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Speed Control of Induction Motor

The speed of an induction motor can be controlled by varying its synchronous speed or slip. There are several methods to control speed, including varying the supply voltage or frequency, adjusting the rotor resistance, or using a cascading/tandem connection of two motors. Specifically: 1) The voltage control method varies the supply voltage to an induction motor using an autotransformer, which changes the torque and slip proportionally to control speed. 2) The frequency control method adjusts the synchronous speed by varying the supply frequency, but this method has limited range and economy. 3) The rotor rheostat control method introduces external resistance in the rotor circuit of a slip-ring motor to increase slip and reduce speed.

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71 views

Speed Control of Induction Motor

The speed of an induction motor can be controlled by varying its synchronous speed or slip. There are several methods to control speed, including varying the supply voltage or frequency, adjusting the rotor resistance, or using a cascading/tandem connection of two motors. Specifically: 1) The voltage control method varies the supply voltage to an induction motor using an autotransformer, which changes the torque and slip proportionally to control speed. 2) The frequency control method adjusts the synchronous speed by varying the supply frequency, but this method has limited range and economy. 3) The rotor rheostat control method introduces external resistance in the rotor circuit of a slip-ring motor to increase slip and reduce speed.

Uploaded by

mahato741
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Speed Control of Induction Motor

• The speed control of induction motor is done to modify the currents in an


induction motor to control speed. The expression for the speed (N) of an
induction motor is
N=Ns(1−s)
Hence, we can obtain control over the speed by varying its synchronous speed
(Ns) or changing its slip (s). The synchronous speed of the induction motor
depends on the supply frequency and the number of stator poles. The torque of
an induction motor while running is given by
• T=[3×60/2πNs]×sE22R2/R22+(sX2)2
• Hence for a given torque and load, we can vary the rotor voltage and rotor
resistance to vary the slip for the speed control of induction motor.
• From the stator side, we can obtain the speed control of induction motor
by using the following methods, namely.
• Voltage Control Method
• Frequency Control Method
• From the rotor side, the speed control of induction motor can be achieved
by the following methods.
• Rotor Resistance Control Method
• Cascading connection method
Voltage Control Method
• In this method of speed control of induction motor, the supply voltage is
varied using an autotransformer. Practically, we cannot increase the
voltage levels beyond the rated voltage as the insulation stress will increase
and lead to insulation failure.
• T=[3×60/2πNs]×sE22R2/R22+(sX2)2
• During running, the slip is tiny; hence (sX2)2 can be neglected
• ⇒T 𝛼 sE22
• And the E.M. F induced in the rotor (E2) is proportional to the stator voltage
(V)
• ⇒T 𝛼 sV22
• The above equation makes it evident that torque will likewise drop if the
supply voltage is reduced. If the voltage reduces for a given load, the slip
will increase while reducing the speed to maintain the load torque
constant. Voltage can be reduced to a suitable value; the motor will
become unstable if we reduce the voltage below this value.
Frequency Control Method
• This method is also used very rarely. We have seen that the synchronous
speed of an induction motor is given by Ns = 120 f/P.
• Clearly, the synchronous speed (and hence the running speed) of an
induction motor can be changed by changing the supply frequency f.
• However, this method could only be used in cases where the induction
motor happens to be the only load on the generators, in which case, the
supply frequency could be controlled by controlling the speed of the prime
movers of the generators.
• But, here again the range over which the motor speed may be varied is
limited by the economical speeds of the prime movers.
• This method has been used to some extent on electrically driven ships
Rotor Rheostat Control
In this method, which is applicable to slip-ring motors alone, the motor
speed is reduced by introducing an external resistance in the rotor circuit.
• For this purpose, the rotor starter may be used. This method is, in fact,
similar to the armature rheostat control method of d.c. shunt motors.
It has been shown that near synchronous speed (i.e. for very small slip
value),
T ∝ s/R2.
• It is obvious that for a given torque, slip can be increased i.e. speed can
be decreased by increasing the rotor resistance R2.
Because of the wastefulness of this method, it is used where speed changes
are needed for short periods only.

Cascade or Concatenation or Tandem Operation


• In this method, two motors are used and are ordinarily mounted on the same
shaft, so that both run at the same speed (or else they may be geared together).
• The stator winding of the main motor A is connected to the
mains in the usual way, while that of the auxiliary motor B is fed
from the rotor circuit of motor A.
1. Main motor A may be run separately from the supply. In that case, the
synchronous speed is
Nsa = 120 f / Pa , where Pa = Number of stator poles of motor A.
2. Auxiliary motor B may be run separately from the mains (with motor A being
disconnected). In
that case, synchronous speed is Nsb = 120 × f / Pb , where Pb = Number of stator
poles of motor
B.
3. The combination may be connected in cumulative cascade i.e. in such a way
that the phase
rotation of the stator fields of both motors is in the same direction.
• The synchronous speed of the cascaded set, in this case, is Nsc = 120 f/(Pa + Pb )

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