgbÑ cÖvwYRMr, cÖvwYwe`¨v, cÖvwYZË¡, cÖvwYwnsmv, cÖvwY‡`n BZ¨vw`|
kã `y'‡Uv Ôgš¿xÕ k‡ãi †k‡l †hvM n‡j Ôgš¿xÕ evbvb Avi ÔCÕKvi _v‡K bv| B-Kvi n‡q hvq| †hgb
Ñ gwš¿cwil`, gwš¿mfv|
evbvbwU‡Z mPivPi C-KviB ( x ) †`Lv hvq| A_P n‡e B-Kvi| KviYwU Rvbv _vK‡j G fy‡ji nvZ
†_‡K wPigyw³ cvIqv hvq| GKwU kã Av‡Q ÔAÄwjÕ| A_© nj hy³Ki, †mev ev fRbv, evbvbwU B-Kvi w`‡q|
Zvi mv‡_B †hvM n‡q‡Q Ôkª×vÕ; e¨vm, n‡q‡Q kª×vÄwj| Giƒc Av‡iv wKQz kã †hvM n‡q‡Q AÄwji mv‡_| †hgbÑ
MxZ, cy®ú BZ¨vw` n‡q‡Q MxZvÄwj, cy®úvÄwj|
`ywbqvi Zver f~Z evbvb E-Kvi ( ~ ) w`‡q| †hgbÑ A½xf~Z, Awff~Z, `~ixf~Z, civf~Z, D™¢~Z,
wK¤¢~Z, ekxf~Z, Avwff~©Z Af~Zc~e©, f¯§xf~Z, cyÄxf~Z, †K›`ªxf~Z, `ªexf~Z BZ¨vw`| wKš‘ A™¢yZ e¨vcvi n‡jv,
A™¢y‡Zi f~‡Z D-Kvi nq| ¯§iY †hvM¨ †h, ÔfyZz‡oÕi fy‡ZI D-Kvi ( y )| Avi me Lv‡bB E-Kvi nq| D‡jøL¨
†h, f~Z †hv‡M MwVZ c` we‡klY n‡e|
`yB-B ï×| me©Rbxb A_©- me©R‡bi Kj¨vYKi| †hgbÑ GLb cjøx‡Z cjøx‡Z me©Rbxb c~Rvi
cÖPjb †`Lv hvq| mve©Rbxb A_©-me©Rb m¤^Üxq| †hgbÑ cÖvPxb fvi‡Z mve©Rbxb wk¶vq wQj AevwiZ Øvi|
Avmw³ A_© AvKl©Y ev AbyivM Ges AvmwË A_© ms‡hvM ev wgjb| jvBwji †cÖ‡g gRby Avm³,
wKsev gv`Kvmw³ gvbyl‡K aŸsm K‡i; Aci w`‡K ev‡K¨i wZbwU ¸Y: AvKv•ÿv, AvmwË I †hvM¨Zv|
`y‡Uv evbvbB wVK| Z‡e A‡_©i wfbœZv i‡q‡Q| wbP A_© wb¤œ; Avi bxP A_©- ev‡R ev nxb; hw`I
AwaKvsk evwoi bxPZjv fvov †`Iqv nq| GwU GKwU gvivZ¥K fzj! mK‡ji mZK© _vKv DwPZ|
evbvb `y'‡Uv APj| Aek¨ g‡b ivLyb n Gi wc‡V †h GKUv AvsUv †`Lv hv‡”Q †mUv b (`šÍ¨-b)
wb‡`©kK| GB evbvb `y'‡U‡Z ÔbÕ n‡e bv| n‡e ÔYÕ (g~a©b¨ÑY)| n Gi mv‡_ hLb g~a©b¨ nq, ZLb n-Gi wcV
†_‡K H AvsUvUv †b‡g hvq, nÑGi wb‡P| iƒcUv nè| Aci, c~e,© civ Gme kã hw` ÔAýÕ k‡ãi c~ ‡e© e‡m Zvn‡j
Aý-Gi ÔbÕ ÔYÕ n‡q hvq| †hgbÑ Aci+Aý = Acivnè, c~e©+Aý = c~ev©n,è civ+Aý = civnè| Ab¨Î n-Gi
mv‡_ ÔbÕ n‡q _v‡K| †hgbÑ mvqvý, ga¨vý BZ¨vw`|
 `y'‡Uv evbvbB ï×| wKš‘ e¨env‡i cÖvqB AmveavbZvi cwiPq †g‡j| mv¶i A_©- A¶i Ávb m¤úbœ|
†hgbÑ Avgv‡`i †`‡k cÖwZ eQi mv¶iZv w`em cvwjZ nq| Avvi ¯^v¶i A_©- mB ev `¯ÍLZ| †hgbÑ Pzw³ c‡Î
`yÕR‡bi ¯^v¶i Av‡Q|
`yB evbvbB wVK| cv_©K¨ †Kej we‡qi AvM Avi ci| A_v©r GKRb eÜz Av‡iKRb eD| euay A_©- eÜz
Avi ea~ A_©- eD| myZivs euay eD n‡q †M‡j P›`ª we›`yUv I‡V wM‡q EÑKvi nq|
K_vwU fyj| KviY W-‡q-W Gi mv‡_ Av-KviwU n‡e bv| Av-KviwU bv nIqvi KviY nj, g~j
kãwU n‡e MÇjÑ Gi A_© n‡jv †fov| myZivs K_vwU n‡e, MÇwjKv cÖevn|
ï× Av‡Q `y‡Uv evbvbB| Af¨šÍixY A_© Af¨šÍ‡i we`¨gvb| c¶všÍ‡i Avf¨šÍixY A_© Af¨šÍi
†_‡K Drcbœ ev RvZ|
evbvbwU fyj| DrKl© kãwU we‡kl¨| Zv cÖZ¨q †hvM Kivi †Kvb cÖ‡qvRb †bB| DrKl©B ï×|
G fv‡e wki‡ñ` wjL‡j ai †_‡K wki Avi †Q` n‡e bv| wki‡K †Q` Ki‡Z n‡j wjL‡Z n‡e
wki‡ñ`| Gevi KviYUv Rvbv `iKvi| wemM© mwÜi wbq‡g P ev Q c‡i _vK‡j wemM© ¯’‡j ÔkÕ nq| †hgbÑ
wkit+†Q` = wki‡ñ`, wbt+Pq = wbðq, wbt+wQ`ª = wbwñ`ª BZ¨vw`|
AvMZ I Avmbœ e¨envi Ki‡Z mveavbZv Aej¤^b Ki‡Z n‡e| AvMZ A_© G‡m‡Q Ggb Avi Avmbœ
A_© nj Avm‡e Ggb| myZivs AvMZ †mvgevi bq, n‡e Avmbœ †mvgevi|
Lvivc A‡_© ÔmgywPZÕ, fvj A‡_© h‡_vwPZ e¨eüZ nq|†hgbÑ G Ab¨v‡qi mgywPZ wk¶v
†Zvgv‡K †c‡ZB n‡e| c¶všÍ‡i, GB fvj Kv‡Ri h‡_vwPZ cyi¯‹vi †Zvgvi cÖvc¨|
ÔK…”QÕ k‡ãi mv‡_ Ab_©K ÔZvÕ cÖZ¨q Ry‡o w`‡q kãwU‡K Aï× Kiv nq| ÔK…”QÕ A_© kvixwiK †K¬k|
myZivs igRvb K…”QZv mva‡bi gvm| -evK¨wU ï× bq| n‡e, igRvb gvm K…”Q mva‡bi gvm|
evbvb `yÕwU‡Z MʇMvj †j‡M hvq cÖvqB| g~j evbvbwU Rvbv _vK‡j G †Mvj Gov‡bv hvq
mn‡RB|
w¯§Z A_© Clr nvm¨; w¯§Z k‡ãi c~‡e© ïwP (A_© cweÎ) hy³ n‡q MwVZ n‡q‡Q ïwPw¯§Zv| A_©- wbg©j nvm¨hy³|
Aci w`‡K w¯§Z k‡ãi c~‡e© ÔmyÕ DcmM© †hv‡M MwVZ n‡q‡Q-myw¯§Zv A_©-my›`i nvm¨hy³v|
k¦ïi-kvïwoi mv‡_ A‡bK‡KB †eqv`we Ki‡Z †`Lv hv| k¦ï‡ii mv‡_ †eqv`weUv
Kiv nq, k Gi mv‡_ e-djv bv w`‡q Avi ÔiÕ-Gi cwie‡Z© ÔoÕ wj‡L Ges kvïwoi mv‡_ †eqv`weUv Kiv nq k-
Gi mv‡_ e-djv w`‡q Ges ÔoÕ-Gi cwie‡Z© ÔiÕ wj‡L| myZivs g‡b ivLyb k¦ï‡i e-djv Av‡Q kvïwo‡Z †bB|
k¦ï‡i ÔiÕ Av‡Q kvïwo‡Z ÔoÕ|
GKUv wµqv; GKUv we‡klY, evbvb `y'‡U‡Z c¨vuP †j‡M hvq| Avi jvM‡e bv| g‡b ivLyb wµqv evPK
c‡` me mgq B-Kvi nq| †hgbÑ Kwi, cwo, awi, gvwi, KvwU BZ¨vw`| Gevi wbðq †evSv †Mj †h Ô‰ZwiÕ
wµqvc`| Avi Ô‰ZixÕ nj we‡klY| †hgbÑ ˆZix †cvkvK|
ˆah© evbv‡b h-djv (¨) †`qvi Rb¨ A‰ah© n‡j Pj‡e bv| A_v©r G evbvbwU h-djv w`‡q
(ˆah©¨) wjL‡j P‡j bv| Gi KviYwU nj, g~j evbvbwU ÔaxiÕ Gi mv‡_ †hvM n‡q‡Q ÔhÕ cÖZ¨q| GB ÔhÕ cÖZ¨q
†hvM n‡j k‡ãi †k‡li ÔiÕ n‡q hvq †id ( © ), cÖZ¨qwU ZLb ÔhÕ n‡qB _v‡K| †hgbÑ axi+h = ˆah©, GBiƒc
gvayh©, mvnPvh© BZ¨vw`| GB me evbv‡b h-djv (¨) †`qv n‡j evbvb fyj n‡e|
ÔAv‡ivM¨Õ nIqv bq, Av‡ivM¨ jvf Kiv, myZivs ÔwZwb Av‡ivM¨ n‡jbÕ ej‡j evK¨wU ï× nq bv|
ï× nq, ÔwZwb Av‡ivM jvf Ki‡jbÕ- ej‡j|
mPivPi GK‡Î hvIqv, ÔGK‡Î KivÕ G iƒcB †kvbv hvq| wKš‘ bv GK‡Î hvIqv hv‡e bv| kãwU
ÔGK‡ÎÕ bq ÔGKÎÕ| myZivs ÔGKÎ MgbÕ Ki‡Z n‡e|
 ÔkvïwoÕ I Ô‡Muvd `vwoÕ kã `yÕwUi cÖwZk‡ãi evbv‡b MʇMvj Ki‡j kvïwoi †Mvud-`vwo‡Zv
DV‡eB| †Lqvj ivLyb-kvïwoi cÖwZkã nj Ôk¦kƒÖ Õ A_v©r-ÔkÕ-Gi mv‡_ e-djv Avi †k‡l E-Kvi ( ~ )| c¶všÍ‡i,
†Mvud`vwoi cÖwZkã nj Ôk¥kÖyÕ A_v©r- k-Gi mv‡_ g-djv Ges †k‡l DKvi ( y )|
¯^Z¡ wb‡q evovevwo nq, Avevi ¯^Z¡ evbvbwU wb‡qI evovevwoi †kl †bB| evbvbvbwUi KviY
Rvb‡j evovevwo eÜ n‡e| we‡klY‡K we‡kl¨ Kivi Rb¨ Z¡ cÖZ¨q †hvM Ki‡Z nq| Ô¯^Õ kãwU we‡klY| A_© nj
wbR ev wb‡Ri| GB Ô¯^Õ †K we‡kl¨ c‡` cwiYZ Ki‡Z n‡j mv‡_ ÔZ¡Õ cÖZ¨q †hvM Ki‡Z nq| †hgbÑ ¯^+Z¡ =
¯^Z,¡ A_©-gvwjKvbvi AwaKvi, eB‡qi Mv‡q †jLv nq, Ôme© ¯^Z¡ msiw¶ZÕ| myZivs g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e m-Gi mv‡_ e-
djv Av‡Q, Z-Gi mv‡_ I e-djv Av‡Q, Z‡e ÔZÕ `ywU bq; GKwU| evbvbwU Avevi g‡b Kwi‡q †`B,m-‡i-e-djv
Z-‡i-e-djv = ¯^Z|¡
G kãwUi wZbwU A_© Av‡Q| Aw¯ÍZ,¡ cÖvY ev AvZ¥ Ges im| †hgb AšÍtmË¡v, KvVv‡ji AvgmË¡, BZ¨vw`| kãwUi
MVb Rvbv _vK‡j evbvb fy‡ji nvZ †_‡K evuPv hvq| g~j kãwU ÔmrÕ| Zvi mv‡_ ÔZ¡Õ cÖZ¨q †hvM K‡i n‡q‡Q mË¡| g‡b
ivLvq welq n‡jv, m Gi mv‡_ e-djv †bB, Avi Z GKUv bq; `yBUv| A_v©r Z-‡q Z-‡q e-djv (Ë¡)|
Z¡i k‡ãi A_© nj `ªyZ| Gi c~‡e© ÔmÕ Gi msw¶ß iƒc ÔmnÕ hy³ n‡q n‡q‡Q ÔmZ¡iÕ A_© kxNª ev
ZvovZvwo| Avi ms¯‹…Z mßwZ †_‡K G‡m‡Q ÔmËiÕ A_© 70|
f~wi f~wi fy‡ji g‡a¨ fyuwo Avi f~wii fyjI D‡c¶vi bq| whwb f~wi †fvR K‡ib Zvui
fyuwo †e-mvgvj nq G K_v‡Zv mevi Rvbv| Av‡iv Ly‡j ej‡Z n‡e welqwU| f~wi A_© cÖPzi; Avi fyuwo A_© †gvUv
†cU| g‡b ivLyb f-Gi mv‡_ E-Kvi ( ~ ) Ges e-‡q-we›`y ÔiÕ| c¶višÍ‡i †gvUv †c‡Ui evbvbUvq f-Gi mv‡_ D-
Kvq ( y ) Ges W-‡q-we›`y-o, P›`ª we›`y‡Zv Av‡QB|
my¯^vMZg hviv Rvbvq Zv‡`i Rvbvb hv‡”Q †h, Zviv fyj Rvbvq| Rvbv‡Z n‡e ¯^vMZg|
KviYUv Gevi ewj, GUv mwÜNwUZ fyj| my+AvMZ = ¯^vMZ, A_v©r my AvMZB ¯^vMZ, myZivs ¯^vM‡Zi mv‡_ hviv
ÔmyÕ †`q, Zviv GUv evowZ †`q, GwU Ab_©K †`qv, my¯^v¯’¨I GiKg fyj| my¯v^ ¯’¨ bq ¯^v¯’¨|
HK¨g‡Z †cŠuQv hv‡e bv, †cŠuQ‡Z n‡e HKg‡Z¨| welqUv ewj, kãUv ÔGKgZÕ Zvi mv‡_ †hvM
n‡q‡Q ÔhÕ cÖZ¨q, n‡q‡Q HKgZ¨, myZivs HK¨gZ kãwU Aï×| ï× n‡jv HKgZ¨|
mveav‡b fwel¨ØvYx Ki‡eb| evbv‡b hw` LÊ (r) Z _v‡K| Zv n‡j evYx Avi Pj‡e bv|
Pjv‡Z n‡j LÊ (r) Z Gi RvqMvq Ô`Õ w`b| wjLyb ÔfwelØvYxÕ| welqUvq mwÜi| fwel¨r+evYx = fwel¨ØvYx|
c‡i e _vKvq c~ee© Zx© Z-Gi ¯’‡j Ô`Õ n‡q‡Q|
AÎ A_©- GLv‡b, hÎ A_©- †hLv‡b, ZÎ A_©-†mLv‡b| ejv nq hÎZÎ gqjv †dj‡eb bv| A_v©r
†hLv‡b †mLv‡b gqjv †dj‡eb bv| meB wVK Av‡Q| wKš‘ ÔAÎÕ k‡ãi GKwU cÖ‡qvM †`‡L wew¯§Z n‡Z nq|
†jLv nq ÔAÎ Awd‡m ...., AÎ ¯‹z‡ji ........ BZ¨vw`| hvi A_© nq ÔGLv‡b Awd‡m ........, ev GLv‡b ¯‹z‡ji
......|Õ Kx fyj cÖ‡qvM!
Ô‡fŠMwjKÕ evbvbwU Qvc‡Z †`wL eû RvqMvq| ÕMÕ Gi mv‡_ I-Kvi († v) bv _vK‡j f~ Avi
†Mvj _v‡K bv, ÕMjÕ n‡q hvq| c„w_ex‡Zv †Mvj| myZivs M-Gi mv‡_ I-Kvi bv _vK‡j P‡j wK? AZGe, ï×
kãwU n‡e Ôf~‡MvjÕ|
ÔmyaxÕ evbvb gv‡S gv‡S E-Kvi ( ~ ) w`‡q ev B-Kvi (w) w`‡q †jLv nq †`wL, wKš‘ myax, g‡b ivL‡eb
D-Kvi ( y ) Ges C- Kvi (x)-Kvi Iqvjv myax-B n‡jb ï×|
eo eo c`v©q Ôm¤^a©bvÕ Gfv‡eB MwR©qvmwj wjL‡Z †`Lv hvq| G †h fyj evbvb| evbvbwU Ô¤^Õ
w`‡q bq; ÔsÕ w`‡q| A_v©r- Ôm¤^ab© vÕ bq, Ômsea©bvÕ| G iƒc Av‡iv wKQz evbvb †hgbÑ ¯^qsei, msewjZ, wcÖqse`v
Ô¤^Õ w`‡q wjLv hv‡e bv| ¯^q¤^i, m¤^wjZ, wcÖq¤^`v -G¸‡jv Aï× evbvb|
bv Av‡gi mv‡_ Ômg~nÕ k‡ãi wgjb n‡e bv| ÔAv‡giÕ mv‡_ ¸‡jv ev ¸wji wgjb n‡e|
A_v©rÑAvg¸‡jv ev Avg¸wj| Ômg~nÕ k‡ãi mv‡_ hv‡e Avgª| n‡e, Avgªmg~n|
me¸‡jvB AbvKvw•¶Z evbvb| AvKv•¶v †gUv‡Z n‡j g‡b ivLv PvB ÔKv•¶Õ avZz
†_‡K D™¢~Z ÔAvKv•¶vÕi †Kvb weKí evbvb †bB| A_©vr-ÔOÕ-Gi ¯’‡j ÔsÕ Gi Ô¶Õ-Gi ¯’‡j ÔLÕ †jLv hv‡e bv|
A_© bvevjK ev AcÖvß eq¯‹ evjK| AKg©Y¨ ev Ac`v_© A‡_© Gi cÖ‡qvM Aï×|
 we‡`nx AvZ¥vi gvM‡divZ Kvgbv Kiv nq| Ôwe‡`nÕ we‡klY A_© Akixix ev †`nk~b¨, Gi †k‡l
ÔCÕ cÖZ¨q †hvM K‡i Avevi we‡klY Kivi cÖeYZv eR©bxq| Avgiv we‡`n AvZ¥vi gvM‡divZ Kvgbv Kie|
fvlv †h e¨envi K‡i †m-B nq fvlx| †hgbÑ evsjv †h e¨envi K‡i †m evsjv fvlx, †Zgwb D`©y fvlx
BZ¨vw`| fvlv fvlx †jLvUv nvmv nvwmi gZ e¨vcvi| A_v©rÑevsjv fvlv fvlx ejv/†jLvUv Aï×|Ôevsjv fvlxÕ
wjL‡jB P‡j|
`y'‡Uv evbvbB fyj| ï× evbvb n‡jv ÔA¯ú„k¨Õ| g‡b ivLyb Av‡M ÔmÕ c‡i ÔkÕ| m Gi hvqMvq lÕ
bq Ges k Gi ¯’v‡b m bq|
me a~wjmvr n‡q hv‡e, hw` a-Gi mv‡_ D ( y) Kvi Avi m-Gi mv‡_ h ( ¨ )-djv †`qv nq| a-Gi mv‡_
w`‡Z n‡e E-Kvi Avi m-Gi mv‡_ h (¨) djv n‡e bv| Giƒc-AwMœmvr, f~wgmvr BZ¨vw`|
e-Gi mv‡_ h-djv bv w`‡j Ôey¨rcwËÕ evbv‡b wecwË N‡U hv‡e| ï× nj, ey¨rcwË|
me fyj| g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e Av‡M-wc‡Q DKvi ( y ) Ges gvSLv‡b EKvi ( ~ ) e¨vm| evbvbwU-
gyg~l©y|
evbvbwUi fyj iƒc †Pv‡L co‡e A‡b‡KiB| g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e q-Gi mv‡_ G-Kvi (†) w`‡jB
M”Qv| q-Gi mv‡_ w`‡Z n‡e B-Kvi (w ), Zvn‡j eySv‡Mj †k‡li A_v©r Ôwk¶wqÎxÕ kãwU ï×! |
evbvb `yÕwU †Lqvj Kiyb| cÖ_g evbv‡b Y-Gi mv‡_ C-Kvi (x) Av‡Q, †k‡l Avevi Y
Av‡Q|GUv APj evbvb| GUv Pvjv‡eb bv| ï× evbv‡b Y-Gi mv‡_ Av-Kvi (v) _vK‡e Avi †k‡l _vK‡e ÔbÕ|
evbvbwU ÔN~Yv© qgvbÕ| N~Y©¨gvb ej‡jI wKš‘ P‡j| Avi g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e N-Gi mv‡_ E-Kvi ( ~ ) w`‡ZB n‡e|
Ô‡kªvZve„›`Õ GwU fyj evbvb| A_v©r Z-Gi mv‡_ Av-Kvi (v) w`‡q wjL‡jB †fRvj| ï× evbvb
Ô‡kªvZ…e„›`Õ| A_v©r Z-Gi mv‡_ F-Kvi w`‡jB evwRgvr|
m-‡q K Ges l-‡q K †K wb‡q KZ †h weåvU! Rvbv _vK‡j mn‡RB evuPv hvq G weåvU †_‡K| welqwU nj
wemM© mwÜ NwUZ| A_v©r wemM© mw܇Z GKwU wbqg Av‡Q GB iKg| c‡i hw` ÔKÕ _v‡K Avi wem‡M©i Av‡M
D”PviY hw` A-Kvi nq Zvn‡j wemM©wU m n‡q hvq| †hgbÑ cyit+Kvi = cyi¯‹vi, (†hvM wP‡ýi) c‡i K Av‡Q
Ges wem‡M©i Av‡M A-Kvi Av‡Q| GB iƒc Av‡iv wKQz evbvb, †hgbÑ bg¯‹vi, wZi¯‹vi, †ZR¯‹i, hk¯‹i
BZ¨vw`|
c¶všÍ‡i, wem‡M©i Av‡M hw` A-Kvi bv †_‡K B-Kvi _v‡K Zvn‡j wemM©wU l n‡q hvq| †hgbÑ cwit+Kvi =
cwi®‹vi| (c‡i K Av‡Q, Ges wem‡M©i c~‡e© B-Kvi Av‡Q) GB iKg ewn®‹vi, wb®‹gv©, wb®‹w… Z, wb®‹vlY|
A-Kvi, B-Kv‡ii K_v g‡b ivLyb A_v©rÑA-Kvi †`L‡jB Ô¯‹Õ Ges B-Kvi †`L‡jB Ô®‹Õ nq|
me KwU evbvbB wVK, cv_©K¨, †Kej A‡_©| †fwi A_©- XvK, †fwo A_©- cvwb AvUKvevi Rb¨ DuPy
evua| Avi †fox A_© nj- †fovi ¯¿x wj½ (gv`x †fov)|
`y‡Uv k‡ãi evbvbB wVK Av‡Q| Z‡e Zv‡`i A_© Rvbv bv _vK‡j †fRv‡ji nvZ †_‡K cvi cvIqv
gyw®‹j| e-‡q we›`y w`‡q †h cvi Zvi A_© `yBwU, GKwU nj b`x cvi, Av‡iKwU nj wb®K…wZ| W-‡q- we›`y w`‡q †h
cvo Zvi A_© I `ywU: GKwU nj cyKz‡ii cvo; Av‡iKwU nj kvwoi wKbviv|
G evbvbUv †`‡L †`‡LB Avgiv Rxeb cvi KiwQ| †h-†Kvb weÁvc‡bi cÖÁvc‡bi ïiæ‡ZB Zvi Ae¯’vb Kvi bv
†Pv‡L c‡o? wKš‘ Avr†K IVvi gZ fyj evbvb GwU! welqUv Ly‡j ewj, ÔGZÕ nj cwigvY evPK we‡klY †hgb ejv nq,
GZUzKz `ya, GZ¸‡jv eB BZ¨vw`| Avi ÔØvivÕ A_© w`qv| Zvn‡j ÔGZØvivÕ K_vwUi A_© `vovq ÔGZUzKz w`qvÕ ev ÔGZ¸‡jv
w`qvÕ gRvi e¨vcvi n‡jv ÔGZ ØvivÕ †hLv‡b e¨envi Kiv nq †mLv‡b wK ÔGZUzKz w`qvÕ ev ÔGZ¸‡jv w`qvÕ A‡_© e¨envi Kiv
nq? bv, †gv‡UB bv| e¨envi Kiv nq, Bnv Øviv A‡_©| Bnv A_© GZr Avi GB GZr-Gi mv‡_ mwÜ nq ÔØvivÕ k‡ãi `yB‡q
wg‡j nq GZÏviv, A_v©r GZr+Øviv, Z-Gi c‡i Ô`Õ _vK‡j (†hvM wP‡ýi c‡i) c~e©eZx© (†hvM wP‡ýi c~‡e©i) Z (r) Ô`Õ
n‡q hvq| welqwU mwÜi| Giƒc- hÏviv, hwÏb, hÏyi BZ¨vw`|
 evbvb wVK Av‡Q `y‡UvB| wKš‘ A_© bv Rvb‡j gvi †L‡Z n‡e| giv A_© g„Zz¨eiY| †hgbÑ giv b`x, giv
MvO BZ¨vw`| Avi gov A_© jvk| †hgbÑ iv¯Ívi av‡i GKwU gov c‡o Av‡Q| Zvn‡j gi‡Yi cieZx© ¯Íi nj
gov|
Ggb evbvbB †kvbv hvq; †jLvI †`Lv hvq| wKš‘ G‡K _vgv‡bv `iKvi| G fy‡ji `xN©m~ÎZv Avi KZ
w`b Pj‡e| A_v©r ï× evbvbwU n‡e `xN©m~ÎZv; `xN©m~wÎZv bq|
P›`ª we›`y e‡Y©i gv_vq I‡V, Z‡e LvgvLv I‡V bv, Kvi‡Y I‡V| KviYwU wbgœiƒc:
O T Y b g Ges s hy³ Av‡Q Ggb Zrmg kã PwjZ evsjvq iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡j D³ bvwmK¨ eY©¸‡jv cwiewZ©Z n‡q
P›`ªwe›`yi iƒc aviY K‡i| †hgbÑ
O Ñ A¼b > AvuKv
T Ñ MwÄKv > MvuRv
YÑ KÈK > KvuUv
b Ñ `šÍ > `vuZ
g Ñ K¤úb > Kvucv
s Ñ nsm > nvum|

Kvb †Kvb cÖvPxb MÖ‡š’ e½ K_vwUi D‡jøL cvIqv hvq?

FK‡e`, gnvfviZ I grm¨cyiv‡Y|
myev-evOjv K_vwU †Kvb MÖ‡š’ i‡q‡Q?
mgªvU AvKe‡ii AvBb-B-AvKewi MÖ‡š’|
evsjv wjwc †Kvb wjwc †_‡K G‡m‡Q?
eªvþx wjwc|
†Kvb mgªvU Zvi AwaKvsk Kg© eªvþx wjwc‡Z †jLvb?
mgªvU A‡kvK|
†Kvb ivRv‡`i mgq evsjv wjwc mymsMwVZ nq?
: †mb ivRv‡`i mgq|
†K evsjv wjwc‡K QvcvLvbvq gy`Yª ‡hvM¨ K‡i ˆZwi K‡ib?
Bs‡iR Avg‡j (1778), cÂvbb Kg©Kvi|
evsjv †Kvb fvlv‡Mvôxi AšÍfy©³?
B‡›`vBD‡ivcxq|
fvlvi †Kvb iƒc †_‡K evsjvi m„wó?
cÖvK…Z|
W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvni g‡Z evsjv fvlv G‡m‡Q †Kv_v †_‡K?
†MŠoxq cÖvK…Z †_‡K|
evsjv fvlvi Avw` Drm †KvbwU?
gvMax cÖvK…Z|
evsjv fvlvi cÖvPxbZg wb`k©b †Kvb fvlv?
ˆew`K fvlv|
evsjv fvlvi c~ee© Z©x ¯—‡ii bvg Kx?
e½Kvgiƒcx|
mKj fvlvi Avw`fvlv wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv nq †KvbwU‡K?
B‡›`v- BD‡ivcxq|
evsjv M`¨ †Kvb hy‡Mi fvlvi wb`k©b?
AvaywbK hy‡Mi|
 evsjv fvlvi cÖ_g e¨vKiY MÖš’ †KvbwU?
1778 wLªóv‡ã ûMwj †_‡K gyw`ªZ I cÖKvwkZ bvw_‡qj eªvwm n¨vj‡nW iwPZ ÔG MÖvgvi Ad w` †e½j j¨v½y‡qRÕ|
evsjv fvlvq iwPZ cÖ_g evsjv e¨vKiY †KvbwU?
1833 mv‡j ivRv ivg †gvnb ivq iwPZ Ô†MŠwoq e¨vKiYÕ|

fvlv Kv‡K e‡j?

evMh‡š¿i mvnv‡h¨ D”PvwiZ A_©‡evaK aŸwb mgwó‡K ejv nq fvlv|
eZ©gv‡b c„w_ex‡Z KZ¸‡jv fvlv cÖPwjZ i‡q‡Q?
eZ©gv‡b c„w_ex‡Z cÖvq mv‡o wZb nvRv‡ii Ici fvlv cÖPwjZ Av‡Q|
fvlvfvlx RbmsL¨vi w`K w`‡q evsjvi ¯’vb KZ?
fvlvfvlx RbmsL¨vi w`K w`‡q evsjv c„w_exi PZz_© e„nr gvZ…fvlv|
mvay I PwjZ fvlvi g~j cv_©K¨ †Kv_vq?
wµqv I me©bvg c‡`i MVb ixwZ‡Z|
evsjv †gŠwLK fvlv KZ cÖKvi I Kx Kx?
`yB cÖKvi| h_v: 1. gvb evsjv, 2. AvÂwjK fvlv|
Dcfvlv Kx?
AvÂwjK fvlvi Aci bvg|
ˆjwLK fvlv KZ cÖKvi I Kx Kx?
`yB cÖKvi| h_v: 1. mvay fvlv I 2. PwjZ fvlv|
fvlvi g~j Dcv`vb †KvbwU?
aŸwb/eY©|
fvlvi g~j DcKiY †KvbwU?
evK¨|
PwjZ fvlvi cÖeZ©K Kv‡K ejv nq?
cÖg_ †PŠayix‡K|
mvay Ges PwjZ fvlvi wgkª‡Yi d‡j †Kvb †`v‡li m…wó nq?
: ¸iæPÊvjx|

aŸwb Kv‡K e‡j?

D”PviY ev AvIqv‡Ri ¶z`Z ª g Ask‡K ejv nq aŸwb|
aŸwbi mvs‡KwZK iƒc ev cÖZxK‡K Kx e‡j?
eY©|
evsjv fvlvi †gŠwjK aŸwb¸‡jv‡K cÖavbZ Kq fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq?
`yB fv‡M- 1. ¯^iaŸwb I 2. e¨Äb aŸwb|
¯^iaŸwb Kv‡K e‡j?
dzmdzm ZvwoZ evZvm gyL weei †_‡K †ewi‡q †h‡Z hw` †Kv_v evavcÖvß ev AvNvZcÖvß bv n‡q †h mKj aŸwb D”PvwiZ nq,
Zv‡K ejv nq ¯^iaŸwb|
e¨Äb aŸwb Kv‡K e‡j?
dzmdzm ZvwoZ evZvm gyL weei †_‡K †ewi‡q †h‡Z hw` †Kv_vI bv †Kv_vI evavcÖvß, AvNvZcÖvß ev Nl©bcÖvß n‡q †h me
aŸwb D”P D”PvwiZ nq, Zv‡K ejv nq e¨Äb aŸwb|
evsjv eY©gvjvq c~Yg© vÎvi eY© KqwU?
32wU|
¯^ie‡Y©i msw¶ß iƒc‡K Kx ejv nq?
Kvi|
¯úk©eY© †Kvb¸‡jv?
 : K †_‡K g ch©šÍ (25wU eY©)|
evsjv fvlvi †gŠwjK ¯^iaŸwb KqwU I Kx Kx?
7wU| h_v: A, Av, B, D, G, I , A¨v|
¯^ie‡Y© Aa©gvÎv eY© KqwU?
GKwU|
ZvobRvZ aŸwb †Kvb¸‡jv?
o I p|
K, L, M, N, O †K †Kvb aŸwb ejv nq?
wRnŸvg~jxq ev KÚ aŸwb|
gvÎv Kx?
†Kvb e‡Y©i Dci †`Iqv Kwl ev †iLv|
LuvwU evsjv k‡ãi ÔGÕ Gi D”PiY †Kgb?
wee„Z|
djv Kv‡K e‡j? djv KqwU I Kx Kx?
e¨ÄY e‡Y©i ms¶wß iƒc‡K ejv nq djv| djv QqwU h_v: h, e, g, i, j I b-djv|
Kvi KqwU I Kx Kx?
10wU| h_v: Av >v, B > w, C > x,D > y, E > ~, F > „, G > †, H > ˆ, I > †v Ges J > †Š-Kvi|
†hŠwMK ¯^iaŸwb Kv‡K e‡j?
cvkvcvwk `ywU ¯^iaŸwb _vK‡j `ªæZ D”Pvi‡Yi mgq Zv GKwU mshy³ ¯^iaŸwb iƒ‡c D”PvwiZ nq| G iƒ‡c GK m‡½ D”PwiZ `y‡Uv
wgwjZ ¯^iaŸwb‡K †hŠwMK ¯^iaŸwb ejv nq|
†hŠwMK ¯^i‡K Avi Kx Kx ejv nq?
mwܯ^i, mvܨ¯^i ev wØ-¯^i|
evsjv fvlvq †hŠwMK ¯^iaŸwb KZwU?
cuwPkwU|
evsjv eY©gvjvq †hŠwMK ¯^iÁvcK eY© KqwU I Kx Kx?
`ywUÑ H Ges J|
A‡Nvl aŸwb Kv‡K e‡j?
†h aŸwb D”Pvi‡Yi mgq ¯^iZš¿x AbyiwbZ nq bv, Zv‡K ejv nq A‡Nvl aŸwb| †hgb: K, L, P, Q BZ¨vw`|
†Nvl aŸwb Kv‡K e‡j?
†h aŸwb D”Pvi‡Yi mgq ¯^iZš¿x AbyiwYZ nq Zv‡K †Nvl aŸwb e‡j| †hgb: M, N, R, S BZ¨vw`|
AícÖvY aŸwb Kv‡K e‡j?
†h aŸwb D”Pvi‡Yi mgq evZv‡mi Pv‡ci ¯^íZv _v‡K, Zv‡K ejv nq AícÖvY aŸwb| †hgb: K, M, P, R BZ¨vw`|
gnvcÖvY aŸwb Kv‡K e‡j?
†h aŸwb D”Pvi‡Yi mgq evZv‡mi Pv‡ci AvwaK¨ _v‡K, Zv‡K ejv nq gnvcÖvY aŸwb| †hgb: L, N, Q, S BZ¨vw`|
AšÍ:¯’ aŸwb Kv‡K e‡j?
DËi: ¯úk© aŸwb I D®§ aŸwbi gv‡Si aŸwb¸‡jv‡K ejv nq AšÍ:¯’ aŸwb| †hgb: h, i, j|
hy³eY© Kx? evjv fvlvq e¨eüZ D‡j- L‡hvM¨ hy³eY©M‡jv wjL|
GKvwaK eY© GK‡Î hy³fv‡e e¨eüZ n‡j Zv‡K hy³eY© ejv nq|

K© i& + K ZK©, AK©|

° K& + K Q°v, av°v, wP°Y|
K¡ K& + e cK¡, wbK¡Y|
¶ K& + l i¶v, cix¶v|
¼ O& + K A¼, c¼|
½ O& + M M½v, e½|
•¶ O& + K& + l AvKv•¶v, ïfvKv•¶x|
² K& + l& + g j²x, j²Y|
þ n& + g eªvþY, eªþcyÎ|
¾¡ R& + R& + e D¾¡j, J¾¡j¨|
 T+P mÂq, AÂj|
”T P& + T hv”Tv|
à T& + Q evÃ, evwÃZ|
Å T& + S SÅv, SÅvU|
ò l& + Y Z…òv, Dò|
Æ U& + U VvÆv, AÆvwjKv|
Uª U& + i ‡Uªb, UªvK|
Ë Z& + Z wPË, DËvj|
³ K& + Z k³, D³|
Zœ Z& + b hZœ, iZœ|
š— b& + Z `š—, mš—vb|
Z¥ Z& + g AvZ¥, gvivZ¥K|
å f& + i ågi, ågY|
Î Z& + i ÎvY, wgÎ|

Γ Z& + i& + D kÎæ, ÎæywU|

µ K + i- djv µq, µxov|
Ì Z& + _ DÌvb, DwÌZ|
Ø `& + e †Øl, weØvb|
× `& + a hy×, D×vi|
» M& + a gy», `»|
Ü b& + a cÖeÜ, eÜ|
š¿¨ b& + Z + i + h ¯^vZš¿¨|
ä e& + a ¯—ä, Dcjwä|
nè n& + Y c~ev©n,è Acivnè|
ý n& + b wPý, ga¨vý|
ü n& + F myü`, ü`q|
¤¢ g& + f m¤¢e, i¤¢|
nŸ n& + e wenŸj, AvnŸvb|
Ù `& + g cÙ, cÙv|
Ê Y& + W KvÊ, `Ê|
`¨ `+h A`¨, c`¨|
Ä T& + R MÄ, AÄwj|
Á R& + T Ávb, weÁvb|
kªy k& + i + djv +D Kvi k¥kÖy (†Muvd `vwo)|
kÖƒ k&+i djv+E Kvi k¦kƒÖ (kvïwo|
¤§ g& + g Av¤§v|
b¥ b& + g Zb¥q|
gœ g &+ b wbgœ|
Îy Z& + i djv + D Kvi ÎywU|
ü n& + F Kvi ü`q|
à T& + Q AevwÃZ|
È Y& + U KÈK (KuvUv)|
Ï `& + ` MvÏvi (wek¦vm NvZK)
óª l& + U + i- djv ivóª, Dóª (DU)
 š¿ b& + Z& + i- djv gš¿ (civgk©)
›`ª b& + `& + i- djv g›`ª (M¤¢xi)
›Ø b& + `& + e-djv Ø›Ø (†Rvov)|

mwÜ Kv‡K e‡j?

mwbœwnZ `y‡Uv aŸwbi wgj‡bi bvg mwÜ|
mwÜ k‡ãi Bs‡iwR kã Kx?
Liaison ev Assimilation.
mwÜ e¨vKi‡Yi †Kvb As‡k Av‡jvwPZ nq?
aŸwbZ‡Ë¡|
mwÜi D‡Ïk¨ KqwU I Kx Kx?
`ywUÑ 1. ¯^vfvweK D”Pvi‡Y mnR cÖeYZv 2. aŸwbMZ gvayh© m¤úv`b|
†Kvb †¶‡Î mwÜ Kivi wbqg †bB?
aŸwb gvayh© iw¶Z bv n‡j|
evsjv mwÜ KZ cÖKvi I Kx Kx?
`yB cÖKviÑ 1. ¯^imwÜ 2. e¨Äb mwÜ|
evsjv fvlvq e¨eüZ Zrmg mwÜ KZ cÖKvi I Kx Kx?
wZb cÖKviÑ 1. ¯^imwÜ 2. e¨ÄbmwÜ 3. wemM©mwÜ|
KZ¸‡jv mwÜ †Kvb wbqg Abymv‡i nq bv, G‡`i Kx e‡j?
wbcvZ‡b wm× mwÜ|
ÔgÕ aŸwbi ci D¤§ aŸwb _vK‡j, ÔgÕ Gi ¯’‡j Kx nq?
Aby¯^vi(s)|
cÖKZ„ evsjv e¨ÄbmwÜ †Kvb wbq‡g nq?
mgxfeb|
`ywU mwbœwnZ ¯^iaŸwb wgwjZ n‡q mwÜ n‡j Kx N‡U?
GKwU ¯^i †jvc cvq|

K‡ZK= KZ+GK
wnsmyK= wnsmv+DK
wb›`yb = w›`v+DK
awbK= ab+BK
¸wUK= ¸wU+GK

wngvPj= wng+APj
cÖvcvwaK= cÖvY+AwaK
n¯ÍvšÍi= n¯Í+AšÍi
wnZvwnZ= wnZ+AwnZ
†`evjq= †`e+Avjq
iZœvKvi= iZœ+AvKvi
wmsnvmb= wmsn+Avmb
AvkvZxZ= Avkv+AZxZ
K_vg„Z= K_v+Ag„Z
gnvN©= gnv+AN©
KvivMvi= Kviv+AvMvi
gnvkq= gnv+Avkq
m`vb`= m`v+Avb›`
c~‡Y©›`y= c~Y+
© B›`y
kÖe‡Yw›`ªq= kÖeY+Bw›`ªq
†¯^”Qv= ¯^+B”Qv
b‡ik= bi+Ck
i‡gk= ig+Ck
b‡i›`ª= bi+B›`ª
bx‡jvrcj= bxj+Drcj
P‡j©vwg= Pj+Ewg©
g‡nvrme= gnv+Drme
b‡evpv= be+Epv
d‡jv`q= dj+D`q
h‡_vchy³= h_v+Dchy³
wn‡Zvc‡`k= wnZ+Dc‡`k
c‡ivcKvi= ci+DcKvi
cÖ‡kœvËi= cÖk+ œ DËi
AagY© = Aag+FY
DËgY©= DËg+FY
mßwl= mß+Fwl
ivRwU= ivR+Fwl
fqvZ©= fq+FZ
ÿzavZ© = ÿzav+FZ
AZz‰jk¦h©= AZzj+Hk¦h©
m‰e©e= me©+Ge
wn‰Zlx= wnZ+Hlx
g‡nŠla= gnv+Jla
e‡bŠlwa= eb+Ilwa
wMix›`ª= wMwi+B›`ª
wÿZxk= wÿwZ+Ck
gnx›`ª= gwn+B›`ª
kÖxk= kÖx+Ck
c„_¡xk= c„_x+Ck
AZxe= AwZ+Ge
cÖZxZ= cÖwZ+BZ
iex›`ª= iwe+B›`ª
w`jøxk¦i= w`jøx+Ck¦i
cÖZ¨n= cÖwZ+An
AZ¨waK= AwZ+AwaK
MZ¨všÍi= MwZ+AšÍi
cÖZ¨vkv= cÖwZ+Avkv
cÖZ¨veZ©b= cÖwZ+AveZ©b
Av`¨šÍ= Avw`+AšÍ
h`¨wc= hw`+Awc
ch©šÍ= cwi+AšÍ
Afy¨Ìvb= Awf+DÌvb
AMÖrcvZ= AwMœ+DrcvZ
AZ¨vðh©= AwZ+Avðh©
cÖZz¨cKvi= cÖwZ+DcKvi
ck¦vag= cï+Aag
cðvPvi= cï+AvPvi
Aš^q= Aby+Aq
gš^šiÍ = gby+AšÍi
 evMxk= evK&+Ck
Z`šÍ= Z`&+AšÍ
evMvo¤^i= evK&+Avo¤^i
K…`šÍ= K…r+AšÍ
m`vb›`= mr+Avb›`
m`yc‡`k= mr+Dc‡`k
RMw`›`ª= RMr+B›`ª
gyL”Qwe= gyL+Qwe
we‡”Q`= we+†Q`
cwi‡”Q`= cwi+†Q`
Av‡jvK”QUv= Av‡jvK+QUv
wew”Qbœ= we+wQbœ
A½‡”Q`= A½+ †Q`
cÖwZ”Qwe= cÖwZ+Qwe
cÖ”Q`= cÖ+Q`
Av”Qv`b= Av+Qv`b
e„ÿQvqv= e„ÿ+Qvqv
¯^”Q‡›`= ¯^+Q‡›`
Aby‡”Q`= Aby+†Q`
D”PviY= Dr+PviY
ki”P›`ª= kir+P›`ª
m”PwiÎ= mr+PwiÎ
Z”Qwe= Zr+Qwe
mw”P`vb›`= mr+wPr+Avb›`
D¾¡j= Dr+Rj
Z¾br= Zr+Rb¨
hve¾xeb= hver+Rxeb
RM¾xeb= RMr+Rxeb
Pj”Qw³= Pjr+kw³
D”Q…•Lj= Dr+k„•Lj
e„nX°v= e„nr+X°v
D×…Z= Dr+wnZ
Zw×Z= Zr+wnZ
D‡jøL= Dr+†jL
DwjøwLZ= Dr+wjwLZ
D‡jøL¨= Dr+†jL¨
Djø•Nb= Dr+j•Nb
w`wM¦Rq= w`K&+weRq
D`¨g= Dr+hg
D`&Mvi= Dr+Mvi
D`&wMiY= Dr+wMiY
D™¢e= Dr+fe
evMRvj= evK&+Rvj
m`¸iæ= mr+¸iæ
evM‡`ex= evK&+ †`ex
Dbœqb= Dr+bqb
DbœxZ= Dr+wbZ
wPb¥q= wPr+gq
wK¤¢~Z= wKg&+f~Z
m›`k©b= mg&+`k©b
wKbœi= wKg&+bi
m¤§vb= mg&+gvb
mÜvb= mg&+avb
mbϬvm= mg&+bvm
msKxY©= mg&+KxY©
msMxZ= mg&+MxZ
msMVb= mg&+MVb
msNvZ= mg&+NvZ
evisevi= evig&+evi
wKsev= wKg&+ev
mseiY= mg&+eiY
ms‡hvM= mg&+†hvM
ms‡hvRb= mg&+†hvRb
ms‡kvab= mg&+ †kvab
me©smnv= me©g+mnv
¯^qseiv= ¯^qg&+eiv
ürK¤ú= ür+K¤ú
Zrci= Zr+ci
ZË¡= Zr+Z¡
Zrmg= Zr+mg
ms¯‹…wZ= mg&+K…wZ
cwi¯‹…Z= cwi+K…Z

cybR©b¥= cybt+Rb¥
cybe©vi= cybt+evi
cÖvZiÌvb= cÖvZt+DÌvb
AšÍfz©³= AšÍt+fy³
cybiwc= cybt+Awc
AšÍe©Zx= AšÍt+eZ©x
wbivKiY= wbt+AvKiY
†R¨vwZg©q= †R¨vwZt+gq
cÖv`yfv© e= cÖvt+`yf©ve
wbR©b= wbt+Rb
ewnM©Z= ewnt+MZ
`y‡jvf©= `yt+ †jvf
`yišÍ= `yt+AšÍ
cyi¯‹vi= cyit+Kvi
gb¯‹vgbv= gbt+Kvgbv
wZi¯‹vi= wZit+Kvi
PZz®ú`= PZyt+c`
wbõj= wb+dj
wb®úvc= wbt+cvc
`y®úªvc¨= `yt+cÖvc¨
ewn¯‹…Z= ewnt+K…Z
`y®‹…wZ= `yt+K…wZ
Avwe¯‹vi= Avwet+Kvi
PZz‡¯‹vY= PZzt+‡KvY
evP¯úwZ= evPt+cwZ
fv¯‹i= fvt+Ki|
m‡`¨vRvZ= m`¨t+RvZ|
 mxgšÍ = mxgb&+Aš—, KzjUv = Kzj+AUv, †cªŠp = cÖ+Ep, Ab¨vb¨ = Ab¨+Ab¨, Mev¶ = †Mv+A¶, gvZ©Ê = gZ©+AÊ,
ï‡×vab = ï×+I`b, M‡e›`ª = †Mv+B›`ª, A‡¶Šwnbx = A¶+Ewnbx, ˆ¯^i = ¯^+Ci, kvi½ = kv+A½, i‡³vô = i³+Iô|
mxgšÍ GjvwqZ KzjUv igbxiv †cÖŠp Rb I Ab¨vb¨‡`i m‡½ wb‡q Mev‡¶ e‡m gvZ©Ê ‡K †`L‡Q| Ab¨w`‡K
ï‡×vab M‡e›`ª m‡½ wb‡q A‡¶Šwnbx mn‡hv‡M ˆ¯^i evRvi gZ kvi½ ev`K i‡³vô bvix‡K AcniY Ki‡Z hv‡”Q|

e„n¯úwZ = e„nr+cwZ, eb¯úwZ = eb+cwZ, ci¯úi = ci+ci, Z¯‹i = Zr+Ki, GKv`k = GK+`k, †lvok =
lU&+`k, †Mv®ú` = †Mv+c`, gbxlv = gbm+Clv, Avðh© = Av+Ph©, cZÄwj = cZr+AÄwj, `y¨‡jvK = w`e&+†jvK|
e„n¯úwZ I eb¯úwZ `yB fvB| Zviv ci¯úi Z¯‹i| GKv`k Rb‡K mv‡_ wb‡q Zviv †lvok †Mv®ú` Pzwi K‡i|
Zv‡`i GB Pzwii NUbv †`L‡Z cvq bvwqKv gbxlv| †m Zvi eÜz cZÄwj‡K e‡j Kx Avðh©! wZwb e‡jb †h, †Pvi `y¨‡jv‡K cÖ‡ek
Ki‡e bv|

ev¯úwZ = evPt+cwZ, Av¯úv` = Avt+c`, nwið›`ª = nwit+P›`ª, Anwb©k = Ant+wbkv, AnivÎ = Ant+ivÎ, Anin =
Ant+An, fv¯‹i = fvt+Ki, cÖvZtKvj = cÖvZt+Kvj, wkitcxov = wkit+cxov, gbtKó = gbt+Kó|
evP¯úwZ Zvi Av¯ú` nwið›`ª‡K wb‡q Anwb©k AnivÎ cwikªg K‡i Anin fv¯‹i ˆZwi K‡i cÖvZtKv‡j
wkitcxovq AvµvšÍ n‡q gbtK‡ó fyM‡Q|

ms¯‹…Z = mg+K…Z, msm` = mg+m`, ms¯‹…wZ = mg+K…wZ, ms¯‹vi = mg+Kvi, DÌvcb= Dr+¯’vcb, cwi¯‹vi =
cwi+Kvi, DÌvb = Dr+¯’vb, cwi®‹…Z = cwi+K…Z|
ms¯‹…Z msm‡` ms¯‹…wZi ms¯‹vi cÖ¯Íve DÌvcb bv nIqvq cwi¯‹vi DÌvb cwi®‹…Z n‡jv|

cÖvwZcw`K Kv‡K e‡j?

wefw³nxb bvg kã‡K cÖvwZcw`K e‡j| †hgb- nvZ, eB, Kjg BZ¨vw`|
cÖKw… Z Kv‡K e‡j?
†h kã‡K ev †Kv‡bv k‡ãi †h Ask‡K Avi †Kv‡bv ÿz`ªZi As‡k fvM Kiv hvq bv, Zv‡K cÖK…wZ e‡j|
cÖK…wZ KZ cÖKvi I wK wK?
cÖKw… Z `yB cÖKvi- 1. bvg cÖK…wZ I 2. wµqv cÖK…wZ ev avZz|
bvg cÖK…wZ Kv‡K e‡j?
k‡ãi g~j ev †gŠwjK Ask‡K bvg cÖK…wZ e‡j|
wµqv cÖK…wZ ev avZz Kv‡K e‡j?
wµqvi g~j Ask‡K wµqv cÖK…wZ ev avZz e‡j|
cÖZ¨q Kv‡K e‡j?
DËi: kã MV‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ kã ev bvg cÖK…wZi Ges wµqv cÖK…wZi c‡i †h kãvsk hy³ nq Zv‡K cÖZ¨q e‡j|
evsjv kã MV‡b KZ cÖKvi cÖZ¨q cvIqv hvq?
evsjv kã MV‡b `yB cÖKvi cÖZ¨q cvIqv hvq-
1. Zw×Z cÖZ¨q I 2. K…r cÖZ¨q|
Zw×Z cÖZ¨q Kv‡K e‡j?
kãg~j ev bvg k‡ãi m‡½ †h cÖZ¨q hy³ n‡q bZzb kã ˆZwi nq, Zv‡K e‡j Zw×Z cÖZ¨q| †hgb- nvZj, dz‡jj I gyLi
k‡ãi h_vµ‡g j, Gj Ges i Zw×Z cÖZ¨q|
K…r cÖZ¨q Kv‡K e‡j?
wµqvg~j ev avZzi mv‡_ †h cÖZ¨q hy³ n‡j bZzb kã ˆZwi nq, Zv‡K e‡j K…r cÖZ¨q| †hgb- PjšÍ, Rgv I wjwLZ k‡ãi
h_vµ‡g AšÍ, Av Ges BZ K…r cÖZ¨q|
Zw×ZvšÍ kã Kv‡K e‡j?
Zw×Z cÖZ¨q mvwaZ kã‡K ejv nq Zw×ZvšÍ kã| †hgb- nvZj, dz‡ji I gyLi|
 K…`šÍ ã Kv‡K e‡j?
K…r cÖZ¨q mvwaZ kã‡K ejv nq K…`šÍ kã| †hgb- PjšÍ, Rgv I wjwLZ|
avZz ev cÖKw… Zi AšÍ¨aŸwbi Av‡Mi aŸwbi bvg Kx?
Dcav|
ÔÕ wPýwU e¨envi Kiv nq †Kb?
ÔcÖK…wZÕ K_vwU eySv‡bvi Rb¨|
avZy wKsev cÖvwZcw`K Gi mv‡_ hy³ n‡j cÖZ¨‡qi †h Ask †jvc cvq Zv‡K Kx e‡j?
Br|
K…, Mg&,a„,MV,¯’ BZ¨vw` †Kvb avZz?
ms¯‹…Z|
Ô†`vjbvÕ k‡ãi mwVK cÖK…wZ I cÖZ¨q Kx?
`yj+& Abv|
ÔgkvwiÕ-Gi cÖK…wZ cªZ¨q n‡”QÑ
gkv+Awi|
Ôgva¨wgKÕ Gi cÖK…wZ cÖZ¨q Kx?
ga¨g+wòK|
ÔˆngwšÍKÕ k‡ãi cÖK…wZK cÖZ¨q †KvbwU?
†ngšÍ+wòK|
ÔRevbew›`Õ k‡ã Ôew›`Õ †Kvb ai‡bi cÖZ¨q?
we‡`wk Zw×Z cÖZ¨q|
ÔDw³Õ kãwUi cÖK…wZ cÖZ¨q Kx?
eP&+wZ|
ÔgwngvÕ kãwU †Kvb cÖZ¨q †hv‡M MwVZ?
Bgb|
evnv`yi+B = evnv`ywi, GLv‡b ÔBÕ cÖZ¨q †Kvb A‡_© e¨envi n‡q‡Q?
fve A‡_©|
Ô†LviÕ †Kvb A‡_© we‡kølY kã MVb K‡i?
Avm³ A‡_©|
wWwO+A = wWOv, GLv‡b ÔAvÕ cÖZ¨q Kx A‡_© e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q?
e„n`v‡_©|
ÔgvbeÕ-Gi cÖK…wZ cÖZ¨q Kx?
gby+ò|
†Pvi+AvB = †PvivB, GLv‡b ÔAvBÕ cÖZ¨q Kx A‡_© e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q?
we‡klY MV‡b|
¸Y I e„w× Kv‡K e‡j?
DËi: †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †ÿ‡Î K…r cÖZ¨q †hvM Ki‡j K…r cÖKw… Zi Avw`¯^i cwiewZ©Z nq| G cwieZ©b‡K ejv nq ¸Y I e„w×|
(K) B, C- ¯’‡j G, (L) D, E-¯’‡j I Ges (M) F ¯’‡j Ai& nq| †hgb- √wPb&+v= †Pbv (B ¯’‡j G n‡jv) √bx+Av=
†bIqv (C ¯’‡j G); √ay+Av= †avqv (D ¯’‡j I); K…+Zv=KiZv>KZ©v (F ¯’‡j Avi)|
(K) A-¯’‡j Av, (L) B I C- ¯’‡j H, (M) D I E ¯’‡j J Ges (N) F- ¯’‡j Avi nq| †hgb- cP&+(YK)= cvPK (c-Gi
A ¯’‡j ÔAv;); wkï+A(ò)= ˆkke (B ¯’‡j H); hye+Ab= †hŠeb (D ¯’‡j J); K…+N¨vY=Kvh© (F ¯’‡j Avi)|
¸iæZ¡c~Y© evsjv K…rcÖZ¨q¸‡jv wjL|

√wdi&+ AZ= wdiZ, √gvb&+AZ= gvbZ, √em&+AZ= emZ|

√wdi&+ZvB= wdiZ, √co&+Zv= coZv, √Rvb&+Zv= RvbZv, en&+Zv= enZv|

√DV&+wZ= DVwZ, √NvU&+

& wZ= NvUwZ, √Pj&+wZ= PjwZ, √KvU&+
& wZ= KvUwZ, √Kg&+
& wZ= KgwZ, √evo&+
& wZ= evowZ|

√Kuv`&+Ab= Kuv`b, √Pj&+Ab= Pjb, √dj&+Ab= djb, √bvP&+Ab= bvPK, √gvR&+Ab= gvRb, √euvP&+Ab= euvPb|
√AvuU+ & Awb= AvuUwb, √wPi&+Awb= wPiwb, √eK&+Awb= eKzwb, √Kuvc&+Awb= Kvucywb, √R¡j+Awb= R¡jywb, √euva+Awb= euvaywb|
6. AšÍ:
√Do+AšÍ= DošÍ, √Szj+ & AšÍ= SzjšÍ, √evo&+AšÍ= evošÍ, Nyg+ & AšÍ= NygšÍ, QzU&+AšÍ= QzUšÍ, dzU+
& AšÍ= dzUšÍ|
7. AvB:
jo&+AvB= jovB, Ly`+AvB= Ly`vB, QuvU&+AvB= QuvUvB, Po&+AvB= PzovB, euva+AvB= evuavB, Xvj&+AvB= XvjvB|
8. bv:
iva&+bv= ivbœv, Kuv`+bv= Kvbœv, Si+bv= Sibv|
9. AvBZ:
WvK&+AvBZ= WvKvBZ, evR&+AvBZ= evRvBZ|
10. AvI:
wNi+AvI= wNivI, cvKo+AvI= cvKovI, Po+AvI= PovI, dj+AvI= djvI|
11. Avb:
Pvj&+Avb= Pvjvwb, gvb&+Avb= gvbvb, †RvM+Avb= †RvMvb|
12. Avwb:
R¡vb+Avwb= R¡vjvbx, ïb+Avwb= ïbvwb, Do+Avwb= Dovwb, wbo+Avwb= wbovwb|
13. Avwi (Dwi/wi):
Wze+ & Avwi= Wzevwi, c~R+Avwi= c~Rvwi, ayb+Avwi= aybywi, KvU&+Avwi= KvUvwi, wfL&+Avwi= wfLvix|
14. Aviæ:
†LuvR+Aviæ= †LuvRviæ, Wze+ & Aviæ= Wzeviæ|
15. Avj:
gvZ&+Avj= gvZvj, ivL&+Avj= ivLvj, wgk+Avj= wgkvj|
16. B:
Kvk&+B= Kvwk, duvm&+B= duvwm, QzU+ & B= QzwU, nuvP&+B= nuvwP, †eo&+B= †ewo, fvR&+B= fvwR|
17. B‡q/Bqv:
Kn&+B‡q= Kwn‡q, ej&+B‡q= ewj‡q, wjL&+B‡q= wjwL‡q, Mvn&+B‡q= Mvwn‡q, bvP&+B‡q= bvwP‡q, AvK&+B‡q= AvuwK‡q|
18. D:
WvK&+D= WvKz, Xvj&+D= Xvjy, Do&+D= Do–, Svo&+D= Svo–|
19. DK:
wb›`+DK= wb›`yK, fve&+DK= fveyK|
20. Dqv:
Do&+Dqv= DWzqv, co&+Dqv= co–q|v
21. Iqv:
euvP&+Iqv= euv‡Pvqv, jvM&+Iqv= jv‡Mvqv|
22. K (AK) :
gyo+ & K= †gvoK, Sj&+K= SjK, ˆeV&+K= ˆeVK|
23. Av:
co+Av= cov, iuva+Av= iuvav, †Kb+Av= †Kbv, †PP+Av= †PPv, †dvU+Av= †dvUv|
24. Abv:
`yj+& Abv= `yjbv, †Lj+Abv= †Ljvbv, cv+Abv= cvIbv, Si+Abv= Sibv, Szj+Abv= Szjbv|

1. A:
wR+A= Rq, µza&+A= †µva, wÿ+A= µq, w¯œn+A= †¯œn, µx+A= µq, Pzi+ & A= †Pvi|
cV&+A= cvV, hyR+A= †hvM, ïk+A= †kvK, jf&+A= jvf, eya+ & A= †eva, gyn+& A= †gvn, Z¨vR+A= Z¨vM, kc&+A= kvc, ibR&+A= ivM|
2. AK:
K…+AK= KviK, `„k&+AK= `k©K, Pvwj+AK= PvjK, †me&+AK= †meK, bx+AK= bvqK, wjL&+AK= wjLK, Rwb+AK= RbK, c~wR+AK= c~RK|
3. Ab:
kÖæ+Ab= kÖeY, kx+Ab= kqb, wQ`&+Ab= †Q`b, cv+Ab= cvb, f~+Ab= feb, b›`+Ab= b›`b|
4. Abxq:
¯§~+Abxq= ¯§iYxq, kÖæ+Abxq= kÖeYxq, jyf+ & Abxq= †jvfbxq, `„k+ & Abxq= `k©bxq, e„+Abxq= eiYxq, mn&+Abxq= mnbxq|
5. Avb/gvb:
kx+Avb= kqvb, we`&+gvb= we`¨gvb, `„k+gvb= `„k¨gvb, e„r+gvb= eZ©gvb, `xc&+gvb= `xc¨gvb, ave+gvb= avegvb|
6. Avjy:
`q&+Avjy= `qvjy, fx+Avjy= fqvjy|
7. BÎ:
c~+BÎ= cweÎ, en&+BÎ= ewnÎ, Pi&+BÎ= PwiÎ, Lb+BÎ= LwbÎ|
8. Bb&:
`yl+
& Bb&= †`vlx, Z¨R&+Bb&= Z¨vMx, cv+Bb&= cvqx, hyR+
& Bb&= †hvMx, e`&+Bb&= ev`x, ibR&+Bb&= ivMx|
9. Bòz:
wÿ+Bòz= ÿwqòz, mn&+Bòz= mwnòz, Pj&+Bòz= Pwjòz, e„a+ & Bòz= ewa©òz|
10. D:
eyfzÿ+
& D= eyfzÿz, gygyÿ&+D= gygyÿz, wccvm&+D= wccvmv, wPKxl©+
& D= wPKxly©|
11. DK:
Kg&+DK= KvgyK, nb&+DK= NvZzK, f~+DK= fveyK|
12. Z(³):
K…+Z= K…Z, Áv+Z= ÁvZ, cÖx+Z=cÖxZ, gyn&+Z= gy», L¨v+Z= L¨vZ, ¯^c+ & Z= myß, jyc+ & Z= jyß, `n&+Z= `»|
13. Ze¨:
K…+Ze¨= KZ©e¨, `„k+ & Ze¨= `ªóe¨, gb&+Ze¨= gšÍe¨, Mg&+Ze¨= MšÍe¨, Áv+Ze¨= ÁvZe¨, ¯§„+Ze¨= ¯§Z©e¨|
14. wZ:
Mg&+wZ= MwZ, åg&+wZ= åvwšÍ, fR&+wZ= fw³, kÖg+ & wZ= kÖvwšÍ|
15. Z…:
cv+Z…= wcZv, `v+Z…= `vÎx, hya+ & Z…= †hv×v, gv+Z…= gvZv, av+Z…= avZv, m„R+ & Z…= ¯ªóv|
16. ei:
bk&+ei= bk¦i, fvm&+ei= fv¯^i, Ck&+ei= Ck¦i, ¯’v+ei= ¯’vei|
17. g:
N„+g= Ng©, a„+g= ag©|
18. h:
f…+h= f…Z¨, `„k+& h= `„k¨, en&+h= evn¨, K…+h= Kvh©, b„Z+h= b„Z¨, `n&+h= `vn|

1. U:
`vc+U= `vcU, †auvqv+U= †auvqvU, fiv+U= fivU, Rgv+U= RgvU, Svc+U= QvcUv, †Nvjv+U= †NvjvU|
2. Av:
KuvP+Av= KuvPv, †Pv½+Av= †Pv½v, †Pvi+Av= †Pviv, jyb+Av= jybv|
3. AvB:
eo+AvB= eoB, wgVv+AvB= wgVvB, †eqvb+AvB= †eqvB, †Pvi+AvB= †PvivB, †evb+AvB= †evbvB, wbg+AvB= wbgvB, Kvby+AvB= KvbvB|
4. AvBZ:
†mev+AvBZ= †mevBZ, m½ +AvBZ= mv½vBZ|
5. AvwP:
Nvg+AvwP= NvgvwP, e¨vO+AvwP= e¨vOvwP, ayb+AvwP= aybvwP|
6. Avwb:
Avg+Avwb= Avgvwb, Zj+Avwb= Zjvwb, agK+Avwb= agKvwb, bvK+Avwb= bvKvwb, †PvL+Avwb= †PvLvwb, bL+Avwb= bLvwb|
7. Av‡bv:
RyZv+Av‡bv= RyZv‡bv, nvZ+Av‡bv= nvZv‡bv, †eZ+Av‡bv= †eZv‡bv, c¨uvP+Av‡bv= cu¨vPv‡bv|
8. Avwg/Av‡gv:
b¨vKv+Avwg= b¨vKvwg, cvMj+Avwg= cvMjvwg, BZi+Avwg= BZivwg, `yó+Avwg= `yóvwg, †Q‡j+Avwg= †Q‡jwg, KZ©v+Av‡gv= KZ©v‡gv|
9. Avi:
Kvg+Avi= Kvgvi, Kzg+Avi= Kzgvi, Pvg+Avi,= Pvgvi MuvI+Avi= †Muvqvi|
10. Avwi:
kvLv+Avwi= kuvLvwi, Ryqv+Avwi= Ryqvwo, Wze+Avwi= Wzevwi, wS+Avwi= wSqvwi, iKg+Avwi= iKgvwi, wfL+Avwi= wfLvwi, Kuvmv+Avwi= Kuvmvwi,
Pzb+Avwi= Pzbvwi, c~Rv+Avwi= c~Rvwi, KvÐ+Avwi= KvÐvwi|
11. Aviæ:
†evgv+Aviæ= †evgviæ, w`kv+Aviæ= w`kviæ, muvZvi+Aviæ= muvZviæ, `vev+Aviæ= `veviæ, Wze+Aviæ= Wzeviæ, †LuvR+Aviæ= †LuvRviæ, evK&+Aviæ= evMviæ|
12. Avj/Av‡jv:
avi+Av‡jv= aviv‡jv, `qv+Avj= `qvj, e½+Avj= e½vj, c¨vuP+Av‡jv= c¨uvPv‡jv, fq+Avj= fqvj, †fRv+Avj= †fRvj|
13. Avjv/Iqvjv:
†Mv+Avjv= †Mvqvjv, euvwk+Iqvjv= euvwkIqvjv, Mvwo+Iqvjv= MvwoIqvjv, †dwi+Iqvjv= †dwiIqvjv|
14. Avwj:
wgZv+Avwj= wgZvwj, cyiæl+Avwj= cyiælvwj, eY©+Avwj= eY©vwj, †mvbv+Avwj= †mvbvwj, †g‡q+Avwj= †g‡qwj, ¯^Y+ © Avwj= ¯^Yv© wj|
15. B:
ZuvZ+B= ZuvwZ, †ikg+B= †ikwg, †Qviv+B= Qzwi, †`vKvb+B= †`vKvwb, †e¸b+B= †e¸wb, `vM+B= `vwM|
16. Bqv>G:
Rvj+Bqv= Rvwjqv, †gvUv+Bqv= gywUqv, Lyb+Bqv= Lywbqv, bv+Bqv= †b‡q, Kuv`b+Bqv= Kuv`wbqv, cvnvo+Bqv= cvnv‡o|
17. Bqvj:
MuvRv+Bqvj= MuvwRqvj, Nwo+Bqvj= Nwoqvj|
18. DK:
B”Qv+DK= B”QzK, wnsmv+DK= wnsmyK, jvR+DK= jvRyK, wg_¨v+DK= wg_y¨K, †cU+DK= †cUzK, wb›`v+DK= wb›`yK|
19. Dwoqv>D‡o:
mvc+Dwoqv= mvcywoqv, †Ljv+Dwoqv= †Ljywoqv, nvZ+Dwoqv= nvZzwoqv, cvnvov+Bqv= cvnvwoqv|
20. Dwiqv> D‡i:
KvV+Dwiqv= KvVzwiqv, nvU+Dwiqv= nvUzwiq|v
21. Dqv>I:
KvV+Dqv= KvVzqv, Muv+Dqv= MuvDqv, wZZv+Dqv= wZZzqv, gvV+Dqv= †g‡Vv, avb+Dqv= †a‡bv, co+Dqv= co–qv|
22. K:
†Xvj+K= †XvjK, aby+K= abyK, evj+K= evjK|
23. wUqv> †U:
†Nvjv+wUqv= †NvjvwUqv, SMov+wUqv= SMovwUqv, fvov+wUqv= fvovwUqv, †ivMv+wUqv= †ivMvwUqv, wnsmv+wUqv= wnsmywUqv|
24. o, ov, wo:
Avg+ov= Avgov, MvQ+ov= MvQov, eû+wo= eûwo, cvM+wo= cvMwo, Pvg+ov= Pvgov, wS+wo= wSDwo, eD+wW= eDwo, kvk+wo= kvïwo|
25. cbv:
wMwbœ+cbv= wMwbœcbv, †envqv+cbv= †envqvcvbv, `yišÍ+cbv= `yišÍcbv|
26. cvbv:
n¨vsjv+cvbv= n¨vsjvcvbv|
27. cviv:
cvMj+cviv= cvMjcviv, Puv`+cviv= Puv`cviv|
28. wcQz:
gv_v+wcQz= gv_vwcQz|
29. ešÍ, gšÍ:
cÖvY+ešÍ= cÖvYešÍ, cq+gšÍ= cqgšÍ, kÖx+gšÍ= kÖxgš‘|
30. j, jv, wj, Dwj:
gv`+j= gv`j, Ava+jv= Avajv, cvZ+jv= cvZjv, k¨vg+jv= k¨vgjv, nuvm+Dwj= nuvmywj, nvZ+j= nvZj, GK+jv= GKjv, †gN+jv= †gNjv,
Ava+wj= Avawj|
31. mv>†m:
Avwj+mv= Avwjmv, cvwb+mv= cvwbmv|

1. A:
gby+A= gvbe, eªvþY&+A= eªvþY, wkï+A= ˆkke, `by+A,= `vbe, e¨vKiY+A= ˆeqvKiY, hyeK+A= †hŠeb|
2. Avqb:
bi+Avqb= bvivqY, Øxc+Avqb= ˆØcvqb, ivg+Avqb= ivgvqY, evrm¨+Avqb= evrm¨vqb|
3. B:
`ki_+B= `vkiw_, mywgÎv+B= †mŠwgwÎ, iveY+B= ivewY|
4. BK:
AjsKvi+BK= AvjsKvwiK, gvbm&+BK= gvbwmK, ermi+BK= evrmwiK, ePb+BK= evPwbK, kixi+BK= kvixwiK, ivRbxwZ+BK= ivR‰bwZK,
Kíbv+BK= KvíwbK, PwiÎ+BK= PvwiwÎK|
5. BZ:
cy®ú+BZ= cyw®úZ, cwÐZ+BZ= cwÛZ, i½+BZ= Ziw½Z, dj+BZ= dwZj, cixÿv+BZ= cixwÿZ, Kej+BZ= KewjZ|
6. Bg:
AMÖ+Bg= AwMÖg, Avw`+Bg= Avw`g, i³+Bg= iw³g, AšÍ+Bg= AwšÍg, cðvr+Bg= cwðg|
7. Bgv:
¸iæ+Bgv= Mwigv, i³+Bgv= iw³gv, Kvj+Bgv= Kwjgv, gnr+Bgv= gwngv, bxj+Bgv= bxwjgv, jvj+Bgv= jvwjgv|
8. Bj:
c¼+Bj= cw¼j, KzU+Bj= KzwUj, wc”Qv+Bj= wcw”Qj, †db+Bj= †dwbj|
9. Bô:
¸iæ+Bô= Mwiô, e„×+Bô= †R¨ô, cvwcb&+Bô= cvwcô, jNy+Bô= jwNô, ej+Bô= ewjô|
10. C:
Ávb+C= Ávbx, cÖYq+C= cÖYqx, myL+C= myLx, Drmvn+C= Drmvnx, cÖwZ‡hvM+C= cÖwZ‡hvMx|
11. Cb:
Kzj+Cb= Kzjxb, me©Rb+Cb= mve©Rbxb, mgKvj+Cb= mgKvjxb, be+Cb= bexb, MÖvg+Cb= MÖvgxY, cÖvZtKvj+Cb= cÖvZtKvjxb|
12. Cq:
gvbe+Cq= gvbexq, †K›`ª+Cq= †K›`ªxq, Rj+Cq= Rjxq, esk+Cq= eskxq|
13. Cqmx:
¸iæ+Cqmx= Mixqmx, wcÖq+Cqmx= †cÖqmx, e„×+Cqmx= el©xqmx, eû+Cqmx= f~qmx|
14. Gq:
M½v+Gq= Mv‡½q, AwZw_+Gq= AwZ‡_q, AwMœ+Gq= Av‡Mœq, wegvZ…+Gq= ˆegv‡Îi|
15. K:
wcZ…+K= ˆcZ…K, hyeb+K= hyeK, gvZ…+K= gvZ…K, wfÿz+K= wfÿzK|
16. Z:
Ask+Z= AskZ, gyL¨+Z= gyL¨Z, mvaviY+Z= mvaviYZ, cÖ_g+Z= cÖ_gZ, †MŠY+Z= †MŠYZ, g~j+Z= g~jZ|
17. Zb:
wPig+Zb= wPišÍb, Aam+Zb= Aa¯Íb, cyiv+Zb= cyivZb, EaŸ©+Zb= EaŸ©Zb|
18. Zg:
`xN©+Zg= `xN©Zg, e„nr+Zg= e„nrZg, wcÖq+Zg= wcÖqZg, ÿz`+ ª Zg= ÿz`ªZg, wb¤œ+Zg= wb¤œZg, gnr+Zg= gnËg|
19. Zi:
D”P+Zi= D”PZi, ÿz`+ ª Zi= ÿz`ªZi, wb¤œ+Zi= wb¤œZi, e„nr+Zi= e„nËi |
20. Zv:
mvay+Zv= mvayZv, Nwbô+Zv= NwbôZv, gayi+Zv= gayiZv, DrK…ó+Zv= DrK…óZv, PÂj+Zv= PÂjZv, mij+Zv= mijZv, cÖLi+Zv= cÖLiZv,
wewkó+Zv= wewkóZv|
21. Z¡:
†`e+Z¡= †`eZ¡, †bZ…+Z¡= †bZ…Z,¡ mr+Z¡= mË¡, ¯^í+Z¡= ¯^íZ¡, gbyl¨+Z¡= gbyl¨Z¡, KZ…+
© Z¡= KZ…©Z,¡ Z`&+Z¡= ZË¡, Agi+Z= AgiZ¡|
22. er:
wcZ…+er= wcZ…er, h`&+er= hver, eÜz+er= eÜzer, ¯^c+ œ er= ¯^ceœ r |
23. evb:
ab+evb= abevb, Ávb+evb= Ávbevb, cyY¨+evb= cyY¨evb, ¸Y+evb= ¸Yevb, dj+evb= djevb, iƒc+evb= iƒcevb|
24. wea:
eû+wea= eûwea, bvbv+wea= bvbvwea|
25. gq:
evK&+gq= evO&gq, g„r+gq= g„b¥q, gr+gq= gb¥q, wPr+gq= wPb¥q, Zr+gq= Zb¥q, wniY+gq= wnib¥q|
26. gvb&:
ax+gvb&= axgvb&, kÖx+gvb&= kÖxgvb&|
27. gvÎ:
Zr+gvÎ= Zb¥vÎ|
28. ex (< web&):
†gav+ex= †gavex, hkm&+ex= hk¯^x, gvqv+ex= gvqvex, Zcm&+ex= Zc¯^x|
29. h:
`šÍ+h= `šÍ¨, g~ab© &+h= g~a©b¨, Zij+h= Zvij¨, w`wZ+h= ˆ`Z¨, ZiæY+h= ZviæY¨, cÖPzi+h= cÖvPzh,© Zvjy+h= Zvje¨, Avw`+h= Av`¨, cwÐZ+h=
cvwÛZ¨, mgvb+h= mvgvb¨, PZzi+h= PvZzh©, gayi+h= gvayh|©
30. i:
gay+i= gayi, gyL+i= gyLi|
31. j:
erm+j= ermj, kxZ+j= kxZj, gvsm+j= gvsmj, k¨vg+j= k¨vgj|
32. k:
†ivgb&+k= †ivgk, µg+k= µgk, cÖvq+k= cÖvqk|
33. mvr:
AwMœ+mvr= AwMœmvr, a~wj+mvr= a~wjmvr, AvZ¥+mvr= AvZ¥mvr, f~wg+mvr= f~wgmvr|
 1. Avbv/Avwb:
Mwie+Avbv= Mwievbv, bRi+Avbv= bRivbv, evey+Avwb= eveyqvwb, gybwk+Avbv= gybwkqvbv, wn›`y+Avwb= wn›`yqvwb, Ni+Avbv= Nivbv, evey +Avbv=
eveyqvbv, wewe+Avbv= weweqvbv, mv‡nwe+Avbv= mv‡nweqvbv|
2. Iqvb:
Mvwo+Iqvb= Mv‡ovqvb, `vi+Iqvb= `v‡ivqvb|
3. Mi>Ki:
Kvwi+Mi= KvwiMi, mI`v+Mi= mI`vMi, evwR+Mi= evwRMi|
4. wMwi:
†Kivwb+wMwi= †KivwbwMwi, `v`v+wMwi= `v`vwMwi, gš¿x+wMwi= gš¿xwMwi, jvU+wMwi= jvUwMwi, evey+wMwi= eveywMwi, ¸iæ+wMwi= ¸iæwMwi, gy ‡U+wMwi=
gy‡UvwMwi, mvay+wMwi= mvaywMwi|
5. Pv, wP:
evM+Pv= evwMPv, Pvg+Pv= PvgPv, a~c+wP= a~cwP, bj+Pv= bwjPv, †WK+wP= †WKwb, Kjg+wP= KjgwP, Zej+wP= ZejwP, gkvj+wP= gkvjwP,
LvRb+wP= LvRvb&wP, ayjv+wP= aybywP|
6. `vi/`vwi:
Askx+`vi= Askx`vi, †`vKvb+`vwi= †`vKvb`vwi, cvnviv+`vi= cvnviv`vi, cvIbv+`vi= cvIbv`vi, Rwg+`vi= Rwg`vi, Lei+`vwi= Lei`vwi,
Zuv‡e+`vwi= Zuv‡e`vwi, eywU+`vi= eywU`vi, †`bv+`vi= †`bv`vi, †PŠwK+`vi= †PŠwK`vi|
7. bwek:
Lvm+bwek= Lvmbwek, wkÿv+bwek= wkÿvbwek, bKj+bwek= bKjbwek, wnmve+bwek= wnmvebwek|
8. ew›`>e›`&:
Revb+ew›`= Revbew›`, ev·+ew›`= ev·ew›`, bRi+ew›`= bRiew›`, evN+ew›`= evNew›`, †Kvgi+ew›`= †Kvgiew›`|
9. evR/evwR:
Pvj+evR= PvjevwR, dw›`+evR= dw›`evR, gvgjv+evR= gvgjvevR, Puv`v+evR= Puv`vevR, duvwK+evR= duvwKevR|
10. mB:
Pjb+mB= PjbmB, cQ›`+mB= cQ›`mnB, †UK+mB= †UKmB, gvbvb+mB= gvbvbmB, RyZ+mB= RyZmB|
11. Iqvjv>Avjv:
evwo+Iqvjv= evwoIqvjv, w`jøx+Iqvjv= w`jøxIqvjv, gvQ+Iqvjv= gvQIqvjv, `ya+Iqvjv= gvQIqvjv|

kã Kv‡K e‡j?
A_©‡evaK aŸwb mgwó‡K ejv nq kã|
MVb Abymv‡i evsjv kã Kq cÖKvi?
`yB cÖKvi: 1. †gŠwjK kã I 2. mvwaZ kã|
A_©g~jK †kÖwYwefvM Abymv‡i evsjv kã Kq cÖKvi?
wZb cÖKviÑ1. †hŠwMK kã, 2. iƒp ev iƒwp kã Ges 3. †hvMiƒp kã|
Drm Abyhvqx evsjv fvlvi kã Kq cÖKvi?
cuvP cÖKvi: 1. Zrmg kã, 2. Aa© Zrmg kã, 3. Z™¢e kã, 4. †`wk kã I 5. we‡`wk kã |
†gŠwjK kã Kv‡K e‡j?
†h mh kã‡K fv½‡j ev we‡kølY Ki‡j Avjv`v A_©‡evaK †Kv‡bv kã cvIqv hvq bv, Zv‡K ejv nq †gŠwjK kã| †hgbÑ
bvK, Kvb, wZb, wZj, †Mvjvc|
cÖZ¨q, mgvm I Dcm‡M©i mvnv‡h¨ MwVZ kã‡K Kx e‡j?
mvwaZ kã|
cÖZ¨q, mgvm I Dcm‡M©i mvnv‡h¨ MwVZ kã‡K Kx e‡j?
mvwaZ kã|
evsjv fvlvq mvaviYZ KqwU wbq‡g kã MwVZ nq?
cÖavbZ 5wU wbq‡g| h_v- 1. DcmM© †hv‡M, 2. mgvm †hv‡M, 3. mwÜ †hv‡M, 4. cÖZ¨q †hv‡M I 5. kã‰ØZZv ev wØi“³
kã †hv‡M|
†hŠwMK kã Kv‡K e‡j?
†h mh k‡ãi ey¨rcwËMZ A_© I e¨envwiK A_© GKB iKg, †m¸‡jv‡K ejv nq †hŠwMK kã|
D‡j- L‡hvM¨ †hŠwMK kã †Kvb¸‡jv?
†`ŠwnÎ, ivLvj, wgZvwj, eveyqvbv, gayi, MvqK, KZ©e¨, `vZv BZ¨vw`|
k‡ãi A_© hw` cÖK…Z I cÖZ¨q Abyhvqx bv nq, Zvn‡j Zv‡K †Kvb kã e‡j?
iƒp ev iƒwp kã|
Ôm‡›`kÕ kãwUi kã I cÖZ¨q MZ A_© Kx?
 msev`; Z‡e iƒwp A‡_© wgóvbœ|
†hvMi~p kã Kv‡K e‡j?
mgvmwb®úbœ †h mKj kã m¤ú~Y© fv‡e mgm¨gvb c`mg~‡ni AbyMvgx bv n‡q wewkó †Kvb A_© MÖnY K‡i, Zv‡`i †hvMiƒp
kã e‡j|
†hvMi~p kã wn‡m‡e ÔRjwaÕ kãwUi A_© Kx?
mgy`ª|
ivRcyZ, gnvhvÎv, mü`, Rjwa cÖf„wZ †Kvb ai‡Yi kã?
†hvMi~p kã|
D‡j- L‡hvM¨ Aa©Zrmg kã †Kvb¸‡jv?
wMwbœ, cyiZ
y , †QivÏ, Kzw”QZ, †RvQbv, cik, †mvbv, civb cÖf„wZ|
PvDj, †Xvj, Pzjv, †Uvci cªf„wZ †Kvb ai‡Yi kã?
†`wk kã|
B¯‹vcb, iæBZb, niZb cÖf„wZ †Kvb fvlvi kã?
Ij›`vR|
evsjv kã fvÐv‡i †`wk kã KZ fvM?
2%|
D‡jøL‡hvM¨ †`wk kã †Kvb¸‡jv?
WvMi †Pv‡L Kvjv †evev †Uvci gv_vq wW½vq P‡o M‡Ä wM‡q †Pv½v †XuwK Pzjv Kzjv bv wK‡b †cU f‡i Kzwo UvKvi Wve gywo
†Lj|
evsjv fvlvq e¨eüZ ag© msµvšÍ Aviwe kã †Kvb¸‡jv?
hw` KziAvb nvw`m Abyhvqx Bmjv‡gi weavb †g‡b Cgvb Avgj wVK †i‡L mvjvZ mvIg nR hvKvZ Av`vq Ki, Ahy †Mvmj
K‡i ZIev K‡i Zmwe cvV K‡i Kzievwb Ki, nvjvj nvivg †g‡b Pj, Zvn‡j Avjøvn Rvnvbœvg †_‡K evuwP‡q Rvbœv‡Z `vwLj Ki‡eb|
evsjv fvlvq AvMZ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ cÖkvmwbK I mvs¯‹…wZK Aviwe kã †Kvb¸‡jv?
Bbmv‡bi GRvnv‡ii Kvi‡Y gnKzgvi gy‡Ýd Av`vj‡Zi GRjv‡m wKZve Kvbyb †`‡L DwKj †gv³v‡ii K_v ï‡b gvgjv
LvwiR K‡i G‡jg Abyhvqx †`vqv‡Z Kjg wfwR‡q Av‡j‡gi c‡¶ ivq w`‡jb| KviY C‡`i w`b bM` evwK LvRbvi K_v g‡b bv
†i‡L Mv‡qwe †Kvb wK”Qv ïb‡j Av‡L‡i Av‡°j n‡e|
evsjv fvlvq AvMZ ag© msµvšÍ dviwm kã †Kvb¸‡jv?
†Lv`v †d‡ikZv w`‡q cqM¤^‡ii gva¨‡g Rvbv‡jb, hw` bvgvh †ivhv Ki ¸bvn †_‡K `~‡i _vK, Zvn‡j †`vhL †_‡K euvwP‡q
†e‡nkZ w`e|
dviwm cÖkvmwbK I mvs¯‹…wZK kã †Kvb¸‡jv?
ev`kv †eMg †K wb‡q `iev‡i bv wM‡q Pkgv †Pv‡L †ZvkK KviLvbvq †M‡jb| Gw`‡K †`vKvb`vi `dZi ¸wQ‡q †g_i
ev›`vi weiæ‡× `¯ÍLZ K‡i im` I †`ŠjZ b‡ói bvwjk Rvbv‡Z Revbew›` w`j|
wewea dviwm kã †Kvb¸‡jv?
wR›`v Rv‡bvqvi e`gvk bgybv msMÖn bv K‡i Avg`vwb idZvwb ev` w`‡q nv½vgv ïiæ Kij|
evsjv fvlvq e¨eüZ K‡qKwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ AweKj Bs‡iwR kã Kx?
BDwbq‡b BDwbfvwm©wU Kiv m¤¢e bq| eo‡Rvi ¯‹zj ev K‡jR ch©šÍ n‡Z cv‡i| KviY gv÷vi Wv÷vi †bvU b‡fj wUb
jvB‡eªwi cvDWvi †cwÝj dzUej e¨vM †iwWI †Uwjwfkb wm‡bgv †gvevBj A‡bK wKQyiB cÖ‡qvRb|
cwiewZ©Z D”Pvi‡Y Bs‡iwR kã †Kvb¸‡jv?
B¯‹z‡ji Awd‡m ev· fiv Avwd‡gi †evZj †i‡L nvmcvZv‡ji Wv³vi †Rj LvUj|
evsjv fvlvq AvMZ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ cZzw© MR kã †Kvb¸‡jv?
wMR©vi cvw`ª Kvgiv½v Avbvim Av‡cj †cqviv †cu‡c RjcvB cvDiæwU †L‡Z †L‡Z Avjwcb †L‡q AvjKvZiv gvK©v n‡q e‡m
Av‡Q| GUv †`‡L µzk we× whï nvm‡Qb| KviY mvevb †Zvqv‡j evjwZ KvwgR Uzwc wc¯Íj me ¸`v‡gi Avjgvwi‡Z; A_P Pvwe
†bB|
evsjv fvlvq AvMZ cÖavb cÖavb divwm kã †Kvb¸‡jv?
ey‡R©vqv KvZz©‡Ri Rb¨ wW‡cv‡Z e‡m bv †_‡K †i‡¯Ívivq wM‡q Kzcb a‡i we¯‹zU †L‡jb|
evsjv fvlvq AvMZ Ij›`vR kã †Kvb¸‡jv?
 iæBZb niZb B¯‹vcb wb‡q †Lj‡Z wM‡q Zziæc †`qvi Rb¨ †U°v †djv nj|
D‡jøL‡hvM¨ ZzwK© kã †Kvb¸‡jv?
DReyK eveywP© PvKi‡K PvKz I KvwP wb‡q Avm‡Z †`‡L `v‡ivMv evev eviæ‡`i †Zvc `vMv‡jb| GUv †`‡L Kzwj †LvKv Kziwbk
Kij|
evsjv fvlvq e¨eüZ wPbv kã †Kvb¸‡jv?
mv¤úvb Iqvjv Zzdvb †`‡L Pv wPwb bv G‡b, GjvwP wjPz I jywP G‡b‡Q|
D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Rvcvwb k㸇jv Kx Kx?
Ry‡Wv Kviv‡Z cvi`wk© mvgyivB c¨v‡MvWvq bv wM‡q wiKmvq †h‡Z †h‡Z nvmbv‡nbvi MÜ wb‡q nvwiwKwi K‡i emj|
evsjv fvlvq AvMZ ¸RivwU k㸇jv Kx Kx?
AvR niZvj e‡j LÏi wewµ n‡e bv|
cvÄvwe k㸇jv Kx Kx?
wk‡Li Pvwn`v ¸iæ`yqvivq|
evwg©R k㸇jv Kx Kx?
AvivKv‡bi dzw½ NyNwbi Avkvq jyw½ c‡o wKqvs hvq|

c` Kv‡K e‡j?
wefw³ hy³ kãgvÎB c` Ges ev‡K¨ e¨eüZ cÖ‡Z¨KwU kãB GK GKwU c`|
c` cÖavbZ KZ cÖKvi I Kx Kx?
`yB cÖKviÑ1. bvg c` I 2. wµqv c`| Avevi Kv‡iv Kv‡iv g‡Z: 1. me¨q c` I 2.Ae¨q c`| Z‡e c` †gvU cuvP cÖKvi:
we‡kl¨, we‡klY, me©bvg, wµqv Ges Ae¨q c`|
we‡kl¨ c` Kq cÖKvi I Kx Kx?
Qq cÖKviÑ1. msÁv ev bvg evPK we‡kl¨, 2. RvwZevPK we‡kl¨, 3. e¯‘evPK ev `ªe¨evPK we‡kl¨, 4. mgwóevPK we‡kl¨, 5.
fveevPK we‡kl¨, 6. ¸YevPK we‡kl¨|
we‡klY cÖavYZ KZ cÖKvi I Kx Kx?
`yB cÖKviÑbvg we‡klY I fve we‡klY|
we‡kl‡Yi AwZkvqb Kv‡K e‡j?
we‡klY c` hLb `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK we‡kl¨ c‡`i g‡a¨ DrKl© ev AcKl© eywS‡q _v‡K ZLb Zv‡K we‡kl‡Yi AwZkvqb
e‡j| †hgbÑ m~h©, c„w_ex I P‡›`ªi g‡a¨ Zzjbvq m~h© e„nËg, c„w_ex P‡›`ªi †P‡q e„nËi Ges P›`ª c„w_ex A‡c¶v ¶z`ªZi|
evsjv fvlvq KZ cÖKvi Ae¨q kã i‡q‡Q?
wZb cÖKvievsjv Ae¨q kã, Zrmg Ae¨q kã Ges we‡`wk Ae¨q kã|
Ae¨q cÖavbZ KZ cÖKvi I Kx Kx?
Pvi cÖKviÑ 1. mgy”Pqx ev m¤^ÜevPK Ae¨q, 2.Abš^qx Ae¨q, 3. AbymM© Ae¨q I 4. AbyKvi ev aŸb¨vZ¥K Ae¨q|
bRiæj, gvB‡Kj †Kvb ai‡Yi we‡kl¨?
bvgevPK we‡kl¨|
fveevPK we‡k‡l¨i D`niY †Kvb¸‡jv?
`k©b, †fvRb|
Kwbôv Kb¨v, GKv`k †kÖwY †Kvb ai‡Yi we‡klY?
µgevPK we‡klY|
Kv‡jv †gN, meyR eb cÖf„wZ wK‡mi D`vniY?
iƒcevPK we‡klY|
¯^qs, wbR, †Lv`, Avcwb cÖf„wZ †Kvb ai‡Yi me©bvg?
AvZ¥evPK|
†h c` we‡kl¨ I me©bvg wfbœ Ab¨ c`‡K we‡kwlZ K‡i Zv‡K Kx e‡j?
 fve we‡klY|
DËg cyiæ‡li GKeP‡b `xb, Aag, †meK, `vm cÖf„wZ e¨eüZ nq Kx cÖKv‡k?
webq cÖKvk|
KweZvi †¶‡Î ÔAvgviÕ ¯’‡j Kx nq?
gg|
we‡`wk Ae¨q k㸇jv Kx Kx?
eûZ, Lye, mvevm, Lvmv, gvBwi, gvinvev BZ¨vw`|
Zrmg Ae¨q †Kvb¸‡jv?
nVvr, ˆ`evr, cybð, eis, hw`, mvnmv|
ms‡hvRK Ae¨q †Kvb¸‡jv?
Avi, I, myZivs cÖf„wZ|
we‡qvRK Ae¨q Gi D`vniY †Kvb¸‡jv?
wKsev, A_ev bZzev BZ¨vw`|
ÔDt cv‡q eÇ †j‡M‡QÕ, †Kvb ai‡Yi Ae¨‡qi D`vniY?
Abš^qx Ae¨q|
Ôgwi gwi wK my›`i mKvjÕ, GLv‡b †Kvb ai‡Yi Ae¨q e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q?
Abš^qx Ae¨q|
fve cÖKv‡ki w`K †_‡K wµqv KZ fv‡M wef³?
`yB fv‡M| 1. mgvwcKv wµqv, 2. AmgvwcKv wµqv|
A_©‡f‡` wµqv Kq fv‡M wef³?
`yB fv‡MÑ1. mKg©K, 2. AKg©K|
wØKg©K wµqv †Kvb¸‡jv?
†h wµqvi `ywU Kg©c` _v‡K|
Ômvcy‡o mvc †LjvqÕ GLv‡b cÖ‡hvRK KZ©v †K?
mvcy‡o|
AKg©K wµqv‡K mKg©K K‡i †Kvb Kg©c`?
mgavZyR Kg©c`|
we‡kl¨, we‡klY, aŸb¨vZ¥K Ae¨‡qi mv‡_ avZz hy³ n‡q †Kvb wµqv MwVZ nq?
wgkª wµqv|

ÔmgvmÕ k‡ãi A_© Kx?

ms‡¶cY ev wgjb ev GKvwaK c‡`i GKc`xKiY|
mgvm Kv‡K e‡j?
A_© m¤^Ü Av‡Q Ggb GKvwaK k‡ãi GK m‡½ hy³ n‡q GKwU eo kã MV‡bi cÖwµqv‡K mgvm e‡j|
mgv‡mi D‡Ïk¨ Kx?
ev‡K¨ k‡ãi e¨envi ms‡¶c Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨ mgv‡mi m„wó|
mg¯Í c` Kv‡K e‡j?
mgv‡mi cÖwµqvq mgvme× ev mgvm wb®úbœ c`wUi bvg mg¯Í c`|
mg¯Í c`‡K †f‡½ †h evK¨vsk Kiv nq Zvi bvg Kx?
e¨vmevK¨, weMÖnevK¨ ev mgvm evK¨|
mgm¨vgvb c` Kv‡K e‡j?
mg¯Í c` ev mgvme× c`wUi AšÍM©Z c`¸‡jv‡K mgmgvb c` e‡j|
c~e©c` I DËic` Kx?
mgvmhy³ c‡`i cÖ_g Ask (kã) †K ejv nq| c~e©c` Ges cieZ©x Ask (kã) †K ejv nq DËi c` ev cic`|
mgvm‡K cÖavbZ Kqfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq?
Pvi fv‡MÑ 1. Dfq c` cÖavb: Ø›Ø mgvm| 2. cic` cÖavb: wظ, Zrcyiyl I Kg©aviq mgvm| 3. c~e©c` cÖavb: Ae¨qxfve
mgvm| 4. Dfq c` ewnf©yZ Ab¨ c` cªavb: eûeªxwn mgvm|
 mgvm KZ cÖKvi I Kx Kx?
mgvm Qq cÖKviÑ 1. Ø›Ø mgvm, 2. wظ mgvm, 3. Zrcyiæl mgvm, 4. Kg©aviq mgvm 5. Ae¨qxfve mgvm I 6. eûeªxwn
mgvm|
Ø›Ø mgvm Kv‡K e‡j?
†h mgv‡m cÖ‡Z¨KwU mgm¨gvb c‡`i A‡_©i cÖvavb¨ _v‡K, Zv‡K Ø›Ø mgvm e‡j| †hgbÑ Zvj I Zgvj = Zvj-Zgvj,
†`vqvZ I Kjg = †`vqvZ-Kjg| GLv‡b Zvj I Zgvj Ges †`vqvZ I Kjg cÖwZwU c‡`iB A‡_©i cÖvavb¨ mg¯Í c‡` iw¶Z
n‡q‡Q|
Ø›Ø mgvm Kq fv‡e mvwaZ n‡Z cv‡i?
Ø›Ø mgvm eû c&Kª v‡i mvwaZ n‡Z cv‡i|
`v-Kzgov, Awn-bKzj, Av`vq-KuvP Kjvq, mv‡c-†bD‡j G¸‡jv Kx ai‡Yi Ø›Ø?
we‡ivav_©K Ø›Ø|
Avq-e¨q, Rgv-LiP, †QvU-eo, †Q‡j-ey‡ov, jvf-†jvKmvb G¸‡jv‡K †Kvb Ø›Ø ejv nq?
wecixZv_©K Ø›Ø|
AjyK Ø›Ø Kv‡K e‡j?
†h Ø›Ø mgv‡m †Kvb mg¨gvb c‡`i wefw³ †jvc nq bv, Zv‡K AjyK Ø›Ø e‡j| †hgbÑ `y‡a-fv‡Z, R‡j-¯’‡j, †`‡k-
we‡`‡k, nv‡Z-Kj‡g BZ¨vw`|
eûc`x Ø›Ø mgvm Kv‡K e‡j?
wZb ev eû c‡` Ø›Ø mgvm n‡j Zv‡K eûc`x Ø›Ø mgvm e‡j| †hgbÑ mv‡ne wewa †Mvjvg, nvZ-cv-bvK gyL-†PvL BZ¨vw`|
wظ mgvm Kv‡K e‡j?
mgvnvi (mgwó) ev wgjb A‡_© msL¨vevPK k‡ãi m‡½ we‡kl¨ c‡`i †h mgvm nq, Zv‡K wظ mgvm e‡j| wظ mgv‡m mgvm
wb®úbœ c`wU we‡kl¨ nq| †hgbÑ wZb Kv‡ji mgvnvi = wÎKvj, wÎ (wZb) c‡`i mgvnvi = wÎc`x, kZ A‡ãi mgvnvi = kZvãx|
Zrcyiæl mgvm Kv‡K e‡j?
c~e© c‡`i wefw³i †jv‡c †h mgvm nq Ges †h mgv‡m ci c‡`i A_© cÖavbfv‡e †evSvq Zv‡K Zrcyiæl mgvm e‡j|
Zrcyiæl mgv‡mi c~e© c‡` wØZxqv †_‡K mßgx ch©šÍ †h †Kv‡bv wefw³ _vK‡Z cv‡i; Avi c~e© c‡`i wefw³ Abymv‡i G‡`i
bvgKiY nq| †hgbÑwec`‡K Avcbœ = wec`vcbœ| GLv‡b wØZxqv wefw³ Ô†KÕ †jvc †c‡q‡Q e‡j Gi bvg wØZxqv Zrcyiæl|
Zrcyiyl mgvm KZ cÖKvi I Kx Kx?
Zrcyiyl mgvm bq cÖKvi: wØZxqv, Z…Zxqv, PZz_x© , cÂgx, lôx, mßgx, bT, Dcc` I AjyK Zrcyiyl mgvm|
wPimyLx = wPiKvj e¨vwcqv myLx, ¶Y¯’vqx = ¶YKvj e¨vwcqv ¯’vqx, `xN©¯’vqx = `xN©Kvj e¨vwcqv ¯’ vqx G¸‡jv †Kvb Zrcyiyl
mgv‡mi D`vniY?
wØZxqv Zrcyiyl mgvm|
emZevwo, we‡qcvMjv, WvKgvïj, ivbœvNi, evwjKv we`¨vjq G¸‡jv †Kvb mgvm?
PZz_©x Zrcyiyl mgvm|
bT Zrcyiyl mgvm Kv‡K e‡j?
bv evPK bT Ae¨q (bv †bB, bvB, bq) c~‡e© e‡m †h Zrcyiyl mgvm nq, Zv‡K bT& Zrcyiyl mgvm e‡j| †hgbÑ bq AwZ
`xN© = bvwZ `xN©, b AvPvi = AbvPvi, b Kvj = AKvj BZ¨vw`|
Dcc` Zrcyiyl mgvm Kv‡K e‡j?
†h c‡`i cieZ©x wµqvg~‡ji m‡½ K…r-cÖZ¨q hy³ nq †m c`‡K Dcc` e‡j| K…`šÍ c‡`i m‡½ Dcc‡`i †h mgvm nq,
Zv‡K Dcc` Zrcyiyl mgvm e‡j| †hgbÑ
c‡KUgvi, avgvaiv, cvZvPvUv|
AjyK Zrcyiyl mgvm Kv‡K e‡j?
†h Zrcyiyl mgv‡m c~e© c‡`i wØZxqvw` wefw³ †jvc nq bv, Zv‡K AjyK Zrcyily mgvm e‡j| †hgbÑ Mv‡q cov =
Mv‡qcov| GiƒcÑwN‡q fvRv, K‡j QvuUv, K‡ji Mvb, Miæi Mvwo BZ¨vw`|
Kg©aviq mgvm Kv‡K e‡j?
we‡klY ev we‡klY fvevcbœ c‡`i mv‡_ we‡kl¨ ev we‡kl¨ fvevcbœ c‡`i mgvm n‡j Ges ci c‡`i A‡_©i cÖvavb¨ †c‡j
Zv‡K Kg©aviq mgvm e‡j| †hgbÑ bxj †h cÙ = bxjcÙ| kvšÍ A_P wkó = kvšÍwkó| KuvPv A_P wgVv = KuvPvwgVv|
PvjvKPZzi, RRmv‡ne, †avqv‡gvQv, gnvKxwZ©, gnvbwe, Kv`vPvi, bivag G¸‡jv †Kvb mgvm?
Kg©aviq mgvm|
Kg©aviq mgvm Kq cÖKvi? Kx Kx?
 Pvi cÖKviÑ(1) ga¨c`‡jvcx Kg©aviq, (2) Dcgvb Kg©aviq, (3) DcwgZ Kg©aviq, (4) iƒcK Kg©aviq|
ga¨c`‡jvcx Kg©aviq mgvm Kv‡K e‡j?
†h Kg©aviq mgv‡m e¨vm ev‡K¨i ga¨ c‡`i †jvc nq, Zv‡K ga¨c`‡jvcx Kg©aviq mgvm e‡j|†hgbÑ wmsn wPwýZ Avmb
= wmsnvmb, mvwnZ¨ welqK mfv = mvwnZ¨mfv, ¯§„wZ i¶v‡_© †mŠa = ¯§„wZ‡mŠa|
Dc‡gq I Dcgvb Kx?
Dcgvb A_© Zzjbxq e¯‘| cÖZ¨¶ †Kv‡bv e¯‘i mv‡_ c‡iv¶ †Kv‡bv e¯‘i Zzjbv Ki‡j cÖZ¨¶ e¯‘wU‡K ejv nq Dc‡gq, Avi
hvi m‡½ Zzjbv Kiv n‡q‡Q Zv‡K ejv nq Dcgvb| Dcgvb I Dc‡g‡qi GKwU mvaviY ag© _vK‡e| †hgbÑ åg‡ii b¨vq K…ò †Kk =
ågiK…ò‡Kk| GLv‡b ågi Dcgvb Ges †Kk Dc‡gq| K…òZ¡ n‡jv mvaviY ag©|
Dcgvb Kg©aviq mgvm Kv‡K e‡j?
mvaviY ag©evPK c‡`i mv‡_ DcgvbevPK c‡`i †h mgvm nq, Zv‡K Dcgvb Kg©aviq Kg©aviq mgvm e‡j| h_vÑ Zzlv‡ii
b¨vq ïå = Zzlvi ïå, Aiy‡Yi b¨vq iv½v = AiyY iv½v|
D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Dcgvb Kg©aviq †Kvb¸‡jv?
kke¨¯Í, AwMœkg©v, KvRjKv‡jv, eKavwg©K, Nbk¨vg cy®ú‡mŠif BZ¨vw`|
DcwgZ Kg©aviq mgvm Kv‡K e‡j?
mvaviY ¸‡Yi D‡jøL bv K‡i Dc‡gq c‡`i mv‡_ Dcgv‡bi †h mgvm nq, Zv‡K DcwgZ Kg©aviq mgvm e‡j| †hgbÑ
gyLP‡›`ªi b¨vq = P›`ªgyL| cyiyl wms‡ni b¨vq = wmsn cyiyl|
D‡jøL‡hvM¨ DcwgZ Kg©aviq †Kvb¸‡jv?
Aai cjøe, K_vg„Z, evûjZv, bqb cÙ, dzj Kzgvix BZ¨vw`|
Dcgvb Ges Dc‡g‡qi g‡a¨ AwfbœZv Kíbv Kiv n‡j †Kvb mgvm nq?
Dcgvb I Dc‡g‡qi g‡a¨ AwfbœZv Kíbv Kiv n‡j iƒcK Kg©aviq mgvm nq| †hgbÑ †µva iƒc Abj = †µvavbj, welv`
iƒc wmÜz = welv` wmÜz, gb iƒc gvwS = gb gvwS|
D‡jøL‡hvM¨ iƒcK Kg©aviq mgvm †Kvb¸‡jv?
we`¨vab, feb`x, AvKvkMvO, RxebcÖ`xc, †kvKvbj, †`nwcÄi BZ¨vw`|
Ae¨qxfve mgvm Kv‡K e‡j?
c~e©c‡` Ae¨q‡hv‡M wb®úbœ mgv‡m hw` Ae¨‡qiB A‡_©i cÖvavb¨ _v‡K, Z‡e Zv‡K Ae¨qxfve mgvm e‡j| Ae¨qxfve mgv‡m
ïay Ae¨‡qi A_©‡hv‡M e¨vmevK¨wU iwPZ nq| †hgbÑ Rvby ch©šÍ jw¤^Z (ch©šÍ k‡ãi Ae¨q ÔAvÕ) = AvRvbyjw¤^Z (evû)|
cÖkœ: Dceb, cÖwZÿY, wbR©jv, h_vmva¨, D‡Øj, cÖwZK~j, Abyaveb G¸‡jv †Kvb mgvm?
Ae¨qxfve mgvm|
K~‡ji mgx‡c = DcK~j, GLv‡b ÔDcÕ Kx A‡_© e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q?
mvgxc¨ A‡_©|
eûeªxwn mgvm Kv‡K e‡j?
†h mgv‡m mgm¨gvb c`¸‡jvi †Kv‡bvwUi A_© bv eywS‡q, Ab¨ †Kv‡bv c`‡K eySvq, Zv‡K eûeªxwn mgvm e‡j|†hgbÑ eûeªxwn
(avb) Av‡Q hvi eûeªxwn| GLv‡b ÔeûÕ wKsev ÔeªxwnÕ †Kv‡bvwUiB A‡_©i cÖvavb¨ †bB, hvi eû avb Av‡Q Ggb †jvK‡K eySv‡”Q|
eûeªxwn mgvm KZ cÖKvi I Kx Kx?
eûeªxwn mgvm AvU cÖKvi: mgvbvwaKiY, e¨vwaKiY, e¨wZnvi, bT, ga¨c`‡jvcx, cÖZ¨qvšÍ, AjyK I msL¨vevPK eûeªxwn|
mgvbvwaKiY eûeªxwn Kv‡K e‡j?
c~e©c` we‡klY I cic` we‡kl¨ n‡j mgvbvwaKiY eûeªxwn mgvm nq| †hgbÑ nZ n‡q‡Q kªx hvi = nZkªx| †Lvk †gRvR
hvi = †Lvk †gRvR|
e¨vwaKiY eûeªxwn mgvm Kv‡K e‡j?
eûeªxwn mgv‡mi c~e©c` Ges cici †Kv‡bvwUB hw` we‡klY bv nq, Z‡e Zv‡K e¨vwaKiY eûeªxwn e‡j| †hgbÑ Avkx‡Z
(`uv‡Z) wel hvi = Avkxwel, K_v me©¯^ hvi = K_vme©¯^ BZ¨vw`|
e¨wZnvi eûeªxwn Kv‡K e‡j?
wµqvi cvi¯úwiK A‡_© e¨wZnvi eûeªxwn nq| G mgv‡m c~ec © ‡` ÔAvÕ Ges DËi c‡` ÔBÕ hy³ nq| †hgbÑ nv‡Z nv‡Z †h hy× =
nvZnvwZ, Kv‡b Kv‡b †h K_v = KvbvKvwb|
bT& eûeªxwn Kv‡K e‡j?
we‡kl¨ c~e©c‡`i Av‡M bT& (bv A_©‡evaK) Ae¨q †hvM K‡i eûeªxwn mgvm Kiv n‡j Zv‡K bT& eûeªxwn e‡j| bT& eûeªxwn
mgv‡m mvwaZ c`wU we‡klY nq|†hgbÑ b (bvB) Ávb hvi = AÁvb, †e (bvB) †nW hvi = †e‡nW, bv (bvB) Pviv (Dcvq) hvi
= bvPvi, wb (bvB) fyj hvi = wbfy©j, bv (bq) Rvbv hv = bvRvbv/ARvbv BZ¨vw`|
ga¨c`‡jvcx eûeªxwn Kv‡K e‡j?
 eûeªxwn mgv‡mi e¨vL¨vi Rb¨ e¨eüZ evK¨vs‡ki †Kv‡bv Ask hw` mg¯Í c‡` †jvc cvq, Z‡e Zv‡K ga¨c`‡jvcx eûeªxwn
e‡j| †hgbÑ weov‡ji †Pv‡Li b¨vq †PvL †h bvixi = weovj‡PvLx, nv‡Z Lwo †`Iqv nq †h Abyôv‡b = nv‡ZLwo|
cÖZ¨vqvšÍ eûeªxwn Kv‡K e‡j?
†h eûeªxwn mgv‡mi mg¯Í c‡` Av, G, I BZ¨vw` cÖZ¨q hy³ nq, Zv‡K ejv nq cÖZ¨qvšÍ eûeªxwn| †hgbÑ GK w`‡K †PvL
(`„wó) hvi = GK‡PvLv, N‡ii w`‡K gyL hvi = Nigy‡Lv (gyL + I), wbt (†bB) LiP hvi = wbLi‡P (LiP + G)|
AjyK eûeªxwn mgvm Kv‡K e‡j?
†h eûeªxwn mgv‡m c~e© ev cic‡`i †Kv‡bv cwieZ©b nq bv, Zv‡K AjyK eûeªxwn e‡i| AjyK eûeªxwn mgv‡m mg¯Í c`wU
we‡klY nh| †hgbÑ gv_vq cvMwo hvi = gv_vqcvMwo, Mjvq MvgQv hvi = Mjvq MvgQv|
msL¨vevPK eûeªxwn Kv‡K e‡j?
c~ec© ` msL¨vevPK Ges cic` we‡kl¨ n‡j Ges mg¯Íc`wU we‡klY eySv‡j Zv‡K msL¨vevPK eûeªxwn ejv nq| G mgv‡m
mg¯Íc‡` ÔAvÕ, ÔBÕ ev ÔCÕ hy³ nq| †hgbÑ `k MR cwigvY hvi = `kMwR, †PŠ (Pvi) Pvj †h N‡ii = †PŠPvjv| wKš‘, †m (wZb)
Zvi (†h h‡š¿i) = †mZvi (we‡kl¨)|
wbcvZ‡b wm× eûeªxwn Kv‡K e‡j?
†h eûeªxwn †K‡bv wbq‡gi Aaxb bq, Zv‡K wbcvZ‡b wm× eûeªxwn ejv nq| †hgbÑ `yÔ w`‡K Ac hvi = Øxc, AšÍM©Z Ac
hvi = AšÍixc, bivKv‡i cï †h = bicï RxweZ †_‡KI †h g„Z = Rxeb¥„Z, cwÊZ n‡qI †h g~L© = cwÊZg~L© BZ¨vw`|
cÖvw` mgvm Kv‡K e‡j?
cÖ, cÖwZ, Aby cÖf„wZ Ae¨‡qi m‡½ hw` K…r cÖZ¨q mvwaZ we‡k‡l¨i mgvm nq, Z‡e Zv‡K e‡j cÖvw` mgvm| †hgbÑ cÖ
(cÖK…ó) †h ePb = cÖePb, cwi (PZzw`©‡K) †h ågY = cwiågY, Aby‡Z (cðv‡Z) †h Zvc = AbyZvc|
wbZ¨ mgvm Kv‡K e‡j?
†h mgv‡m mgm¨gvb c`¸‡jv wbZ¨ mgvme× _v‡K, e¨vmev‡K¨i `iKvi nq bv, Zv‡K wbZ¨mgvm e‡j| Z`_©evPK
e¨vL¨vg~jK kã ev evK¨vsk †hv‡M G¸‡jvi A_© wek` Ki‡Z nq| †hgbÑ Ab¨ MÖvg = MÖvgvšÍi, †Kej `kb = `k©bgvÎ, Ab¨ M„n
= M„nvšÍi, (welv³) Kvj (hg) Zzj¨ (Kvj e‡Y©i bq) mvc = Kvjmvc, Zzwg, Avwg I †m Avgiv, `yB Ges beŸB=weivbeŸB|
 evK¨ Kv‡K e‡j?
(fvlvi g~j DcKiY evK¨ Ges ev‡K¨i †gŠwjK Dcv`vb kã) †h myweb¨¯Í c`mgwó Øviv †Kv‡bv wel‡q e³vi g‡bvfve m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c
cÖKvwkZ nq, Zv‡K evK¨ e‡j|
fvlvi wePv‡i ev‡K¨i KqwU ¸Y _vKv PvB?
fvlvi wePv‡i ev‡K¨i wZbwU ¸Y _vKv PvB| †hgbÑ 1. AvKv•¶v, 2. AvmwË Ges 3. †hvM¨Zv|
1. AvKv•¶v: ev‡K¨i A_© cwi®‹vifv‡e eySvi Rb¨ GK c‡`i ci Ab¨ c` †kvbvi †h B”Qv Zv-B AvKv•ÿv| †hgbÑ P›`ª c„w_exi
Pviw`‡K...| GLv‡b AvKv•¶vi wbe„wË nq wb e‡j GwU c~Y©v½ evK¨ bq|
2. AvmwË: g‡bvfve cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ ev‡K¨ k㸇jv Ggbfv‡e ci ci mvRv‡Z n‡e hv‡Z g‡bvfve cÖKvk evavMÖ¯Í bv nq| ev‡K¨i
A_©m½wZ i¶vi Rb¨ myk„•Lj c`web¨vmB AvmwË| †hgbÑ Kvj weZiYx n‡e Drme ¯‹z‡j Avgv‡`i cyi¯‹vi AbywôZ| †jLv
nIqv‡Z c` mwbœ‡ek wVKfv‡e bv nIqvq k㸇jvi AšÍwb©wnZ fvewU h_vh_ cÖKvwkZ nq wb| ZvB GwU GKwU evK¨ nq wb|
g‡bvfve c~Y©fv‡e cÖKvk Kivi Rb¨ c`¸‡jv‡K wbgœwjwLZfv‡e h_v¯’v‡b mwbœweó Ki‡Z n‡e| †hgbÑ Kvj Avgv‡`i ¯‹z‡j cyi¯‹vi
weZiYx Drme AbywôZ n‡e| evK¨wU AvmwËm¤úbœ|
3. †hvM¨Zv: evK¨w¯’Z c`mg~‡ni AšÍMZ © Ges fveMZ wgje܇bi bvg †hvM¨Zv| †hgbÑ el©vi e„wó‡Z cøve‡bi m„wó nq| wKš‘
Ôel©vi †iŠ`ª cøve‡bi m„wó K‡i|ÕÑej‡j evK¨wU Zvi †hvM¨Zv nviv‡e|
k‡ãi †hvM¨Zvi m‡½ Kx Kx welq RwoZ _v‡K?
k‡ãi †hvM¨Zvi m‡½ wbgœwjwLZ welq¸‡jv RwoZ _v‡KÑ
K. ixwZwm× A_©evPKZv: cÖK…wZ-cÖZ¨qRvZ A‡_© kã me©`v e¨eüZ nq| †hvM¨Zvi w`K †_‡K ixwZwm× A‡_©i cÖwZ j¶ †i‡L
KZ¸‡jv kã e¨envi Ki‡Z nq| †hgbÑ

1. evwaZ AbyM„nxZ ev K…ZÁ eva+BZ evavcÖvß

wZjRvZ †mœn c`v_©, we‡kl
2. ˆZj wZj RvZxq wZj+ò
†Kv‡bv k‡m¨i im|
L. `y‡e©va¨Zv: AcÖPwjZ, `y‡e©va¨ kã e¨envi Ki‡j ev‡K¨i †hvM¨Zv webó nq| †hgbÑ Zzwg Avgvi m‡½ cÖc K‡iQ| (PvZzix ev gvqv
A‡_© wKš‘ evsjv ÔcÖcÂÕ kãwU AcÖPwjZ)
M. Dcgvi fyj cÖ‡qvM: wVKfv‡e Dcgv AjsKvi e¨envi bv Ki‡j †hvM¨Zvi nvwb N‡U| †hgbÑ Avgvi ü`q-†¶‡Î Avkvi exR
Dß n‡jv|
N. evûj¨ †`vl: cÖ‡qvR‡bi AwZwi³ kã e¨env‡i evûj¨ †`vl N‡U Ges Gi d‡j kã Zvi †hvM¨Zv ¸Y nvwi‡q _v‡K| †hgbÑ
†`‡ki me Av‡jgivB G e¨vcv‡i Avgv‡`i mg_©b `vb K‡ib| ÔAv‡jgivÕ eû ePbevPK kã| Gi m‡½ ÔmeÕ kãwUi AZwi³
e¨envi evûj¨ †`vl m„wó K‡i‡Q|
O. evMavivi kã cwieZ©b: evMaviv fvlvwe‡k‡li HwZn¨| Gi h‡_”Q cwieZ©b Ki‡j kã Zvi †hvM¨Zv nvivq| †hgbÑÔAi‡Y¨
†iv`bÕ (A_©: wbõj Av‡e`b)-Gi cwie‡Z© hw` ejv nq|, Ôe‡b µ›`bÕ Z‡e evMavivwU Zvi †hvM¨Zv nviv‡e|
P. ¸iyPÊvjx †`vl: Zrmg k‡ãi m‡½ †`wkq k‡ãi cÖ‡qvM KLbI KLbI ¸iæPÊvjx †`vl m„wó K‡i G †`v‡l `yó kã Zvi
†hvM¨Zv nvivq| ÔMiæi MvwoÕ, Ôke`vnÕ, Ôgov‡cvovÕ cÖf„wZ ¯’‡j h_vµ‡g ÔMiæi kKUÕ, Ôke‡cvovÕ, Ôgov`vnÕ cÖf„wZi
e¨envi ¸iæPÊvjx †`vl m„wó K‡i|
ev‡K¨ KqwU Ask _v‡K?
cÖwZwU ev‡K¨ `ywU Ask _v‡K: D‡Ïk¨ I we‡aq|
ev‡K¨i †h As‡k KvD‡K D‡Ïk¨ K‡i wKQz ejv nq Zv‡K D‡Ïk¨ Ges D‡Ïk¨ m¤^‡Ü hv ejv nq, Zv‡K we‡aq e‡j| †hgbÑ †LvKv
GLb (we‡aq) eB co‡Q (D‡Ïk¨)|
MVb Abyhvqx eK¨ KZ cÖKvi?
MVb Abyhvqx evK¨ wZb cÖKviÑ1. mij evK¨, 2. wgkÖ ev RwUj evK¨, 3. †hŠwMK evK¨|
1. mij evK¨: †h ev‡K¨ GKwU gvÎ KZ©v (D‡Ïk¨) Ges GKwU gvÎ mgvwcKv wµqv (we‡aq) _v‡K, Zv‡K mij evK¨ e‡j|
†hgbÑ cyKz‡i cÙdzj R‡b¥| GLv‡b ÔcÙdzjÕ D‡Ïk¨ Ges ÔR‡b¥Õ we‡aq|
2. wgkª ev RwUj evK¨: †h ev‡K¨ GKwU cÖavb LÊ ev‡K¨i GK ev GKvwaK AvwkªZ evK¨ ci¯úi mv‡c¶ fv‡e e¨eüZ nq,
Zv‡K wgkª ev RwUj evK¨ e‡j| h_vÑ

1. †h cwikªg K‡i, †m-B myL jvf K‡i

2. †m †h Aciva K‡i‡Q Zv gyL †`‡LB ey‡SwQ
3. †hŠwMK evK¨: ci¯úi wbi‡c¶ `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK mij ev wgkª evK¨ wgwjZ n‡q GKwU m¤ú~Y© evK¨ MVb Ki‡j Zv‡K †hŠwMK
evK¨ e‡j|
†hŠwMK ev‡K¨i AšÍM©Z wbi‡c¶ evK¨¸‡jv Ges, I, wKš‘, A_ev, A_P, wKsev, eis, Z_vwc cÖf„wZ Ae¨q †hv‡M mshy³ ev
Awš^Z _v‡K| †hgbÑ
†bZv RbMY‡K DrmvwnZ Ki‡jb e‡U, wKš‘ †Kv‡bv c_ †`Lv‡Z cvi‡jb bv|
e¯¿ gwjb †Kb? †Kn wRÁvmv Kwi‡j †m †avcv‡K Mvwj cv‡o, A_P †aŠZ e‡¯¿ Zvnvi M„n cwic~Y©|
D`qv¯Í cwikªg Kie, Z_vwc A‡b¨i Øvi¯’ ne bv|
evK¨ iƒcvšÍi Kv‡K e‡j?
A‡_©i †Kv‡bv iƒc iƒcvšÍi bv K‡i GK cÖKv‡ii evK¨‡K Ab¨ cÖKvi ev‡K¨ iƒcvšÍi Kivi bvgB evK¨ iƒcvšÍi|
mij evK¨‡K wgkª ev‡K¨ iƒcvšÍi Kivi wbqg wjL|
mij evK¨‡K wgkª ev‡K¨ cwiYZ Ki‡Z n‡j mij ev‡K¨i †Kv‡bv Ask‡K LÊ ev‡K¨ cwiYZ Ki‡Z nq Ges Df‡qi
ms‡hvM weav‡b m¤^Üm~PK (hviv, hw`, Z‡e, †h, †m, hZ, ZZ cÖf„wZ) c‡`i mvnv‡h¨ D³ LÊevK¨ I cÖavb evK¨wU‡K ci¯úi
mv‡c¶ Ki‡Z nq| h_v :
1| mij evK¨: fv‡jv †Q‡jiv wk¶‡Ki Av‡`k cvjb K‡i|
wgkª evK¨: hviv fv‡jv †Q‡j, Zviv wk¶‡Ki Av‡`k cvjb K‡i|
2| mij evK¨: Zvi `k©bgvÎB Avgiv cÖ¯’vb Kijvg|
wgkª evK¨: †h-B Zvi `k©b †cjvg, †m-B Avgiv cÖ¯’vb Kijvg|
3| mij evK¨: wf¶zK‡K `vb K‡iv|
wgkª evK¨: †h wf¶v Pvq, Zv‡K `vb K‡iv|
wgkª evK¨‡K mij ev‡K¨ iƒcvšÍi Kivi wbqg¸‡jv Kx Kx?
wgkª evK¨‡K mij ev‡K¨ iƒcvšÍi Ki‡Z n‡j wgkª ev‡K¨i AcÖavb LÊ evK¨wU‡K msKzwPZ K‡i GKwU c` ev GKwU
evK¨vs‡k cwiYZ Ki‡Z nq| h_vÑ
1| wgkª evK¨: hv‡`i eyw×i †bB, ZvivB G K_v wek¦vm Ki‡e|
mij evK¨: wb‡e©vaiv/eyw×nxbiv G K_v wek¦vm Ki‡e|
2| wgkª evK¨: hZ w`b RxweZ _vKe, ZZ w`b G FY ¯^xKvi Kie|
mij evK¨: AvRxeb G FY ¯^xKvi Kie|
3| wgkª evK¨: †h mKj cï gvsm †fvRb K‡i, Zviv AZ¨šÍ ejevb|
mij evK¨: gvsm‡fvRx cï AZ¨šÍ ejevb|
mij evK¨‡K †hŠwMK ev‡K¨ iƒcvšÍi Kivi wbqg¸‡jv Kx Kx?
mij evK¨‡K †hŠwMK ev‡K¨ cwiYZ Ki‡Z n‡j mij ev‡K¨i †Kv‡bv Ask‡K wbi‡c¶ ev‡K¨ iƒcvšÍi Ki‡Z nq| Ges
h_vm¤¢e ms‡hvRK ev we‡qvRK Ae¨‡qi cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z nq| †hgbÑ
1| mij evK¨: wZwb Avgv‡K cuvP UvKv w`‡q evwo †h‡Z ej‡jb|
†hŠwMK evK¨: wZwb Avgv‡K cuvPwU UvKv w`‡jb Ges evwo †h‡Z ej‡jb|
2| mij evK¨: cix¶vq DËxY© nIqvi Rb¨ GLb †_‡KB †Zvgvi cov DwPZ|
†hŠwMK evK¨: GLb †_‡KB †Zvgvi cov DwPZ, Z‡eB cix¶vq DËxY© n‡Z cvi‡e|
3| mij evK¨: Avwg eû K‡ó wk¶v jvf K‡iwQ|
†hŠwMK evK¨: Avwg eû Kó K‡iwQ, d‡j wk¶v jvf K‡iwQ|
†hŠwMK evK¨‡K mij ev‡K¨ iƒcvšÍi Kivi wbqg¸‡jv Kx Kx?
†hŠwMK evK¨‡K mij ev‡K¨ iƒcvšÍi Ki‡Z n‡jÑ
1| evK¨mg~‡ni GKwU mgvwcKv wµqv‡K AcwiewZ©Z ivL‡Z n‡e|
2| Ab¨vb¨ mgvwcKv wµqv‡K AmgvwcKv wµqvq cwiYZ Ki‡Z nq|
3| Ae¨q c` _vK‡j Zv eR©b Ki‡Z nq|
4| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv ¯’‡j GKwU evK¨‡K †nZz‡evaK evK¨vs‡k cwiYZ Ki‡Z nq| h_vÑ
1. †hŠwMK evK¨ : mZ¨ K_v ewj wb, ZvB wec‡` c‡owQ|
mij evK¨ : mZ¨ K_v bv e‡j wec‡` c‡owQ|
 2. †hŠwMK evK¨ : Zvi eqm n‡h‡Q, wKš‘ eyw× nq wb|
mij evK¨ : Zvi eqm n‡jI eyw× nq wb|
3. †hŠwMK evK¨ : †gN MR©b K‡i, Z‡e gq~i b„Z¨ K‡i|
mij evK¨ : †gN MR©b Ki‡j gq~i b„Z¨ K‡i|
†hŠwMK evK¨‡K wgkª ev‡K¨ iƒcvšÍi Kivi wbqg¸‡jv Kx Kx?
†hŠwMK ev‡K¨i AšÍMZ © ci¯úi wbi‡c¶ evK¨ `ywUi cÖ_gwUi c~‡e© Ôhw`Õ wKsev Ôhw`IÕ Ges wØZxqwUi c~‡e© ÔZvn‡jÕ (Zvnv
nB‡j) wKsev ÔZ_vwcÕ Ae¨q¸‡jv e¨envi Ki‡Z nq| †hgbÑ
1. †hŠwMK evK¨ : †`vl ¯^xKvi Ki, †Zvgv‡K †Kv‡bv kvw¯Í †`e bv|
wgkª evK¨ : hw` †`vl ¯^xKvi Ki, Zvn‡j †Zvgv‡K †Kv‡bv kvw¯Í †`e bv|
2. †hŠwMK evK¨ : wZwb AZ¨šÍ `wi`ª wKš‘ Zuvi AšÍtKiY AwZkq D”P|
wgkª evK¨ : hw`I wZwb AZ¨šÍ `wi`ª, Z_vwc Zuvi AšÍtKiY AwZkq D”P|
mv‡c¶ Ae¨‡qi mvnv‡h¨I †hŠwMK evK¨‡K wgkª ev‡K¨ cwieZ©b Kiv hvq| h_vÑ
†hŠwMK evK¨ : G MÖv‡g GKwU `iMvn Av‡Q, †mwU cvVvbhy‡M wbwg©Z n‡q‡Q|
wgkª evK¨ : G MÖv‡g †h `iMvn Av‡Q, †mwU cvVvbhy‡M wbwg©Z n‡q‡Q|
wgkªevK¨‡K †hŠwMK ev‡K¨ iƒcvšÍi Kivi wbqg¸‡jv Kx Kx?
wgkª evK¨‡K †hŠwMK ev‡K¨ cwieZ©b Ki‡Z n‡j LÊ evK¨¸‡jv‡K GK GKwU ¯^vaxb ev‡K¨ cwieZ©b K‡i Zv‡`i g‡a¨ ms‡hvRK
Ae¨‡qi e¨envi Ki‡Z nq| †hgbÑ
1. wgkª evK¨ : hw` †m Kvj Av‡m, Zvn‡j Avwg hve|
†hŠwMK evK¨ : †m Kvj Avm‡e Ges Avwg hve|
2. wgkª evK¨ : hLb wec` Av‡m, ZLb `ytLI Av‡m|
†hŠwMK evK¨ : wec` Ges `ytL GK mg‡q Av‡m|
3. wgkª evK¨ : hw`I Zuvi UvKv Av‡Q, Z_vwc wZwb `vb K‡ib bv|
†hŠwMK evK¨ : Zuvi UvKv Av‡Q, wKš‘ wZwb `vb K‡ib bv|

mgv_©K kã Kv‡K e‡j?

†hme kã GKB A_© cÖKvk K‡i, Zv‡`i mgv_©K ev GKv_©K kã e‡j| GLv‡b D‡jøL‡hvM¨ wKQz mgv_©K k‡ãi D`vniY
cÖ`vb Kiv njÑ

: Av¸b, Abj, ewý, wkLv, ûZvkb, me©fyK, wefvemy, `nb, cveK, ‰ek¦vbi, RvZ‡e`¨, me©ïwP|
: †Nvov, †NvUK, ZziM, Zzi½g, Zzi½, evRx,nq|
: Kg, Clr, AcÖPzi, hrmvgvb¨, GKUz, wKwÂr|
: AwZ, AwaK, AZ¨vwaK, Lye, AwZkq, mvwZkq|
: AvMš‘K, Af¨vMZ, M„nMZ, †gngvb|
: fvZ, I`b|
: Acgvb, AL¨vwZ, wb›`v|
: wZwgi, Zwgmªv, Zgt, Avuavi|
: MwZnxb, AUj, w¯’i, Abo, Ae¨envh©|

: iwng, ingvb, gvwjK, Lv‡jK, civqvi‡`Mvi, cÖfy|

: MMb, bft, AšÍix, A¤^i, †e¨vg, Avmgvb, Aå, b‡fvgÛj|
: AZby, Kvg‡`e, K›`c©, cÂki, cy®úaby, dzjki, dzjaby, g‡bvR, gbwmR, g`b, gb¥_, iwZcwZ, g‡bvfe, gKi‡KZz,
gKiaŸR, gKi‡KZb, gxb‡KZb, gxbaŸR, ¯§i|
 : Av‡jvK, wKiY, Ki, Avfv, wefv, cÖfv, †R¨vwZ, b~i|
: DVvb, A½b, cÖv½Y, PZ¡i|
: Avn¬v`, nl©, Av‡gv`, Djvm, Lywk, cwi‡Zvl, cÖdzjZv, cÖxwZ, m‡š—vl, myL|
: AvÁv, ûKzg, AbygwZ, Abykvmb, Dc‡`k, wb‡qvM|
: cwiZvc, `ytL, gb¯—vc|

: evmbv, Kvgbv, Cáv, ¯ú„nv, evÃv, AvKv•¶v, AwfcÖvq, Awfjvl, AwfiywP, mva, g‡bvi_, iywP|

: mgvwß, †kl, cwi‡kl, Aemvb, mv½, hewbKv|

: avZv, weavZv, wefy, wewa, mªóv, wek¦cwZ, RM`xk|

: cikªxKvZiZv, †Øl, wnsmv, Am~qv, weivM, ˆewiZv|

: Avb›`, Lywk, ùywZ©, Av‡gv`|

: cÖPÊ, wbôzi, i“¶, KK©k, Zx¶è, Zxeª, Kov, cÖLi|
: `xwßgvb, Av‡jvwKZ, D™¢vwmZ, †kvfgvb, cÖR¡wjZ|
: DrK…ó, cÖavb, f`ª, AMÖYx, e‡iY¨|

: cÖfvZ, cÖZ~¨l, †fvi, mKvj|

: Zi½, †XD, RjcÖevn, jnwi, wn‡›`vj, exwP|
: AbywjwLZ, Ae¨³, Aby³|

: ‡`bv, KR©, avi|

: Avi, I

: nvwZ, n¯—x, gvZ½, MR, Kix, wØc, KzÄi|

: Ilya, `vIqvB, cÖwZ‡laK|

: Av‡jv, iwk¥, †R¨vwZ, cÖfv, Asï, `xwß, wefv, Ki, Avfv|

: Pzj, AjK, Kzš—j, wPKzi|
: wcK, emš—`~Z, Ab¨cywó, cif„Z, KjKÚ|
: jjvU, fvj, fvM¨, wbqwZ, ˆ`e|
: evqm, cif„r|
: mgvR, RvwZ, eY©, MY, mg~n, h~_|

: KK©k, Zxeª, Zx¶è, aviv‡jv, cÖej|

: msev`, evZ©v, ZË¡, m‡›`k, mÜvb|
: weï×, †fRvjnxb, AK…wÎg, Avmj, mviMf©|
: g›`, Ky, e`, wbK…ó, `„ó, bó, Af`ª, Akxj, i“¶, DMÖ, weKj|
: cvwL, cx, wenM, wen½, wØR, LM|

: Mvfx, †Mv, †aby, aejx|

: MÊ, K‡cvj|
: Ni, evwU, evwo, Avevm, AvMvi Avjq, wbjq, wbevm, wb‡KZb, m`b, feb, avg, cyix|
: cyuw_g eB, cy¯—K, kv¯¿|
 : M„wnYx, ¯¿x, cZœx, Rvqv, `viv, mnawg©Yx, wewe, †eMg, KjÎ, KΩx|
: ‡gN, Aå, Rjai, wbweo, †gvUv, RgvU, cÖej, c‡qv`, Mfxi|

: kkv¼, kkx, kkai, wbkvPi, myavKi, myavsk, wngvsï, B›`y, weay, ZvivcwZ, P›`ªgv, Puv`, wngKi, wbkvbv_, wbkvKvšÍ,
g„Mv¼, kxZvsï|
: Aw¯’i, Pcj, e¨vKzj, Kw¤úZ, wePwjZ|
: eyw×gvb, wbcyY, Kzkj, a~Z©, VM|
: Aw¶, †jvPb, †bÎ, bqb, †PvL, AvuwL|

: Qj, KcUZv, fwYZv, PvZzix, b¨vKvwg, QjvKjv|

: we`¨v_©x, wk¶v_©x|
: cyÎ, b›`b, Zbq, myZ|

: cvwb, evwi, bxi, mwjj, A¤^y, cq, Rxeb, D`K, †cq, cvbxq|
: Puv`bx, Pv`wb, Pw›`ªgv, †KŠgy`x|

: cÖfÄb, SÅv, SvwUKv, Zzdvb, evZ¨v, cÖej evqy, NywY©evqy|

: e¨vL¨v, wUàbx|
: wki¯¿vY, gyKzU, Uzwc|

: Dcnvm, iwmKZv, we`ªƒc, †kl, gkKiv|

: fq, k¼v, Îvm|

: K~j, cvo, avi, ZU, wKbviv, †ejvf~wg, ˆmKZ|

: ‡MvQv, ¯—eK, gvjv, gywó, †_vK|

: AbyK¤úv, KiyYv, AbyMÖn, K…cv, †g‡nievwb|

: ‡e`bv, welv`, Kó, welYœZv|
: `š—, `kb, `š—K|
: Øvi, `yqvi, cÖ‡ekc_|
: w`b, w`em, An, w`bgvb, Aý|
: f„Z¨, PvKi, AbyMZ, Aaxb|
: AfveMÖ¯—, `wi`ª, KvZi, nxb|

: weË, wefe, ˆefe, Hk¦h©, A_©, UvKv-cqmv, wbwa, wef~wZ, m¤ú`|

: gš’i, g„`y, APÂj, kvš—, bg&ª, we‡ePK|

: igYx, Kvwgbx, fvwgbx, Aejv, jjbv, A½bv, fvh©v, mxgwšÍbx, gwnjv, KvšÍv, cÖg`v|
: bvmv, bvwmKv, NÖv‡bw›`ªq|

: gbxlx, myax, weØvb, weÁ|

: Kgj, kZ`j, Drcj, c¼R, m‡ivR, Aiwe›`, Zvgim, †KvKb`, bwjbx, ivRxe, B›`exi, cyÊix, m‡ivi“n|
: cvnvo, wMwi, f~ai, APj, ˆkj, Av`ª, bM, aivai, gnxai|
: emygZx, emyÜiv, emyav, wek¦, aiYx, awiÎx, †gw`bx, Aebx, gnx, w¶wZ, f~wg, fyeb, RMr, `ywbqv, me©smnv|
: wen½, LM, wen½g, wØR, †LPi, AÊR|
: Kzmyg, dzj, cÖm~b, cy®ú,i½b|
: evqy, ceb, mgxi, mgxiY, cÖfÄb, nvIqv, Awbj, evZ, gi“r, MÜen|
: AiY¨, R½j, wewcb, Kvš—vi, AiY¨vbx|
: Zi“, MvQ, Dw™¢`, gnxi“n, kvLv, cv`c, weUcx|
: emb, Kvco, †cvkvK, A¤^i, cwi”Q`, evm|
: cwiYq, we‡q, cvwYMÖnY, DØvû, kvw`|
: Pcjv, †mŠ`vwgbx, Akwb, ¶YcÖfv, we`y¨r, Zwor|

: AvZ¼, Wi, Îvm, k¼v, fxwZ|

: DËg, †ek, DrK…ó, Abe`¨, PgrKvi, cÖK…ó|
: bvM, mvc, mc©, dYx, Avkxwel, welai, Awn|
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: Rj`, Rjai, bxi`, evwi`, Nb, Rxg~Z, Kv`w¤^bx, Aå, A¤^y`, †Zvq`, ejvnK|
: giY, wbab, Rxebvemvb, webvk, ¯^Mj
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gnvhvÎv, cUj †Zvjv, Awš—g hvÎv|
: gv, Rbbx, cÖm~wZ, Mf©avwiYx|
: Kjvcx, †KKv, wkLx, wkLÊx, †KKx, en©x|

: msMÖvg, mgi, msNl©, weMÖn, Avne, iY, Ø›Ø|

: ivZ, iRbx, hvwgbx, wbkxw_bx, wefveix, ke©ix, wbkv, hk`v, wbwk|

: kã, aŸwb|

: P¶z, bqb, †bÎ, AvuwL, †PvL|

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: Awfivg, mykªx, iƒcmx, evgv, eiv½bv|

: mc©, fyR½|
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: AK©, w`bgwY, w`evKi, cÖfvKi, fv¯‹i, Zcb, eiyY, wgwni, iwe, fvby, Asïgvjx, mweZv, w`bcwZ, gvZ©Ê, Avsïgvjx,
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wecixZv_©K kã Kv‡K e‡j? D‡jøL‡hvM¨ wKQz wecixZv_©K k‡ãi D`vniY cÖ`vb Ki|
GKwU k‡ãi wecixZ A_©evPK kã‡K wecixZv_©K kã e‡j| †hgbÑ
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Agi gi
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Acivax wbiciva
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Clr cÖPzi/AwaK
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MwZ w¯’wZ
Mwiô jwNô
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QzwU eÜ
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RvZxq weRvZxq
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R½g ¯’vei
Rxeš— g„Z
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Svj wgwó

UvUKv evwm

Vyb‡Kv gReyZ
VvÛv Mig

‡Wvev fvmv
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`yiš— kvš—
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w`ev wbwk/ivwÎ
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Aiv miv
Abx wba©b
Axi Aaxi/PÂj
‰ah© A‰ah©

bgª D×Z
wbe©vwcZ cÖRw¡ jZ
wbe©vwcZ cÖRw¡ jZ
wbivKvi mvKvi
wbi¶i mv¶i
bgª D×Z
wb`ªv RvMiY
bw›`Z wbw›`Z
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cÖKvk¨ ‡Mvcb
cÖvP¨ cÖZxP¨
cÖkvwšÍ AkvwšÍ
cÖksmv wb›`v
cÖvPxb Ae©vPxb
c~wY©gv Agvem¨v
c~Y© k~b¨
cwÊZ g~L©
cyó ¶xY
cÖZ¨¶ c‡iv¶
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eÜb gy³
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wedj mdj
wec_ myc_
wej¤^ Z¡iv
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fxi“ mvnmx
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gnr bxP
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wkó Awkó
kvjxb Akvjxb
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m¾b `yRb©
m‡d` wbKl
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myß RvMÖZ
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mwnòz Amwnòz
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mvi Amvi
mvie bxie
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mim bxim
myK…Z `y¯‹…Z
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cvwifvwlK kã Kv‡K e‡j? evsjv fvlvq eûj cÖPwjZ wKQz cvwifvwlK k‡ãi D`vniY cÖ`vb K‡iv|
evsjv fvlvq cÖPwjZ we‡`wk k‡ãi fvevbyev` g~jK cÖwZkã‡K ejv nq cvwifvwlK kã|
wb‡¤œ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ wKQz cvwifvwlK k‡ãi D`vniY cÖ`vb Kiv n‡jv:

Aboriginal Avw`evmx
Abrogate evwZj Kiv
Abstract weg~Z©; mvi
Ad-hoc Z`_©K
Adviser Dc‡`óv; Dc‡`kK
Aeronaut ‰egvwbK
Aeronautics wegvb we`¨v
Affected cÖfvweZ
Affidavit kc_ bvgv; njdbvgv
Agenda Av‡jvP¨m~wP; welqm~wP
Agora gy³vÂj
Aid mvnvh¨
Allegory iƒcK
Allotment eiv×
Allowance fvZv
Amplification cwiea©b
Amplitude we¯Ívi
Anatomy kixiwe`¨v
Anonymous Abvgv
Apex kxl©we›`y
Appendix cwiwkó
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Attested mZ¨vwqZ; cÖZ¨vwqZ
Bail Rvwgb
Bankrupt ‡`Dwjqv
Bench GRjvm
Bibliography MÖš’cwÄ; iPbvcwÄ
Bill g~j¨cÎ
Biography KoPv
Blockade Ae‡iva
Bond cÖwZÁv cÎ, gyP‡jKv
Bookkeeping wnmveiÿY
Booklet cyyw¯ÍKv
Bribe Dr‡KvP
Bulletin Ávb cÎ
Capitalist cyuwRev`x
Cargo gvj
Cartoon e¨½wPÎ
Cashier LvRvwÂ
Certify cÖZ¨qb Kiv
Chancellor AvPvh©
Charter mb`
Circular cwicÎ
Civil Society mykxj mgvR
Clerk KiwYK
Climax gnvgyn~Z©
Collector mgvnZ©v
Commander AwabvqK
Consumer †fv³v
Concrete g~Z©
Conduct AvPiY
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Consultant Dc‡`óv
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Copy cÖwZwjwc
Coup Afz¨Ìvb
Covenant Pzw³cÎ
Curtail mswÿß Kiv
Custody ‡ndvRZ
Custom cÖ_v
Criminal Law `Ðwewa
Consumer goods †fvM¨cY¨
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Deed `wjj
Dilly dally Ah_v †`ix Kiv
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Epic gnvKve¨
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Equation mgxKiY
Era AwaKí
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File DLv; †iwZ; †iZ; bw_
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Grantor `vZv
Handy e¨env‡i myweav RbK
Hierarchy AvwacZ¨ ci¤úiv
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Housing Avevmb
Hybrid m¼i
Hydrogen D`hvb
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Mandate AvÁv
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Mutiny ivRwe‡`ªvn
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Nebula bxnvwiKv
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Notification cÖÁvcb
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Null and Void evwZj
Oath kc_; njdbvgv
Office `ßi
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Optimist Avkvev`x
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Overseer Dc`k©K
Oxygen A¤øRvb
Parole mvgwqK gyw³
Pen-name QÙbvg
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Philology fvlvwe`¨v
Phonology fvlvZË¡
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Pleadings AviwR I wjwLZ Reve
Post Graduate ¯œvZ‡KvËi
Postage WvKgvmyj
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Stigma j¾v¯‹i `vM
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Subconscious Ae‡PZb
Subsidiary m¤úyiK; mnvqK; Dc
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Supervisors ZË¡veavqK
Surplus D×…Ë
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Tariff gvmyj; ïé
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Title ¯^Z¡; nK; Dcvwa bvg
Toll Dcïé
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Training cÖwkÿY
Treasurer ‡Kvlva¨ÿ
Ultimatum PigcÎ, P~ovšÍ
Uniform Dw`©
Unstamped wmj‡gvniwenxb
Urban ‡cŠi
Valid wm×; ˆea; Pvjy
Value g~j¨; gvb; g~j¨‡eva
Wages gRyix
Wisdom cÖÁv
Writer ‡jLK; wjwcKvi

Acquisition Officer-msMÖn Kg©KZ©v

Additional-AwZwi³
Administrative Officer-cÖkvmwbK Kg©KZ©v
Administrative Secretary-cÖkvmwbK mwPe
Administrator-cªkvmK
Administration of justic-b¨vq cÖkvmb
Administrative-cÖkvmb
Admiral-‡bŠ-‡mbvcwZ
Academy for Rural Development-cwjøDbœqb cÖwZôvb
Accountant-wnmvei¶K
Accountant Assistant-wnmvei¶Y Kg©KZ©v
Advocate General-gnvAwae³v
Agriculture Research Institute-K…wl M‡elYv cÖwZôvb
Air Marshal-evqy‡mbvcwZ
Ambassador-ivóª`~Z
Area Inspector-AvÂwjK cwi`k©K
Area Manager-AvÂwjK e¨e¯’vcK
Art Council-PviyKjv cwil`
Army Office-‡mbva¨¶
Assembly Secretariat-msm` mwPevjq
Assistant Professor-mnKvix Aa¨vcK
Associate Professor-mn‡hvMx Aa¨vcK
Atomic Energy Centre-cvigvYweK kw³‡K›`ª
Audit assistant- mnKvix wnmvei¶x
Auditor General-wnmvewbix¶K
Assistant-mnKvix
Assistant Chief-mn-cÖavb/mn-g~L¨
Assistant Commissioner-mnKvix-kvmK
Assistant Director-mnKvix cwiPvjK
Assistant Editor-mnKvix m¤úv`K
Assistant Executive Officer-mn-wbe©vnx Kg©KZ©v
Assistant Headmaster-mnKvix cÖavb wk¶K
Assistant In-Charge-fvicªvß mnKvix
Assistant Librarian-mnKvix MÖšv’ MvwiK
Assistant Operator- mnPvjK
Assistant Secretary-mn-mwPe
Bangladesh Military Academy- evsjv‡`k mvgwiK GKv‡Wwg
Bangladesh Navy- evsjv‡`k †bŠevwnbx
Bangladesh Public Service Commission-evsjv‡`k miKvix Kg©Kwgkb
Bangladesh Road Transport Corporation
(B.R.T.C)-evsjv‡`k moK cwienb ms¯’v
Bilateral-wØcvw¶K
Bangladesh Secretariat-evsjv‡`k mwPevjq
Board of directors-cwiPvjK-cl©`
Board of trustees-AwQ-cl©`
Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education-
gva¨wgK I D”Pgva¨wgK wk¶v †evW©
Board of Investment-wewb‡qvM †evW©
Bureau Of Anticorruption-`ybx©wZ`gb ey¨‡iv
Bangladesh Air Force-evsjv‡`kx wegvb evwnbx
Bangladesh Flying Club-evsjv‡`k DÇqb K¬ve
Bangladesh Industrial Development Corporation
(B.I.D.C)-evsjv‡`k e¨e¯’vcbv Dbœqb ‡K›`ª
Check-post-Zjøvwk duvwo
Chief-gyL¨, cÖavb
Chief Auditor- gyL¨ wbix¶K
Chief Commissioner-gyL¨ kvmK
Chief Engineer-gyL¨ cª‡KŠkjx
Chief Executive-gyL¨ wbe©vnx
Chief Inspector-gyL¨ cwi`k©K
Chief Judge-gyL¨ wePviK
Chief Justice- cÖavb wePvicwZ
Chief Ministry- gyL¨ mwPe
Chief Reporter-cÖavb cÖwZ‡e`K
Chief Secretary-gyL¨ mwPe
Chief Whip-gyL¨ m‡PZK
Cabinet- gwš¿cwil`
Cataloguer- ZvwjKvKvi
Central Jail-‡K›`ªxq KvivMvi
Central Secretariat- †K›`ªxq mwPevjq
Chairman-mfvcwZ
Chancellor-AvPvh©
Criminal Investigation Department-Aciva AbymÜvb wefvM
Civil Aviation Authority-‡emvgwiK wegvb PjvPj KZ…©c¶
Civil Surgeon-‡cŠi wPwKrmK
Co-editor-hyM¥ m¤úv`K
Co-executor-mn-wbe©vnx
Conservator of Forest-eb-msi¶K
Co-operative Society-mgevq mwgwZ
Commander-AwabvqK
Commander-in-Chief-me©vwabvqK
Commanding Officer-AwabvqK Kg©KZ©v
Commercial Manager-evwYR¨ e¨e¯’vcK
Commissioner-gnva¨¶/kvmK
Commissioner of Police-cywjk-kvmK
District and Sessions Judge-‡Rjv `vqiv RR
Department of Social Welfare-mgvRKj¨vY wefvM
Deputy-Dc
Deputy Chairman-Dc-mfvcwZ
Deputy Director-Dc-cwiPvjK
Deputy Secretary-Dc-mwPe
Director- cwiPvjK
Election Commission- wbe©vPb Kwgkb
Election Commissioner-wbe©vPb Kwgkbvi
Electrical Officer-Riywi Awdmvi
Engine-Diver-BwÄbPvjK
Environment Pollution Control Officer-
cwi‡ek we`~lY wbqš¿Y `ßi
Finance Minister-A_©gš¿x
Foreign Secretry-mvaviY m¤úv`K
General Manager-gnve¨¯’vcK
General Secretary-mvaviY m¤úv`K
Harbor Master-‡cvZvkªq-Aa¨¶
Head Cashier-cÖavb mnKvix
Head Clerk-cÖavb KiwYK, cÖavb †Kivwb
Head Constable-cÖavb Kb‡÷ej
Head of the Department-wefvM-cÖavb
Head of the Government-miKvi cÖavb
Head of the State-ivóªcavb
Health Assistant-¯^v¯’¨ mnKvix
Health Board-¯^v¯’¨ †evW©
Health Department-¯^v¯’¨ wefvM
Health Officer-¯^v¯’¨ Kg©KZ©v
High Court-D”P Av`vjZ
High Commissioner-nvB Kwgkbvi
Home Ministry-¯^ivó gš¿bvjq
Home Office-¯^ivó `ßi
Inspector-cwi`k©K
Inspector-General-gnvcwi`k©K
Instructor-wk¶K, cªwk¶K
International Court of Justice-AvšÍR©vwZK wePvivjq
Joint Director-hyM¥ cwiPvjK
Joint Editor-hyM¥ m¤úv`K
Joint Secretary-hyM¥ mwPe
Judge-wePviK
Junior Accountant-Kwbô wnmvei¶K
Librarian-MÖš’vMvwiK
Livestock Expert-cïcvjb we‡klÁ
Lower Division Assiantant-wbgœgvb mnKvix
Magistrate-g¨vwR‡÷ªU
Manager-e¨e¯’vcK
Managing Director-e¨e¯’vcbv cwiPvjK
Marketing Officer-wecYb Kg©KZ©v
Market Reporter-wecYb cÖwZ‡e`K
Member-m`m¨
Metro Department-AvenvIqv wefvM
Minister-gš¿x
Minister-in-Charge-fvicªvß gš¿x
Ministry of Agriculture-K…wl gš¿Yvjq
Ministry of Cultural Affairs-ms¯‹…wZ welqK gš¿Yvjq
Ministry of Home Affairs-¯^ivóª gš¿Yvjq
Ministry of Information-Z_¨ gš¿Yvjq
Ministry of Jute-cvU gš¿Yvjq
Ministry of Planning-cwiKíbv gš¿Yvjq
Office of the commissioner of Taxes-Ki Kwgkbv‡ii `ßi
Officer-Kg©KZ©v
Officer-in-Charge-fvicÖvß Kg©KZ©v
Observer- `ªóv/ ch©‡eÿK
P.A.(Personal Assistant)-e¨w³MZ mnKvix
Part-time Officer-LÐKvjxb Kg©KZ©v
Personal Assistant-e¨w³MZ mnKvix
Postmaster-WvKKZ©v
Postmaster-General-gnv-WvKKZ©v
President-ivóªcwZ, mfvcwZ
Principal-Aa¨¶
Professor-Aa¨vcK
Programme Organizer- Kvh©µg msMVK
Programme Producer-Abyôvb cª‡hvRK
Register-wbeÜK
Reporter-cÖwZ‡e`K
Research Assistant-M‡elYv mnKvix
Research Fellow-M‡elYv †d‡jv
Revenue Clerk-ivR¯^ Kg©KZ©v
Roads and Highways Department-moK I gnvmoK wefvM
Secretary -mwPe, m¤úv`K
Secretary General-gnvmwPe
Senior Officer-‡R¨ô Kg©KZ©v
Sessions Judge-`vqiv wePviK
Store-Keeper-ZvÊvix, fvÊvi i¶K
Sub-Inspector-Dc-cwi`k©K
Superintendent-Aax¶K
Supervisor-ZË¡veavqK
Tourist Bureau-ch©Ub ey¨‡iv
Toll Clerk-Dcïé KiwYK
Union Council-BDwbqb †evW©,BDwbqb cl©`
United Nations Organization (UNO)-RvwZmsN
Controller of Accounts-wnmve wbqvgK
Consulting Architect-Dc‡`óv ¯’cwZ
Consulting Engineer-Dc‡`óv cª‡KŠkjx
Controller-wbqš¿K/wbqvgK
Co-operative Credit-mgevq FY`vb mwgwZ
Co-operative Housing Society-mgevq cwi`ßi
Co-operative Multipurpose Society-eûgyLx mgevq mwgwZ
Council for Scientific and Industrial Reseach-weÁvb I wkí-M‡elYv cwil`
Defense Minister-cÖwZi¶v gš¿x
Department of Export & Import-ißvwb I Avg`vwb wefvM
Department of Fire Service & Civil Defence- AwMœ wbe©vcK I AmgvwiK cÖwZi¶v wefvM
Department of Narcotics Control-gv`K`ªe¨ wbqš¿Y wefvM
Junior Executive- Kwbô wbe©vnx
Labour and Social Welfare Department-kªg I mgvRKj¨vY wefvM
Labour Directorate- kªg cwi`ßi
Laboratory Assistant-cix¶vMvi mnKvix
Laboratory Identity -cix¶vMvi cwiPq
Laboratory Attendant- cix¶vMvi mnKvix
Laboratory Keeper-cix¶vMvi i¶K
Labour Commissioner-kªg-Kwgkbvi
Labour Welfare Officer-kªgKj¨vY Kg©KZ©v
Land Commissioner-kªg-Kwgkbvi
Law Officer-AvBb Kg©KZ©v
Livestock Services Directorate-cïcvjb †mev cwi`ßi
Ministry of Fisheries Animal Resource-grm I cïm¤ú` gš¿Yvjq
Managing Editor-e¨e¯’vcbv m¤úv`K
Manpower and Employment Wing-kªgkw³ I Kg©ms¯’vb kvLv
Marine Superintendent-‡bŠ Aax¶K
Marketing Inspector-wecYb cwi`k©K
Mechanical Engineer-hš¿-cÖ‡KŠkjx
Medical Officer-wPwKrmv Kg©KZ©v
Medical Superintendent-wPwKrmv Aax¶K
Mercantile Marine Department-evwYR¨ †bŠ wefvM
Military Secretary-mgi-mwPe
Ministry Without Protfolio-`ßinxb gš¿x
Ministry of Commerce-evwYR¨ gš¿Yvjq
Ministry of Communications -‡hvMv‡hvM gš¿Yvjq
Ministry of Defense- cÖwZi¶v gš¿Yvjq
Ministry of Education-wk¶v gš¿Yvjq
Ministry of Forest and Environment-eb I cwi‡ek gš¿Yvjq
Ministry of Health family Planning- ¯^v¯’¨ cwievi cwiKíbv gš¿Yvjq
Ministry of Industry-wkí gš¿Yvjq
Ministry of Labour and Manpower-kªg I Rbkw³ gš¿Yvjq
Ministry of Land and Land Revenue-f~wg I f~wgivR¯^ gš¿Yvjq
Ministry of Law and Parliamentary Affairs- AvBb I msm`-welqK gš¿Yvjq
Ministry of post and Telecommunication- WvK I †Uwj †hvMv‡hvM gš¿Yvjq
Ministry of Relief and Rehabilition-ÎvY I cybev©mb gš¿Yvjq
Ministry of Social Walfare-mgvRKj¨vY gš¿Yvjq
Ministry of Water Resources-cvwbm¤ú` gš¿Yvjq
Ministry of Science and Tecnology-weÁvb I cÖhyw³ gš¿Yvjq
Ministry of Religions Affairs-ag© welqK gš¿Yvjq
Ministry of Women and Children Affairs-gwnjv I wkï welqK gš¿Yvjq
Nautical Surveyor-‡bŠ RwicKvi
National Savings Department-RvZxq mÂq wefvM
Office of the regional Controller- AvÂwjK wbqš¿‡Ki Kvh©viq
Office Superintendent-Awdm Aax¶K
Planning Commission-cwiKíbv Kwgkb
Planning Department-cwiKíbv wefvM
Planning Officer-cwiKíbv Kg©KZ©v
Parliamentary Secretary-msm`-mwPe
Planning Section-cwiKíbv DckvLv
Port Officer-e›`i Kg©KZ©v
Press and Forms Department-gy`Yª I dig wefvM
Press Information Bureau-msev`-Z_¨ wefvM
Press Information Department(PID)- msev`-Z_¨ wefvM
Publication Department- cÖKvkb wefvM
Public Education Management Office-Rbwk¶v e¨e¯’vcbv wefvM
Public Health Engineering Department-Rb¯^v¯’¨ cÖ‡KŠkj wefvM
Publicity Bureau-cÖPvi ey¨‡iv
Principal Officer-gyL¨ Kg©KZ©v
Project Engineer-cÖKí-cÖ‡KŠkjx
Project Officer-cÖKí-Kg©KZ©v
Public Relations Officer-Rbms‡hvM KZ©KZ©v
Regional Controller-AvÂwjK wbqvgK
Registration Directoarte-wbeÜK cwi`ßi
Research Officer-M‡elYv Kg©KZ©v
Ranger of Forest-ebi¶K
State Statistical Bureau-ivóªxq cwimsL¨vb ey¨‡iv
Sub-Treasurer-Dc‡KvlvMwiK
Senior Executive-‡R¨ô web©vnx
Small Industries Corporation- ¶z`ª wkí ms¯’v
Transport Officer-cÖhyw³-Dc‡`ôv
Toll Collector-Dcïé-msMÖvnK
(UNESCO)-RvwZmsN wk¶v, weÁvb I ms¯‹…wZ ms¯’v (BD‡b‡¯‹v)
United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF)-RvwZmsN AvšÍR©vwZK Riywi wkï Znwej
(BDwb‡md) Upper Division Assistant-D”Pgvb mnKvix
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
Vice-President-ivóªcwZ;DcmfvcwZ
Vice-Principal-Dcva¨¶
Vice-Captain-Dc-AwabvqK
Ward Commissioner- †cŠi Kwgkbvi
World Health Organization- wek¦ ¯^v¯’¨ ms¯’v|
Water and Power Development Authority(WAPDA)-
cvwb I kw³ Dbœqb KZ…©c¶|

mvwnZ¨ Kx?
iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi e‡j‡QbÑÔmvwnZ¨Õ kãwUi m‡½ ÔmwnZÕ kãwU m¤úK© hy³| Ab¨Î ÔmvwnZ¨Õ kãwU Ômw¤§jbÕ A‡_© e¨envi
K‡i‡Qb| G mw¤§jb gv‡bB n‡”Q g‡b g‡b, AvZ¥vq-AvZ¥vq I ü`‡q ü`‡q wgjb| ÔmvwnZ¨Õ kãwUi mv‡_ wnZ, Kj¨vY, g½j I
m¤úK© hy³|
ÔmvwnZ¨Õ m¤ú‡K© Gwi÷Uj Kx e‡j‡Qb?
Art is the imitation of life.
ÔmvwnZ¨Õ m¤ú‡K© g¨v_y Avibì Kx e‡j‡Qb?
Literature is the criticism of life.
 W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvni g‡Z evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖvPxb hyM KZ wLªóvã †_‡K KZ wLªóvã ch©šÍ?
650 wLªóvã †_‡K 1200 wLªóvã ch©š|Í
W. mybxwZ Kzgvi P‡Ævcva¨v‡qi g‡Z evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖvPxb hyM KZ wLªóvã †_‡K KZ wLªóvã ch©šÍ?
950 wLªóvã †_‡K 1200 wLªóvã ch©š|Í
evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i ga¨hyM KZ wLªóvã †_‡K KZ wLªóvã ch©šÍ?
1201 wLªóvã †_‡K 1800 wLªóvã ch©šÍ (me©Rb ¯^xK…Z)|
evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i AvaywbK hyM KZ wLªóvã †_‡K KZ wLªóvã ch©šÍ?
1801 wLªóvã †_‡K eZ©gvb ch©šÍ (me©Rb ¯^xK…Z)|
evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i AÜKvi hyM ejv nq †Kvb mgq‡K?
1201 †_‡K 1350 wLªóvã ch©šÍ| †gvU †`ok eQi|
evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i AÜKvi hy‡Mi Rb¨ †Kvb kvmK‡K `vqx Kiv nq?
BLwZqvi DwÏb gyn¤§` web& eLwZqvi LjRx|
cÖvPxb hy‡Mi mvwn‡Z¨i ˆewkó¨ Kx?
G hy‡Mi mvwnZ¨ iwPZ n‡qwQj e¨w³ †Kw›`ªK |
ga¨hy‡Mi mvwn‡Z¨i ˆewkó¨ Kx?
ag© cÖavb|
AvaywbK hy‡Mi mvwn‡Z¨i ˆewkó¨ Kx?
Ôgvbe cÖavbÕ|
hyMmwÜKvj KZ wLªóvã †_‡K KZ wLªóvã ch©š?Í
1761 wLªóvã †_‡K 1860 wLªóvã ch©š|Í
evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i BwZnvm iPwqZv‡`i g‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Kviv?
W. `x‡bkP›`ª †mb, W. mybxwZ Kzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq, W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn, †Mvcvj nvj`vi, AwmZKzgvi e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, W. myKzgvi
†mb cÖgyL|
W. gyn¤§` Gbvgyj nK evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i hyM wefvM Kxfv‡e K‡i‡Qb?
K. ZzwK© hyM (1200-1350), L. myjZvwb hyM (1351-1575),
M. †gvMjvB hyM (1576-1757) ch©š|Í
W. mybxwZ Kzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i hyM wefvM Kxfv‡e K‡i‡Qb?
K. cªvPxb ev gymjgvb c~e© hyM (950-1200), L. ZzwK© weR‡qi hyM (1200-1300), M. Avw` ga¨hyM ev cÖvK‰PZb¨ hyM (1300-
1500), N. AšÍ¨ga¨ hyM (1500-1800), ˆPZb¨ hyM ev ˆeòe mvwnZ¨ hyM (1500-1700) I bevwe Avgj (1700-1800) Ges O.
AvaywbK ev Bs‡iwR hyM (1800- †_‡K)|
W. †Mvcvj nvj`vi ga¨hyM‡K Kxfv‡e fvM K‡i‡Qb?
cÖvK‰PZb¨ ce© (1200-1500) L. ˆPZb¨ ce© (1500-1700) Ges bevwe Avgj (1700-1800) ch©š|Í

evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖvPxb hy‡Mi GKgvÎ wbf©i‡hvM¨ HwZnvwmK wb`k©b Kx?

Ph©vc`|
Ph©vc` Avi Kx bv‡g cwiwPZ?
Avðh©Ph©vPq ev Ph©vðh©wewbðq ev Ph©¨vPh©¨wewbðq ev Ph©vMxwZ‡Kvl ev Ph©vMxwZ|
K‡e †Kvb MÖ‡š’ †bcv‡ji †eŠ×Zvwš¿K K_v cÖKvk cvq?
1882 mv‡j `Sanskrit Buddhist Literature in Nepel` MÖ‡š’ ivRv iv‡R›`ªjvj wgÎ me©cÖ_g GwU cÖKvk K‡ib|
nicÖmv` kv¯¿x KZ mv‡j, †Kv_v †_‡K Ph©vc` Avwe®‹vi K‡ib?
1907 mv‡j †bcv‡ji ivRMÖšv’ Mvi i‡qj jvB‡eªwi †_‡K Ph©vc` Avwe®‹vi K‡ib|
nicÖmv` kv¯¿xi Dcvwa Kx wQj?
gnvg‡nvcva¨vq| 1898 mv‡j wZwb G Dcvwa cvb|
nicÖmv` kv¯¿x †Kvb wek¦we`¨vj‡qi evsjv wefv‡Mi cÖ_g wefvMxq cÖavb wQ‡jb?
 XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq|
Ph©vc` †Kvb kvmb Avg‡j iwPZ?
cvj kvmb Avg‡j|
Ph©vc‡`i cÖwZcv`¨ welq Kx?
†eŠ× mnwRqv a‡g©i mvabZË¡|
Ph©vc‡` †gvU KZwU c` wQj?
51wU|
KZwU c` D×vi Kiv m¤¢e n‡qwQj?
mv‡o †QPwjkwU|
Ab¨vb¨ c`¸‡jv D×vi Kiv m¤¢e nqwb †Kb?
Dc‡ii cvZv¸‡jv †Qov wQj e‡j|
Ph©vc‡` KZRb Kwei c` cvIqv †M‡Q?
23 Rb Kwei|
Ph©vc‡` KZRb Kwe c` iPbv K‡i‡Qb e‡j cÖgvY Av‡Q?
24 Rb|
Ph©vc‡`i me‡P‡q †ewk c` iPbv K‡ib †K?
Kvýcv 13wU c` iPbv K‡ib| wKš‘ cvIqv †M‡Q 12wU|
fymyKzcv †gvU KqwU c` iPbv K‡ib?
8wU|
Ph©vc‡`i Kwe‡`i bv‡gi †k‡l cv hy³ †Kb?
Ph©vc‡`i Kweiv c` iPbv Ki‡Zb e‡j Zv‡`i bv‡gi †k‡l m¤§vbm~PK cv kãwU e¨envi K‡i‡Qb| cv kãwU G‡m‡Q cv`>c`>cv
Gfv‡e| Avi c` ev cv A_© KweZv|
†Kvb Kwei c` cvIqv hvqwb?
Zš¿xcv ev †Zb&‡Zvix cv|
Ph©vc‡`i †Kvb msL¨K ev b¤^i c`¸‡jv cvIqv hvqwb?
24, 25, 48 msL¨K| Gi g‡a¨ 24 bs c‡`i iPwqZv Kvý cv, 25 bs Zš¿xcv Ges 48 bs Kz°zixcv|
Ph©vc‡`i †Kvb c`wU LwÊZ AvKv‡i cvIqv †M‡Q?
23 b¤^i c`wU| †gvU 10wU cOw³ g‡a¨ 6wU cvIqv †M‡Q| D‡jøL¨ †h 23 b¤^i c`wU fymyKzcv iPbv K‡ib|
Ph©vc` KZ mv‡j,†Kv_v †_‡K cÖKvwkZ nq?
1916 mv‡j KjKvZvi e½xq mvwnZ¨ cwil` †_‡K|
†Kvb PviwU MÖš’ ÔnvRvi eQ‡ii cyivb evsjv fvlvq †eŠ×Mvb I †`vnvÕ bv‡g MÖš’vKv‡i cÖKvwkZ nq?
Ph©vPh©wewbðq, mincv`, K…òcv‡`i †`vnv Ges WvKvY©e|
Ph©vc`¸‡jv †Kvb fvlvq iwPZ wQj?
cÖvPxb evsjv fvlvq| Z‡e M‡elKiv Gi fvlv‡K mܨvfvlv ev mvܨfvlv ev Av‡jv Avauv‡ii fvlv e‡j‡Qb|
†K, K‡e cÖ_g Ph©vc‡`i fvlvZvwË¡K ˆewkó¨ wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡ib?
W.mybxwZ Kzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq Origin and Development of the Bengali language (ODBL) bvgK weL¨vZ MÖ‡š’
1926 mv‡j|
†K, K‡e cÖ_g Ph©vc‡`i ag©ZË¡ wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡ib?
W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn, 1927 mv‡j|
†K, K‡e cÖ_g Phv©c‡`i wZeŸZxq Abyev` cÖKvk K‡ib?
W. cÖ‡evaP›`ª evMPx, 1938 mv‡j|
Ph©vc‡`i iPbv Kvj wb‡q cwÊZ‡`i gZvgZ¸‡jv Kx?
W. gyn¤§` knx`yjvni g‡Z Ph©vc‡`i iPbvKvj 650 wLªóvã †_‡K 1200 wLªóvã ch©š|Í W. mybxwZ Kzgvi P‡Ævcva¨v‡qi g‡Z 950
†_‡K 1200 wLªóv‡ãi g‡a¨|
Ph©vc` Z_v evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i Avw` Kwe ev cÖ_g Kwe †K?
jyBcv| (GB gZvZg e¨³ K‡i‡Qb nicÖmv` kv¯¿x, Zuvi m‡½ A‡bK cwÊZ GKgZ n‡jI W. gyn¤§` knx`yjø vn GKgZ n‡Z
cv‡ib wb|)
W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvni g‡Z evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i Avw`Kwe ev cÖ_g Kwe †K?
 W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn gr‡m›`ªbv_ ev gxbbv_‡K cÖ_g evOvwj Kwe g‡b K‡i cÖgvY †`wL‡q‡Qb †h, wZwb mßg kZ‡K RxweZ
wQ‡jb| Ph©vc‡` Zuvi †Kvb c` †bB| 21 msL¨K Ph©vi UxKvq †Kej PviwU csw³‡Z Zvui D‡jøL i‡q‡Q|
W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvni g‡Z Ph©vc‡`i cÖ_g Kwe †K?
keicv| Zuvi g‡Z keicv 680 †_‡K 732 wLªóv‡ã eZ©gvb wQ‡jb|
m¤cÖwZ †K bePh©vMxwZ msMÖn K‡ib Ges †Kv_v †_‡K?
W. kkxf~lY `vm¸ß| †bcvj †_‡K wZwb 101 wU c` msMÖn K‡ib|
Ph©vc` †Kvb Q‡›` iwPZ?
AwaKvsk cwʇZi g‡Z, Phv©c` iwPZ|
Phv©c‡`i †Kvb Kwe gwnjv wQ‡jb e‡j aviYv Kiv nq?
Kz°zixcv|
Phv©c‡` KZwU cÖev`-cÖePb i‡q‡Q?
6wU| cÖev`¸‡jv n‡jv-
1. Avcbv gvu‡m nwiYv ˆeix| (6)
A_©: wb‡Ri gvs‡mi R‡b¨B nwiY wb‡Ri kÎæ|
2. nv‡Zi †i Kv¼Y gv †jvD `vcb| (32)
A_©: nv‡Zi K¼Y `c©Y wbI bv|
3. nvoxZ fvZ bvwn wbwZ Av‡emx| (33)
A_©: nuvwo‡Z fvZ †bB, (A_P) wbZ¨ †cÖwgK fxo K‡i|
4. `ywnj `yay wK †e‡›U lvgvq| (33)
A_©: †`vqv‡bv `ya wK euv‡U wd‡I hvq|
5. ei myb †Mvnvjx wK‡gv `yUV ej‡›`| (33)
A_©: `yó ej‡`i †P‡q k~b¨ †Mvqvj Ni fv‡jv|
6. Ab Pvn‡šÍ Ab weYVv| (44)
A_©: GK w`‡K PvB‡Z Ab¨ w`K webó n‡jv|
Phv©i †Kvb Kwe evOvwj wQ‡jb?
W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvni g‡Z keicv| Z‡e GKwU c‡` fymyKc z v wb‡R‡K evOvwj e‡j cwiPq w`‡q‡Qb-ÔAvwR fymyKz evOvjx
ˆfjxÕ|
mܨv ev mvܨ fvlv Kx?
†h fvlv mywbw`©ó iƒc cvq wb| †h fvlvi A_©I GKvwaK A_v©r Av‡jv Avuav‡ii g‡Zv, †m fvlv‡K cwÐZiv mܨv ev mvܨ
fvlv e‡j‡Qb|
Phv©c‡`i †kªô Kwe †K?
keicv| wZwb 28 I 50 msL¨K c‡`i iPwqZv|

AÜKvi hyM Kx?

evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ †h hy‡M mvwn‡Z¨i †Kv‡bv wb`k©b †g‡j bv Zv‡K AÜKvi hyM e‡j|
AÜKvi hy‡Mi mgqmxgv KZ?
1201 wLªóvã †_‡K 1350 wLªóvã ch©šÍ †gvU †`ok eQi|
AÜKvi hy‡Mi †Kvb mvwnwZ¨K wb`k©b †g‡j Kx?
AÜKvi hy‡M evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i †Kvb wb`k©b bv wgj‡jI wKQz ms¯‹…Z mvwn‡Z¨i wb`k©b †g‡j| †hgbÑ
1. ivgvB cwʇZi Ôk~b¨cyivYÕ Ges
2. njvq~a wg‡kªi Ô†mK ï‡fv`qvÕ|
evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ AÜKvi hy‡Mi Rb¨ †Kvb kvmK‡K `vqx Kiv nq?
BLwZqvi DÏxb gyn¤§` web eLwZqvi LjwR|
†Kvb †Kvb M‡elK AÜKvi hy‡Mi Aw¯ÍZ¡ †g‡b wb‡Z Pvb bv?
W. Gbvgyj nK, W. `x‡bkP›`ª †mb, W. myKzgvi †mb, W. h`ybv_ miKvi cÖgyL AÜKvi hy‡Mi Aw¯ÍZ¡ ¯^xKvi K‡ib bv|
Ôk~b¨cyivYÕ m¤ú‡K© eY©bv wjL|
 ivgvB cwÊZ iwPZ ag©c~Rvi kv¯¿MÖš’ Ôk~b¨cyivYÕ| GwU 51 wU Aa¨v‡q wef³| ivgvBcwʇZi Kvj G‡qv`k kZK e‡j A‡b‡KB
Abygvb K‡ib| k~b¨cyivY agx©q Z‡Ë¡i MÖš’ hv M`¨c`¨ wgwkªZ P¤úy Kve¨| wn›`y a‡g©i m‡½ wgjb mva‡bi Rb¨ ivgvB cwÊZ ag©c~Rvi cÖwZôv
K‡iwQ‡jb| G‡Z †eŠ×‡`i k~b¨ev` Ges wn›`y‡`i †jŠwKK a‡g©i wgkªY N‡U‡Q|
Ôwbićbi iy®§vÕ ev Ôwbićbi D®§vÕ Kx?
Ôwbićbi iy®§vÕ ev Ôwbićbi D®§vÕ n‡jv k~b¨cyivY bvgK Kv‡e¨i AšÍMZ
© Ask we‡kl ev KweZv| G KweZvq
†eŠ×ag©vej¤^x magx©‡`i Ici ˆew`K eªvþY‡`i AZ¨vPv‡ii Kvwnbx eY©bvi m‡½ gymjgvb‡`i RvRcyi cÖ‡ek Ges eªvþY¨
†`e‡`exi ivZvivwZ ag©všÍwiZ n‡q Bmjvg MÖn‡Yi KvíwbK wPÎ Aw¼Z n‡q‡Q| Bmjvg m¤ú‡K© AcwiYZ aviYv †_‡K g‡b nq †h
G †`‡k Bmjvg m¤cÖmvi‡Yi cÖv_wgK ch©v‡q GwU iwPZ| eªvþY kvm‡bi Aemvb Ges gymwjg kvmb cÖPj‡bi c‡¶ gZ cÖKvwkZ
nIqvq G‡Z ZrKvjxb mvgvwRK cwiPq †g‡j|
Ô†mK ï‡fv`qvÕ Kx|
1201 †_‡K 1350 wLªóvã ch©šÍ 150 eQi evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ AÜKvi hyM e‡j cwiwPZ| GB mg‡q iwPZ ms¯‹…Z fvlvi
D‡jøL‡hvM¨ MÖš’ Ô†mK ï‡fv`qvÕ| ivRv j²Y †m‡bi mfvKwe njvq~a wgkª iwPZ Ô†mK ï‡fv`qvÕ ms¯‹…wZ M`¨c‡`¨ †jLv
P¤úyKve¨| MÖš’wU‡Z †gvU 25wU Aa¨vq Av‡Q| W. gyn¤§` Gbvgyj n‡Ki g‡Z, †mK ï‡fv`qv wLªwóq G‡qv`k kZvãxi G‡Kev‡iB
†Mvovi w`K`vi iPbv| MÖš’wU ivRv j²Y †mb I †kL RvjvjyÏxb Zve‡iwRi A‡jŠwKK Kvwnbx Aej¤^‡b iwPZ| †mK ï‡fv`qv
A_©vr †k‡Li †MŠie e¨vL¨vB GB cyw¯ÍKvi D‡Ïk¨| G MÖ‡š’ cÖvPxb evsjvi †h me wb`k©b Av‡Q Zvn‡jv cxi gvnvZ¥ÁvcK Qov ev
Avh©, Lbvi ePb I fvwUqvwj iv‡Mi GKwU †cÖg m½xZ|
†mK ï‡fv`qvi †cÖg m½xZwUi GKvskÑ
ÒnvZ †Rvo KwiTv gv‡½v `vb|
ev‡iK gnvZ¥v ivL m¤§vb \
eo †m wecvK Av‡Q DcvG|
mvwRqv †MB‡j ev‡Nb LvG \
cyb cyb cvG cwoqv gv‡½v `vb|
ˆg‡× e‡n my‡ik¦ix Mv½ \Ó

ga¨hy‡Mi Avw` Kwe †K?

kªxK…ò KxZ©b Kv‡e¨i iPwqZv eo–PÊx`vm| wZwb PZz`© k kZvãxi Kwe wQ‡jb|
 kªxK…òKxZ©b Kv‡e¨ KqwU LÊ i‡q‡Q?
evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i ga¨hy‡Mi cÖ_g Kve¨ kªªxK…òKxZ©b Kve¨| ivav-K…‡òi †cÖgjxjv wb‡q iwPZ G Kv‡e¨ †gvU 13wU LÊ
i‡q‡Q|
evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i ga¨hy‡Mi cÖ_g Kve¨ †KvbwU?
kªxK…òKxZ©b Kve¨|
†Kvb GKK Kwei iPbv wnmv‡e evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖ_g Kve¨ †KvbwU?
kªxK…òKxZ©b Kve¨|
kªxK…òKxZ©b Kv‡e¨i Kwei bvg Kx?
eo–PÊx`vm| GwU Zuvi QÙ bvg| Zvi cÖK…Z bvg AbšÍ eo–qv|
kªxK…òKxZ©bÕ Kve¨ †K, K‡e, †Kv_v †_‡K Avwe®‹vi K‡ib?
1909 mv‡j KjKvZv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi evsjv wefv‡Mi Aa¨vcK I cyuw_ kvjvi Aa¨¶ emšÍiÄb ivq euvKzov †Rjvi KuvwKjv MÖv‡g
†`‡e›`ªbv_ gy‡Lvcva¨vq bvgK GK M„n‡¯’i †Mvqvj N‡ii wU‡bi Pvjvi wbP †_‡K Aiw¶Z Ae¯’vq Avwe®‹vi K‡ib|
ÔkªxK…ò KxZ©bÕ Kve¨ KZ mv‡j, †Kv_v †_‡K cªKvwkZ nq?
1916 mv‡j KjKZvi e½xq mvwnZ¨ cwil` †_‡K cªKvwkZ nq|
emšÍiÄb iv‡qi Dcvwa Kx?
weØØjf|
cªkœ: eo– PÊx`vm †Kv_vq Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib?
euvKzov †Rjvi QvZbvi bvbyi MÖv‡g 1390 mv‡j|
kªxK…òKxZ©b Kv‡e¨ †gvU KZwU LÊ i‡q‡Q?
13wU| Lʸ‡jv njÑ 1. Rb¥ LÊ 2. Zv¤^yj LÊ 3. `vb LÊ 4. †bŠKv LÊ 5. QÎ LÊ 6. fvi LÊ 7. e„›`veb
LÊ 8. Kvwjq`gb LÊ 9. hgybv LÊ 10. nvi LÊ 11. evY LÊ 12. eskx LÊ I 13. ivavwein LÊ|
kªxK…òKxZ©b Kve¨wU m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ wjL|
kªxK…òKxZ©b Kv‡e¨ LwÊZ c` mn †gvU c‡`i msL¨v 418wU| cyuw_‡Z ms¯‹…Z †kvK Av‡Q 161wU| cyuw_‡Z cvZvi msL¨v 226,
AZÎe c„ôv msL¨v 452; Gi g‡a¨ gv‡Si †gvU 45 c„ôv cvIqv hvq wb| 45 c„ôv ev` †M‡j cyuw_i cÖvß c„ôvi msL¨v 407| cyuw_i
wjwc wZb nv‡Zi †jLv| 418wU c‡`i g‡a¨ Kwei fwbZv Av‡Q 409wU|
kªxK…òKxZ©b Kv‡e¨i cÖavb PwiÎ KqwU I Kx Kx?
wZbwU| h_vÑ1. ivav 2. K…ò I 3. eovB|
ivav n‡jb gvbevZ¥vi cÖZxK| G gvbevZ¥v cigvZ¥v‡K cvevi R‡b¨ mviv¶Y e¨vKzj _v‡K| wKš‘ eo–PÊx`v‡mi
kªxK…òKxZ©b Kv‡e¨ ivav n‡jb msmvi AbwfÁ, i~p mZ¨fvwlbx, Aíeqmx, Awkw¶Z †Mvc evwjKv|
K…‡òi cwiPq cÖ`vb K‡iv|
weòz K…ò iƒ‡c emy‡`‡ei cyÎ wnmv‡e Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib Ges e„›`ve‡bi b‡›`i M„‡n ¯’vbvšÍwiZ †nvb| †cŠivwYK
Kvwnbx g‡Z K„ò n‡jb cigvZ¥v ev m„wóKZ©vi cÖZxK| hv‡K cvevi Rb¨ gvbeK~j e¨vKzj _v‡K| wKš‘ eo–PÊx`v‡mi
kªxK…òKxZ©b Kv‡e¨ K…ò n‡jb i³gvs‡mi GK hyeK| hvi g‡a¨ Av‡Q †cÖg, Avevi ˆ`wnK Kvgbv-evmbv PwiZv_© Kivi
AvKv•¶v|
ÔeovBÕ PwiÎwUi cwiPq cÖ`vb K‡iv|
eovB n‡jb kªxK…òKxZ©b Kv‡e¨i Z…Zxq PwiÎ| wZwb m¤ú‡K© ivavi ¯^vgx Av‡qb †Nv‡li wcmxgv| GB wcmxgvi Dci
`vwqZ¡ c‡o ivavi †`Lv †kvbvi| wKš‘ cieZx©‡Z GB wcmxgv eovB ivav-K…‡òi †cÖg m¤úK© m„wó‡Z ¸iæZ¡c~Y© `vwqZ¡ cvjb
K‡ib| G Kv‡e¨ eovB n‡jb ivav K…‡òi †cÖ‡gi `~Zx ev AbyNUK|

kªx‰PZb¨‡`‡ei cwiPq `vI|

18 †deªyqvwi, kwbevi, 1486 mv‡j kªx‰PZb¨‡`e beØx‡c Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zvi wcZvi bvg RMbœv_ wgkª Ges gv‡qi bvg
kPx‡`ex| kªx‰PZb¨ †`‡ei evj¨ bvg wQj wbgvB| Zvui Mv‡qi eY© †Mviv wQj e‡j wZwb †MŠiv½ bv‡gI cwiwPZ| Zuvi wcZ…`Ë bvg
wek¦¤¢i| 1533 mv‡j wZwb cywi‡Z gviv hvb|
†Kvb gnvcyiæl ga¨hy‡M GKwU c` iPbv bv K‡iI Agi n‡q Av‡Qb Ges Zuvi Rxeb‡K wb‡q hy‡Mi m„wó n‡q‡Q?
kªx‰PZb¨‡`e| W. AwmZKzgvi e‡›`¨vcva¨vq kªx‰PZb¨‡`‡ei RxebwfwËK hyMwefvM K‡i‡Qb|
K. cÖ_g ce©: cÖvK‰PZb¨ hyM-PZz`k © kZvãx †_‡K cÂ`k kZvãx|
L. wØZxq ce©: ˆPZb¨ hyM-†lvok kZvãx
M. Z…Zxq ce©: DËi ˆPZb¨hyM-mß`k kZvãx Ges
N. PZy_© ce©: Aóv`k kZvãx|
evsjv fvlvq iwPZ cÖ_g Rxebx MÖš’ †KvbwU?
e„›`veb `vm iwPZ ÔˆPZb¨ fvMeZÕ|
ˆPZb¨‡`‡ei Dci iwPZ mev©‡c¶v Z_¨eûj Rxebx MÖš’ †KvbwU?
K…ò`vm Kweiv‡Ri ÔˆPZb¨ PwiZvg„ZÕ|
cÖ: Ôlo †Mv¯^vgxÕ Kviv?
ˆPZb¨‡`‡ei QqRb cÖavb wkl¨‡K Ôlo‡Mv¯^vgxÕ ejv nq|
eªReyjx Kx?
eªReywj ej‡Z mvaviY fv‡e eySvq eª‡Ri eywj A_©vr eªR A‡ji fvlv| eªReywj g~jZ GK cÖKvi K…wÎg wgkªfvlv| A_©vr ˆgw_wj
I evsjvi wgwkªZ iƒc n‡jv eªReywj fvlv| aviYv Kiv nq e„›`ve‡bi ivavK…ò m¤¢eZ G fvlv‡ZB K_v ej‡Zb| cÖK…Zc‡¶ ˆgw_wj Kwe
we`¨vcwZi c‡`i fve I fvlvi Abymi‡Y evsjv Dwol¨v I Avmv‡g cÂ`k kZvãxi †kl fv‡M eªReywj fvlvi m„wó nq| ˆgw_wj fvlvi
µgiƒcvšÍi wnmv‡e eªReywj fvlvi weKvk| eªReywj KLbI gy‡Li fvlv wQj bv| mvwnZ¨Kg© e¨ZxZ Ab¨Î Gi e¨envi wQj bv| GB Rb¨
GB fvlv‡K Kwe fvlvI ejv nq|
we`¨vcwZ †K?
ˆeòe c`vejxi Ab¨Zg Kwe n‡jb we`¨vcwZ| wZwb wgw_jvi mxZvgvix gnKzgvi wemwd MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| wZwb evsjv
KweZv iPbv bv K‡iI evOvwj ˆeò‡ei ¸i毒vbxq|
we`¨vcwZi iwPZ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ c` †KvbwU?
G mwL nvgvwi `y‡Li bvwn Ii|
G fiv ev`i gvn fv`i k~Y¨gw›`i †gvi \
we`¨vcwZi Dcvwa¸‡jv Kx Kx?
Zuvi A‡bK¸‡jv Dcvwa wQj| †hgbÑ ˆgw_j †KvwKj, Awfbe Rq‡`e, be Kwe †kLi, KweiÄb, Kwe KÉnvi, cwÊZ VvKzig,
mvaycva¨vq, ivRcwÊZ cÖf„wZ|
ˆeòec`vejxi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Kwe Kviv?
PÊx`vm, we`¨vcwZ, Ávb`vm, †Mvwe›``vm, ejivg`vm, †jvPb`vm| gymjgvb c`KZ©v‡`i g‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ n‡jb AvdRvj,
†kL dqRyjvn, ˆmq` AvBbywÏb, ˆmq` gyZR © v, AvjvIj, Avjx iRv, Kgi Avjx, ˆmq` myjZvb, bIqvwRm cÖgLy |
AvaywbK †Kvb Kwe ˆeòe c`vejx wj‡L‡Qb?
iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi| wZwb Ôfvbywmsn VvKz‡ii c`vejxÕ bv‡g ˆeòe c`vejx iPbv K‡ib|

PÊx`vm mgm¨v Kx?

evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i ga¨hy‡M GKvwaK Kwe wb‡R‡`i PÊx`vm cwiPq w`‡q †h mgm¨vi m„wó K‡i‡Qb Zv‡K PÊx`vm mgm¨v e‡j|
ga¨hy‡M KZRb PÊx`v‡mi bvg †kvbv hvq?
AšÍZ PviRb PÊx`v‡mi bvg cvIqv hvq| Zviv n‡jbÑ1. eo– PÊx`vm 2. wØR PÊx`vm 3. `xb PÊx`vm I 4. PÊx`vm|
kªxK…òKxZ©b Kve¨ iPwqZvi e¨vcv‡i †Kvb gZcv_©K¨ Av‡Q wK?
kªxK…òKxZ©b Kve¨ †h eWyPÊx`vm iPbv K‡i‡Q †m wel‡q cvwÊZ‡`i gv‡S †Kvb gZcv_©K¨ †bB| wZwb wQ‡jb PÊxg~wZ©
evïwji f³|
Kwe PÊx`v‡mi weL¨vZ Dw³wU Kx?
mevi Dc‡i gvbyl mZ¨ Zvnvi Dc‡i bvB|
wØR PÊx`v‡mi weL¨vZ Dw³wU Kx?
mB, †Kgb awiqv wnqv|
Avgwi euayqv Avb evwo hvq, Avgvwi AvwObv w`qv \
 g½j Kve¨ Kx?
Ôg½jÕ k‡ãi A_© nj ïf ev Kj¨vY| evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ ga¨hy‡M we‡kl GK †kªwYi ag© welqK AvL¨vbKve¨ iwPZ nq, ZvB
g½j Kve¨ wnmv‡e cwiwPZ|
Kv‡e¨i bvg g½j Kve¨ nevi KviY Kx?
†jŠwKK aviYv g‡Z †h Kve¨ cvV ev kªeY Ki‡j cvVK Ges †kªvZvi A‡kl Kj¨vY mvab nq Ges me©wea AKj¨vY bvk nq
Zv‡K ejv nq g½j Kve¨| Avevi †KD †KD g‡b K‡ib, G Kv‡e¨i cvV GK g½jev‡i ïiæ n‡q Ab¨ g½jevi mgvß n‡Zv e‡j
GB Kv‡e¨i bvg g½j Kve¨ ev Aóg½jv|
g½j Kv‡e¨i cÖavb kvLv KqwU I Kx Kx?
3wU: h_vÑ1. gbmvg½j 2. PÊxg½j I 3. Abœ`vg½j| GQvov ag©g½j bv‡g g½j Kv‡e¨i AviI GKwU kvLv i‡q‡Q|
g½jKv‡e¨ cÖavbZ KqwU Ask _v‡K?
cuvPwU: 1. e›`bv, 2. AvZ¥cwiPq, 3. †`eLÛ ev A‡jŠwKK wel‡q AeZviYv, 4. gZ©LÊ ev g~jKvwnbx, 5. djkÖywZ|
g½jKve¨ KZ cÖKvi?
g½jKve¨ cÖavbZ `yB cÖKvi| h_vÑ 1. †cŠiwYK g½jKve¨ I 2. †jŠwKK g½jKve¨|
KZK¸‡jv †cŠiwYK g½jKv‡e¨i bvg D‡jøL K‡iv|
1. †MŠixg½j, 2. fevbxg½j, 3. `yM©vg½j, 4. Abœ`vg½j, 5. Kgjvg½j, 6. M½vg½j I 7. PwÊKvg½j BZ¨vw`|
KZK¸‡jv †jŠwKK g½jKv‡e¨i bvg wjLyb|
1. wkeg½j, 2. KvwjKvg½j, 3. kxZjvg½j, 4. mi`vg½j, 5. m~h©g½j 6. lôxg½j I 7. ivqg½j BZ¨vw`|
g½jKv‡e¨ DwjøwLZ cÖavb †`e‡`exi Kviv?
1. †`ex gbmv, 2. †`ex PÊx, 3. †`eZv kxe, 4. ag© VvKzi, 5. †`ex Abœc~Y©v cÖf„wZ|

gbmvg½j Kve¨ Kx?

mv‡ci †`ex gbmv‡K wb‡q †h Kve¨ iwPZ ZvB gbmvg½j Kve¨ bv‡g cwiwPZ|
gbmvg½j Kv‡e¨i KZRb Kwei bvg Rvbv hvq?
62 Rb|
gbmvg½j Kv‡e¨i D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Kwe Kviv?
gbmvg½j Kv‡e¨i D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Kweiv n‡jbÑ 1. Kvbvnwi`Ë, 2. weRq¸ß, 3. bvivqY‡`e, 4. wØReskx`vm, 5. wecÖ`vm
wcwcjvB, 6. †KZKv`vm, 7. †¶gvb›` cÖgyL|
g½jKve¨ ev gbmvg½j Kv‡e¨i Avw` Kwe †K?
Kvbvnwi `Ë|
Kvbvnwi`Ë †h cÖ_g Kwe Zvi cªgvY Kx?
Kwe weRq¸ß Zvui Kv‡e¨ Kvbv nwi`‡Ëi bvg D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb Gfv‡e-
gy‡L iwPj MxZ bv Rv‡b e„ËvšÍ|
cÖ_‡g iwPj MxZ Kvbvnwi`Ë \
GLvb †_‡K cÖgvwYZ nq Kvbvnwi`Ë g½jKve¨ Z_v gbmvg½j Kv‡e¨i Avw` Kwe|
Kvbvnwi`Ë †Kv_vKvi Awaevmx wQ‡jb?
wZwb c~e©e‡½i Awaevmx wQ‡jb|
gbmvg½j Kv‡e¨i †kªô Kwe †K?
gbmvg½j Kv‡e¨i †kªô Kwe weRq ¸ß|
evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ cÖ_g my¯úó mb ZvwiL hy³ Kve¨ †KvbwU?
weRq ¸‡ßi ÔcÙcyivYÕ (1494 wLªóvã)|
cÙcyivY Kx?
 †jŠwKaviYv g‡Z †`ex gbmvi Rb¥ cÙ cvZvi Dci n‡qwQj| GB Kvi‡Y †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv Kwe Zv‡`i gbmvg½j Kv‡e¨i bvg
ÔcÙ cyivYÕ e‡j AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb|
evBkv Kx?
gbmv g½‡ji evBkRb †QvU eo Kwe‡K GK‡Î evBkv e‡j|
gmvg½j Kv‡e¨i cÖavb Pwiθ‡jv Kx Kx?
1. †`ex gbmv, 2. Puv` mI`vMi, 3. mbKv (Puv`mI`vM‡ii ¯¿x), 4. jwL›`i, 5. †eûjv I 6. †bZvB †avcvbx|
ga¨hy‡Mi me‡P‡q cÖwZev`x cyiæl PwiÎ †KvbwU?
Pvu` mI`vMi| wZwb wQ‡jb P¤úvB ev P¤úK bM‡ii ewYK|
gahy‡Mi me‡P‡q cwZcÖvYv PwiÎ †KvbwU?
†eûjv| †m wQj DRvbx bM‡ii my›`ix KY¨v Ges Pvu` mI`vM‡ii cyÎ jwL›`‡ii ¯¿x|

PÊxg½j Kv‡e¨i Kvwnbx Kq L†Ê wef³?

`yB L†Ê wef³: cÖ_g LÊÑe¨va Kvj‡KZzi Kvwnbx, wØZxq LÊ: ewYK abcwZi Kvwnbx|
PÊxg½j Kv‡e¨i †gvU KZRb Kwei bvg D‡jøL i‡q‡Q?
W. myKzgvi †m‡bi g‡Z PÊxg½j Kv‡e¨ Kwei msL¨v 19 Rb|
PÊxg½j Kv‡e¨i D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Kwe Kviv?
PÊxg½‡ji D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Kweiv n‡jbÑ1. gvwbK `Ë, 2. wØRgvae, 3. gyKz›`ivg PµeZx©, 4. wØRivg †`e, 5. gy³vivg
†mb, 6. nwiivg, 7. jvjv RqbvivqY †mb, 8. fevbxk¼i `vm, 9. AwKÂb PµeZx©|
PÊxg½j Kv‡e¨i Avw` Kwe †K?
gvwbK `Ë| wZwb 14kÕ kZ‡Ki Kwe|
ga¨hy‡Mi †kªô Kwe †K?
gyKy›`ivg PµeZx©|
gyKz›`ivg PµeZx©i Rb¥¯’vb †Kv_vq?
wZwb ea©gvb †Rjvi `vgyb¨v MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| †mLvbKvi wWwn`vi ev cÖavb ivRKg©Pvix gvngy` kix‡ii AZ¨vPv‡i
Rb¥f~wg cwiZ¨vM K‡i Kwe †gw`bxcyi †Rjvi Avoiv MÖv‡gi eªvþY Rwg`vi euvKzov iv‡qi Avkªq †bb| euvKzov ivq Zuv‡K wbR cyÎ
iNybv‡_i M„nwk¶K wbhy³ K‡ib|
gyKz›`iv‡gi Dcvwa Kx?
Kwe K¼Y| ivRv iNybv_ ivq Zvui Kwe cÖwZfvi ¯^xK…wZ ¯^iƒc Zvu‡K G Dcvwa cÖ`vb K‡ib|
gyKz›`ivg PµeZx© m¤ú‡K© AvaywbK mgv‡jvPKiv Kx e‡jb?
ga¨hy‡M Rb¥MÖnY bv K‡i AvaywbK hy‡M Rb¥MÖnY Ki‡j wZwb g½j Kve¨ bv wj‡L Dcb¨vm wjL‡Zb|
gyKz›`ivg PµeZx©‡K Avi Kx bv‡g AvL¨vwqZ Kiv nq?
`ytL eY©bvi Kwe/Rxeb iwmK Kwe BZ¨vw`|
PÊxg½j Kv‡e¨i cÖavb Pwiθ‡jv Kx Kx?
†`exPÊx, Kvj‡KZz, dzjøiv, fvo–`Ë, gyivix kxj I Kwj½ivR|
Kvj‡KZz †K?
Kvj‡KZz wQj e¨va ev wkKvix| Zvi ¯^Mx©q bvg wQj bxjv¤^i|
ga¨hy‡Mi me‡P‡q cÖwZev`x bvix PwiÎ †KvbwU?
dzjiø v| †m wQj Kvj‡KZzi ¯¿x| Zvi ¯^Mx©q bvg wQj Qvqv|
ga¨hy‡Mi me‡P‡q lohš¿Kvix PwiÎ †KvbwU?
fvo–`Ë|
ga¨hy‡Mi me‡P‡q VK PwiÎ †KvbwU?
gyivix kxj| †m wQj †e‡b ev ewYK|

ga¨hy‡Mi †kl Kve¨ †KvbwU?

 Abœ`vg½j Kve¨|
g½j Kve¨ avivi †kl Kwe †K?
fviZP›`ª|
fviZP‡›`ªi Rb¥mvj KZ?
fviZP‡›`ªi Rb¥Kvj wb‡q gZ‡f` i‡q‡Q| Ck¦iP›`ª ¸‡ßi g‡Z 1712 mv‡j| W. Avï‡Zvl fÆvPv‡h©i g‡Z Zvi Rb¥ 1707
mv‡j| Z‡e bvbv Z_¨ Ges Abygvb wgwj‡q g‡b Kiv n‡q‡Q †h, fviZP›`ª 1705-1710 mv‡ji g‡a¨ Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib|
fviZP›`ª †Kv_vq Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib?
ea©gvb wefv‡Mi fyimyU ciMbvq AvaywbK nvIov †Rjvi †cu‡ov MÖv‡g|
fviZP›`ª K‡e ci‡jvKMgb K‡ib?
1760 mv‡j| Zvui g„Zz¨i ga¨ w`‡q g~jZ evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i ga¨hy‡Mi Aemvb N‡U|
fviZP›`ª Kvi mfvKwe wQ‡jb?
beØx‡ci ivRv K…òP‡›`ªi|
fviZP‡›`ªi Dcvwa Kx?
ivq¸YvKi|
Zuv‡K †K G Dcvwa cÖ`vb K‡ib?
ivRv K…òP›`ª|
fviZP‡›`ªi †kªô iPbv †KvbwU?
Abœ`vg½j Kve¨|
Abœ`vg½j Kv‡e¨ †gvU KZwU LÊ Av‡Q?
wZbwU| h_v: 1. KvwjKvg½j, 2. wkebvivqY, 3. gvbwmsn fevb›`|
Abœ`vg½j Kv‡e¨i cÖavb Pwiθ‡jv Kx Kx?
1. gvbwmsn, 2. fevb›`, 3. wniv gvwjbx I 4. Ck¦ixcvUbx|
ÔAvgvi mšÍvb †hb _v‡K `y‡afv‡Z|Õ-G Dw³wU Kvi?
fviZP‡›`ªi Abœ`vg½j Kv‡e¨ Ck¦ix cvUbx G Dw³wU K‡i‡Qb|
Abœ`vg½j Kv‡e¨i D‡jøL‡hvM¨ cÖePb¸‡jv Kx?
1. eoi wcixwZ evwji euva|
¶‡Y nv‡Z `vwo ¶‡Y‡K Puv` \
2. bMi cywo‡j †`evjq Kx Govq|
3. g‡š¿i mvab wKsev kixi cvZb|
4. hZb bvwn‡j bvwn wgwj‡q iZb|
5. Kwo‡Z ev‡Ni `ya wg‡j|
6. nvfv‡Z h`¨w` Pvq mvMi ïKv‡q hvq|
7. ev‡c bv wR‡Ám gv‡q bv m¤¢v‡l hw` †`‡L j²xQvov|
8. bxP hw` D”Pfv‡l myeyw× Dovq †n‡m|
9. fvwe‡Z DwPZ wQj cÖwZÁv hLb|
10. Avgvi mšÍvb †hb _v‡K `y‡afv‡Z|
M½vóK I bvMvóK Kx?
fviZP›`ª ivq ¸YvKi iwPZ ms¯‹…Z fvlvq `ywU `xN© KweZv|
ga¨hy‡Mi Ô†kl eo KweÕ †K?
fviZP›`ª ivq|
fviZP›`ª ivq Kx wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ?
wZwb bvMwiK Kwe wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ|

ag©g½j Kv‡e¨ †gvU KqwU Kvwnbx Av‡Q?

`ywUÑ1. ivRv nwið‡›`ªi Kvwnbx I 2. jvD‡m‡bi Kvwnbx|
KZRb Kwe ag©g½j Kve¨ iPbv K‡ib e‡j cÖgvY cvIqv hvq?
20 Rb|
ag©g½j Kv‡e¨i D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Kwe Kviv?
 1. gq~ifÆ 2. Avw`iƒcivq 3. †Ljvivg PµeZx© 4. gvwYKivg 5. iƒcivgPµeZx© 6. k¨vg cwÊZ 7. mxZvivg `vm 8.
ivRvivg `vm 9. ivg`vm Av`K 10. wØR cÖfyivg 11. NbivPµeZx© 12. ivgP›`ª e‡›`¨vcva¨vq 13. mn‡`e PµeZx© 14. biwmsn
emy, 15. ü`qivg mvD cÖgyL|
ag©g½j Kv‡e¨i cÖavb Kwe †K?
gq~ifÆ|
gq~if‡Æi Kv‡e¨i bvg Kx?
nvK›`cyivY (ag©g½j Kve¨)|
†Ljvivg PµeZx© Kv‡e¨i bvg Kx?
†MŠo Kve¨|
ÔAbvw` g½jÕ Kv‡e¨i iwPqZv †K?
ivg`vm Av`K|
k¨vg cwÊZ‡K?
ag© g½j Kv‡e¨i Ab¨Zg Kwe| Zvui Kv‡e¨i bvg wbiÄb g½j|

evsjv mvw‡nZ¨i ga¨hy‡Mi AcÖavb g½j Kve¨¸‡jv Kx Kx?

AcÖavb g½jKve¨¸‡jv n‡”QÑ 1. kxZjvg½j Kve¨ 2. lôxg½j Kve¨ 3. mviv`vg½j Kve¨ 4. †MŠixg½j Kve¨ 5. M½vg½j
Kve¨ 6. ivqg½j Kve¨ 7. cÂvbb g½j Kve¨|
mvi`vg½j Kv‡e¨i welqe¯‘ Kx?
we`¨v I PviyKjvi AwaôxÎx †`ex mvi`v I mi¯^Zxi Kvwnbx Aej¤^‡b mvi`vg½j Kve¨ iwPZ|
kxZjvg½j Kv‡e¨i Avw` Kwe †K?
wbZ¨vb›` PµeZx©|
gvwbKivg Mv½yjx †Kvb Kv‡e¨i Kwe?
kxZjvg½j Kv‡e¨i|
K…òivg iwPZ Kv‡e¨i bvg Kx?
ivqg½j|
†MŠixg½j Kv‡e¨i Ab¨Zg iPwqZv †K?
c„_¡xivR|
`yM©vg½j Kx Abymi‡Y iwPZ?
†cŠivwYK Kvwnbx Aej¤^‡b|

eZ©gv‡b c„w_ex‡Z KqwU RvZgnvKve¨ Av‡Q?

PviwUÑ1. gnvfviZ 2. ivgvqY 3. BwjqW 4. I‡Wwm|
PviwU mvwnwZ¨K gnvKv‡e¨i bvg wjL|
1. wgjU‡bi Ôc¨vivWvBm j÷Õ, 2. gvB‡K‡ji Ô†gNbv`ea Kve¨Õ, 3. fvwR©‡ji ÔCbx`Õ, 4. †di‡`Šmxi ÔkvnbvgvÕ|
gnvfvi‡Zi g~j iPwqZv †K?
K…ò ˆØcvqb e¨vm‡e`|
gnvfviZ cÖ_‡g †Kvb fvlvq iwPZ?
ms¯‹…Z fvlvq|
gnvfvi‡Zi cUf~wg Kx?
wLªóc~e© cÂg PZz_© kZvãxi c~e© †_‡K Kziy-cvʇei hy× msµvšÍ bvbv DcKvwnbx e¨vm‡e` GKwÎZ K‡i iPbv K‡ib
weivUvKvi |
gnvfvi‡Zi me©cÖ_g evsjvq Abyev` †K K‡ib?
Kex›`ª ci‡gk¦i|
civMjx gnvfviZ Kx?
Kex›`ª ci‡gk¦i Ab~w`Z gnvfviZB civMjx gnvfviZ bv‡g cwiwPZ|
 ga¨hy‡M gnvfvi‡Zi me©‡kªô Abyev`K †K?
Kvkxivg `vm| Kwe wb‡RB fwbZvq e‡j‡Qb
gnvfvi‡Zi K_v Ag„Z mgvb|
Kvkxivg `vm f‡b ï‡b cyY¨evb \
ÔQzwU Lvwb gnvfviZÕ Gi iPwqZv †K?
kªxKi b›`x|
¸YivR Lvb †K?
gvjvai emy| wZwb ÔkªxK…ò weRqÕ bv‡g fvMe‡Zi evsjv Abyev` K‡ib|
Kvkxivg `vm †Kv_vq Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib?
ea©gvb †Rjvi Kv‡Uvqv gnKzgvi wmw× MÖv‡g|
ivgvq‡Yi g~j iPwqZv †K?
evj¥xwK|
ivgvqY cÖ_g †Kvb fvlvq iwPZ?
ms¯‹…Z fvlvq|
ga¨hy‡M ivgvq‡Yi cÖ_g Ges †kªô evsjv Abyev`K †K?
K…wËevm ISv|
ÔBwjqWÕ I ÔI‡WwmÕ Kv‡e¨i iPwqZv †K?
†nvgvi|
†nvgvi †Kvb †`‡ki Kwe?
MÖxm|
†nvgv‡ii cÖK…Z bvg Kx?
†nv‡g‡ivm|
†Kvb gwnjv Kwe cÖ_g ivgvqY Abyev` K‡ib?
P›`ªveZx| wZwb wQ‡jb gbmvg½j Kv‡e¨i Kwe wØR eskx`v‡mi Kb¨v|
ÔkvnbvgvÕ Kv‡e¨i c~Yv© ½ evsjv Abyev` †K K‡ib?
gwbi DwÏb BDmyd|
ÔcweÎ KzivAvbÕ me©cÖ_g evsjvq Abyev` K‡ib †K? †Kb?
fvB wMwikP›`ª †mb| wZwb mn eªþa‡g©i Abymvixiv cweÎ KziAv‡bi GKZ¡ev‡`i evYx Øviv GZ †ewk AbycvÖ wYZ n‡qwQ‡jb
†h, Zv‡`i Rb¨ ÔcweÎ KziAv‡biÕ GKLvwb evsjv Abyev` AZ¨vek¨K n‡q c‡owQj|

†ivgvw›UK Kve¨ Kx?

evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i ga¨hy‡M gymwjg Kweiv †cÖgg~jK AvL¨vb Kve¨ iPbv K‡ib, evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ ZvB †ivgvw›UK Kve¨ wnmv‡e
cwiwPZ|
†ivgvw›UK Kve¨ avivi cÖ_g Kwe †K?
kvn& gyn¤§` mMxi|
evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ cÖ_g gymwjg Kwe †K?
kvn& gyn¤§` mMxi|
kvn& gyn¤§` mMxi iwPZ Kv‡e¨i bvg Kx?
BDmyd †Rv‡jLv|
KLb G Kve¨wU iwPZ nq?
†MŠ‡oi myjZvb wMqvm DÏxb AvRg kv‡ni ivRZ¡Kv‡j (1393-1409)|
cieZx©Kv‡j GKB Kvwnbx wb‡q GKB bvg w`‡q Avi †K †K G Kve¨ iPbv K‡ib?
1. Mixeyjvø n 2. †Mvjvg mv`vZ Djøvn 3. mv‡`K Avjx dwKi 4. gyn¤§` BDmyd|
†lvok kZvãxi †ivgvw›UK Kve¨ avivi cÖavb Kwe Kviv?
1.†`ŠjZ DwRi evnivg Lvb 2. gyn¤§` Kexi 3. mvwewi` Lvb 4. †`vbvMvRx †PŠayix|
ÔjvBjx gRbyÕ Kv‡e¨i iPwqZv †K?
†`ŠjZ DwRi evnivg Lvb|
 †`ŠjZ DwRi evnivg Lvb iwPZ Kve¨¸‡jv Kx Kx?
1. jvBjx gRby 2. R½bvgv ev gy³j †nv‡mb 3. Bgvg weRq|
jvBjx gRby Kv‡e¨i Drm Kx?
†`ŠjZ DwRi evnivg Lvb iwPZ jvBjx gRby Kve¨ divwm Kwe Rvwgi ÔjvBjx Iqv gRbyÕ Kve¨ Abymi‡Y iwPZ|
†`ŠjZ DwRi evnivg Lvb †Kv_vq Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib?
wZwb PÆMÖvg d‡Znvev` ev Rvdivev‡`i Awaevmx wQ‡jb| Zuvi wcZvi bvg †gveviK Lvb|
†`ŠjZ DwRi evnivg Lv‡bi cÖK…Z bvg Kx?
AvmvDwÏb|
gyn¤§` Kwe‡ii Kv‡e¨i bvg Kx?
gaygvjZx|
gaygvjZx Kv‡e¨i cÖavb Pwiθ‡jv Kx Kx?
1. gaygvjZx 2. m~h©fvb 3. Kgjv my›`ix|
mvwewi` Lv‡bi Kv‡e¨i bvg Kx?
1. we`¨vmy›`i 2. nvwbdv I Kqivcix 3. imyj weRq|
†`vbvMvRx †PŠayix iwPZ Kv‡e¨i bvg Kx?
mqdzjgyjyK-ew`D¾vgvj|
Avie¨ Dcb¨vm Aej¤^‡b ÔmqdzjgyjyK-ew`D¾vgvjÕ Kve¨ †K †K iPbv K‡ib?
AvjIj, †`vbvMvRx †PŠayix, Beªvnxg I gv‡j †gvnv¤§`|
Avãyj nvwKg †K?
ga¨hy‡Mi Ab¨Zg weL¨vZ Kwe| Ôb~ibvgvÕ Zvui weL¨vZ Kve¨|

ga¨hy‡M evsjv‡`‡ki evB‡i †Kv_vq mvwn‡Z¨ PP©v nq?

AvivKvb ivRmfvq|
AvivKvb ivRmfv‡K ms¯‹…Z fvlvq Kx ejv n‡q‡Q?
†ivmv½ ivRmfv|
†ivmv‡½i ivRviv †Kvb ag©vej¤^x wQ‡jb?
†eŠ×ag©vej¤^x wQ‡jb|
AvivKvb ivRmfvi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Kwe Kviv?
AvivKvb ivRmfvi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Kweiv n‡jbÑ 1. †`ŠjZ KvRx 2. †Kv‡ikx gvMb VvKzi 3. gi`b 4. AvjvIj 5. Avãyj
Kwig L›`Kvi 6. kg‡ki Avjx|
AvivKvb ivRmfvi cÖ_g ev½vwj Kwe ‡K?
†`ŠjZ KvRx| wZwb †jŠwKK Kvwnbxi cÖ_g iwPqZv|
†`ŠjZ KvRxi Kv‡e¨i bvg Kx?
ÔmZxgqbv I †jviP›`ªvbxÕ|
†Kvb †Kvb fvlvi mswgkª‡Y ÔmZxqbv I †jviP›`ªvbxÕ Kve¨ iwPZ?
evsjv I eªReywj fvlvi mswgkª‡Y|
ÔmZxgqbv I †jviP›`ªvbxÕ †Kvb Kve¨MÖš’ Aej¤^‡b iwPZ?
wnw›` Kwe mva‡bi Ô‰gbvmrÕ Kve¨ Aej¤^‡b|
gi`‡bi Kv‡e¨i bvg Kx?
bwmivbvgv|
†Kvb mg‡q gi`b ÔbwmivbvgvÕ Kve¨ iPbv K‡ib?
W.Gbvgyj n‡Ki g‡Z, 1600 †_‡K 1645 wLª÷v‡ãi g‡a¨|
†Kv‡ikx gvMb VvKz‡ii Kwe cwiPq Qvov Avi Kx cwiPq Av‡Q?
AvivKvb iv‡R¨i cÖavbgš¿x|
Kwei bv‡gi cÖ_‡g †Kv‡ikx kã †Kb?
Avi‡ei †KvivBk eskRvZ wQ‡jb e‡j|
wZwb gymjgvb A_P Zvi bv‡gi †k‡l VvKzi †Kb?
 VvKzi AvivKvb ivRv‡`i m¤§vwbZ Dcvwa|
gvMb VvKz‡ii Rb¥ †Kv_vq?
PÆMÖv‡gi PÆkvjv ev PvkLvjvq| cieZx©‡Z wZwb †ivmv½evmx nb|
gvMb VvKz‡ii weL¨vZ Kve¨ †KvbwU?
P›`ªveZx|
AvivKvb ivRmfvi †kªô Kwe †K?
AvjvIj|
AvjvIj †Kv_vq Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib?
AvjvI‡ji Rb¥¯’v‡bi e¨vcv‡i h‡_ó gZ‡f` i‡q‡Q| MÖnY‡hvM¨ `ywU gZ njÑ 1. PÆMÖv‡gi nvUnvRvwi A‡ji †Rveiv
MÖv‡g| A_evÑ2. dwi`cy‡ii dv‡Znvev‡` Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib|
AvivKvb iv‡R¨ Kvi wb‡`©‡k AvjvIj mvwnZ¨ mvabv K‡ib?
cÖ_‡g gvMb VvKzi| c‡i kªxgšÍ †mv‡jgvb, ˆmq` gymv, ˆmq` gyn¤§` Lvb cÖgy‡Li wb‡`©‡k mvwnZ¨ mvabv K‡ib|
AvjvI‡ji †kªô iPbv †KvbwU?
cÙveZx|
cÙveZx Kv‡e¨i cÖavb Pwiθ‡jvi bvg wjL|
1. cÙveZx 2. ivRviZœ‡mb 3.AvjvDÏxb LjRx|
AvjvIj iwPZ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Kve¨MÖš’ ¸‡jv Kx Kx?
cÙveZx, mqdzjg~jK ew`D¾vgvj, nßcqKi, wmKv›`i bvgv, †Zvn&dv ev Z‡Ë¡vc‡`k, ivMZvj bvgv Ges †`ŠjZ KvRxi
Amgvß MÖš’ ÔmZxgqbv I †jviP›`ªvbxÕi evwK Ask|
Ô†Zvn&dvÕ Kx?
†kL BDmyd M`v †`njfxi Ô‡ZvndvZzb †bmv‡qnÕ-i Abyev`| GwU GKwU bxwZ K_v g~jK Kve¨MÖš|’
Avãyj Kwig L›`Kvi †K?
AvivKvb ivRmfvi Ab¨Zg Kwe|
Avãyj Kwig L›`Kvi iwPZ Kv‡e¨i bvg Kx?
1. nvRvi gmvBj 2. b~ibvgv
AvivKvb ivRmfvi Kwe kg‡ki Avjxi Kv‡e¨i bvg Kx?
weRIqvbv kvn|
Kwe kg‡gi †Kv_vq Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib?
PÆMÖv‡gi myjZvbcyi MÖv‡g|

†jvK mvwnZ¨ Kx?

Rbmvavi‡Yi gy‡L gy‡L cÖPwjZ Muv_v Kvwnbx, Mvb , Qov, cÖev` cÖf„wZ‡K †jvK mvwnZ¨ e‡j|
†jvKmvwn‡Z¨i cÖavb kvLv¸‡jv Kx Kx?
Qov, Mvb ev †jvKMxwZ, MxwZKv, gqgbwmsn MxwZKv, c~e©e½ MxwZKv, WvK, Lbvi ePb, iƒcK_v, DcK_v, eªZK_v, auv auv,
cÖev`-cÖePb|
†jvKmvwn‡Z¨i cÖvPxbZg m„wó Kx?
Qov|
evsjv KweZvi cÖvPxb Q›` †KvbwU?
¯^ie„Ë Q›` ev Qovi Q›`|
evsjv‡`k †_‡K msM„nxZ †jvKMxwZKv¸‡jv Kq fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq?
wZb fv‡M| h_v-1. bv_ MxwZKv 2. gqgbwmsn MxwZKv 3. c~ee© ½ MxwZKv|
evsjv‡`‡ki GKRb cÖL¨vZ †jvK mvwnZ¨ M‡el‡Ki bvg Kx?
W. Avkivd wmÏxKx|
ÔVvKzigvi Szwj ÔIÕ VvKzi `v`vi SzwjÕ Kvi msMÖn?
`w¶YviÄb wgÎ gRyg`vi|
D‡c›`ªwK‡kvi ivq †PŠayixi iƒcK_v msMÖ‡ni bvg Kx?
 †Uvbv Uzwbi eB|
Ballad Kx?
Bs‡iwR Ballad kãwU G‡m‡Q divwm fvlv †_‡K| evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i AvL¨vbg~jK †jvKMxwZ‡K Bs‡iwR‡Z Ballad ejv
nq|
iƒcK_v Kx?
iƒcK_vq bvbv Aev¯Íe I Awek¦vm¨ NUbv fxo K‡i| ev¯Íe iv‡R¨i mv‡_ Gi m¤úK© †bB| AwaKvsk †¶‡Î M‡íi HK¨ j¶Yxq|
Bs‡iwR‡Z G‡K ejv nq Fairy Tales.
DcK_v Kx?
cïc¶xi PwiÎ Aej¤^‡b †h me Kvwnbx M‡o D‡V ZvB mvaviYZ DcK_v bv‡g cwiwPZ|
nvivgwY Kx?
gyn¤§` gbymi DÏxb msM„nxZ †jvK mvwn‡Z¨i msKjb| ÔnvivgwYÕ G bvgwU iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii †`qv|
bv_ mvwnZ¨ Kx?
wke DcvmK †hvwM m¤cÖ`vq KZ…©K iwPZ mvwnZ¨B bv_ mvwnZ¨ bv‡g cwiwPZ|
bv_MxwZKv †K, K‡e, †Kv_v †_‡K msMÖn K‡i myaxmgv‡Ri `„wó AvKl©Y K‡ib?
m¨vi RR© MÖxqvm©b 1878 wLªó‡ã iscyi †Rjvi gymjgvb K…lK‡`i KvQ †_‡K msMÖn K‡i ÔgvwbKP›`ª ivRvi MvbÕ cÖKvk Ki‡j
Ôbv_MxwZKvÕ myaxmgv‡Ri `„wó AvK©lY K‡i|
bv_ mvwn‡Z¨ Avi Kx Kx MÖš’ cvIqv †M‡Q?
gqbvgwZi Mvb, †Mvwe›`P‡›`ªi Mvb, †MvcxP‡›`ªi mbœ¨vm|
†Mvi¶ weRq †K Avwe®‹vi K‡ib?
Avãyj Kwig mvwnZ¨ wekvi`|
†Mvi¶ weRq †K iPbv K‡ib?
†kL dqRyjøvn|
bv_ mvwn‡Z¨ cÖavbZ Kx Kx DcRxe¨ n‡q‡Q?
Avw`bv_ wke, gxbbv_ wke, ce©Zx, †Mvi¶bv_, Kvbycv, nvwocv, gqbvgwZ I †MvcxP‡›`ªi Kvwnbx cÖf„wZ|
bv_ a‡g© KqRb ¸iyi K_v Rvbv hvq?
9Rb|
†jvK mvwn‡Z¨i me©‡kªô msKj‡bi bvg Kx?
gqgbwmsn MxwZKv|
Ôgqgbwmsn MxwZKvÕ †K msMÖn K‡ib?
W. `x‡bkP›`ª †m‡bi D‡`¨v‡M evsjv‡`‡ki wewfbœ AÂj †_‡K msMÖn Kiv nq| msMÖnKvix `‡ji g‡a¨ wQ‡jbÑ1. P›`ªKzgvi
†` 2. Avï‡Zvl †PŠayix
3. wenvixjvj miKvi 4. b‡M›`ªP›`ª †` 5. g‡bviÄb †PŠayix I 6. RmxgD`&`xb|
Ôgqgbwmsn MxwZKvÕKZ mv‡j Kvi m¤úv`bvq †Kv_v †_‡K cÖKvwkZ nq?
1923 mv‡j KjKvZv wek¦we`¨vjq n‡Z W. `x‡bkP›`ª †m‡bi m¤úv`bvq GwU cÖKvwkZ nq| cÖKv‡ki c‡i GwU 23wU fvlvq
Abyw`Z nq|
D‡jøL‡hvM¨ gqgbwmsn MxwZKv¸‡jv Kx Kx?
1. gûqv 2. gjyqv 3. Kgjv 4. P›`ªveZx 5. †`Iqvb fvebv 6. iƒceZx 7. `my¨ †Kbvivg 8. K¼ I jxjv 9. KvRj †iLv 10.
†`Iqvbv gw`bv|
ÔgûqvÕ I Ô†`Iqvbv gw`bvÕ cvjvi iwPqZv †K?
gûqv-wØR KvbvB I †`Iqvbv gw`bv-gbmyi eqvZx|
c~ee© ½ MxwZKvi LÊ KqwU?
wZbwU|
D‡jøL‡hvM¨ c~e©e½ MxwZKv ¸‡jv Kx Kx?
wbRvg WvKv‡Zi cvjv, Kvdb †Pviv, Kgj mI`vMi, myRv Zbqvi wejvc, †PŠayixi jovB, †fjyqv, byiy‡bœnv I Ke‡ii K_v,
cixevbyi nuvnjv cÖf„wZ|
gqgbwmsn MxwZKvi GKgvÎ gwnjv Kwe †K?
P›`ªveZx| wZwb ga¨hy‡Mi GKgvÎ gwnjv Kwe|
gqgbwmsn MxwZKvq gqgbwms‡ni evB‡ii Avi †Kvb A‡ji bvg i‡q‡Q?
 evwbqvPs| GwU ZrKvjxb wm‡jU Ges eZ©gvb nweMÄ †Rjvq Aew¯’Z| D‡jøL¨ †h, GwU `w¶Y Gwkqvi me©e„nr MÖvg|

KweMv‡bi Avw` ¸iy †K?

†MuvRjv ¸B|
KweMv‡bi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Kwe Kviv?
†MuvRjv ¸B, fevbx †e‡b, ivmy-b„wmsn, niy VvKzi, †Kóv gywP, wbZvB ˆeivMx, ivg emy, †fvjvgqiv I G›Uwb wdwiw½|
†K KweIqvjv wn‡m‡e mviv †`‡k L¨vwZ jvf K‡ib?
wbZvB ˆeivMx|
evsjv UàvMv‡bi RbK †K?
ivgwbwa¸ß| wZwb wbayevey bv‡g cwiwPZ|
evsjv cuvPvwj Mv‡bi kw³kvjx Kwe †K?
`vkiw_ ivq| wZwb `vï ivq bv‡g cwiwPZ|
G›Uwb wdwiw½ †K?
Kwe Mv‡bi GKgvÎ we‡`wk Kwe G›Uwb wdwiw½| wZwb wQ‡jb RvwZ‡Z cZz©wMR wLªóvb| c‡i G‡`kxq wn›`y weaev igbx we‡q K‡i
LvuwU ev½vwji b¨vq Rxeb aviY K‡ib|
eUZjvi cyuw_ Kx?
KjKvZv eUZjv bvgK ¯’v‡b wbgœgv‡bi QvcvLvbvq Kgg~‡j¨i KvM‡R iwPZ cyuw_B eUZjvi cyuw_ bv‡g cwiwPZ| G¸‡jv
†`vÑfvlx cyuw_ bv‡gI cwiwPZ|
cyuw_mvwnZ¨ avivq cÖ_g Kve¨ iPbvi cÖ‡Pôv K‡ib †K?
cwðge‡½i PweŸk ciMbvi Kwe K…ò`vm|
Zuvi iwPZ Kv‡e¨i bvg Kx?
Ôivqg½jÕ| Z‡e GwU mv_©K cyuw_mvwnZ¨ bq; cÖ_g cÖ‡Póv gvÎ|
D‡jøL‡hvM¨ kv‡qi Kviv?
cyuw_ iwPqZv‡`i‡K ejv nq kv‡qi| D‡jøL‡hvM¨ kv‡qi n‡jbÑ dwKi Mixeyjøvn, ˆmq` nvgRv, †gvnv¤§` `v‡bk, gyn¤§`
gybkx cÖgyL|
cyuw_mvwn‡Z¨i cÖ_g mv_©K RbwcÖq Kwe †K?
dwKi Mixeyjøvn|
dwKi Mixeyjøvn iwPZ Kve¨¸‡jv Kx Kx?
1.BDmyd †Rv‡jLv 2. Avgxi nvgRv (cÖ_g Ask) 3. R½bvgv 4. †mvbvfvb 5. mZ¨cx‡ii cyuw_|
ˆmq` nvgRv iwPZ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ cyuw_¸‡jv Kx Kx?
gaygvjZx, Avwgi nvgRv (2q), ˆR¸‡bi cyuw_, nv‡Zg ZvB BZ¨vw`|
†gvnv¤§` `v‡bk iwPZ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Kve¨¸‡jv Kx?
¸j‡e-mv‡bvqviv, Pvnvi `i‡ek, byiyj Bgvb|
MvRx Kvjy P¤úveZxi Kvwnbx wb‡q †K †K Kve¨ iPbv K‡ib?
Avãyj Mdzi, Avãyj nvwKg cÖgyL Kwe|

Ôgwm©qvÕ mvwnZ¨ Kx?

Ôgwm©qvÕ k‡ãi A_© †kvK MxwZ| Kvievjvi welv`gq NUbv¸‡jv wb‡q iwPZ mvwnZ¨B gwm©qv mvwnZ¨ bv‡g cwiwPZ|
gwm©qv avivi cÖ_g Kwe †K?
†kL dqRyjøvn|
 †kL dqRyjøvni Kv‡e¨i bvg Kx?
Rqb‡ei †PŠwZkv|
†`ŠjZ DwRi evnivg Lv‡bi gwm©qv Kv‡e¨i bvg Kx?
R½bvgv ev gy³j †nv‡mb| GwU Kwei cÖ_g iPbv|
gyn¤§` Lv‡bi Kv‡e¨i bvg Kx?
gy³j †nv‡mb|
gwm©qv Kve¨ Ôknx`-B-KvievjvÕ I ÔmwLbvi wejvcÕ †K iPbv K‡ib?
Rvdi|
gwm©qv Kve¨ ÔKvwk‡gi jovBÕ I dvwZgvi m~iZbvgvÕ †K iPbv K‡ib?
Kwe †mievR| wZwb Aóv`k kZ‡Ki Kwe|
nvqvZ gvngy‡`i ÔR½bvgvÕ Kve¨wU †Kvb ai‡bi Kve¨?
gwm©qv Kve¨|
gwm©qv mvwn‡Zi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ wn›`y Kwe †K? Zuvi iwPZ Kv‡e¨i bvg Kx?
ivavigY †Muvc| Zuvi iwPZ Kve¨ `ywU njÑ BgvgM‡Yi †K”Qv, Avdrbvgv|
R½bvgv Kx?
hy‡×i Kvwnbx wb‡q iwPZ Kve¨B R½bvgv bv‡g cwiwPZ| dwKi Mixeyjøvn iwPZ ÔAvgxi nvgRvÕ G †kªwYi GKwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨
Kve¨|
ÔR½bvgvÕ Kv‡e¨i wewkó Kwe Kviv?
†`ŠjZ DwRi evnivg Lvb, nvqvZ gvngy`, gyn¤§` Lvb cÖgyL|
Ôg³zj ‡nv‡mbÕ Kx?
†`ŠjZ DwRi evnivg Lvb iwPZ R½bvgv †kªwYi GKwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Kve¨|

evsjv M`¨ †Kvb hy‡Mi m„wó?

AvaywbK hy‡Mi|
Kve¨-gnvKv‡e¨i cvkvcvwk evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ AvaywbK hy‡M Avi Kx Kx cvIqv hvq?
bvUK-bvwUKv, Mí-Dcb¨vm, cÖeÜ-wbeÜ, ågY Kvwnbx, ig¨ iPbv BZ¨vw`|
evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i AvaywbK hy‡Mi ˆewkó¸‡jv Kx Kx?
evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i AvaywbK hy‡Mi ˆewkó¸‡jv n‡jvÑ gvbweKZv, e¨w³‡PZbv, AvZ¥‡PZbv I AvZ¥ cÖmvi, mgvR‡PZbv,
†`k‡cÖg I RvZxqZv‡eva, †ivgvw›UKZv, †gŠwjKZv, gy³eyw×, bvMwiKZv, Avw½‡Ki iƒcvšÍi BZ¨vw`| BD‡iv‡ci †i‡bmv ev wkí
wecøe; we‡kl K‡i gy`Yª h‡š¿i Avwe®‹vi evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ AvaywbK m„wó‡Z D‡jøL‡hvM¨ f~wgKv †i‡L‡Q|
evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ AvaywbK m„wó‡Z †Kvb `ywU cÖwZôv‡bi Ae`vb me©vwaK?
kªxivgcyi wgkb I †dvU© DBwjqvg K‡jR|
 kªxivgcyi wgkb cÖwZwôZ nq KZ mv‡j?
DBwjqvg IqvW© I †Rvïqv gvk©g¨v‡bi mnvqZvq Ges DBwjqvg †Kwii cÖZ¨¶ ZË¡veav‡b 1800 mv‡j KjKZvi A`~ ‡i
cÖwZwôZ nq kªxivgcyi e¨vwÞ÷ wgkb|
GwU Kv‡`i wbqš¿Yvaxb wQj?
ïiy‡Z GwU †Wwbk‡`i wbqš¿Yvaxb n‡jI 1808 mv‡j GwU Bs‡iR‡`i nv‡Z P‡j hvq|
DBwjqvg †Kwi KZmv‡j G‡`‡k AvMgb K‡ib?
1793 mv‡j|
DBwjqvg †Kwi‡K G‡`‡k Avbqb K‡ib †K?
Rb Ugvm (1757-1801)| wZwb 1783 mv‡j Rvnv‡R wPwKrm‡Ki PvKwi wb‡q cÖ_g G †`‡k AvMgb K‡ib Ges 1787
mv‡j cvw`ª wn‡m‡e ag©cÖPv‡i wb‡qvwRZ nb|
kªxivgcyi wgkb †_‡K †Kvb `ywU cwÎKv cÖKvwkZ nq?
1818 wLªóv‡ã Ôw`M`k©bÕ I ÔmgvPvi`c©YÕ bvgK cwÎKv `ywU| Gi m¤úv`K wQ‡jb Rb K¬vK© gvk©g¨vb|
†
†dvU© DBwjqvg K‡jR cÖwZôv K‡ib †K?
MfY©i †Rbv‡ij jW© I‡q‡jmwj|
KZ mv‡j K‡jRwU cÖwZwôZ nq?
1800 mv‡ji 4 Vv †g KjKvZvq †dvU© DBwjqvg K‡jR cÖwZwôZ nq Ges 24 †k b‡f¤^i Gi Kvh©µg ïiy nq|
KZ mv‡j †dvU© DBwjqvg K‡j‡R evsjv wefvM †Lvjv nq?
1801 wLªóv‡ã DBwjqvg †Kwii ZË¡veav‡b †dvU© DBwjqvg K‡j‡R evsjv wefvM †Lvjv nq|
†Kvb mgq‡K †dvU© DBwjqvg c‡e©i ¯^Y©hyM e‡j AwfwnZ Kiv nq?
1801 †_‡K 1815 wLªóvã ch©šÍ mgq‡K| GB mg‡qi g‡a¨ 8 Rb M`¨ †jLK 13 Lvwb evsjv M`¨ MÖš’ wj‡L evsjv M‡`¨i
weKv‡k D‡jøL‡hvM¨ f~wgKv †i‡LwQ‡jb|
†dvU© DBwjqvg c‡e©i D‡jøL‡hvM¨ †jLKMY †K †K?
DBwjqvg †Kwi, ivgivg emy, †Mv‡jvKbv_ kg©v, g„Zz¨Äq we`¨vj¼vi, ZvwiYxPiY wgÎ, ivRxe‡jvPb gy‡Lvcva¨vq, PÐxPiY gyb&kx Ges
nicÖmv` ivq|
K‡_vcK_b (1801) I BwZnvmgvjv (1812) MÖš’ `ywUi †jLK †K?
Dwjqvg †Kwi|
ivRv cÖZvcvw`Z¨ PwiÎ (1801) I wjwcgvjv (1802) MÖš’ `ywUi †jLK †K?
ivgivg emy|
ivgivg emy †K?
Dwjqvg †Kwii mn‡hvMx|
wn‡Zvc‡`k (1802) MÖš’wUi †jLK †K?
†MvjKbv_ kg©v|
g„Zy¨Äq we`¨vj¼vi iwPZ MÖš’¸‡jvi bvg Kx?
ewÎk wmsnvmb (1802), wn‡Zvc‡`k (1808), ivRvewj (1808) I cÖ‡evaPw›`ªKv (1813)|
Iwi‡q›Uvj †deywj÷ (1803) MÖš’wUi †jLK †K?
ZvwiYxPiY wgÎ|
gnvivR K…òP›`ª ivqm¨ PwiÎs (1805) MÖš’wUi †jLK †K?
ivRxe‡jvPb gy‡Lvcva¨vq|
†ZvZv BwZnvm (1805) MÖš’wU †K iPbv K‡ib?
PÊxPiY gyb&kx|
cyiæl cixÿv (1815) MÖšw’ U Kvi iPbv?
 nicÖmv` ivq|
†dvU© DBwjqvg K‡j‡Ri Kvh©µg eÜ nq KZ mv‡j?
1854 mv‡j|

wn›`y K‡jR KZ mv‡j cÖwZwôZ nq?

1817 wLª÷v‡ã|
Bqs †e½‡ji gš¿¸iy †K wQ‡jb?
†nbwi jyB wfwfqvb wW‡ivwRI (1809-31)| wZwb wQ‡jb wn›`y K‡j‡Ri PZz_© wk¶K|
wW‡ivwRZ KZ eQi wn›`y K‡j‡R wk¶KZv K‡ib?
1826 †_‡K 1831 mvj ch©šÍ|
KZ mv‡j Bqs †e½j †Mvwôi AvZ¥cÖKvk?
1831 mv‡j ÔGb‡Kvqvivi ÔIÕ Ávbv‡š^lYÕ cÎ `ywUi gva¨‡g|
Bqs †e½j †Mvôxi KZ mv‡j wbt‡kl n‡q hvq?
1843 mv‡j ÔZË¡‡evwabxÕ cwÎKvi Avwef©ve Kv‡j|

e½xq mvwnZ¨ cwil` KZmv‡j, Kx bv‡g cÖwZwôZ nq?

1893 mv‡ji 23 RyjvB; †e½j GKv‡Wgx Ae wjUv‡iPvi bv‡g|
Gi D‡`¨v³v †K wQ‡jb?
Gj wjIUvW© I †¶Îcvj PµeZ©x|
cÖ_‡g Gi Kvh©µg †Kv_v †_‡K ïiy nq?
KjKvZvi webqK…ò †`i Gi evm fe‡b|
KLb Gi bvgKiY e½xq mvwnZ¨ cwil` Kiv nq|
1894 mv‡ji 29 GwcÖ‡ji mfvq cwil‡`i bvgwU Ôe½xq mvwnZ¨ cwil`Õ wn‡m‡e me©m¤§Zµ‡g M„nxZ nq|
ZLb GwU Kviv cwiPvjbv Ki‡Zb?
mfvcwZ wQ‡jb i‡gkP›`ª `Ë, mn-mfvcwZ wQ‡jb iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi I bexbP›`ª †mb Ges m¤úv`K wQ‡jb Gj wjIUvW©,
†`‡e›`ªbv_ gy‡Lvcva¨vq I iv‡g›`ªm›y `i w·e`x|
cwil‡`i wbR¯^ Kvh©vjq cÖwZwôZ nq KLb?
1899 mv‡j cwil` 137/1 KY©Iqvwjm ÷ªx‡U GKwU fvov evwo‡Z mwi‡q †bIqv nq| cieZ©x‡Z KvwmgevRv‡ii gnvivRv
gbx›`ªP›`ª b›`x nvjkxevMv‡b mvZ KvVv RvqMv cwil`‡K `vb Ki‡j 1909 mv‡j cwil` ¯’vqx Kvh©vj‡q ¯’vbvšÍiZ nq|

e½xq gymjgvb mvwnZ¨ mwgwZ KZmv‡j cÖwZwôZ nq?

1911 mv‡j|
Gi †Kw›`ªq Kvh©vjq †Kv_vq wQj?
32 bs K‡jR w÷ªU, KjKvZv|
GB cÖwZôv‡bi m‡½ Kviv m¤ú„³ wQ‡jb?
W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn, gyn¤§` †gvRv‡¤§j nK, KvRx Bgv`yj nK, gvIjvbv AvKig Luv Ges Kg‡iW gyRvddi Avn‡g`|
e½xq gymjgvb mvwnZ¨ mwgwZ †_‡K c&ªKvwkZ cwÎKvi bvg Kx?
e½xq gymwjg mvwnZ¨ cwÎKv|
evsjv GKv‡Wwg KZ mv‡j cÖwZwôZ nq?
1955 mv‡ji 3iv wW‡m¤^i|
evsjv GKv‡Wwgi g~j fe‡bi bvg Kx?
ea©gvb nvDR|
†Kv_vq GKv‡Wwgi D‡Øvabx Abyôvb nq?
XvKvi igbvq ea©gvb nvD‡mi mvg‡b|
evsjv GKv‡Wwgi ÔD‡Øvab fvlYÕ †K cvV K‡ib?
c~ee© vsjvi ZrKvjxb gyL¨gš¿x Avey †nv‡mb miKvi|
ea©gvb nvDR Kx?
ea©gv‡bi ZrKvjxb ivRv KZ…©K wbwg©Z evwo| eZ©gv‡b GUv evsjv GKv‡Wwgi Kvh©vjq wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ n‡”Q|
evsjv GKv‡Wwgi cÖ_g mfvcwZi `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib †K?
gvIjvbv AvKivg Luv| cÖ_g cwiPvjK wQ‡jb W. gynv¤§` Gbvgyj nK Ges cÖ_g gnvcwiPvjK wQ‡jb W. gvhnviæj Bmjvg|

Ck¦iP›`ª we`¨vmvMi KZ mv‡j, †Kv_vq Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib?

26-09-1820, †gw`bxcyi †Rjvi exiwmsn MÖv‡g|
wZwb †Kvb cÖwZôvb †_‡K Ôwe`¨vmvMiÕ Dcvwa jvf K‡ib?
ms¯‹…Z K‡jR †_‡K|
wZwb g~jZ Kx wQ‡jb?
mgvRms¯‹viK (weaevweevn cÖPj‡bi Rb¨ L¨vZ), †jLK I wk¶vwe`|
wZwb KZ mv‡j †dvU© DBwjqvg K‡j‡Ri evsjv wefv‡Mi †nW cwÊZ c‡` wbhyw³ jvf K‡ib?
1841 wLªóv‡ãi 29 †k wW‡m¤^i|
wZwb ms¯‹…Z K‡j‡R †hvM †`b KZ mv‡j?
1846 mv‡ji 6B GwcÖj|
wZwb Rbwk¶v I wkïwk¶v cÖmviK‡í evOvwji Rb¨ Kx Kx MÖš’ iPbv K‡ib?
†ev‡av`q (1851) eY©cwiPq 1g I 2q fvM (1855), K_vgvjv (1856), AvL¨vb gÄyix (1863) BZ¨vw`|
we`¨vmvM‡ii K‡qKwU †gŠwjK iPbvi bvg wjL|
AwZ Aí nBj, Avevi AwZ Aí nBj, eªRwejvm, weaev weevn I h‡kv‡ii wn›`y ag©iw¶Yx mfv I iZœ cix¶v|
we`¨vmvM‡ii cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ MÖš’ †KvbwU?
†eZvj cÂweskwZ (1847)|
evsjv fvlvq iwPZ cÖ_g †gŠwjK M`¨ iPbvi bvg Kx?
cÖfveZx m¤¢vlY (1892)|
we`¨vmvMi iwPZ e¨vKiYMÖ‡š’i bvg Kx?
e¨vKiY †KŠgy`x|
Ck¦iP›`ª we`¨vmvMi Kx bv‡g ¯^vÿi Ki‡Zb?
Ck¦iP›`ª kgv©|
 Zvi cvwievwiK bvg Kx?
Ck¦iP›`ª e‡›`¨vcva¨vq|
wZwb †Kvb Av‡›`vj‡b †bZ…Z¡ †`b?
weaev-weevn Av‡›`vjb|
KZ mv‡j weaev weevn AvB‡b cwiYZ nq?
26 †k RyjvB, 1856|
Ck¦iP›`ª we`¨vmv‡i Kx wn‡m‡e L¨vZ?
evsjv M‡`¨i RbK|
evsjv M‡`¨ hwZ ev weivgwPý cÖ_g ¯’vcb K‡ib †K?
Ck¦iP›`ª we`¨vmvMi|
we`¨vmvM‡ii K‡qKwU weL¨vZ M`¨MÖ‡š’i bvg Kx?
Ô‡eZvj cÂweskwZÕ (wnw›` ˆeZvj‰cw”Pwmi e½vbyev` 1847), ÔkKzšÍjvÕ (Kvwj`v‡mi AwfÁvbg kKzšj
Í g bvU‡Ki DcvL¨vb
fv‡Mi e½vbyev`, 1854), ÔmxZvi ebevmÕ (fef~wZi DËi Kv†Êi e½vbyev`, 1860) ÔåvwšÍwejvmÕ (†k·wcq‡ii Comedy of
Errors-Gi e½vbyev`, 1869)|
Zvui g„Zz¨ ZvwiL KZ?
1891 mv‡ji 29 RyjvB|

ew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq KZ mv‡j, †Kv_vq Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib?

26†k Ryb, 1838 mvj (13B Avlvp, 1245 e½vã)| KvuVvjcvov M&vª g, PweŸk ciMYv, cwðge½|
Zuvi iwPZ cÖ_g Kve¨MÖ‡š’i bvg Kx?
jwjZv Z_v gvbm (1856)|
Zvui iwPZ cÖ_g evsjv Dcb¨v‡mi bvg Kx?
`y‡M©kbw›`bx (1865)| GwU evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖ_g mv_©K Dcb¨vm|
Zuvi iwPZ wØZxq Dcb¨v‡mi bvg Kx?
KcvjKyÊjv (1866)|
Ôcw_K Zzwg c_ nvivBqvQ|Õ -GB msjvc m¤ú‡K© Kx ejv nq?
ÔKcvjKzÐjvÕi GB msjvc‡K ejv nq evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖ_g †ivgvw›UK msjvc|
Øv`k kZvãxi e½‡`‡ki ivR‰bwZK cUf~wgKvq Zuvi iwPZ Dcbv‡mi bvg Kx?
g„Yvwjbx (1869)|
mvgvwRK mgm¨vi Av‡jv‡K Zvui iwPZ Dcb¨vm¸‡jvi bvg Kx?
wele„¶ (1873), K…òKv‡šÍi DBj (1878)|
ew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨v‡qi gb¯ÍË¡ we‡kølY g~jK Dcb¨vm †KvbwU?
iRbx (1877)|
ew¼gP‡›`ªi Ab¨Zg KxwZ© Kx?
e½`k©b (1872-76) cwÎKv cÖKvk I m¤úv`bv|
ew¼gP‡›`ªi Îqx Dcb¨vm †Kvb¸‡jv ?
Avb›` gV (1882), †`ex †PŠayivbx (1884) I mxZvivg (1887)|
ew¼gP‡›`ªi cÖ_g iwPZ Dcb¨v‡mi bvg Kx?
ivR‡gvnbm IqvBd| Bs‡iwR‡Z †jLv|
mvg¨ ew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq iwPZ Kx ai‡Yi MÖš’?
cÖeÜ MÖš’|
evsjv Dcb¨v‡mi RbK ejv nq Kv‡K?
ew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq‡K|
Ôevsjvi ¯‹UÕ ‡K ?
ew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq‡K Ôevsjvi ¯‹UÕ ejv nq|
ew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq Gi QÙ bvg Kx?
Kgjv KvšÍ|
wZwb KZ Zvwi‡L g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib?
8B GwcÖj, 1894 mvj (26 †k ˆPÎ, 1300 e½vã)|

gaymy`b `Ë KZ mv‡j, †Kv_vq Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib?

1824 mv‡ji 25 Rvbyqvwi h‡kvi †Rjvi †Kkecyi Dc‡Rjvi K‡cvZvÿ b`x ZxieZ©x mvMi`uvwo MÖv‡g|
Zuvi iwPZ I cÖKvwkZ cÖ_g MÖ‡š’i bvg Kx?
Captive Ladie (1849; Bs‡iwR‡Z †jLv)| (Captive A_© ew›`|)
Zuvi iwPZ cÖnmb¸‡jvi bvg Kx?
G‡KB wK e‡j mf¨Zv (1860) I ey‡ov mvwj‡Ki Nv‡o †ivu (1860)|
wZwb Avi Kx Kx evsjv bvUK iPbv K‡ib?
kwg©ôv (1858), cÙveZx (1860), K…òKzgvix (1861), gvqvKvbb (1874)|
Zvui iwPZ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Kve¨MÖš’¸‡jv Kx Kx?
wZ‡jvËgvm¤¢e (1860), eyRv½bv (1861), exi½bv (1862), PZz`k©c`x KweZvejx (1866)|
Zuvi iwPZ Agi gnvKv‡e¨i bvg Kx?
†gNbv`ea Kve¨ (1861)|
†gNbv`ea Kv‡e¨i Kvwnwb †Kvb gnvKve¨ †_‡K M„nxZ n‡q‡Q?
ms¯‹…Z gnvKve¨ ivgvqY|
wZwb evsjv Kve¨ mvwn‡Z¨ Kx‡mi mªóv?
AwgÎv¶i Q‡›`i|
wZwb Kvi AbyKi‡Y PZz`©kc`x KweZvewj ev m‡bU iPbv K‡ib?
BZvjxq Kwe †cÎvK© Ges Bs‡iR Kwe †kKm&wcqi|
gaym~`b iwPZ I cÖKvwkZ cÖ_g evsjv MÖ‡š’i bvg Kx?
kwg©ôv (1859) bvUK|
ÔK…òKzgvixÕ †Kvb RvZxq bvUK?
evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ cÖ_g mv_©K Uª¨v‡RwW bvUK|
wZwb †nvgv‡ii ÔBwjqvWÕ-Gi DcvL¨vb Aej¤^b K‡i evsjv M‡`¨ Kx iPbv K‡ib?
†nK&Uiea (1871)|
gaym~`b K‡e wLªóag© MÖnY K‡ib?
1843 mv‡ji 9B †deªyqvwi| Zvui eqm ZLb 19 ermi|
1862 mv‡j †Kb gaym~`b Bsj¨vÛ hvb?
e¨vwi÷vwi covi Rb¨|
wZwb KZmv‡j ¯^‡`k cÖZ¨veZ©b K‡ib?
1867 mv‡ji 5 Rvbyqvwi|
wZwb †Kv_vq cÖ_g AwgÎv¶i Q‡›`i cÖ‡qvM K‡ib|
cÙveZx bvU‡K (wØZxq A¼ wØZxq Mfv©‡¼)|
gaym~`b Avi GKwU gnvKve¨ wjL‡Z †P‡qwQ‡jb †Kvb Kvwnwb wb‡q?
Kvievjvi welv`gq Kvwnwb Aej¤^‡b|
†Kvb Kv‡e¨ gvB‡Kj gaym~ab `Ë cÖ_g AwgÎv¶vi Q‡›`i e¨envi K‡ib ?
wZ‡jvËgvm¤¢e Kve¨ (1860)|
Zuvi QÙ bvg Kx?
ÔwU‡gvw_ †cb‡cv‡qgÕ|
wZwb KZ Zvwi‡L g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib?
29 †k Ryb, 1873; KjKvZv|
 gxi gkiviid †nv‡mb K‡e,†Kv_vq Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib?
1847 mv‡ji 13B b‡f¤^i; Kzwóqv †Rjvi jvwnbxcvov MÖv‡g |
wZwb †Kvb `ywU cwÎKvq msev``vZv wn‡m‡e KvR K‡ib?
KjKvZvi msev` cÖfvKi (1831) Ges KzgviLvwji MÖvgevZv© cÖKvwkKv (1863)|
gkivid †nv‡mb m¤úvw`Z cwÎKv `y‡Uv Kx Kx?
AvRxRb‡bnvi (1874) I wnZKix (1890)|
gkiid †nv‡mb iwPZ cÖ_g MÖ‡š’i bvg Kx?
iZœeZx (1869)|
Ô‡Mv-RxebÕ (1998) Kx ai‡Yi iPbv?
GwU gxi gkvid †nv‡mb (1847-1911) iwPZ GKwU cÖeÜ MÖš|’ GB MÖš’ iPbvq `v‡q Zuv‡K gvgjvq Rwo‡q co‡Z nq|
Zuvi †kªô iPbv †KvbwU?
welv`-wmÜz (1885-91) Dcb¨vm|
D‡jøL‡hvM¨ bvUK ¸‡jv Kx Kx?
ÔemšÍKzgvixÕ (1873), ÔRgx`vi `c©YÕ (1873), †eûjv MxZvwfbq (1889), Uvjv Awfbq (1897), wbqwZ Kx AebwZ
(1898)|
gxi gkivii‡di g„Zz¨ZvwiL KZ?
1911 wLªóv‡ãi 19 wW‡m¤^i|

iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi KZ mv‡j, †Kv_vq Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib?

1861 mv‡ji 7 †g, 1268 e½v‡ãi 25 †k ˆekvL, KjKvZvi †Rvovmvu‡Kvi VvKzi cwiev‡i|
iex›`ªbv_ Zvui gvZv-wcZvi KZZg mšÍvb wQ‡jb?
wZwb gv-evevi PZz`k © mšÍvb I Aóg cyÎ| iex›`ªbv‡_iv c‡bi fvB‡evb wQ‡jb|
wZwb KZ eQi eq‡m KweZv iPbv Ki‡Z Avi¤¢ K‡ib?
AvU eQi|
KZ mv‡j, †Kvb cwÎKvq Zvui cÖ_g KweZv cÖKvwkZ nq?
25-02-1874 mv‡j Ag„ZevRvi cwÎKvq| ZLb Zvi eqm gvÎ †Zi eQi|
iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ Kv‡e¨i bvg Kx?
ebdzj (cÖKvkKvj: 1876)|
iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ Kve¨MÖ‡š’i bvg Kx?
Kwe-Kwnwb (cÖKvkKvj: 1878)|
iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii wØZxq cÖKvwkZ Kve¨MÖ‡š’i bvg Kx?
ebdzj (cÖKvkKvj: 1880)|
†Kvb Kve¨ Mªš’ †_‡K iex›`ªbv‡_i Kve¨ mvabvi cÖK…ó wb`k©b dz‡U D‡V wQj ?
mܨv m½xZÕ (1882)|
iex›`ªbv‡_i cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ Dcb¨v‡mi bvg Kx?
†eŠ VvKzivYxi nvU (cÖKvkKvj: 1883)|
iex›`ªbv‡_i cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ †QvUM‡íi bvg Kx?
wfLvwiYx (1874)|
evsjv †QvUM‡íi RbK ejv nq Kv‡K?
iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi‡K|
iex›`ªbv‡_i cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ cÖeÜMÖš’ †KvbwU?
weweacÖm½ (1883)|
ÔMxZvÄwjÕ Kve¨ KZ mv‡j cÖKvwkZ nq?
1910 wLªóv‡ã|
iex›`ªbv‡_i cÖ_g ågY Kvwnwb †KvbwU?
qy‡ivc cÖevmxi cÎ (1889)|
 MxZvÄwji Bs‡iwR Abyev` Song Offerings KZ mv‡j cÖKvwkZ nq?
1912 mv‡ji b‡f¤^‡i, Bsj¨v‡Û|
Kwe KZ mv‡j †bv‡ej cyi¯‹vi cvb?
1913 mv‡ji b‡f¤^i gv‡m|
iex›`ªbv_ †Kvb MÖ‡š’i Rb¨ †bv‡ej cyi¯‹vi jvf K‡ib?
iex›`ªbv‡_i †Kvb MvbwU fvi‡Zi RvZxq msMxZ?
ÔRb MY gbÕ|
MxZvÄwji Bs‡iwR Abyev` Songs Offerings MÖ‡š’i Rb¨|
weªwUk miKvi KZ mv‡j Zvu‡K bvBUûW ev Ôm¨viÕ Dcvwa cÖ`vb K‡ib?
1915 mv‡ji 3iv Ryb|
wZwb KZmv‡j Ges †Kb bvBUûW ev Ôm¨viÕ Dcvwa eR©b K‡ib?
cvÄv‡ei RvwjqvbIqvjvevM nZ¨vKv‡Ði (13/4/1919) cÖwZev‡` 1919 mv‡ji GwcÖ‡j|
iex›`ªbv‡_i cÖavb cÖavb Kve¨MÖš’¸‡jvi bvg Kx?
Kwi I †Kvgj (1886), gvbmx, †mvbvi Zix (1894), wPÎv (1896), ˆPZvjx (1303), Kíbv (1900), ¶wYKv (1900),
MxZvÄwj (1910), ejvKv (1915), c~iex (1925), cybð (1932), cÎcyU (1936), †muRywZ (1938) BZ¨vw`|
iex›`ªbv‡_i me©‡kl cÖKvwkZ Kve¨MÖ‡š’i bvg Kx?
†kl †jLv (1941)|
Zvui D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Dcb¨vm †Kvb¸‡jv?
†Pv‡Li evwj (1903), †Mviv (1910), PZzi½ (1916), N‡i-evB‡i (1916), Pvi Aa¨vq (1934), `yB †evb, eD VvKzivYxi
nvU, KiæYv, †hvMv‡hvM, gvjÂ, ivRwl©, †bŠKvWzwe BZ¨vw`|
iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii D‡jøL‡hvM¨ cÖeÜMÖš’¸‡jv Kx Kx?
cÂf~Z (1897), wewPÎcÖeÜ (1907), mvwnZ¨ (1907), gvby‡li ag© (1933), KvjvšÍi (1937), mf¨Zvi msKU (1941)
BZ¨vw`|
ÔwQbœcÎÕ Kv‡K †jLv wPwVi mgvnvi?
åvZz®úyÎx Bw›`iv †`ex‡K †jLv (wQbœcÎ cÖKvk: 1912)|
iex›`ªbv_ KvRx bRiyj‡K †Kvb MÖš’ DrmM© K‡ib?
emšÍ MxwZbvU¨wU (cÖKvk: dvMyb 1329, 1923)|
KvRx bRiyj iex›`ªbv_‡K Kx DrmM© K‡ib?
bRiæ‡ji Kve¨iPbvi †kªô mgvnvi ÔmwÂZvÕ|
iex›`ªbv‡_i M`¨KweZv iPbv †Kvb MÖš’ w`‡q ïiy?
cybð|
iex›`ªbv‡_i †Kvb Mvb evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq m½xZ?
Avgvi †mvbvi evsjv, Avwg †Zvgvq fv‡jvevwm Mv‡bi cÖ_g 10 cO&w³|
ÒAvgvi †mvbvi evsjv, Avwg †Zvgvq fv‡jvevwmÓ GB MvbwU iex›`ªbv‡_i †Kvb MÖš’fy³?
MxZweZv‡bi ¯^iweZvb Askfy³|
wZwb Zvui wb‡Ri AvuKv Qwe¸‡jv‡K Kx e‡j‡Qb?
†kl eq‡mi wcÖqv|
¯¿xi g„Zz¨ Dcj‡ÿ iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi †Kvb KweZvwU iPbv K‡ib?
ˆb‡e`¨|
Zvi cÖKvwkZ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ bvKU¸‡jv Kx Kx?
DËi: ivRv I ivYx (1889), wPÎv½`v (1899), cÖvqwðË (1909), ivRv (1910), APjvqZb (1911), WvKNi (1912),
i³Kiex (1924), Zv‡mi †`k (1933), PÐvwjKv (1933)|
Zuvi cÖKvwkZ MxwZ bvU‡Ki bvg Kx?
gvqvi †Ljv (1888)
iex›`ªbv_ mvRv`cy‡i KLb Av‡mb?
1890 wLªóv‡ã, Rwg`vwi cwi`k©‡b|
 iex›`ªbv_ KjKvZv †_‡K KZ mv‡j Kzwóqvi wkjvB`n Av‡mb?
1892 wLªóv‡ã|
iex›`ªbv‡_i †Kvb MíwU Dcb¨vmagx©; Avi †Kvb Dcb¨vmwU †QvUMíagx© ?
ÔbóbxoÕ Dcb¨vmagx© †QvUMí Avi ÔPZzi½Õ †QvUMíagx© Dcb¨vm|
evsjv mwn‡Z¨ cÖ_g gb¯ÍvwË¡K Dcb¨v‡mi bvg Kx ?
†Pv‡Li evwj (1903)|
iex›`ªbv‡_i ¯¿xi bvg Kx wQj ?
feZvwiYx †`ex| we‡qi ci iex›`ªbv_ Zuvi bvg cv‡ë‡`b Ôg„YvwjbxÕ|
AkøxjZvi Awf‡hv‡M iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii †Kvb M‡íi Pjw”PÎ wbwl× nq ?
wkwki fv`yoxi cwiPvjbvq iex›`ª †QvU Mí ÔwePviKÕ Pjw”PÎvwqZ nq 1928 wLªóv‡ã| gyw³i ciB AkøxjZvi Awf‡hv‡M
QwewU wbwl× nq|
iex›`ªbv_ Zuvi wb‡Ri †jLv KqwU bvU‡K Awfbq K‡ib?
13wU|
Av‡R©w›Ubvi †Kvb gwnjv Kwe‡K iex›`ªbv_ weRqv bvg †`b?
wf‡±vwiqv IKv‡¤úv|
wf‡±vwiqv IKv‡¤úv‡K iex›`ªbv_ Kx DrmM© K‡ib?
c~iex (1925) Kve¨|
cÖ_g Rxe‡b iex›`ªbv‡_i me©v‡c¶v D‡jøL‡hvM¨ KweZv †KvbwU?
wbS©‡ii ¯^cfœ ½ (AvwR G cÖfv‡Z iwei Ki/†Kg‡b cwkj cÖv‡Yi ci)|
Kwe KZ mv‡j ÔkvwšÍwb‡KZ‡bÕ cvKvcvwKfv‡e emevm ïiy K‡ib?
1901 mv‡j|
iex›`ªbv‡_i †kªô Kve¨msKj‡bi bvg Kx?
mÂwqZv|
wn›`y-gymwjg wgj‡bi j‡¶¨ iex›`ªbv_ †Kvb Drm‡ei m~Pbv K‡ib?
ivwLeÜb|
iex›`ªbv‡_i k¦ïi evwo †Kv_vq?
evsjv‡`‡ki Lyjbvq|
iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi evsjv‡`‡ki †Kvb cÖwZôvbwUi we‡ivwaZv K‡iwQ‡jb?
XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq|
iex›`ªbv‡_i m„wó K‡g©i mswÿß cwiPq `vI?
DËi: Kve¨MÖš’-56wU, Dcb¨vm-13wU, †QvU Mí-119wU, MxwZcy¯ÍK-4 Lvbv, ågY Kvwnbx-9wU, bvUK-29wU, Kve¨ bvUK-19wU,
wPwVc‡Îi eB-13wU, Mv‡bi msL¨v-2232 Ges Av‡iv wPÎvejx cÖvq 2000|
iex›`ªbv_ KZ Zvwi‡L g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib?
1941 wLªóv‡ãi 7 AvM÷ (1348 e½v‡ãi 22 kªveY, `ycyi 12Uv 10 wgwb‡U|)

`xbeÜz wgÎ KZ mv‡j, †Kv_vq Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib?

1830 wLªóvã; †PŠ‡ewoqv MÖvg, b`xqv|
Zvui mvwnZ¨Rxe‡bi ïiy Kx w`‡q?
KweZv w`‡q|
wZwb Kvi Aby‡cÖiYvq KweZv wj‡Lb?
Ck¦i ¸‡ßi|
Zuvi KweZv¸‡jv †Kvb †Kvb cwÎKvq cÖKvwk nq?
msev` cÖfvKi (1931) I msev` mvayiÄb (1947)|
bxjKi mv‡ne‡`i exfrm AZ¨vPv‡i jvwÃZ bxj Pvlx‡`i `yie¯’v Aej¤^‡b iwPZ Zvui bvU‡Ki bvg Kx?
bxj- `c©Y (1860)|
bxj-`c©Y‡K evsjv‡`‡ki bvUK ejv nq †Kb?
 bvUKwUi Kvwnwb †g‡nicyi A‡ji, `xbeÜz XvKvq Ae¯’vbKv‡j Zv iPbv K‡ib| bvUKwU cÖ_g cÖKvk nq XvKvi evsjv †cÖm
†_‡K Ges cÖ_g g¯’I nq XvKv‡Z|
Bs‡iwR wkw¶Z be¨ hyeK‡`i g`¨cvb I eviewYZv m½‡K e¨½ K‡i Zvui iwPZ cÖnmb Kx?
maevi GKv`kx (1866)|
mgv‡Ri cÖvPxbcš’x‡`i e¨½ K‡i Zvui iwPZ cÖnm‡bi bvg Kx?
we‡q cvMjv ey‡ov (1863)|
Zvui iwPZ Acivci bvUK¸‡jvi bvg Kx?
bexb Zcw¯^bx (1866), jxjveZx (1867), RvgvB evwiK (1872), Kg‡j Kvwgbx (1873) BZ¨vw`|
`xbeÜz wgÎ iwPZ RbwcÖq Kve¨MÖš’ `ywUi bvg Kx?
myiaybx Kve¨ (1876) I Øv`k KweZv (1872)|
`xbeÜz wgÎ KZ Zvwi‡L g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib?
1 b‡f¤^i, 1873|

KvRx bRiyj Bmjvg KZmv‡j, †Kv_vq Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib?

11B ˆR¨ô, 1306 e½vã; 24 †k †g, 1899 wLªóv‡ã cwðge‡½i ea©gvb †Rjvi Avmvb‡mvj gnKzgvi Pziywjqv MÖv‡g|
bRiyj evsjv‡`‡ki †Kvb m½x‡Zi iPwqZv?
iYm½xZ|
iYm½xZ wn‡m‡e g~j KweZvwUi KZ PiY M„nxZ?
21 PiY|
iYm½xZwU Kx wk‡ivbv‡g, me©cÖ_g †Kvb cwÎKvq cÖKvwkZ nq?
ÔbZz‡bi MvbÕ wk‡ivbv‡g XvKvi ÔwkLvÕ cwÎKvq 1928 (1335) evwl©K msL¨vq cÖKvwk nq|
bRiy‡ji †Kvb MÖ‡š’ GB m½xZ AšÍf©y³ Av‡Q?
ÔmܨvÕ Kve¨MÖ‡š’|
Ôwe‡`ªvnxÕ KweZv cÖ_g †Kv_vq cÖKvwkZ nq?
ÔmvßvwnK weRjxÕi 22 †k †cŠl (1328) msL¨vq|
bRiyj †Kvb ˆ`wbK cwÎKvi hyM¥ m¤úv`K wQ‡jb?
Ômvܨ ˆ`wbK behyMÕ (1920)-Gi|
a~g‡KZz cwÎKvq iex›`ªbv‡_i †Kvb evYx Qvcv nq?
ÔAvq P‡j Avq, †i a~g‡KZz/Avuav‡i evua AwMœ‡mZz|Õ
†Kvb KweZv cÖKvwkZ n‡j wZwb †MÖdZvi nb?
a~g‡KZzi c~Rv msL¨vq (26 †k †m‡Þ¤^i, 1922) ÔAvb›`gqxi AvMg‡bÕ|
iex›`ªbv_ Zuvi †Kvb MxwZbvU¨ bRiyj‡K DrmM© K‡ib?
ÔemšÍÕ|
bRiy‡ji cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ Mí MÖ‡š’i bvg Kx?
e¨_vi `vb (cÖKvk: †deªyqvwi 1922)|
AwMœ-exYvi cÖ_g KweZv †KvbwU?
cÖj‡qvjøvm|
bRiæ‡ji cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ M‡íi bvg Kx?
evD‡Û‡ji AvZ¥Kvwnbx (cÖKvk: ˆR¨ô 1326; mIMvZ)| GwU Zuvi cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ iPbv|
bRiy‡ji cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ KweZvi bvg Kx?
gyw³ (cÖKvk: kªveY 1326; e½xq gymwjg mvwnZ¨ cwÎKv)|
bRiy‡ji cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ Kve¨MÖ‡š’i bvg Kx?
AwMœ-exYv (†m‡Þ¤^i, 1922)|
bRiy‡ji cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ cÖe‡Üi bvg Kx?
ZzK© gwnjvi †NvgUv †Lvjv (cÖKvk: KvwZ©K 1326)|
 bRiy‡ji cÖ_g cÖeÜMÖš’ †KvbwU?
hyMevYx (A‡±vei 1922)
bRiy‡ji cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ bvU‡Ki bvg Kx?
wSwjwgwj (1334, bI‡ivR)|
cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ bvU¨MÖš’ †KvbwU?
wSwjwgwj (1337)| GB MÖ‡š’ †gvU wZbwU bvUK Av‡Q|
bRiy‡ji cÖ_g wbwl×K…Z MÖš’ †KvbwU?
we‡li evuwk ( cÖKvk: AvM÷ 1924| wbwl×: 24 †k A‡±vei 1924|)
Kwei weL¨vZ Kve¨MÖš’¸‡jv Kx Kx?
ÔAwMœ-exYvÕ (1922), Ôwe‡li evuwkÕ (1924), ÔfvOvi MvbÕ (1924), Ômvg¨ev`xÕ (1925), Ôme©nvivÕ (1926), dwY-gbmv
(1927), ÔwRwÄiÕ (1928), ÔmܨvÕ (1929), ÔcÖjq wkLvÕ (1930) BZ¨vw`|
bRiy‡ji wbwl× MÖš’¸‡jv Kx Kx?
AwMœ-exYv, we‡li evuwk, fvOvi Mvb, cÖjq wkLv, P›`ªwe›`y, hyMevYx|
bRiæ‡ji D‡jøL‡hvM¨ m½xZ MÖš’¸‡jv Kx Kx?
eyjeyj, †Pv‡Li PvZK, P›`ªwe›`y, ms¯‹iY, bRiæj MxwZKv, bRiæj ¯^iwjwc, myimvKx, RyjwdKvi, ebMxwZ, ¸jevwMPv, MxwZ
kZ`j I Mv‡bi gvjv|
†Kvb Kve¨Mªš¸ ’ ‡jv‡Z bRiæ‡ji †cÖwgK mËvi cwiPq cvIqv hvq?
†`vjbPvcv (1923), QvqvbU (1924), c~‡ei nvIqv (1925), wmÜz-wn‡›`vj (1927) I PµevK (1929)|
Zuvi cÖKvwkZ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ cÖeÜMÖš’¸‡jv Kx Kx?
hyMevYx (1922), ivRe›`xi Revee›`x (1923), `yw`©‡bi hvÎx (1926) I iæ`ªg½j|
Zuvi iwPZ wkï‡Zvl Kve¨MÖ‡š’i bvg Kx?
wS‡Odzj I mvZfvB P¤úv|
†R‡j e‡m †jLv Revbew›`i bvg Kx?
ÔivRe›`xi Revbe›`xÕ( 07-01-1923)|
ÔAwMœ-exYvÕ Kve¨ Kv‡K DrmM© Kiv nq?
wecøex evix›`ªKzgvi †Nvl‡K|
bRiyj gw¯Í‡®‹i e¨vwa‡Z AvµvšÍ nb KLb?
1942-Gi 10B A‡±vei|
KvRx bRiyj Bmjv‡gi Dcb¨vm¸‡jv Kx Kx?
Ôevab-nvivÕ (1927), Ôg„Zz¨¶zavÕ (1930) I Kz‡nwjKv (1931)|
KvRx bRiyj Bmjv‡gi weL¨vZ MíMÖš’¸‡jv Kx Kx?
Ôe¨_vi `vbÕ (1922), Ôwi‡³i †e`bÕ (1925), ÔwkDwjgvjvÕ (1931)|
KLb †_‡K KvRx bRiyj QvqvQwei m‡½ hy³ nb ?
1931 wLªóv‡ã cvBwbqi wdj¥ †Kv¤úvwb‡Z †hvM`v‡bi gva¨‡g|
†Kvb Pjw”P‡Î bRiyj Awfbq K‡ib?
aªye Pjw”P‡Î wZwb bvi‡`i f~wgKvq Awfbq K‡ib |
KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg‡K wb‡q †Kvb †`‡k PjwPÎ wbg©vY Kiv nq?
KvbvWv|
bRiyj Bmjvg cÖ_g K‡e XvKvq Av‡mb?
1926 mv‡ji Ryb gv‡mi †kl mßv‡n|
Kwe bRiy‡ji ¯¿xi bvg Kx ?
AvkvjZv †mb¸ß, WvKbvg `ywj, Av`i K‡i WvKv nZ †`vjb ev †`vjv| we‡qi ci bRiyj Zuvi bvg cv‡ë †`b ÔcÖgxjvÕ|
†Kvb KweZv iPbvi Rb¨ wZwb †MÖdZvi nb?
ÔAvb›`gqxi AvMg‡bÕ|
ÔAvb›`gqxq AvMg‡bÕ KweZvwU †Kvb cwÎKq cÖKvwkZ nq ?
a~g‡KZzi c~Rv msL¨vq (26 †m‡Þ¤^i, 1922)|
bRiy‡ji †Kvb MÖš’wU c‡Îvcb¨v‡mi ch©vqfy³?
evuab-nviv|
bRiyj‡K K‡e evsjv‡`‡ki bvMwiKZ¡ cÖ`vb Kiv nq?
 Zuvi g„Zz¨i gvÎ Qqgvm Av‡M, 1976 mv‡ji 18B †deªyqvwi|
e½eÜz miKvi KZ…©K ivóªxq AwZw_ wn‡m‡e bRiyj‡K KjKvZv †_‡K XvKvq Avbqb Kiv nq KZ mv‡j?
1972 mv‡ji 24 †g|
bRiæj iwPZ RxebxKve¨¸‡jv Kx Kx?
ÔwPËbvgvÕ (1925) I Ôgiæ-fv¯‹iÕ (1950)|
bRiæ‡ji mgMÖ iPbvewj KZ mv‡j, †Kv_v †_‡K cÖKvwkZ nq?
1993 mv‡j evsjv GKv‡Wwg †_‡K Pvi L‡Ð bRiæj iPbvejx cÖKvwkZ nq|
wZwb KZ mv‡j g„Zz¨ eiY K‡ib?
29 †k AvM÷, 1976; 12B fv`ª, 1383 e½vã|

RmxgD`&`xb KZ mv‡j, †Kv_vq Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib?

1jv Rvbyqvwi, 1903, gvZzjvjq: Zv¤^yjLvbv MÖvg, dwi`cyi|
wZwb XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi †jKPvivi wbhy³ nb †Kvb wefv‡M I KZ mv‡j?
evsjv wefv‡M, 1938 mv‡j|
Zvui QvÎve¯’vq †Kvb KweZv KjKvZv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi gva¨wgK ch©v‡qi cvV¨ ZvwjKvfy³ nq?
ÔKeiÕ KweZv|
ÔKeiÕ KweZvwU cÖ_g †Kvb cwÎKvq Qvcv nq?
K‡jøvj cwÎKvq|
ÔKeiÕ Zvui †Kvb Kve¨fy³ KweZv?
cÖ_g Kve¨MÖš’ ÔivLvjxÕ (1926)|
Zuvi cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ Kve¨MÖ‡š’i bvg Kx?
ivLvjx (1926)|
Zvui weL¨vZ Mv_vKve¨¸‡jv Kx Kx?
b·xKvu_vi gvV (1929), †mvRb evw`qvi NvU (1933) I gv †h Rbbx Kv‡›` (1963)|
Zuvi iwPZ ågYKvwnbx¸‡jv Kx Kx?
P‡j gymvwdi (1952), nj‡` cixi †`k (1967), †h †`‡k gvbyl eo (1968) I Rvg©vwbi kn‡i I e›`‡i (1976)|
Zvui iwPZ wkï‡Zvl MÖš’¸‡jv Kx Kx?
nvmy (1938), GK cqmvi evukx (1356), WvwjgKzgvi (1951) BZ¨vw`|
Zvui iwPZ bvUK¸‡jv Kx Kx?
cÙvcvo (1950), †e‡`i †g‡q (1951), gaygvjv (1951), cjøxea~ (1956), MÖv‡gi gvqv (1959), I‡Mv cy®úaby (1968)
Ges Avmgvbwmsn (1986)|
Zvui iwPZ Dcb¨v‡mi bvg Kx?
†evev Kvwnbx (1964), eDUzevbxi dzj (1990)|
b·xKvu_vi gvV (1929) Kve¨wU Kx bv‡g Bs‡iwR‡Z Ab~w`Z n†q cÖKvwkZ nq?
Field of the Embroidered Quilt’.
b·xKvu_vi gvV Kve¨wU Bs‡iwR‡Z Abyev` K‡ib †K?
E.M. Millford (B. Gg. wgj‡dvW©)|
ÔevDjÕ Kx ai‡bi iPbv ?
Kwe RmxgD`&`xb iwPZ cÖeÜ MÖš’|
ÔgaygvjvÕ I Ô†e‡`i †g‡qÕ-Kx ai‡bi MÖš’ ?
Kwe RmxgD`&`xb `ywU MxwZ bvUK|
Kwe RmxgD`&`xb iwPZ Mv‡bi msKjb¸‡jv Kx Kx?
iw½jv bv‡qi gvwS (1935), Mv‡½i cvo (1955), RvwiMvb (1968), gywk©`xMvb (1997), ivLvjx Mvb (1998)|
Zuvi iwPZ RbwcÖq LÐ KweZvi msKjb¸‡jv Kx Kx?
ivLvjx (1927), evjyPi (1930), avb‡ÿZ (1933), iƒceZx (1946), gvwUi Kvbœv (1958), myPqbx (1961) BZ¨vw`|
Zuvi iwPZ myLcvV¨ M`¨MÖš’¸‡jv Kx Kx?
 huv‡`i †`‡LwQ (¯§„wZK_v 1952), VvKzi evwoi AvwObvq (¯§„wZK_v 1361), Rxeb K_v (AvZ¥Rxebx 1964) BZ¨vw`|
Zvui g„Zz¨ ZvwiL KZ?
1976-Gi 13 gvP©|

†iv‡Kqv mvLvIqvZ †nv‡mb KZ mv‡j, †Kv_vq Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib?

9 wW‡m¤^i, 1880; cvqive›` MÖvg, iscy‡ii wgVvcyKzi|
wZwb g~jZ Kx wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ?
gymwjg bvixRvMi‡Yi AMÖ`~Z|
bvixi AwaKvi cÖwZôvi j‡¶¨ wZwb †Kvb cÖwZôvb ¯’vcb K‡ib, K‡e?
AvÄygvb LvIqvwZ‡b Bmjvg (gymwjg gwnjv mwgwZ); 1916 wLªóv‡ã|
†eMg †iv‡Kqvi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ MÖš’¸‡jv Kx Kx?
gwZPzi (1g LÊ-1904, 2q LÊ-1922), Ae‡ivaevwmbx (1931) I Sultana’s Dream.
Zvui iwPZ Dcb¨v‡mi bvg Kx?
cÙivM (1924)|
†Kvb †Kvb cwÎKvq Zvui †jLv¸‡jv cÖKvwkZ nq?
beb~i, mIMvZ, †gvnv¤§`x BZ¨vw` cwÎKvq|
g„Zz¨i c~‡e© wZb †Kvb iPbv wj‡LwQ‡jb?
bvixi AwaKvi (cÖeÜ)|
Zuvi cÖwZwôZ ¯‹z‡ji bvg Kx?
mvLvIqvZ †g‡gvwiqvi Mvjm© ¯‹zj|
wZwb K‡e g„Zz¨ eiY K‡ib?
9B wW‡m¤^i, 1932|

diiyL Avng` KZ mv‡j, †Kv_vq Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib?

10B Ryb, 1918; gvSAvBj MÖvg, h‡kvi|
Zvui iwPZ KvwnwbKv‡e¨i bvg Kx?
nv‡ZgZvqx (1966)|
Zvui iwPZ †kªô Kve¨MÖ‡š’i bvg Kx?
mvZ mvM‡ii gvwS (1944)|
Zvui iwPZ Kve¨bv‡U¨i bvg Kx?
†bŠ‡dj I nv‡Zg (1961)|
Zvui iwPZ m‡bU msKj‡bi bvg Kx?
gyn~‡Z©i KweZv (1963)|
Zvui iwPZ wkï‡Zvl MÖ‡š’i bvg Kx?
cvwLi evmv (1965)
wb‡Ri we‡q Dcj‡ÿ wZwb †Kvb KweZvwU iPbv K‡ib?
wb‡Ri we‡qi Dcj‡ÿ diiæK Avng` ÔDcnviÕ bv‡g GKwU KweZv †j‡Lb hv, ÔmIMvZÕ cwÎKvq AMÖnvqK 1349 msL¨vq
Qvcv nq|
Zvui g„Zz¨ ZvwiL KZ?
1974 mv‡ji 19 A‡±vei mܨvq XvKvq wZwb g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib|
 Kwe Kvq‡Kvev‡`i Rb¥ KZ mv‡j, †Kv_vq?
1857 mv‡j XvKvi beveM‡Äi AvMjv c~ec © vov MÖv‡g|
Kvq‡Kvev‡`i cÖK…Z bvg Kx?
†gvnv¤§` Kv‡Rg Avj †Kv‡ikx|
Zvui cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ Kve¨MÖ‡š’i bvg Kx?
wein-wejvc (1870) GwU wZwb gvÎ †Zi eQi eq‡m wj‡Lb|
Zvui weL¨vZ Kve¨MÖš’ `y‡Uv Kx Kx?
ÔAkÖygvjvÕ (1895), Ôgnvk¥kvbÕ (1904)|
†Kvb NUbv Aej¤^‡b Ôgnvk¥kvbÕ Kve¨ iwPZ nq?
cvwbc‡_i Z…Zxq hy‡×i Kvwnwb Aej¤^‡b|
Zvui Ab¨vb¨ Kve¨MÖš’¸‡jv Kx Kx?
ÔKzmygKvbbÕ (1873), Ôwkegw›`iÕ (1921), ÔAwgqavivÕ (1923), gnig kixd (1932), k¥kvb f¯§ (1938) cÖf„wZ|
gnvKwe Kvq‡Kvev` 1925 wLªóv‡ã wbwLj fviZ mvwnZ¨ msN KZ…©K †Kvb †Kvb Dcvwa jvf K‡ib?
Kve¨ f~lY, we`¨vf~lY I mvwnZ¨ iZœ|
evOvwj gymjgvb Kwe‡`i g‡a¨ cÖ_g gnvKve¨ iPwqZv †K?
Kvq‡Kvev`|
evOvwj gymjgvb Kwe‡`i g‡a¨ cÖ_g m‡bU iPwqZv †K?
Kvq‡Kvev`|
AvaywbK evsjvmvwn‡Z¨ cÖ_g gymwjg Kwe †K?
Kvq‡Kvev`|
KZ mv‡j wZwb KjKvZvq AbywôZ e½xq gymwjg mvwnZ¨ m‡¤§j‡bi g~j Awa‡ek‡b mfvcwZZ¡ K‡ib?
1932 mv‡j|
Zuvi g„Zz¨ZvwiL KZ?
1951 mv‡ji 21 RyjvB XvKvq wZwb g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib|

Rxebvb›` `vk KZ mv‡j, †Kv_vq Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib?

17B †deªyqvwi, 1899; ewikv‡j|
Zvui Avw` wbevm †Kv_vq?
MvIcvov MÖvg, weµgcyi|
Rxebvb›` `vk †Kvb cwÎKvi mvwnZ¨cvZv m¤úv`bv K‡ib?
ˆ`wbK ¯^ivR|
Zvui iwPZ Kve¨MÖš’¸‡jv Kx Kx?
SivcvjK (1928), a~mi cÊywjwc (1936), ebjZv †mb (1942), gnvc„w_ex (1944), mvZwU Zvivi wZwgi (1948),
iƒcmx evsjv (1957) Ges †ejv A‡ejv Kvj‡ejv (1961)|
 wZwb KZ Zvwi‡L Uªvg `yNU© bvq AvnZ nb?
1954 mv‡ji 14 A‡±vei|
Zuvi ¯¿xi bvg Kx?
jveY¨ `vk|
Rxebvb›` `vk‡K Kx Kx we‡kl‡Y we‡klvwqZ Kiv nq ?
a~miZvi Kwe, wZwgi nb‡bi Kwe, wbR©bZvi Kwe, iƒcmx evsjvi Kwe|
Rxebvb›` `vk iwPZ Dcb¨vm ¸‡jv Kx Kx ?
gvj¨evb (1973), mZx_© (1974)|
Zvui me©‡kl cÖKvwkZ Dcb¨v‡mi bvg Kx?
Kj¨vYx (cÖKvk: †`k 1999)|
ÔKweZvi K_vÕ Kx ai‡bi MÖš’ ?
Rxebvb›` `vk iwPZ cÖeÜ MÖš’|
Zuvi g„Zz¨ mvj KZ?
22 †k A‡±vei, 1954|

eyׇ`e emy KZ mv‡j, †Kv_vq Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib?

30 †k b‡f¤^i, 1908; Kzwgjøvq|
iex›`ªbv‡_i ci evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ Kv‡K me¨mvPx †jLK ejv nq?
eyׇ`e emy‡K|
Zvui m¤úvw`Z cwÎKvi bvg Kx?
cÖMwZ (1927-29) I KweZv (1342-47)|
Zvui iwPZ KweZvMÖ‡š’i bvg Kx?
gg©evYx (1925), e›`xi e›`bv (1930), c„w_exi c‡_ (1933), K¼veZx (1937), `gqšÍx (1943), †h Avuavi Av‡jvi
AwaK (1958), gi‡Pcov †c‡i‡Ki Mvb (1966), GKw`b wPiw`b (1971), ¯^vMZ we`vq (1971) BZ¨vw`|
Zvui iwPZ Dcb¨vm¸‡jvi bvg Kx?
mvov (1930), mvb›`v (1933), jvj‡gN (1934), cwiµgv (1938), Kv‡jv nvIqv (1942), wZw_‡Wvi (1949), wbR©b
¯^v¶i (1951), †gŠwjbv_ (1952) bxjvćbi LvZv (1960), cvZvj †_‡K Avjvc (1967), ivZ f‡i e„ wó (1967) †Mvjvc
†Kb Kv‡jv (1968) BZ¨vw`|
Zvui iwPZ Mí MÖš¸ ’ ‡jvi bvg Kx?
Awfbq, Awfbq bq (1930), †iLvwPÎ (1931), nvIqv e`j (1943) BZ¨vw`|
eyׇ`e emy iwPZ cÖeÜ MÖš’¸‡jvi bvg Kx?
nVvr Av‡jvi SjKvwb (1935), Kv‡ji cyZzj (1946), mvwnZ¨PP©v (1361), iex›`ªbv_: K_vmvwnZ¨ (1955), Kwe
iex›`ªbv_ (1966) BZ¨vw`|
Zvui iwPZ bvUK¸‡jvi bvg Kx?
gvqvgvj (1944), Zc¯^x I Ziw½Yx (1966), KjKvZvi B‡j±v I mZ¨mÜ (1968)|
Zvui g„Zz¨ ZvwiL KZ?
18B gvP©, 1974|

Awgq PµeZx© KZ mv‡j, †Kv_vq Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib?

10B GwcÖj, 1901 mvj; kªxivgcyi, ûMwj, cwðge½|
Zvui cÖKvwkZ we‡kl Kve¨MÖš’¸‡jv Kx?
Lmov, GK gy‡Vv, gvwUi †`qvj, AwfÁvb emšÍ, Awbt‡kl BZ¨vw`|
Ôevsjv‡`kÕ KweZvwU wZwb †Kvb †cÖ¶vc‡U iPbv K‡ib?
 evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv msMÖv‡gi †cÖ¶vc‡U|
Zvui iwPZ M`¨ MÖš’¸‡jv Kx Kx?
Pj hvB, mv¤úªwZK, cyievmx, c_ AšÍnxb|
KZmv‡j Zvui g„Zz¨ nq?
1987 mv‡ji 12 Ryb|

weòz †` KZ mv‡j, †Kv_vq Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib?

1909 mv‡ji 18 RyjvB; KjKvZvq|
weòz †` cÖKvwkZ cÖavb Kve¨MÖš’¸‡jvi bvg Kx?
De©kx I Av‡U©wgm (1933), †Pvivevwj (1937), c~e©‡jL (1940), mvZ fvB P¤úv (1944), bvg †i‡LwQ †Kvgj MvÜvi
(1950), Zzwg ïay cuwP‡k ˆekvL (1958), ¯§„wZ mËv fwel¨r (1963), †mB AÜKvi PvB (1337), iweK‡iv¾¡j wbR †`k
(1380)|
Zvui iwPZ cÖeܸ‡jvi bvg Kx?
mvwn‡Z¨i fwel¨r (1968), iex›`ªbv_ I wkímvwn‡Z¨ AvaywbKZv mgm¨v (1966), gvB‡Kj iex›`ªbv_ I Ab¨vb¨ wRÁvmv
(1967)|
Zvui iwPZ Abyev` mvwn‡Z¨i bvg Kx?
Gwjq‡Ui KweZv (1950)|
wZwb KZ Zvwi‡L g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib?
3iv wW‡m¤^i, 1982|

myax›`ªbv_ `Ë KLb, †Kv_vq Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib?

1901 wLªóv‡ãi 30 †k A‡±vei; KjKvZvq|
myax›`bv_ `I †Kvb Kve¨MÖš’ iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi‡K DrmM© K‡ib?
Zš^x (1930); GwU Kwei cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ Kve¨MÖš’|
myax›`ªbv_ `Ë iwPZ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ MÖš’¸‡jv Kx Kx?
Zš^x (1930), A‡K©÷vª (1935), µ›`mx (1937), DËi dvêybx (1940), mseZ© (1953), cÖwZw`b (1954),
`kgx (1956); cÖwZaŸwb (1954); ¯^MZ (1938), Kzjvq I Kvjcyiyl (1957)|
wZwb K‡e g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib?
1960 wLªóv‡ãi 25 Ryb|

G ch©šÍ evsjv evsjv M‡`¨i cÖvPxbZg wb`k©b †KvbwU?

1555 w©Lóª v‡ã Avmvg ivR‡K †jLv †KvP wenv‡ii ivRvi GKwU cÎ|
cvw`ª‡`vg AvšÍwbI iwPZ ÔeªvþY-†ivgvb-K¨v_wjK msev`Õ MÖš’wU KZ w©Lªóv‡ã †Kv_v †_‡K gyw`ªZ nq ?
MÖšw’ U cZz©Mv‡ji ivRavbx wjemb bM‡i 1743 w©Lªóv‡ã †ivgvb A¶‡i gyw`ªZ nq|
†Kvb MÖš’wU evsjvM‡`¨i cÖv_wgK cª‡Póvi wb`k©b wnmv‡e D‡jøL‡hvM¨?
 †ivgvb K¨v_wjK cZz©wMR cvw`ª g‡bvGj `v Avmmy¤úmvuI KZ…©K 1734 w©Lóª v‡ã iwPZ Ges 1743 w©Lóª v‡ã wjem‡b †ivgvb
ni‡d gyw`ªZ ÔK…cvi kv‡¯¿i A_© †f`Õ| GwU‡K evsjv K_¨ fvlvi Avw`MÖš’ ejv hvq|
evsjv fvlvi cÖvPxbZg e¨vKiY wnmv‡e we‡ewPZ MÖš’ †KvbwU?
g‡bvÎj `v Avmmy¤úmuvI -Gi bv‡g cÖPwjZ 1743 w©Lªóv‡ã wjemb †_‡K cÖKvwkZ e¨vKiY `Vocabulario em
Idiomae Bengalla’e portuguez’|
myk„•Lj evsjv M‡`¨i cw_K…r iƒ‡c †Kvb MÖš’wU D‡jøL‡hvM¨?
DBwjqvg †Kwi iwPZ Ges 1801 w©Lªóv‡ã kªxivgcyi wgkb †cÖm KZ…©K cÖKvwkZ ÔK‡_vcK_bÕ|
KvjMZ w`K w`‡q †Kvb MÖš’wU‡K evsjv Dcb¨v‡mi cÖ_wgK cÖ‡Póvi wb`k©b wn‡m‡e D‡jøL Kiv nq?
wLªóvb we‡`wkbx n¨vbv K¨v_wij g¨v‡jÝ (1826-61) iwPZ Ôdzjgwb I Kiybvi weeiYÕ (1852) MÖšw’ U|
evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖ_g Dcb¨vm †KvbwU?
c¨vixPvu` wg‡ÎiÕ Avjv‡ji N‡ii `yjvj (1858)|
evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖ_g mv_©K Jcb¨vwmK †K?
ew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq (1838-94)| 1865 mv‡j cÖKvwkZ Ô`y‡M©kbw›`bxÕ evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖ_g mv_©K Dcb¨vm|
evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖ_g gwnjv Jcb¨vwmK †K?
¯^YK© zgvix †`ex (1855-1932)|
evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖ_g mv_©K gymjgvb Jcb¨vwmK †K?
gxi gkivid †nv‡mb (1847-1912)|
evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖ_g mv_©K †QvU MíKvi †K?
iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi (1861-1941)|
evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ MxwZKweZvi cÖ_g mv_©K cÖeZ©K †K?
wenvixjvj PµeZ©x (1835-94)|
evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖ_g mv_©K bvU¨Kvi †K?
gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë (1824-73)|
AvaywbK evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖ_g Kve¨MÖš’ †KvbwU?
i½jvj e‡›`¨vcva¨vq (1827-86) iwPZ ÔcwÙbx DcL¨vbÕ (1858)|
evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖ_g gnvKv‡e¨i bvg Kx?
gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `‡Ëi (1824-73) Ô‡gNbv`ea Kve¨Õ (1861)
†Kv_vq cÖ_g evsjv bvU‡Ki Awfbq nq?
1795 wLªóv‡ãi 27 b‡f¤^i KjKvZvi †e½j w_‡qUv‡i|
†Kvb `yÕwU bvUK w`‡q evsjv bvUK Zvi hvÎv ïiy K‡i|
iyk cwieªvRK †nivwmg †j‡e‡`d I Zvui gybw& k †MvjKbv_ `vm Abyw`Z Disguise Ges Love is the best doctor bvUK `ywU w`‡q|
evsjv †gŠwjK bvUK iPbvi m~ÎcvZ nq KLb?
1852 wLªóv‡ã †hv‡MkP›`ªª ¸‡ßi ÔKxwZ© wejvmÕ I ZvivPiY wkK`v‡ii Ôf`ªvR©ybÕ bvU‡Ki g‡a¨ w`‡q|
evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖ_g D‡jøL‡hvM¨ bvUK †KvbwU?
ivgbvqY ZK©iZœ (1822-86) iwPZ ÔKzjxbKzjme©¯Õ^ (1854)|
evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖ_g we¯Í„Z BwZnvm MÖš’ †KvbwU?
ivgMwZ b¨vqiZœ iwPZ Ôev½jv fvlv I ev½jv mvwnZ¨ welqK cÖ¯vÍ eÕ (1873)|
evsjv M‡`¨ iwPZ cÖ_g RxebPwiZ MÖš’ †KvbwU?
ivgivg emyi ÔivRv cÖZvcvw`Z¨ PwiÎÕ (1801)|
evsjv gy`¶ ª ‡ii RbK †K?
cÂvbb Kg©Kvi|
AvaywbK evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖ_g gwnjv Kwe †K?
gvnvgy`v LvZyb wmwÏKv|
 †Kvb †Kvb Kwe evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ bvMwiK Kwe wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ?
evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖ_g bvMwiK Kwe fviZP›`ª ivq¸YvKi; mgi †mb‡KI bvMwiK Kwe ejv nq| Z‡e AvaywbK evsjv
mvwn‡Z¨ bvMwiK Kwe wn‡m‡e me©vwaK cwiwPZ Kwe kvgmyi ivngvb|
evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ me¨mvPx †jLK wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ Kviv?
iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi‡K evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖ_g me¨mvPx †jLK ejv nq| iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii c‡i eyׇ`e emy‡K ejv nq me¨mvPx
†jL| ˆmq` kvgmyj nK I Avãyj gvbœvb ˆmq`I me¨mvPx †jLK wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ|
evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i we‡`ªvnx I wec‡ei Kwe wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ †K †K?
evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖ_g we‡`ªvnx Kwe BmgvBj †nv‡mb wmivRx; evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ cÖ_g wec‡ei Kwe gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë| Z‡e
evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ we‡`ªvnx Kwe wn‡m‡e me©vwaK L¨vwZ jvf K‡i‡Qb KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg|
nvmb ivRvi cÖK…Z bvg Kx?
Awn`yi †iRv|
nvmb ivRvi Dcvwa Kx wQj?
gigx Kwe|
Km¨wPr Dchy³ fvB‡cv Kvi QÙbvg?
Ck¦iP›`ª we`¨vmvM‡ii| wZwb Ck¦iP›`ª kg©v bv‡g ¯^vÿi Ki‡Zb|
kirP›`ª fÆvPvh© Kvi cÖK…Z bvg?
nicÖmv` kvm¿x|
nicÖmv` kvm¿x Kx Kx Dcvwa jvf K‡ib?
1898 wLªóv‡ã gnvg‡nvcva¨vq Ges 1927 wLªóv‡ã XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq KZ…©K wW.wjU Dcvwa|
emšÍiÄb ivq‡K weØØjøf Dcvwa †`b †K?
beØx‡ci fyeb‡gvnb PZz®úvVxi Aa¨¶ GB DcvwawU cÖ`vb K‡ib|
bxnvwiKv †`ex Kvi QÙbvg?
AwPšÍ¨Kzgvi †mb¸ß|
†Kvb †jLK kÖx Ges Kvjcyiæl GB `yB QÙbv‡g wjL‡Zb?
Rxebvb›` `vk|
¯^cvœ Zzi Kwe Kvi Dcvwa?
ˆmq` BmgvBj †nv‡mb wmivRx|
Aveyj †nv‡mb wgqvi QÙbvg Kx?
Aveyj nvmvb|
Kvq‡Kvev‡`i cÖK…Z bvg Kx?
Kv‡Rg Avj †Kv‡ikx|
cÖkb&: Aea~Z †Kvb †jL‡Ki QÙbvg?
KvwjKvb›`|
û‡Zvg †cuPv †K?
KvjxcÖmbœ wmsn|
RivmÜ bv‡g cwiwPZ †K?
PviyP›`ª PµeZ©x|
RmxgD`&`x‡bi QÙbvg Kx?
Rgxi DÏxb †gvjøv|
 nvey kg©v †K?
Zvivk¼i e‡›`¨vcva¨vq|
gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi cÖK…Z bvg Kx?
cÖ‡evaKzgvi e‡›`¨vcva¨vq|
ew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨v‡qi QÙbvgwU Kx?
KgjvKvšÍ|
ebdzj Kvi QÙbvg?
ejvBPuv` gy‡Lvcva¨vq|
†gŠgvwQ QÙbv‡gi cÖK…Z †jLK †K?
wegj †Nvl|
wegj wgÎ †Kvb QÙbv‡g wjL‡Zb?
Rvevwj|
†mwjg Avj `x‡bi cÖK…Z bvg Kx?
gBbywÏb Avn‡g`|
kIKZ Imgv‡bi cÖK…Z bvg Kx?
†kL AvwRRyi ingvb|
nvqvr gvgy` †K?
gwbiy¾vgvb|
†Kvb †jLK `„wónxb QÙbv‡g wjL‡Zb?
`wÿYviÄbwgÎ gRyg`vi|
gxi gkviid †nv‡m‡bi QÙbvg ¸‡jv Kx Kx?
†MŠoZUevmx gkv, D`vmxb cw_K I MvRx wgqv|
Rwni ivqnv‡bi cÖKZ … bvg Kx?
†gvnv¤§` Rwniyjøvn|
knx`yjøvn Kvqmv‡ii cÖK…Z bvg Kx?
Avey bCg †gvnv¤§` knx`yjøvn|
K…wËevm ISv I mZ¨my›`i `vm G `y‡Uv †Kvb †jL‡K QÙbvg?
†gvwnZjvj gRyg`vi|
ˆmq` gyRZev Avjx †Kvb †Kvb QÙbv‡g wjL‡Zb?
DËi: wcÖq`k©x, Igi ˆLqvg, gymvwdi, mZ¨cxi BZ¨vw`|
Kv½vj nwibv‡_i cÖK…Z bvg Kx?
nwibv_ gRyg`vi|
KvjK~U †Kvb †jL‡Ki QÙbvg|
mg‡ik emyi|
†Kvb †jLK Ô†UKPuv` VvKziÕ bv‡g cwiwPZ ?
c¨vixPuv` wg‡Îi QÙbvg †UKPuv` VvKzi|
iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi KqwU QÙbvg e¨envi K‡ib?
bqwU| G¸‡jv n‡jv- fvbywmsn VvKzi, AKcUP›`ª fv¯‹i, AvbœvKvjx cvKovkx, w`Kk~b¨ fÆvPvh©, bexbwK‡kvi kg©b, lôxPiY
†`e kg©v, evYxwe‡bv` we`¨vwe‡bv`, kªxgZx Kwbôv, kªxgZx ga¨gv|
kirP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq KqwU QÙbvg e¨envi K‡i‡Qb ?
mvZwU| G¸‡jv njÑ Awbjv †`ex, AcivwRZ †`ex, kªx P‡Ævcva¨vq, Abyiƒcv †`ex, cikyivg (GwU ivR †kLi emyiI
QÙbvg), kªxKvšÍ kgv©, my‡i›`ªbv_ M‡½vcva¨vq|
A. Native- Kvi QÙbvg?
gvB‡Kj gaym~ab `Ë|
 ÕmZ¨ my›`i `vmÕ †Kvb †jL‡Ki QÙ bvg?
†gvwnZjvj gRyg`vi|
A‡kvK ˆmq` Kvi QÙbvg?
Avãyj gvbœvb ˆmq`|
diiæK Avng‡`i QÙ bvg Kx?
†jLivR mvgvšÍ|
ÔAea~ZÕ †Kvb †jL‡Ki QÙbvg ?
KvwjKvb›`|
†Kvb †jLK ÔKvjK~UÕ QÙbv‡g wjL‡Zb?
mg‡ik emy (1924-88)|
ÔRivmÜÕ Kvi QÙbvg?
PviyP›`ª gy‡Lvcva¨vq|
Ôbxj †jvwnZÕ Kvi QÙbvg?
mybxj M‡½vcva¨vq|
ÔQ‡›`i ivRvÕ I ÔQ‡›`i hv`yKiÕ wn‡m‡e L¨vZ †K?
m‡Z¨›`ªbv_ `Ë (1882-1922)|
†Kvb Kwe‡K ÔfvIqv‡ji KweÕ ejv nq?
†Mvwe›` `vm †K (1856-1918)|
†Kvb Kwe‡K ÔkvwšÍcy‡ii KweÕ ejv nq?
†gvRv‡¤§j nK‡K|
†Kvb Kwe‡K wK‡kvi Kwe ejv nq?
myKvšÍ fÆvPvh©‡K|
†Kvb †jwLKv cÖ_‡g Avi. Gm. †nv‡mb bv‡g wjL‡Zb?
†iv‡Kqv mvLvIqvZ †nv‡mb (1880-1932)|
ÔRbbx mvnwmKvÕ Kvi Dcvwa?
mywdqv Kvgvj| wZwb iex›`ª Kve¨avivi MxwZKweZv iPwqZv|
gyw³hy×Kv‡j Kwe kvgmyi ivngvb †Kvb QÙbv‡g KweZv wjL‡Zb ?
gRjyg Avw`e| Zuvi WvKbvg wQj ev”Pz|
Ôkwbev‡ii wPwVÕ cwÎKvq KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg‡K Kx bv‡g e¨½ Kiv n‡Zv?
MvRx AveŸvm weU‡Kj|
KvRx bRiæj Bmjv‡gi QÙbvg¸‡jv Kx Kx?
Knjb wgkÖ, iƒcKvi eb eyjeyj, a~g‡KZz, byiy, byiyj Bmjvg BZ¨vw`|

ÒmKv‡j DwVqv Avwg g‡b g‡b ewj,

mvivw`b Avwg †hb fvj n‡q Pwj|Ó GB PiY؇qi Kwe †K?
g`b‡gvnb ZK©vj¼vi|
Òmevi Dci gvbyl mZ¨ Zvnvi Dci bvB|Ó †K e‡j‡Qb?
PÐx`vm|
Ò‡h me e‡½Z Rwb¥ wns‡m e½evYx|
†m me Kvnvi Rb¥ wbY©q b Rvwb|Ó GB csw³ `ywU †Kvb Kwei KweZv †_‡K †bIqv n‡q‡Q?
Avãyj nvwKg|
Òme©`vB û û K‡i gb/wek¦ †hb Ziyi gZb/
Pvwiw`‡K Svjv cvjv/Dt wK R¡jšÍ R¡vjv/
AwMœK†y Ð cZ½ cZb|Ó GwU †Kvb Kwei iPbv ?
wenvix jvj PµeZx©|
 Ò¯^vaxbZv nxbZvq †K euvwP‡Z Pvq?Ó PiYwU Kvi iPbv?
i½jvj e‡›`¨vcva¨vq|
Òe‡b¨iv e‡b my›`i, wkïiv gvZ…‡µv‡o|Ó D×…wUi iPwqZv †K?
mwÄe P‡Ævcva¨vq|
Òcw_K Zzwg c_ nvivBqvQ?Ó Dw³wU †Kvb MÖ‡š’i?
Kcvj KzÐjv|
ÒKZ iƒc †mœn Kwe †`‡ki KzKzi awi, we‡`‡ki VvKzi †dwjqv|Ó GwU †Kvb Kwe e‡j‡Qb?
Ck¦iP›`ª ¸ß|
ÒGZ eo cÖwZfv †Kej BqvwK©‡ZB dzivBj|Ó Kvi cÖwZfv?
Ck¦iP›`ª ¸‡ßi|
ÒGwK AK¯§vr †nvj eRªcvZ! Kx Avi wjwL‡e Kwe? e‡½i fv¯‹i cÖwZfvi AvKi AKv‡j jyKv‡bv Qwe|Ó G csw³ `yÕwU †Kvb
Kwei †jLv?
DËi: BmgvBj †nv‡mb wmivRx|
ÒGZ¶‡Y Awi›`g Kwnj welv‡`|Ó G ev‡K¨ Awi›`g †K?
iveY cyÎ †gNbv`|
ÒRwb¥‡j gwi‡Z n‡e, Agi †K †Kv_v n‡e?Ó GwU †Kvb Kwei DׄwZ?
gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë|
ÒAjxK KzbvU¨ i‡½, g‡R †jvK iv‡p I e‡½|Ó gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë Kv‡K D‡Ïk¨ K‡i Dw³wU K‡iwQ‡jb?
ivg bvivqY ZK©iZœ‡K|
Òbgt bgt bgt my›`ix gg Rbbx e½f~wg|Ó D×…Zvs‡ki Kwe †K?
iex›`ªbv_ _vKzi|
ÒgiY †i, Zzuûu gg k¨vg mgvb|Ó cO&w³wUi iPwqZv †K?
iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi|
D`‡qi c‡_ ïwb Kvi evYx fq bvB, I‡i fq bvB, wbt‡k‡l cÖvY †h Kwi‡e `vb ¶q bvB Zvi ¶q bvB|Ó weL¨vZ G jvBb
`yÕwUi iPwqZv †K?
iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi|
Òmܨviv‡Z wSwjwgwj wSj‡gi †mªvZLvwb ...|Ó iex›`ªbv‡_i †Kvb Kv‡e¨i KweZv?
ejvKv|
Ògvby‡li Dci wek¦vm nviv‡bv cvc|Ó ‡K G K_v e‡j‡Qb?
iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi|
Ògwi‡Z Pvwnbv Avwg my›`i fye‡b|Ó PiYwU Kvi †jLv?
iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii|
Òwkïiv‡R¨ GB †g‡qwU GK †QvULvU ewM©i Dc`ªc ewj‡jB nq|Ó Dw³wU Kvi Ges †Kvb iPbvi?
iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii ÔmgvwßÕ M‡íi|
ÒKv`w¤^b x gwiqvB cÖgvY Kwij, †m g‡i bvB|Ó Dw³wU iex›`ªb v‡_i †Kvb Mí †_‡K †bqv?
RxweZ I g„Z|
ÒMÖnY K‡i‡Q hZ, FYx ZZ K‡i‡Q Avgvq|Ó Dw³wU eix›`ªbv‡_i †k‡li KweZvÕ Dcb¨v‡mi †Kvb Pwi‡Îi?
jve‡Y¨i|
ÒmvZ‡KvwU mšÍv‡bi †n gy» Rbbx/†i‡L‡Qv evOvwj K‡i gvbyl Kiwb|Ó ‡Kvb Kwei iPbv?
iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi|
ÒAvgiv `yR‡b fvwmqv G‡mwQ hyMj †cÖ‡gi †mªv‡Z Abvw`Kv‡ji ü`q Drm n‡Z|Ó Kvi iPbv?
iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi|
†Zvgvi KxwZ©i †P‡q Zzwg †h gnr, ZvB Ze Rxe‡bi i_ cðv‡Z †dwjqv hvq KxwZ©‡i †Zvgvi evisevi, wPý Ze c‡o Av‡Q
Zzwg †n_v bvB|Ó GwU iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii †Kvb KweZvi Ask?
kvnRvnvb|
GK we›`y bq‡bi Rj
Kv‡ji K‡cvj Z‡j ïå mgy¾j
G ZvRgnj|Ó GwU †Kvb Kwe iPbv K‡i‡Qb?
iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi|
ÒAvwR G cÖfv‡Z iwei Ki
‡Kg‡b cwkj cÖv‡Yi ci|Ó †Kvb KweZvi PiY?
wbS©‡ii ¯^cœf½|
Ò†Zvgvi m„wói c_ †i‡LQ AvKxY© Kwi|Ó iex›`ªbv‡_i †Kvb Kv‡e¨i KweZv?
Ô†kl‡jLvÕ Kv‡e¨i|
ÒAvgiv mevB ivRv|Ó GB csw³wUi iPwqZv †K?
iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi|
ÒKvUv Kz‡Ä ewm ZzB Muvw_we gvwjKv, w`qv †Mby fv‡j †Zvi †e`bvi wUKv|Ó GB D×…ZvskwU †Kvb Kwei iPbv?
KvRx bRiyj Bmjvg|
ÒeD K_v KI, eD K_v KI
KI K_v Awfgvwbbx
†m‡a †m‡a †Ku‡` †Ku‡`
hv‡e hZ hvwgbx|ÕÕ GB KweZv AskUzKz †Kvb Kwei †jLv?
KvRx bRiyj Bmjvg|
we‡k¦ hv wKQz gnvb m„wó wPiKj¨vY Ki; A‡a©K Zvi `vwbqv‡Q bvix A‡a©K Zvi bi|Ó †Kvb Kwei iPbv?
KvRx bRiyj Bmjvg|
Ò†Zvgv‡`i cv‡b Pvwnqv eÜz Avi Avwg RvwMebv
‡Kvjvnj Kwi mviv w`b gvb Kv‡iv a¨vb fvw½e bv|Ó GwU †Kvb KweZvi Ask?
KvRx bRiyj Bmjv‡gi ÔPµevKÕ Kv‡e¨i AšÍM©Z ÔevZvqb cv‡k ¸evK Ziyi mvwiÕ KweZvi|
eo †cÖg ïay Kv‡Q Uv‡b bv `~‡iI †Vwjqv †`q|Ó GwU †Kvb †jL‡Ki Dw³?
kirP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨v‡qi|
Òmywkw¶Z †jvK gvÎB ¯^wkw¶Z|Ó GB Dw³wU Kvi?
cÖg_ †PŠayix|
fvlv gvby‡li gyL †_‡K Kj‡gi gy‡L Av‡m, D‡ëvUv Ki‡Z †M‡j gy‡L ïay Kvwj c‡o|Ó K_vwU e‡j‡Qb?
cÖg_ †PŠayixi|
ÒmvwnZ¨ †Q‡ji nv‡Zi †LjbvI bq, ¸iyi nv‡Zi †eZI bq|Ó gšÍe¨wU †Kvb †jL‡Ki?
DËi: cÖg_ †PŠayixi|
ÔRxe‡b R¨vVvwg I mvwn‡Z¨ b¨vKvwgÕ mn¨ Ki‡Z cvi‡Zb bv †K?
cÖg_ †PŠayix|
Òmy›`i †n, `vI `vI my›`i Rxeb,
nDK `~i AKj¨vY mKj A‡kvfb|Ó PiY `ywU Kvi †jLv?
†kL dRjj Kwig|
Ògvby‡liB gv‡S ¯^M©-biK, gvby‡l‡Z myivmyi|Ó GB csw³wU Kvi iPbv?
†kL dRjj Kwig|
ÒKuvUv †nwi ¶všÍ †Kb Kgj Zzwj‡Z, `ytL webv myL jvf nq wK gnx‡Z? GwU Kvi iPbv?
K…òP›`ª gRyg`vi|
Ò†h Rb w`e‡m g‡bi ni‡l R¡vjvq †gv‡gi evwZ,
AvïM„‡n Zvi, †`wL‡e bv Avi,
wbwk‡_ cÖ`xc euvwZ|Ó GwU Kvi †jLv?
K…òP›`ª gRyg`vi|
Ò†Kb cvš’ ¶všÍ nI †nwi `xN© c_?Ó Kvi †jLv?
K…òP›`ª gRyg`vi|
ÒÁvb †hLv‡b mxgve×, eyw× †mLv‡b Avoó, gyw³ †mLv‡b Am¤¢e|ÕÕ GB Dw³wU †Kvb cwÎKvi cÖwZ msL¨vq wjLv n‡Zv?
 wkLv cwÎKvi|
myiÄbv IBLv‡b †h‡qv bv‡Kv Zzwg|Ó †Kvb Kwe G K_v e‡jwQ‡jb?
Rxebvb›` `vk|
ÒAvwg †Kv_vq cve Zv‡i, Avgvi g‡bi gvbyl †h‡i|Ó ‡K e‡j‡Qb?
MMb niKiv|
Òdzj dzUzK Avi bvB dzUK z , AvR emšÍ|Ó †K e‡j‡Qb?
DËi: myfvl gy‡Lvcva¨vq|
Òevkvwi Avgvi nvwi‡q †M‡Q evjyi P‡i,
†Kg‡b cwke †Mvab jBqv †Mvqvj N‡i|Ó GwU †Kvb Kwei iPbv?
Kwe RmxgD`&`xb|
Avwg wKse`šÍxi K_v ejwQ|Ó Gi iwPqZv †K?
Avey Rvdi Ievq`yjøvn|
ÒmK‡ji Z‡i mK‡j Avgiv cÖ‡Z¨‡K Avgiv c‡ii Z‡i|Ó GwU †Kvb Kwei iPbv?
Kvwgbx ivq|
¶zavi iv‡R¨ c„w_ex M`¨gq-
c~wY©gvi Puv` ‡hb Sjmv‡bv iywU|Ó jvBb `yÕwU †Kvb Kwei?
myKvšÍ fÆvPv‡h©i|
Ògayi †P‡q Av‡Q gay †m Avgvi †`‡ki gvwU/ Avgvi †`‡ki c‡_i ayjv LuvwU †mvbvi PvB‡Z LuvwU|Ó G KweZvs‡ki iPwqZv
†K?
m‡Z¨›`ªbv_ `Ë|
ÒGLb †hŠeb hvi wgwQ‡j hvevi Zvi †kªô mgq, GLb †hŠeb hvi hy‡× hvevi Zvi †kªô mgq|Ó GwU †Kvb Kwei iPbv?
†njvj nvwdR|
ÒRb¥B Avgvi AvRb¥ cvc|Ó Dw³wU Kvi?
`vD` nvq`vi|
ÒfvZ †` nvivgRv`v, Zv bv n‡j gvbwPÎ Lve|Ó GwU †Kvb Kwei KweZvsk?
iwdK AvRv`|
ÒAvgv‡`i †QvU MÖvg gv‡qi mgvb
Av‡jv w`‡q evqy w`‡q euvPvB‡Q cÖvY|Ó †Kvb Kwei iPbv?
e‡›` Avjx wgqv|
ÒGLv‡b hviv cÖvY w`‡q‡Q igbvi EaŸ©gyLx K…òP~ovi wb‡P †mLv‡b Avwg Kuv`‡Z Avwmwb|Ó Gi iPwqZv †K?
gvneye Avjg †PŠayix|
Ò†gv‡`i Mie, †gv‡`i Avkv
AvÑgwi evsjv fvlv|Ó †Kvb Kwei iPbv ?
AZzjcÖmv` †mb||
Òknx‡`i SjwKZ i‡³i ey`ey`,¯§„wZM‡Ü ficyi GKz‡ki K…òP~ov Avgv‡`i †PZbviB iO|Ó †Kvb Kwei †jLv ?
kvgmyi ivngvb|

ÒAvgvi †mvbvi evsjv, Avwg †Zvgvq fvjevwm|Ó Mv‡bi KZ jvBb Avgv‡`i RvZxq msMxZ wn‡m‡e M„ nxZ n‡q‡Q?
10 jvBb|
iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii ÒAvgvi †mvbvi evsjv, Avwg †Zvgvq fvjevwm|Ó MvbwU K‡e †_‡K evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq msMxZ wn‡m‡e
MÖnY Kiv nq?
3 gvP© 1971|
ÒAvgvi †mvbvi evsjv Avwg †Zvgvq fvjevwm|ÓÑ MvbwUi †cÖ¶vcU Kx wQj ?
 e½f½ RwbZ RvZxq Av‡›`vjb|
evsjv‡`‡ki iY msMx‡Zi iPwqZv †K?
KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg |
MxZvÄwj Kv‡e¨i cÖ_g MvbwU Kx?
ÒAvgvi gv_v bZ K‡i `vI †n †Zvgvi PiY a~jvi c‡i|Ó
evDj Mv‡bi we‡klZ¡ Kx?
Ava¨vZ¥ welqK|
fvwUqvjx †Kvb A‡ji Mvb?
gqgbwmsn|
M¤x¢iv Mvb evsjv‡`‡ki †Kvb A‡j me©vwaK cÖPwjZ?
ivRkvnx |
ÒIiv Avgvi gy‡Li fvlv KvBov wb‡Z Pvq|Ó MvbwUi iPwqZv I myiKvi †K?
wkíx Avãyj jwZd|
Ò†gviv GKwU dzj‡K euvPv‡ev e‡j hy× Kwi|Ó MvbwUi MxwZKvi †K?
†Mvwe›` nvj`vi|
ÒÔ†gviv GKwU dzj‡K euvPv‡ev e‡j hy× Kwi|Ó MvbwUi wkíx †K?
Av‡cj gvngy`|
Òme KUv Rvbvjv Ly‡j `vI bv|Ó G MvbwUi MxwZKvi †K?
giûg bRiæj Bmjvg evey|
ÒRq evsjv evsjvi Rq|Ó MvbwUi MxwZKvi †K?
MvRx gvRnviæj Bmjvg|
ÒPvlv‡`i gy‡U‡`i gRy‡ii|Ó MvbwUi MxwZKvi †K?
Avjx gnwmb ivRv |
ÒwePvicwZ †Zvgvi wePvi Ki‡e hviv|Ó GB MvbwUi MxwZKvi †K?
mwjj †PŠayix|
ÒI Avgvi evsjv gv †Zvi|Ó GB MvbwUi MxwZKvi †K?
Aveyj Igi †gv. dLiæwÏb|
ÒRbZvi msMÖvg Pj‡eB, Avgv‡`i msMÖvg Pj‡eB|Ó MvbwUi MxwZKvi †K?
DËi: wmKv›`vi Avey Rvdi|
Ò†mvbv †mvbv †jv‡K e‡j †mvbv|Ó GB MvbwUi MxwZKvi †K?
Avãyj jwZd|
ÒRb¥ Avgvi ab¨ n‡jv|Ó MvbwUi MxwZKvi †K?
DËi: bqxg Mni|
ÒZxi nviv GB †WD‡qi mvMi|Ó MvbwUi MxwZKvi †K?
‡Mvwe›` nvj`vi|
Ògv‡Mv fvebv †Kb|Ó MvbwUi MxwZKvi †K?
†MŠwi cÖmbœ nvj`vi|
Òfv‡jv AvwQ fv‡jv †_‡Kv|Ó MvbwUi MxwZKvi †K?
iæ`ª gynv¤§` knx`yjøvn|
ÒAvwR evsjv‡`‡ki ü`q n‡Z|Ó MvbwUi MxwZKvi †K?
iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi|
Òevsjvi gvwU evsjvi Rj|Ó MvbwUi MxwZKvi †K?
 iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi|
Òabavb¨ cy®úfiv Avgv‡`i GB emyÜivÓ ÑweL¨vZ G MvbwUi iPwqZv †K?
w؇R›`ªjvj ivq|
Ò‡jv‡K e‡j, e‡j‡i Ni-evwo fvjv bv Avgvi|Ó G MvbwU Kvi †jLv?
nvmb ivRv|
ÒMvox P‡j bv P‡j bv P‡j bv‡i|Ó MvbwUi MxwZKvi †K?
kvn Avãyj Kwig|
kvn Avãyj Kwig iwPZ weL¨vZ Mvb¸‡jv Kx Kx?
1. Avgvi eÜyqv wen‡b †Mv m‡qbv civ‡b †Mv G‡Kjv N‡i _vK‡Z cvwibv|
2. AvBjv bv AvBjvbv‡i eÜz
3. i‡½i `ywbqv †Zv‡i Pvqbv|
4. Mvwo P‡j bv P‡j bv‡i|
ÒAvcb N‡i †evSvB †mvbv-
c‡i K‡i †jbv‡`bv|Ó PiY `ywUi iPwqZv †K?
jvjb mvuB|
Òab¨ ab¨ ewj Zv‡i|Ó- MvbwUi MxwZKvi †K?
jvjb mvuB|
jvjb muvB iwPZ weL¨vZ Mvb¸‡jv Kx Kx?
1. Avgvi Ni Lvbvq †K weivR K‡i|
2. LuvPvi †fZi AwPb cvwL|
3. Avgvi evwoi cv‡k Aviwk bMi|
4. RvZ †Mj RvZ †Mj e‡j|
AZzj cÖmv` †mb iwPZ weL¨vZ Mvb¸‡jv Kx Kx?
wg‡Q ZzB fvwem gb, mev‡i evm‡i fv‡jv, euayqv wb` bvwn AvuwL cv‡Z, GKv †gvi Mv‡bi Zix, †K Avevi evRvq evuwk,
µ›`mx c_PviYx, DV‡Mv fviZ j²x, e‡jv e‡jv e‡jv m‡e, nI ai‡g‡Z axi BZ¨vw`|

Ôwelv` wmÜzÕ Dcb¨vmwUi bvqK †K?

gxi gkvid †nv‡mb hLb Ôwelv` wmÜzÕ Dcb¨vmwU †j‡Lb ZLb Zvi mvg‡b bv wQj †Kvb ag©MÖš’ bv wQj †Kvb BwZnvm|
ga¨hy‡Mi †kl w`‡K iwPZ cyuw_B wQj Zuvi GKgvÎ fimv| †m Kvi‡Y welv` wmÜzi bvqK wb‡q AvRI weZK© i‡q‡Q| KviY
cÖPwjZ A‡_© bvqK-bvwqKv ej‡Z hv eySvq welv` wmÜz‡Z †mUv Abycw¯’Z| Zvici I hw` cÖkœ Kiv nq welv` wmÜzi bvqK †K?
Dˇi ej‡Z n‡e, Bgvg †nv‡mb|
VK PvPv, gwZjvj, evÃvivg †Kvb Dcb¨v‡mi PwiÎ?
Avjv‡ji N‡ii `yjvj|
ågi, †ivwnbx I †Mvwe›`jvj †Kvb Dcb¨v‡mi †Kw›`ªq PwiÎ?
K…òKv‡šÍi DBj|
Av‡qkv I wZ‡jvËgv †Kvb MÖ‡š’i †Kw›`ªq PwiÎ?
ew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨v‡qi Ô`y‡M©k bw›`bxÕ Dcb¨v‡mi|
ÔKz›`bw›`bxÕ †Kvb Dcb¨v‡mi PwiÎ?
ew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨v‡qi Ôwele„¶Õ Dcb¨v‡mi|
ÔKcvjKzÊjvÕ Dcb¨v‡mi bvq‡Ki bvg Kx?
beKzgvi|
iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii †Kvb †Kvb M‡í gymjgvb PwiÎ i‡q‡Q?
¶zwaZ cvlvY, gyKzU I myfv I KveywjIqvjv|
iex›`ªbv‡_i Ô†cv÷ gv÷viÕ M‡íi cÖavb PwiÎ †KvbwU?
iZb|
ÔP›`ivÕ iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii †Kvb M‡íi PwiÎ?
kvw¯Í|
Ôbw›`bxÕ iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii †Kvb bvU‡Ki cÖavb PwiÎ?
i³Kiex|
iex›`ªbv‡_i Ô†Pv‡Li evwjÕ Dcb¨v‡mi cÖavb `yÕwU Pwi‡Îi bvg Kx?
g‡n›`ª I we‡bvw`bx|
evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ †`ehvbx I KP Pwi‡Îi m„wóKZ©v †K?
iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi|
Ôkwg©jvÕ iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi iwPZ †Kvb Dcb¨v‡mi bvwqKv?
`yB †evb|
igv I i‡gk †Kvb Dcb¨v‡mi cÖ`vb PwiÎ?
kirP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨v‡qi ÔcjøxmgvRÕ Dcb¨v‡mi|
ÔAfqvÕ PwiÎwU kirP‡›`ªi †Kvb Dcb¨v‡m i‡q‡Q?
kªxKvšÍ|
gwng, my‡ik, APjv I g„Yvj †Kvb Dcbv‡mi cÖavb PwiÎ?
M„n`vn|
exievû, wPÎv½`v I g‡›`v`ix †Kvb MÖ‡š’i †Kw›`ªq PwiÎ?
gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `‡Ëi Ô‡gNbv`ea Kv‡e¨Õi|
Ô†ZvivcÕ †Kvb bvU‡Ki PwiÎ?
bxj`c©Y|
KvRx bRiyj Bmjv‡gi ÔcÙ †MvL‡ivÕ M‡íi bvwqKv †K?
†Rv‡jLv|
wfLy, cvPx I †cnjv` Pwi‡Îi mv¶vZ cvIqv hvq †Kvb M‡í?
gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi ÔcÖv‰MwZnvwmKÕ †QvU M‡í|
kkx I Kzmyg †Kvb Dcb¨v‡mi cvÎ-cvÎx?
cyZjz bv‡Pi BwZK_v|
†Rvniv PwiÎwU †Kv_vq cvIqv hvq?
†gvRv‡¤§j n‡Ki Ô†RvnivÕ Dcb¨v‡m I gybxi †PŠayixi Ôi³v³ cÖvšÍiÕ bvU‡K|
Kwe RmxgD`&`x‡bi †Kvb Kv‡e¨ mvRy I iƒcvB Gi Kvwnbx Av‡Q?
ÔbK&kx Kuv_vi gvVÕ Kv‡e¨|
evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i †kªô wK‡kvi PwiÎ †KvbwU?
kirP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨v‡qi ÔkªxKvšÍÕ Dcb¨v‡mi B›`ªbv_|
evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i D‡jøL‡hvM¨ evjK-evwjKv †K †K?
wef~wZf~lY e‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi Ôc‡_i cuvPvjxÕ Dcb¨v‡mi Acy I `yM©v|
evsjv Dcb¨v‡mi †Kvb `ywU gv PwiÎ we‡kl fv‡e ¯§iY‡hvM¨?
Avey Bmnv‡Ki Ôm~h©`xNj evwoÕ Dcb¨v‡mi Rq¸Y Ges kIKZ Imgv‡bi ÔRbbxÕ Dcb¨v‡mi `wiqv wewe|

fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡k cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ msev`cÎ †KvbwU?

†e½j †M‡RU (1780)| Gi m¤úv`K wQ‡jb †Rgm AMv÷vm wnwK|
 Ôw`M`k©bÕ KZ wLªóv‡ã Kvi m¤úv`bvq cÖKvwkZ nq ?
Ôw`M`k©bÕ gvwmK wnmv‡e 1818 wLªóv‡ãi GwcÖj gv‡m †Rvïqv gvk©g¨v‡bi cyÎ Rb K¬vK© gvk©g¨v‡bi m¤úv`bvq kªxivgcyi
e¨vcwU÷ wgkb †_‡K cÖKvwkZ nq|
m¤^v` †KŠgy`x KZ mv‡j, Kvi m¤úv`bvq cÖKvwkZ nq?
1821 mv‡j; ivg‡gvnb iv‡qi m¤úv`bvq|
evsjv fvlvi cÖ_g ˆ`wbK cwÎKv †KvbwU ?
Ômsev` cÖfvKiÕ| cwÎKvwU Kwe Ck¦iP›`ª ¸‡ßi m¤úv`bvq 1831 wLªóv‡ã cÖ_‡g mvßvwnK Ges 1839 wLªóv‡ã GwU ˆ`wbK
cwÎKv wn‡m‡e cÖKvwkZ nq|
ZË¡‡evwabx cwÎKvwU KZ mv‡j cÖKvwkZ nq?
1843 wLªóv‡ã| Gi cÖwZôvZv wQ‡jb gnwl© †`‡e›`ªbv_ VvKzi Ges m¤úv`K wQ‡jb A¶qKzgvi `Ë|
gvwmK ÔMÖvgevZv© cÖKvwkKvÕ KZ wLªóv‡ã Kvi m¤úv`bvq cÖKvwkZ nq?
1863 wLªóv‡ã GwcÖj gv‡m ZrKvjxb b`xqv eZ©gv‡b Kzwóqv †Rjvi KzgviLvwj †_‡K nwibv_ gRyg`v‡ii (KvOvj nwibv_)
m¤úv`bvq|
ew¼gP›`ª m¤úvw`Z weL¨vZ mvwnZ¨ cÎ Ôe½`k©bÕ KZ mv‡j cÖKvwkZ nq?
1872 wLªóv‡ã|
†Kvb cwÎKvi gva¨‡g iex›`ª mvwn‡Z¨i weKvk N‡U?
w؇R›`ªbv_ VvKzi m¤úvw`Z Ges 1877 mv‡j cÖKvwkZ ÔfviZxÕ cwÎKvi gva¨‡g|
iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi †Kvb †Kvb cwÎKv m¤úv`bv K‡ib?
mvabv (1894), fviZx (1898), e½`k©b (1901) I ZË¡‡evwabx (1911)|
1890 wLªóv‡ã cÖKvwkZ ÔmvwnZ¨Õ cwÎKvi m¤úv`K †K wQ‡jb?
my‡ikP›`ª mgvRcwZ|
†Kvb cwÎKvwU evsjv PwjZ M`¨ixwZ cÖeZ©‡b Amvgvb¨ Ae`vb iv‡L?
1914 mv‡j cÖg_ †PŠayixi m¤úv`bvq cÖKvwkZ ÔmeyRcÎÕ cwÎKvwU|
ÔK‡jøvjÕ bvgK gwmK cwÎKvwU KZ mv‡j, Kvi m¤úv`bvq cÖKvwkZ nq?
1923 mv‡j; `x‡bkiÄb `v‡ki m¤úv`bvq|
1922 mv‡j cÖKvwkZ Ôa~g‡KZzÕ cwÎKvi m¤úv`K †K wQ‡jb?
KvRx bRiyj Bmjvg|
ÔmyavKiÕ bvgK mvwnZ¨ cwÎKvwU KZ mv‡j, Kvi m¤úv`bvq cÖKvwkZ nq?
1889 mv‡j †kL Ave`yi iwn‡gi m¤úv`bvq KjKvZv †_‡K|
1891 wLªóv‡ã cÖKvwkZ †Kvb cwÎKvwU mgvR wewbg©v‡Y h‡_ó mnvqK n‡qwQj?
†gvnv¤§` †iqvRDÏxb Avng` m¤úvw`Z ÔBmjvg cÖPviKÕ mvwnZ¨ gvwmKwU|
ÔwgwniÕ bv‡g gvwmK cwÎKvwU KZ wLªóv‡ã, Kvi m¤úv`bvq cÖKvwkZ nq?
1892 wLªóv‡ã; †kL Ave`yi iwn‡gi m¤úv`bvq|
1899 mv‡ji gvN gv‡m KjKvZv †_‡K cÖKvwkZ ÔcÖPviKÕ bvgK gvwmK cÎwUi cÖKvk wQ‡jb †K?
gaywgqv| huvi cÖK…Z bvg gybkx g‡qR DwÏb Avng`|
Ôbeb~iÕ (1903) cwÎKvi m¤úv`K †K wQ‡jb?
ˆmq` Gg`v` Avjx|
†kL dRjj Kwig m¤úvw`Z ÔevmbvÕ bv‡g mvwnZ¨ gvwmKwU KZ mv‡j Ges †Kv_v †_‡K cÖKvwkZ n‡qwQj?
1908 wLªóv‡ã; iscy‡ii KvwKbv †_‡K|
KvRx bRiyj Bmjv‡gi Kwe L¨vwZi cðv‡Z †Kvb cwÎKvwUi wewkó f~wgKv wQj?
1920 mv‡j KjKvZv †_‡K †gvRv‡¤§j n‡Ki m¤úv`bvq cÖKvwkZ Ô†gvm‡jg fviZÕ cwÎKvwUi|
W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn ‡Kvb ‡Kvb cwÎKv m¤úv`bv K‡ib?
AvOyi (1920), w` cxm (1923), e½f~wg (1937) Ges ZKexi (1947)|
cÂv‡ki gš^šÍi Dcj¶ K‡i Kwe myKvšÍ fÆvPvh© †Kvb mvwnZ¨ msKjb m¤ú`bv K‡ib ?
AvKvj|
 †Kvb cwÎKvwU fvlv Av‡›`vj‡b e¨vcK Ae`vb iv‡L ?
ˆmwbK|
ÔwkLvÕ cwÎKvwU KZ wLªóv‡ã †Kv_v †_‡K cÖKvwkZ nq?
1927 wLªóv‡ã XvKv †_‡K cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ nq|
†gvnv¤§` Iqv‡R` Avjx †Kvb †Kvb cwÎKvi m‡½ hy³ wQ‡jb?
mvßvwnK †gvnv¤§`x, ˆ`wbK †gvnv¤§`x, w` gymjgvb; ˆ`wbK †meK, mvßvwnK Lv‡`g, mvßvwnK mIMvZ Ges wØgvwmK mvg¨ev`x|
Gme cwÎKv ZLb KjKvZv †_‡K †ei n‡Zv|
Ôc~ev© kvÕ cwÎKvwU Kvi m¤úv`bvq cÖKvwkZ nq?
mÄq fÆvPvh©|
Ôbekw³Õ cwÎKvi m¤úv`K †K wQ‡jb?
A‰ØZ gjøeg©Y|
Ôgwnjv (1302)Õ cwÎKvi m¤úv`K †K wQ‡jb?
wMwikP›`ª †mb|
hZx›`ª‡gvnb evMPx m¤úvw`Z cwÎKv¸‡jv Kx Kx?
gvbmx, c~ev©Pj I hgybv|
1918 mv‡j cÖKvwkZ †Kvb cwÎKvwUi Aw¯ÍZ¡ GLbI wU‡K Av‡Q?
mIMvZ| cwÎKvwU cÖ_‡g KjKvZv †_‡K †gvnv¤§` bvwmi DÏxb Gi m¤úv`bvq cÖKvwkZ n‡qwQj| cieZx©Kv‡j GwU XvKv
†_‡K cÖKvwkZ nq|

Òmvjvg mvjvg nvRvi mvjvg, mKj kwn` ¯§i‡Y|Ó MvbwUi MxwZKvi †K?
dRj G †Lv`v|
Òmvjvg mvjvg nvRvi mvjvg, mKj kwn` ¯§i‡Y|Ó MvbwUi myiKvi †K?
Avãyj ReŸvi|
ÒAvgvi fvB‡qi i‡³ ivOv‡bv GKz‡k †deªæqvwi Avwg wK fzwj‡Z cvwi?Ó ÑG MvbwUi MxwZKvi †K ?
DËi: Avãyj Mvddvi †PŠayix|
Avgvi fvB‡qi i‡³ ivOv‡bv GKz‡k †deªæqvwi Avwg wK fzwj‡Z cvwi?Ó ÑG MvbwUi cÖ_g myiKvi †K ?
Avãyj jwZd|
ÒAvgvi fvB‡qi i‡³ iv½v‡bv GKz‡k †deªæqvwi Avwg wK fzwj‡Z cvwi?Ó ÑG MvbwUi myiKvi †K ?
DËi: AvjZvd gvngy`|
fvlv Av‡›`vjb wfwËK cÖ_g Dcb¨vm ÔAv‡iK dvêybÕ Gi iPwqZv †K?
Rwni ivqnvb|
fvlv Av‡›`vjb wfwËK cÖ_g KweZv ÒKvu`‡Z Avwmwb, dvuwmi `vwe wb‡q G‡mwQ|Ó -Gi iPwqZv †K?
gvneyeDj Avjg †PŠayix|
fvlv Av‡›`vjb wfwËK cÖ_g mvwnZ¨ msKjb ÔGKz‡k †deªyqvwiÕ (1953) m¤úv`bv K‡ib †K?
nvmvb nvwdRyi ingvb|
GKzk wb‡q cÖ_g bvUK gybxi †PŠayixi ÔKeiÕ KZ mv‡j iwPZ nq?
1953 mv‡ji 17 Rvbyqvwi|
Ôc~e© evsjvi fvlv Av‡›`vjb I ZrKvjxb ivRbxwZÕ MÖ‡š’i iPwqZv †K?
DËi: e`iæÏxb Dgi|
fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi cÖ_g ch©v‡q c~ee© ‡½i gyL¨gš¿x †K wQ‡jb ?
DËi: b~iæj Avgxb|

mybxj M‡½vcva¨v‡qi †Kvb Dcb¨v‡m evsjv‡`‡k gyw³‡hv‡×vËi mg‡qi wPÎ Aw¼Z n‡q‡Q?
 c~e© cwðg|
Ô`¨ wjev‡ikb Ad evsjv‡`kÕ MÖ‡š’i iPwqZv †K?
: †gRi †Rbv‡ij myLIqvšÍ wms|
Ô†Rj †_‡K †jLvÕ Kvi iPbv ?
m‡Z¨b †mb|
ÔBwZnv‡mi i³ cjvkÕ MÖš’wUi iPwqZv †K ?
AvjvDwÏb Avj AvRv`|
ÔAcüZ evsjv‡`kÕ MÖš’wUi iPwqZv †K ?
Avwbmyi ingvb|
gyw³hy×wfwËK cÖvgvY¨ Pjw”PÎ A State in born Gi cwiPvjK †K?
Rwni ivqnvb |
evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³hy‡×i Dci wbwg©Z cÖ_g gyw³cÖvß Pjw”PÎ †KvbwU?
Iiv 11 Rb|
ÔDËi KvjÕ MÖš’wUi iPwqZv †K?
AvgRv` †nv‡mb|
ÔcªwZgvÕ MÖš’wUi iPwqZv †K?
†ZŠwdK AvK›`|
cÖk:œ ÔivB‡dj, †ivwU, AvIivZÕ MÖš’wUi iPwqZv †K?
DËi: Av‡bvqvi cvkv|
cÖk:œ ÔZvjvkÕ MÖš’wUi iPwqZv †K?
DËi: kvnxb AvLZvi|
cÖk:œ ÔwP‡j †KvVvq †mcvBÕ MÖš’wUi iPwqZv †K?
DËi: AvLZviæ¾vgvb Bwjqvm|
cÖk:œ Ô†mvbvSiv w`bÕ MÖš’wUi iPwqZv †K?
DËi: Zvnwgbv Avbvg|
cÖk:œ Ô†RvQbv I Rbbxi MíÕ MÖš’wUi iPwqZv †K?
DËi: ûgvq~b Avn‡g`|
cÖk:œ Ô†mŠifÕ MÖš’wUi iPwqZv †K?
DËi: ûgvq~b Avn‡g`|
cÖk:œ Ô1971Õ MÖš’wUi iPwqZv †K?
DËi: ûgvq~b Avn‡g`|
cÖk:œ ÔAbxj evMPxi GKw`bÕ MÖš’wUi iPwqZv †K?
DËi: ûgvq~b Avn‡g`|
cÖk:œ ÔAv¸‡bi cikgwbÕ MÖš’wUi iPwqZv †K?
DËi: ûgvq~b Avn‡g`|
cÖk:œ Ôk¨vgj QvqvÕ MÖš’wUi iPwqZv †K?
DËi: ûgvq~b Avn‡g`|
cÖk:œ ÔRvnvbœvg nB‡Z we`vqÕ MÖš’wUi iPwqZv †K?
DËi: kIKZ Imgvb|
cÖk:œ Ô†bK‡o AiY¨Õ MÖš’wUi iPwqZv †K?
DËi: kIKZ Imgvb|
cÖk:œ Ô`yB ˆmwbKÕ MÖš’wUi iPwqZv †K?
DËi: kIKZ Imgvb|
 ÔRvjvsMxÕ Ges Ô†k‡Li m¤^ivÕ Dcb¨vm `ywUi iwPqZv †K?
kIKZ Imgvb|
cÖk:œ ÔI¼viÕ MÖš’wUi iPwqZv †K?
DËi: Avng` Qdv|
cÖk:œ ÔGKvˇii c‡_i av‡iÕ MÖš’wUi iPwqZv †K?
DËi: kvnwiqvi Kwei|
cÖk:œ ÔGKvˇii whïÕ MÖš’wUi iPwqZv †K?
DËi: kvnwiqvi Kwei|
cÖk:œ ÔAvKvk evwo‡q `vIÕ MÖš’wUi iPwqZv †K?
DËi: gynv¤§` Rvdi BKevj|
cÖk:œ ÔKvP mgy`ªÕ MÖšw’ Ui iPwqZv †K?
DËi: gynv¤§` Rvdi BKevj|
cÖk:œ ÔK¨v¤úÕ MÖšw’ Ui iPwqZv †K?
DËi: gynv¤§` Rvdi BKevj|
cÖk:œ ÔAvgvi eÜz iv‡k`Õ MÖš’wUi iPwqZv †K?
DËi: gynv¤§` Rvdi BKevj|
cÖk:œ ÔwPqvwi ev ey`y IiuvI †Kb †`k Z¨vM K‡iwQjÕ MÖš’wUi iPwqZv †K?
DËi: Avwbmyj nK|
cÖk:œ Ôexi cªwZ‡Ki †Luv‡RÕ MÖš’wUi iPwqZv †K?
DËi: Avwbmyj nK|
cÖk:œ ÔRbbx mvnwmbx 1971Õ MÖš’wUi iPwqZv †K?
DËi: Avwbmyj nK|
ÔgvÕ MÖš’wUi iPwqZv †K?
Avwbmyj nK|
cÖk:œ ÔGKvËi DcvL¨vbÕ MÖš’wUi iPwqZv †K?
DËi: mvB` nvmvb `viv|
cÖk:œ Ôwbwl× †jvevbÕ MÖš’wUi iPwqZv †K?
DËi: ˆmq` kvgmyj nK|
ÔKuvUvZv‡i cÖRvcwZÕ Dcb¨vmwUi iPwqZv †K?
†mwjbv †nv‡mb|
cÖk:œ ÔnvOi b`x †MÖ‡bWÕ MÖšw’ Ui iPwqZv †K?
DËi: †mwjbv †nv‡mb|
cÖk:œ Ôwek^vmNvZKMYÕ MÖš’wUi iPwqZv †K?
DËi: Avdmvb †PŠayix|
cÖk:œ Ônv‡qbvi LuvPvq A`ag¨ RxebÕ MÖš’wUi iPwqZv †K?
DËi: g›Uz Luvb|
cÖk:œ ÔbZzb w`MšÍ mgMÖÕ MÖš’wUi iPwqZv †K?
DËi: Avãyi iDd †PŠayix|
cÖk:œ Ôevsjv‡`k 1971Õ MÖš’wUi iPwqZv †K?
DËi: Avãyi iDd †PŠayix|
cÖk:œ Ôgyw³hy× †KvlÕ, ÔwK‡kvi gyw³hy× †KvlÕ MÖš’ `ywUi iPwqZv †K?
DËi: gybZvwmi gvgyb|
cÖk:œ Ô†WW †iKwb©s 1971Õ Ges Ôevsjv‡`k hy‡×i ¯§„wZÕ MÖšw’ Ui iPwqZv †K?
DËi: kwg©jv emy|
cÖk:œ Ô EvidencedÕ MÖšw’ Ui iPwqZv †K?
DËi: Ga (Ret) Mir Shoukat Ali.
cÖk:œ Ôevsjv‡`k 1971Õ MÖš’wUi iPwqZv †K?
DËi: Avdmvb †PŠayix|
cÖk:œ ÔevOvwji gyw³hy‡×i BwZnvmÕ MÖš’wUi iPwqZv †K?
DËi: Avng` gvRnvi|
cÖk:œ Ôevsjv‡`k miKvi 1971Õ MÖš’wUi iPwqZv †K?
DËi: GBP wU Bgvg|
cÖk:œ ÔGev‡ii msMÖvg ¯^vaxbZvi msMÖvgÕ MÖš’wUi iPwqZv †K?
DËi: †j. K‡b©j Avey Imgvb †PŠayix|
cÖk:œ ÔGKvˇii ibv½bÕ MÖš’wUi iPwqZv †K?
DËi: kvgmyj û`v †PŠayix|
cÖk:œ ÔGKvˇii gyw³hy‡× eyw×Rxex‡`i f~wgKvÕ MÖš’wUi iPwqZv †K?
DËi: Gg Avi AvLZvi gyKzj|
cÖk:œ ÔAcv‡ikb †RKcUÕ MÖš’wUi iPwqZv †K?
DËi: †mRvb gvngy`|
cÖk:œ Ô`y‡kv †QlwÆ w`‡b ¯^vaxbZvÕ MÖšw’ Ui iPwqZv †K?
DËi: gynv¤§` b~iæj Kvw`i|
cÖk:œ Ô¯^vaxb evsjv †eZvi †K›`ªÕ MÖš’wUi iPwqZv †K?
DËi: †ejvj †gvnv¤§`|
cÖk:œ Ôg~javiv 71Õ MÖš’wUi iPwqZv †K?
DËi: gBbyj nvmvb|
cÖk:œ Ô¯^vaxbZv hy‡× †LZvecÖvß exi gyw³‡hv×vÕ MÖš’wUi iPwqZv †K?
DËi: Av‡bvqvi kvnRvnvb|
cÖk:œ Ô¯^vaxbZv hy‡×i Aci bvq‡KivÕ MÖš’wUi iPwqZv †K?
DËi: byiæ¾vgvb gvwbK|
cÖk:œ Ôevsjv‡`‡ki gyw³hy‡×i BwZnvmÕ Ges Ôevsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv †NvlYvi BwZnvmÕ MÖš’ `ywUi iPwqZv †K?
DËi: W. †gvnv¤§` nvbœvb|
cÖk:œ Ôevsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv msMÖvg I gyw³hy‡× gvBRfvÊvi `ievi kixd MÖš’wUi iPwqZv †K?
DËi: †gv. gvneye Dj Avjg|
gyw³hy× wfwËK Pjw”PÎ ÔGLbI A‡bK ivZÕ Gi cwiPvjK †K wQ‡jb?
Lvb AvZvDi ingvb|
evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv msMÖvg wb‡q iwPZ Dcb¨vm ÔGKwU Kvjv †g‡qi K_vÕ iPbv K‡ib †K?
Zvivk¼i e‡›`¨vcva¨vq|
ÔGKvˇii K_v gvjvÕ MÖš’wUi iPwqZv †K?
†eMg byiRvnvb|
ÔGKvˇii iYv½bÕ MÖšw’ Ui iPwqZv †K?
kvgmyj û`v|
ÔGKvˇii †MwijvÕ MÖš’wUi iPwqZv †K?
 Rwniæj Bmjvg|
Iiv PviRb, gywR‡ei i³ jvj, Rq evsjv, gnvcyiæl, weRq †`‡LwQ, gyw³hy‡×i bq gvm cÖeÜ MÖš’¸‡jvi iPwqZv †K?
Gg. Avi. AvLZvi gyKj
z |
ÔGKvˇii XvKvÕ Kvi iPbv?
†mwjbv †nv‡mb|
ÔGKvˇii w`b¸wjÕ MÖš’wUi iPwqZv †K?
Rvnvbviv Bgvg|
ÔGKvˇii Wv‡qwiÕ MÖš’wU iPbv K‡ib †K?
†eMg mywdqv Kvgvj|
Ô evsjv‡`k K_v KqÕ Ges ÔBwZnv‡mi i³ cjvkÕ Mªš’ `ywUi iPwqZv †K?
Ave`yj Mvddvi †PŠayix|
AveyRvdi kvgmyÏxb iwPZ gyw³hy× wfwËK Dcb¨vmwUi bvg Kx?
†`qvj|
Ôgyw³i msMÖvgÕ MÖš’wU Kvi iPbv?
Aveyj Kv‡kg dRjyj nK|
Ôgyw³hy‡×i w`b¸wjÕ Kvi iPbv?
Av‡bvqvi Djøvn †PŠayix|
ÔA™¢yZ Avaviu GKÕ Kve¨MÖš’wUi iPwqZv †K?
kvgmyi ivngvb|
Ô†divix m~h©Õ MÖš’wUi iPwqZv †K?
iv‡eqv LvZzb|
Ôhy×R‡qi MíÕ MÖš’wUi iPwqZv †K?
iex›`ª †Mvc|
wecÖ`vm eo–qv iwPZ gyw³hy× wfwËK Mí MÖš’wUi bvg Kx?
hy×R‡qi Mí|
ÔAvwg exiv½bv ejwQÕ MÖš’wUi iPwqZv †K?
bxwjgv Beªvwng|
ÔAvgvi GKvËiÕ MÖšw’ U Kvi iPbv?
KvRx Av‡bvqviæj nK|
ÔKx Pvn k•LwPjÕ I ÔmvZ Nv‡Ui KvbvKwoÕ gyw³hy×wfwËK G bvUK `ywUi iPwqZv †K?
ggZvRDÏxb Avng`|
ÔKv‡jv †NvovÕ Dcb¨vmwUi iPwqZv †K?
Bg`v`yj nK wgjb|
nvmvb AvwRRyj nK iwPZ Ô‡divÕ Kx ai‡Yi MÖš?’
gyw³hy× wfwËK Mí|
gyw³hy×wfwËK Dcb¨vm Ôbvg †MvÎnxbÕ Gi iPwqZv †K?
 nvmvb AvwRRyj nK|
Ôevsjv‡`kÕ KweZvwUi iwPqZv †K?
Avwgq PµeZ©x|
ÔevOvwji gyw³hy‡×i cUf~wgÕ MÖšw’ Ui iPwqZv †K?
Gg. nvwg`jøvn Lvb|
ÔGKwU dzj‡K euvPv‡ev e‡j Õ MÖš’wUi iPwqZv †K?
†gRi iwdKzj Bmjvg|
ÔmvqË¡ kvmb, ¯^vaxKvi I ¯^vaxbZvÕ MÖš’wUi iPwqZv †K?
Avãyi iDd †PŠayix|