Questions 1- 10

Condensation occurs when water vapor change to a liquid. The result of this
process in the atmosphere may be dew, fog, or clouds. Although each type of
condensation is different, all have two properties in common.
First, for any form of condensation to occur, the air must be saturated. Saturation
Occurs either 5 when the air is cooled below a certain point called the dew point. Or when
Sufficient water or vapor is added to the air. Second, there generally must be a surface on
which the water vapor can condence. When dew forms, object at or near the
Ground, like blades or grass, serve this purpose. When condensation occurs in the air
Above the ground, tiny partciles known as condensation nuclei serve as surfaces on
Which water10 vapor condenses. Nuclea are important because, if they are absent, a
Relative humidity well in excess of 100 percent is necessary to produce clouds.
Condensation nuclei include microsopic dust, smoke, and salt particles, all of which
Are profuse in the lower atmosphere. Consequently, in the troposphere, ( the lowest level
of atmosphere), the relative humidity seldom exceeds 100 percent.
15 Particles that make the most effective cloud condensationnuclei are hygroscopic,
Which means they are water-absorbent. Some familiar food items, such as crackers and
sereals, are also hygroscopic, which is the reason they quickly absorb moisture when
Exposed to humid air and become stale. Some of the most common hygroscopic nuclei
Are minute crystals of sulfate and nitrate compounds. Hygroscopic nuclei are
Introduced20 into the atmosphere mainly as a by- product of combustion (burning) from
Such sources as forest fires, automobiles, and coal –burning furnaces. In addition, salt from
Breaking ocean waves and some particles found in ordinary dust can serve as cloud
condensation nuclei.
The one overwhemingly important cloud-formation process is the ascent of air.
Any time25 a parcel of air ascends, the air expands and cools. At a height called the lifting
condensation level, the ascending parcel has cooled to its dew point temperature, and
further ascent causes condensation. The result is the formation of a cloud consisting of
Billions of tiny particles of droplets.

1. The passage mainly discuss 2. According to the passage, why are

A. Atmospheric layers and their condensation nuclei impportant or
humidity levels cloud formation?
B. The sources of the microsopic A. They provide a surface on which
particles that allow condensation condensation can occur
to oocur B. They raise the temperature of the
C. Weather conditions that affect vapor to be condensed
atmospheric temperatures C. They accelerate saturation in
D. Factors involved in condensation higher levels of the atmosphere
and cloud formation D. They help increase humidity levels
in the air
3. According to the second paragraph, 8. Which of the following terms is not
which of the following would be defined in the passage?
consequence of the absence of A. Hygroscopic
condensation nuclea in the lower B. Combustion
levels of atmosphere ? C. Relative humidity
A. Very high humidity would be D. Troposphore
necesarry for clouds to develop 9. The word “ successively” in line 25 is
B. Condensation would only occur closest in meaning to
above the ground A. Progressively
C. The air in the troposphere would B. Exclusively
be more polluted C. Significantly
D. Saturation would occur at warmer D. Particularly
temperatures 10. According to the fourth paragraph,
4. The second paragraph mentions all of which of the following does not
the following as examples of contribute to cloud formation?
condensation nuclei EXCEPT A. Air gains billions of tiny particles or
A. Smoke particles droplets at low atmospheric levels
B. Salt particles B. Air condensing
C. Blades of grass C. Air passing through regions of
D. Micrisopic dust lower and lower pressure as it
5. The word “ profuse” in line 13 is ascends
closest in meaning to D. Air expanding and cooling
A. Present
B. Unnecessary
C. Constant
D. Plentyfull
6. The word “ minute” in line 19 is
closest in meaning to
A. Very delicate
B. Fast moving
C. Basic
D. Very small
7. The word “ ordinary” in line 22 is
closest in meaning to
A. Thick
B. Common
C. Occasional
D. Hidden
Questions 11 – 20

Metal technology was revolutionized in the third millenium B.C with the
development of bronze. Bronze was commonly made by melting copper with tin,
although copper-arsenic mixtures were also produced, when compare with pure copper,
bronze is the harder metal and it esaier to cast, that is to make objects by
5
pouring molten metal into mods. Bronze could use to make tools that were technologically
superior to stone tools. It was during the bronze age, beginning late in the third millenium
B.C, that metal replaced stone for most tools and weapons. In addition, the evidence for
the extraction and working of metals becomes far more widespread in Europe. The
technology of bronze metalworking developed rapidly and
10 in Europe, and it is likely that bronze was manufactured by i
distinctively
ndividuals who were spesialists.
The widepsread used of metals had two important social consequencies, first, it
provided new opportunitiies for the accumulation of wealth. Valuable metals could be
accumulated because, unlike earlier tools made of stone, metals object could be melted
down and15recast, second, the widespread use of metals required the development of trade
network to guarantee regular supplies of raw materials. Unlike flints, the stone used for
tools, deposits of copper and tin, are highly localized. For example, areas such as
Scandinavian and northern Germany were entirely lacking in raw materials for making
bronze; however, traces of molds and crucibles indicate that bronze was being
cast in those
20 regions. The foundation of the long-distance trade in metals may have
developed from regional trade networks that existed before the bronze age.
The control of trade in metals may have provided further opportunoties for the
accumulation of wealth. It is in the early of bronze age, beginning about 2300 B.C,. that we
see real evidence for increasing differences in social status and material welath in
Europe. They
25 are reflected in variations in the welath placed in burials and in the ammount
of energy that are devoted to burial rituals. The differences are seen most clearly in areas
that are near major sources of metals or along important trade routes.

11. The word ‘extraction’ in line 8 is 12. According to the first paragraph, what
closest in meaning to took place late in the third millennium
A. Identification B.C?
B. Removal A. The bronze age ended
C. Distribution B. Bronze replaced copper as the
D. Mixing prefered materials for tools
C. Tools and weapons become less
expensive to make
D. Metalworking became
established in many areas in
Europe
13. According to the first paragraph, 17. It can be inferred from the second
which of the following is NOT true paragraph that one reason there were
about the bronze made in Europe? only regional trade networks in Europe
A. It was made from a mixture of before the bronze age was that
metals A. Before the bronze age, tools were
B. It largely replaced stoen for the not widely used
making of weapons B. Tools made of stone were not
C. It was harder to cast than copper valuable
D. It was manufactured by C. Flint for stone tools are widely
spesialists available
14. In line 18, the phrase “ lacking in” is D. It was not economical to transport
closest in meaning to stone over long distance
A. Dependent on 18. The wrod “ they” in line 25 refers to
B. Supplied with A. Metals
C. Between B. Further opportunities
D. Without C. Iincreasing differences
15. According to the second paragraph, D. Burials
the fact that metal could be reused 19. The word “ rituals” in line 26 is closest
meant that in Bronze age in meaning to
A. Wealth, in the form of metals, A. Monuments
increased B. Sites
B. Flint and bronze trade networks C. Objects
both increase in number D. Ceremonies
C. Metal tools could be traded over 20. How is the third paragraph organized?
long distances A. The events of a historical period
D. Copper and other raw material for are presented in chronological
bronze became valuable order
16. According to the second paragraph, B. A position is stated, followed by
what can be inferred about evidence for it
Scandinavia and northern Germany C. A problem is stated, and a solution
from the traces of mold and crucibles for it is then proposed
found there? D. Two theories are described and
A. These areas supply bronze to other then contrasted
areas of Europe
B. These areas were involved in long-
distance trade
C. These areas were not populated
until the bronze age
D. These areas were among the first
to develop bronze – making
technology
Questions 21 – 29

Before 1890s, textile mills could be built any place in the southern United States where
it was possible to run water – powered machinery-and the mountanious region from Virgina
through Alabama offers dozens of rivers and streams with an adequate flow. After the
1890s, when the production of southern coal fields made steam power
5
feasible, textile mills could be located over an even broader area. A textile mill required a
far lower outlays of money than did factories in heavier industries, and most labour in
textile factory required little experience and little physical strength. Competition with other
regions and countries was less harsh in textile than in other industries because mills could
specialize in particular weaves or grades that other mills were not
producing.10
The textile industry spread rapidly in the South. The 10.000 textiles hand in the
South of 18170 ( the same number as in 1850-1860) grew to 98.000 in 1900. In
1870, the South held only 8 percent of the Nation’s textile workers-by 1900, 32 percent
the mills varied widely in size: in 1900, the average Mills in the South of Carolina
employed15377 workers, in Georgia 270, and in North Carolina 171; the regional average was
243, the larger Mills tended to be located in or near cities or large towns, not in isolated
enclaves.
The South textiles Mills boasted the latest technology and the most shopisticated
machinery. Bt the 1890, electric light illuminated some mills during the night shifts;
automatic 20sprinkles and humidifiers appeared in the more advanced factories. Southern
manufactures were among the first to adopt the latest in manufacturing equipment,
including a new revolving carding machine in the 1880s and an automatic loom in the 1890s.
The rapid proliferation of up-to-date mills inspired much enthusiasm among
Southerners. Here was evidence, in county after county, state after state, that factories
25 in the south. These modern facilities used expensive and shopisticated
could prosper
machine to manufacture products that could hold their own with those produced in Great
Britain or Northern United States. They also tapped the south’s great cotton crop at the
source, saving the expanse of transportating the bulky crop thousands of miles to northern
factories.

21. What aspect of United States history 22. According to the first paragraph,
does the passage mainly discuss? steam power changed textile industry
A. The organization of the southern in the south by allowing mills to
textile industry A. Use heavier machinery
B. The growth of the textile industry B. Produce more types of weaves and
in the South grades of cloth
C. The working condition in southern C. To built in the wider variety of
textile mill location
D. The effects of southern textuile D. Compete better with mills in other
industryon the north regions
23. The passage mentions which of the 26. Which of the following can be infered
following as omne way that textile from the second paragraphabout
mills differed from factories in some textile mills located in the more
other industries? isolated areas of the South
A. Textile mills were usually located A. They tended to be samller than
near coal fields those near cities
B. Textile mills required workers with B. They employed an average of 171
specialized training workers
C. Textile mills generally employed C. Most of them were established
fewer workers before 1870
D. Textile mills were comparatively D. Most opf them were found in two
inexpensive to establish states in the South
24. The word ‘ harsh’ in line 8 is closest in 27. According to the passage, which of the
meaning to following was true of the automatic
A. Widepsread sprinklers and humidifiers in the
B. Open 1890s?
C. Severe A. They were a standard feature of
D. Sensible Southern textile mills
25. Why does the author mention the B. They were designed for use at
number and precentage of textile night
workers in the South in 1870 and C. They were cheaper to operate
1900? than electric light
A. To provide evidence that the D. They were recently developed
textile industry grew rapidly in the technological advances
South 28. The word ‘ prosper’ in line 26 is closest
B. To provide evidence that the in meaning to
Southern textile industry was A. Expand
important to the national company B. Appear
C. To explain why the Southern C. Succed
textile industry was able to expand D. Change
D. To explain why Southern textile 29. According to the passage, which of the
mills varied in size following was true of goods amde in
the Southern textile mills?
A. They were usually less bulky than
northern goods
B. They were often shifted long
distances to northern factories
C. They were generally more costly
thannorthern goods
D. They were comparable in quality
to northern goods
 Questions 30 – 40
Fossils, the remains or traces of organisms from aproximately 10.000 years or
more in the gelogical past, take many forms. They included preserved pieces of animals
or plants, such as bones, teeth, shells, woods, and stems; footprint, known as ichnites;
impression of skin or leaves; eggs or ooliths, very rarely with embryos
inside; nests
5 and burrows; plant poolens and spores; and even excrement,
called coprolite.
To become fossils, dead plants or animals must be rapidly burried, left exposed on
earth’s surface, organic remains are eaten by other animals or quickly decomposed by
bacteria and the elements. Even bones turn to dust. As a result, the most abundant
fossils are10those of marine organisms, preserved on the bottom of the ancient seas. Less
common are the fossils of plants and animals that lived in or near lakes, streams, and rivers.
The rarest fossils are of terrestrial animals, such as dinosaurus, that were preserved
when they died near a body of wateror their bones were washed into the sea.
Extremely dry conditions, such as volcanic ash or sand, may also preserve animal
fossils. 15
Most dinosaur fossils, including entire skletons, have been preserved through
proccess that hardened the burried bones with minerals over million of years. In
one process, known as permineralization, the internal organic structure of bone, shell,
or wood remaiin intake, but holes and tini pores are infiltrated with mineral such as
20 calcite, iron sulfide, or silica from groundwater. This gives hollow bones strength to
whitstand as crsushings as layers of sediment accumulate above them. Another fossilization
process, pertification, turn all of the organic material to stone, which may destroy its cellular
structure. In contrast, teeth, the hardest of all skletal parts, always survive the aeons
unchanged.
25 In some cases, after the organic remains are embedded in sediment, they are disolved
by groundwater, leaving a hollow known as a mold in the exact shape of the bone. Molds of
thin objects, such as plant leaves or reptile skin, are called imprints. A mold that was later
filled with minerals is a cast of the original animal or plant remains.

30. What does the passage mainly 31. The word “ approximately” in line 1 is
discuss? closest in meaning to
A. Geological changes that effected A. Exactly
life 10.000 years ago B. Usually
B. The types and formations of fossils C. About
C. The diffrence between plant and D. After
animal fossils
D. The difficulties of finding and
identifying fossils
32. “bones” “footprints” “eggs” “ plant 37. The word “ them” in line 21 refers to
pollens” are mention in the first A. Holes and tiny pores
paragrapgh in order to B. Minerals
A. Illustrate how old diffrent fossils C. Bones
are D. Layers
B. Describe how difficult it is to find 38. It can be inferred from the passage
certain fossils that a potential disadvantage of
C. Establish where fossils are located studying petrified fossils is that the
D. Show how many kinds of fossils process of petrification
exist A. Many introduce foreign minerals
into organic structures
33. The word “ elements” in line 9 is B. Often does not preserve teeth well
closest in meaning to C. Sometimes create holes and tiny
A. Natiral gases pores in bones
B. Weather conditions D. May destroy the cellular structure
C. Minerals of material organic
D. Insects 39. The word “ hollow” in line 26 is closest
34. The most frequently found fossils are in meaning to
those of marine organisms because A. An empty space
A. Their structure allow them to be B. A heavy weight
easily preserved C. A raised area
B. The watery environment protected D. A repeated design
organic remains 40. According the passage, what is
C. Water carried them to the shore relationship a mold and an imprint
where they could be found easily A. An imprint is one kind of a mold
D. They were not effected by volcanic B. A mold is an older fossil than an
ash imprint is
35. The process of permineralization C. An imprint is larger than a mold
results in skletons that are D. A mold became an imprint when
A. Cover with a layer of wood or shell sediment is added
B. Protected from destructive
minerals
C. Hardened so they cannot crushed
D. Weakened by the development of
additional holes
36. The word “ accumulate” in line 21 is
closest in meaning to
A. Press dwon
B. Shift
C. Lay
D. Build up
 Questions 41 – 50
Eighteenth – Century Americans in The United States who taught about the art were
of two minds about their value. On the other hand, feeling of National pride made them
believe that America could one day become the center of the arts. Early in the Century of
Anglican bishop and philosopher George Barkeley had formulated the theory,
5 repeated later by Benjamin Franklin, that the art move westward. This theory, based as it
was on limited European – Center worldview, noted that art had first been established in
the eastern Mediterranian basin, then flowered in Greece, moved to
Rome, and after the interuption of Dark Ages, continued on from Renassiance
Italy to France. Now, in the eighteenth century, England was arriving at artistic
10 greatness, and it was logical to assume that the next step to the west would make the new
world the center for the arts.
In opposition to this proud confidence that the arts would someday flourish in
America was a deeply rooted realistic American attitude that limited the “impractical” to the
edges of American life. After the American revolution the tendency to
15 dismiss the arts as irrelevant was reinforced by positive conviction that the art, which in its
sensual appeal simulated the emotion rather than the intelect, was corrupting and
therefore to be avoided.
American artists suffer from these two points of view at once. Again and again the
situation happened in which a promising young artist, whising to travel to Europe
20 to study art, would be sent abroad by public – minded citizens intending their subsidy oif
the artist as an investment in America’s cultural future. These artists would spend years in
Europe studying , expanding the range and vocabulary of the art. On their return to America
they would find that, despite their early encouragement, there was infact no patronage for
the ambitious art that they know wished to produce – historical scenes,
25 mhytology, landscape, potraiture (paintings of individuals, especially their faces) was the
only art form for which there was a continuing demand in pragmatic America and through
the first third of the nineteenth century, the artist who counted on making a living by
painting anything other than potrait was hopelessly idealistic.

41. Which of the following does the 42. The word “them” in 2 refers to
passage mainly discuss? A. Americans
A. The dominance of potraiture in B. Arts
American art of the eighteenth C. Minds
century D. Feelings
B. Europe as the cemter of the art 43. The word “ interuption” in line 8 is
world in the eighteenth century closest in meaning to
C. The difficulty of earning the living A. Failure
as an artist in eighteenth century B. Movement
America C. Pause
D. Two contradictory views of art D. Influence
held by eighteenth century
Americans
44. The phrase “ in opposition to” in line 47. The second paragraph suggests that
12 is closest in meaning to which of the following was the
A. With regard to American attitude toward the intellect
B. In consideration of following the American Revolution
C. Dependent on A. It should be dominated by the art
D. In contrast to B. It is tied to the emotion
45. The word “ reinforced” in line 15 is C. Dependence on it is to be avioded
closest in meaning to D. It is superior to the senses
A. Introduced 48. According to the final paragraph, who
B. Completed paid for many artists to go to Europe?
C. Sipported A. Private supporters
D. Contained B. The goverment
46. Which of following statements best C. The artists’ families
characterizes the art in America D. The artists themselves
following the American revolution, 49. According to the final paragraph, the
according to the second paragraph most popular form of art in America
A. The arts had more supporter than in the early nineteenth century was
critics which of the following
B. The arts were not given seriuos A. European landscape
consideration B. Historical scenes
C. The arts were considered C. Idealistic pictures
unpatriotic D. Potraits
D. The arts were valued for their 50. The final paragraph suggests which of
sensual appeal the following about American artist
who went to Europe during the first
third of the nineteenth century ?
A. After returning they could hardly
benefit from what they had
learned
B. They soon became the dominant
American artistic force
C. They taught others in America
what they had learned
D. After returning, they left for
Europe again