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Chapter - 3

This document discusses internal forces in beams. It defines internal forces as the forces that exist within a rigid body and hold it together under applied loads. It explains that internal forces can be determined by imagining cutting the body and analyzing the resulting free body diagrams. The document then discusses three methods for drawing shear and bending moment diagrams: section cut method, slope-deflection method, and moment-area method. These diagrams show the internal shear and bending moment along the beam and can be used to locate points of maximum load.

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Kebede Haile
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
12 views

Chapter - 3

This document discusses internal forces in beams. It defines internal forces as the forces that exist within a rigid body and hold it together under applied loads. It explains that internal forces can be determined by imagining cutting the body and analyzing the resulting free body diagrams. The document then discusses three methods for drawing shear and bending moment diagrams: section cut method, slope-deflection method, and moment-area method. These diagrams show the internal shear and bending moment along the beam and can be used to locate points of maximum load.

Uploaded by

Kebede Haile
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHAPTER THREE

INTERNAL ACTION IN BEAM

 Internal Forces
One of the fundamental assumptions we make in statics is that bodies are rigid, that is, they
do not deform, bend, or change shape. While we know that this assumption is not true for real
materials, we are building the analytical tools necessary to analyze deformation. In this
chapter you will learn to compute the forces and moments inside a object which hold it
together as it supports its own weight and any applied loads. The chapter begins with a
discussion of internal forces and moments and defines a new sign convention especially for
them. Next we will determine internal forces at a specific point within a rigid body. Finally,
we develop three techniques to find internal forces at every point throughout a beam. Note
that we use the words internal forces when we are referring to both “internal forces and
internal bending moments.”

Determination of the internal forces is the first step in the engineering design of a structure. A
properly designed structure must safely support all expected external loads, including live
loads, dead loads, wind and earthquake loads. External loads produce internal forces, which
in turn creates stresses, strains, and deformations in the structure. In a successful design, the
shape, size, and material must all be carefully chosen to limit them to safe values. You are
advised to pay attention, and master this topic.

This section will explain two other internal forces found in two-dimensional systems, the
internal shear and internal bending moment. Internal forces are present at every point within a
rigid body, but they always occur in equal-and-opposite pairs which cancel each other out, so
they’re not obvious. They’re there however, and when an object is cut (in your imagination)
into two parts the internal forces become visible and can be determined.

You are familiar with straight, two-force members who only exist in equilibrium if equal and
opposite forces act on either end. Now imagine that we cut the member at some point along
its length. To maintain equilibrium, forces must exist at the cut, equal and opposite to the
external forces. These forces are internal forces.
Types of determinate beams(depends on support)

Load/force:
Types of load based on its application - Point load, UDL, UVL

Types of Load based on application time - Static load or dynamic

Types of loads based on its orientation- Tangential load, Normal


SHEAR AND BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAMS
Beams are structural elements primarily designed to support vertical loads. When designing a
beam it is important to locate the points of maximum shear and maximum moment and their
magnitudes because that’s where the beam is most likely to fail. To find these critical points,
we need to check the shear force and bending moment at every point along the beam’s full
length. The previous section presented a method to find the shear and bending moment at a
single point, which is useful; but in order to find the shear and moment at every point in the
object you will need a more powerful approach. This can be done by creating a shear and
bending moment diagram. This section will discuss three related but different methods to
produce shear and bending moment diagrams, and conclude with a comparison of the
advantages and disadvantages of each approach. Shear and moment diagrams are graphs
which show the internal shear and bending moment plotted along the length of the beam.
They allow us to see where the maximum loads occur so that we can optimize the design to
prevent failures and reduce the overall weight and cost of the structure.

Section cut method

Internal forces in a cantilever beam

Consider a cantilever beam which is supported by a fixed connection at A, and loaded by a


vertical force P and horizontal force F at the free end B. Determine the internal forces at a
point a distance a from the left end.
2. Section the beam.

Take a cut at the point of interest and draw a FBD of either or both parts. Try to choose the
simpler free-body diagram. If one side has no external reactions, then you can skip the
previous step if you choose that side.
To find the shear and bending moment functions, we apply the equilibrium to one of the free-
body diagrams. Either side will work, so we’ll select the right hand portion as it doesn’t
require us to find the reactions at A. Letting L be the length of the beam and (L − x) the
length of the right portion, we find
You can use the interactive below to explore how changes to concentrated load P and
distributed load w affects the slopes, jumps, and areas of the resulting shear and bending
moment diagrams.
4. Draw the shear diagram by starting with a dot at x = 0, V = 0 then proceeding from left to
right until you reach the end of the beam. Choose and label a scale which keeps the diagram a
reasonable size.

(a) Whenever you encounter a concentrated force, jump up or down by that value

(b) Whenever you encounter a concentrated moment, do not jump.


(c) Whenever you encounter a distributed load, move up or down by the “area” under the
loading curve over the length of the segment, according to equation. The “area” is actually a
force.

(d) The slope of the curve at each point x is given. Distributed loads cause the shear diagram
to have a slope equal to value of the distributed load at that point. For unloaded segments of
the beam, the slope is zero, i.e. the shear curve is horizontal. For segments with uniformly
distributed load, the slope is constant. Downward loads cause downward slopes.

(e) The shear diagram should start and end at V = 0. If it doesn’t, recheck your work.

8. Draw and label dots on the moment diagram by starting with a dot at x = 0, M = 0 then
proceed from left to right placing dots until you reach the end of the beam. As you move over
each segment move up or down from the current value by the “area” under the shear curve
for that segment and place a dot on the graph. In this step, you are applying.
9. Connect the dots with correctly shaped lines. Segments under constant shear are straight
lines; segments under changing shear are curves. The general curvature of the lines can be
determined by considering equation.

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