Higgs Boson and the Science-Religion Debate:

Does the “God Particle” Push God out of the Way?

Timothy Gordon
January 1, 2014
 CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 1

Thesis and Research Questions ............................................................................. 1

Thesis .......................................................................................................... 1

Research Questions ....................................................................................... 1

A Brief History of the Higgs Particle Research, ..................................................... 1

The Standard Model of Particle Physics ................................................................ 2

ISSUES AND ARGUMENTS IN THE HIGGS BOSON DEBATE ............................... 4

The Higgs Boson Particle and Higgs Field ............................................................. 4

The Higgs Boson and its Relevance in Cosmology ................................................ 5

The “God Particle” and Creation ........................................................................... 6

CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................ 8

Apologetic Significance of the Higgs Boson Discovery ......................................... 8

Summary.............................................................................................................. 9

APPENDIX A THE STANDARD MODEL OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES .......... 10

APPENDIX B GLOSSARY OF TERMS ................................................................... 11

BIBLIOGRAPHY ...................................................................................................... 12

ii
 INTRODUCTION

Thesis and Research Questions

Thesis

This paper examines the discovery of the Higgs boson particle and its impact on the science and
religion debate. Specifically, it will look at the claim by some scientists that the Higgs boson particle may
be the mechanism for the absolute beginning of all space, time, mass, and energy. It also looks at a brief
history of the Higgs boson research including an overview of the Standard Model of particle physics
(Appendix A). Appendix B is a glossary of terms related to the Higgs boson research. It examines the role
of the Higgs boson particle and Higgs field and their relevance in cosmology. It looks at the “god
particle” nickname for the Higgs boson and the possible correlation with creation. It defends the theistic
models of creation by showing that the existence of the Higgs boson does not threaten those models.
Finally, the possible apologetic significance of the Higgs boson discovery is discussed.

Research Questions

The following research questions are relevant to this study.

1. What is the Higgs boson particle and why is its discovery important for the Standard Model of
Physics?
2. What experiments were carried out to find the Higgs boson particle?
3. What predictions does the theory make about the Higgs boson particle which might help us verify its
existence?
4. What are the implications of the Higgs boson particle and its role in the inflationary model of
cosmology?
5. What is the relevance of the Higgs boson particle in the science and religion debate?

A Brief History of the Higgs Particle Research1,2

In the 1970s, the weak force and the electromagnetic force—two of the four fundamental
forces—were recognized as having very close ties. These two forces were combined to form the basis of
the Standard Model (SM). This unification became a single underlying force known as the electroweak
force.

1
“The search for the Higgs boson,” CERN, accessed November 29, 2013, http://home.web.cern.ch/about/
physics/search-higgs-boson.
2
C. O'Luanaigh, “New results indicate that new particle is a Higgs boson,” CERN, accessed November 23,
2013, http://home.web.cern.ch/about/updates/2013/03/new-results-indicate-new-particle-higgs-boson.

1
 2

The issue with the existing unified theory describing the electroweak force and its particles – the
photon, and the W and Z bosons – were that they emerged without a mass. However they knew that the W
and Z particles had 100 times the mass of a proton. Particle theorists Robert Brout, Francois Englert, and
Peter Higgs proposed a mechanism that gave mass to the W and Z bosons when they interacted with an
invisible field, now known as the “Higgs field”, which permeates the entire universe.

The problem with the SM was that it could not account for the origin of mass since no experiment
had observed the Higgs boson to confirm the theory. However, in July 2012 the ATLAS and CMS
experiments at CERN’s Large Hadron Collider (LHC) announced the discovery of a new particle in the
mass region of 126 GeV. The properties were consistent with the Higgs boson particle predicted by the
SM but more experiments were needed to confirm the find. On March 14, 2013 CERN confirmed from
CMS and ATLAS that the Higgs boson particle had the two fundamental criteria of zero spin and positive
parity required for the SM predictions. On 8 October 2013 the Nobel Prize in physics was awarded jointly
to François Englert and Peter Higgs for their discovery.

The Standard Model of Particle Physics3

The history of particle physics has developed along two paths: (1) the fundamental particles that
make up all matter, and (2) the forces that dictate how these particles interact. The SM is the current
framework for the particles and forces and how they interact. Quantum field theory (QFT) is the
underlying mathematical framework used to model particle interactions. Under the SM, leptons and
quarks make up all of matter as we know it. There are other elementary particles in the SM like the gauge
bosons. These particles do not fuse together to make composite particles, but rather, are responsible for
mediating the fundamental forces.

The particles of the SM are sorted into two categories based on their spin: bosons and fermions.
Bosons have integer spin values (0, 1, 2, and so on), while fermions have half-integer spin values (1/2,
3/2, etc.). Leptons and quarks are all fermions, while all force mediating particles in the SM are bosons.
Particle masses are measured in eV, since mass and energy are deeply interrelated (E=mc2). Large values
of eV follow the usual metric prefixes (1 GeV is read as one giga-electronvolt).

The Higgs boson, in the context of the Standard Model, is responsible for the initial origin of all
mass. It is possible that other mechanisms could be responsible for mass but the Higgs is the simplest
explanation. Recent studies suggest that other particles such as the inflaton or axion may be the origin of
the dark matter of the universe. The discovery of the Higgs boson has shed light on how well the SM
explains mass. With the fermion-Higgs interactions added in, the SM ends up containing interactions
between the Higgs particle and all massive particles, as well as between multiple Higgs particles.

The existence of the Higgs also provides a way of renormalizing the SM. The discovery of the
Higgs has filled a void in the validation of the SM which previously existed for decades. The SM does not
predict the mass of the Higgs boson but a particle of some mass with its general characteristics was an
absolute necessity for the model. If the Higgs did not exist, something else must be responsible for the
mass of the W and Z bosons as well as other implications.

3
Alex Forcier, The Higgs Boson for Bozos: A Peek Inside the Science of the Higgs Particle, (by the author,
2012), locations 55-58, 63-64, 108-111, 116-118, 265-268, 572-578, 585-587, 619-622, 624-630, 748-759, 821-823,
893-903. Kindle.
 3

The SM provides certain limitations on the mass and behavior of the Higgs. The SM begins to
break down if there are Higgs mass values above its theoretical predictions. The best conclusion along
these theoretical lines comes from limitations on spontaneous symmetry-breaking. In July 2012 the
ATLAS and CMS experiments both announced the discovery of a boson consistent with the SM Higgs.
The CMS collaboration had a 4.9σ result for a mass of 125.3±0.6 GeV, while ATLAS reported a 5σ result
for a mass of around 126 GeV.

The SM has been enormously successful in consolidating all the experimental information that
has been gathered over decades and making sense of it all. It has been very useful in predicting
experimental results and explaining a multitude of particle physics phenomena. The discovery of the
Higgs with the properties and behavior that the SM predicted was a great triumph for the theory.
However, there are still some fundamental issues with the SM that means it will someday need to be
replaced. There are at least four problems noted with the SM: (1) Too many parameters, (2) massive
neutrinos, (3) gravitation, and (4) the hierarchy problem.
 ISSUES AND ARGUMENTS IN THE HIGGS BOSON DEBATE

The Higgs Boson Particle and Higgs Field

The Higgs boson is the seventeenth fundamental particle of nature discovered, but it is a special
kind of particle. There are three types of particles in modern particle physics: (1) Matter particles like
electrons and quarks that constitute atoms and all that we see; (2) force particles that carry gravity,
electromagnetism, and the nuclear forces and hold matter particles together; and (3) the Higgs which is its
own unique category because of what it does.

The Higgs particle comes from a field pervading space known as the “Higgs field.” Everything in
the known universe passes through the Higgs field because it is everywhere. Without the Higgs, electrons
and quarks would have no mass. They would function like photons and move at the speed of light but
could not form atoms and molecules and there would be no life. The Higgs field is not dynamically active
with ordinary matter but its background presence is crucial because without it, the world would be much
different.4

Particle accelerator experiments provide data on the Higgs in two ways:5

 Direct searches focus on collisions and decays predicted by theory to produce the Higgs. Higgs
particle decay well before they reach the detectors so the scientists look for the decay products
predicted by the SM. Predictions of Higgs “events” or collisions can be identified by the probabilities


of their predicted occurrence.
Indirect searches rely on a more subtle aspect of the Higgs’ role in the SM by changing the mass of
the W and Z bosons by a tiny amount. This is due to an aspect of quantum field theory called loop
corrections.

In July 2012, a boson with a mass of 125.3±0.6 GeV was found by CMS with a 4.9σ significance
and a mass of 126 GeV with a significance of 5σ by ATLAS. However, even with these results, the book
on the Higgs is far from closed. Repeat experiments have been and will continue be done to confirm and
refine the results.6

4
Sean Carroll, The Particle at the End of the Universe: How the Hunt for the Higgs Boson Leads Us to the
Edge of a New World, (New York: Penguin Group (USA), 2012), 5. Kindle.
5
Forcier, locations 748-759.
6
Forcier, locations 834-836. The standard deviation (σ) is a measure of how unusual a given result is if the
null hypothesis were taken to be true. A 3σ result is considered “evidence” in particle physics, while a confirmed 5σ
result constitutes a “discovery”.

4
 5

The Higgs Boson and its Relevance in Cosmology

The prevailing theory of the last one hundred years in cosmology is the “standard cosmological
model.” It holds that the universe began as a hot, dense, compact state about 13.7 billion years ago. Then
the universe was infinitely or almost infinitely dense and hot. The universe exploded with the Big Bang
and has been expanding and cooling ever since.7

It seems that science is continually searching for general theories of unification as a way to
connect the dots and explain everything. In cosmology the term Grand Unified Theory (GUT) came into
use when the SM of particle physics was formed. An example was the unification of the electroweak
force with the strong nuclear force. The inflationary cosmological model makes use of GUTs in particle
physics. Particle physicist Alan Guth first applied GUTs to the very early inflationary universe and a
plausible candidate for the inflaton field is one of the GUT Higgs fields. These GUTs involve
supersymmetry and symmetry-breaking mechanisms such as the Higgs field. Paul Davies calls this finely-
tuned anthropic principle the “Goldilocks enigma” because the rich domain structure predicted by GUT
symmetry-breaking could have a major impact on the habitability of the universe. 8 Astronomer Hugh
Ross cites the study of Prokhorov and Silk in suggesting that sterile neutrinos are produced from Higgs
decays or the decay of a very light inflaton. These inflatons are responsible for generating the scalar field
that drove the inflationary period of the universe between 10 -35 and 10-34 seconds following the Big Bang.
As of 2010, Silk and Prokhorov’s proposal of a very light inflaton is probably the axion particle. 9

Leon Lederman, who first coined the “god particle” moniker, described Guth’s inflation as an
explosive force so huge that it produced a runaway expansion. The universe inflated from a size much
smaller than that of a proton (10-15 meters) to the size of a golf ball in a time interval of 10 -33 seconds or
so. Lederman claims that this inflationary phase was influenced by a nondirectional (scalar) Higgs field.
He assumes that the pre-inflationary universe was suffused with a Higgs field whose energy content was
so large (a trillion trillion degrees) that it drove the very rapid expansion from the Beginning. These laws
which are allowed by Einstein’s equations, generate the inflationary phase from 10-35 seconds to 10-33
seconds after Creation. Theoretical cosmologists describe this initial state as a “false vacuum” because of
the energy content of the Higgs field. The ultimate transition to a true vacuum releases this energy to
create the particles and the radiation, all at the enormous temperature of the Beginning. Following
inflation, the Big Bang phase decelerated but continued to expand and cool. Lederman concludes that the
universe is confirmed at the age of 10-33 seconds.10

A great deal is known about the universe through a combination of forensic evidence from the
past emerging from the laboratories of the world along with the laws of physics. Many scientists like
Lederman believe that some laws of nature must have existed before even time began in order for the
beginning to happen. They may believe it but those who are intellectually honest know this cannot be
proven and Lederman admits as such. Others like Stephen Hawking advocate a speculative theory of
imaginary time to account for time before time. Lederman notes that as the universe is run backward
toward the beginning, space and time tend toward zero and the equations physicists use to explain the

7
Leon Lederman and Dick Teresi, The God Particle: If the Universe Is the Answer, What is the Question?
(New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2012), locations 6935-6938. Kindle. Originally published in 1993.
8
Paul Davies, Cosmic Jackpot: Why our Universe is Just Right for Life, (New York: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2007), 165-166, 282. Kindle.
9
Hugh Ross, “Have the Real God Particles Been Found? Part 2 (of 4),” Reasons to Believe, accessed
November 23, 2013, http://www.reasons.org/articles/have-the-real-god-particles-been-found-part-2-of-4.
10
Lederman and Teresi, locations 7170-7182.
 6

universe break down and become meaningless. Science cannot explain this because we only know of a
state where the laws of physics exist.11

The “God Particle” and Creation

Theoretical astrophysicist Sean Carroll argues that it should be clear why Lederman thought that
the “god particle” was an appropriate name for the Higgs boson. 12 Carroll refers to the boson as the
“hidden piece of equipment that explains the magic trick the universe is pulling on us,” giving particles
different masses, and making particle physics interesting. Without the Higgs, the variety of the SM would
collapse to essentially a collection of identical particles without features, and all fermions would be
massless. The consequence would be an empty universe with no atoms and no chemistry. Life as we
know it would not exist because the Higgs boson is what brings the universe to life. Carroll unequivocally
claims that if there were one particle that deserved the title of “god particle,” it should be the Higgs.

Ross argues that the media attention showered on the Higgs boson overshadows another particle
that may be much more deserving of the “god particle” title, and much easier and cheaper to discover.
Ross claims it is possible and even likely that astronomers have already found it in the form of the sterile
neutrino.13

Philosopher William Lane Craig responds that there are no theological implications of any kind in
his view despite the empirical confirmation of the Higgs boson.14 This discovery and the validity of the
SM changes nothing scientifically or theologically with respect to cosmological arguments for the
universe’s beginning or teleological arguments concerning the fine-tuning of the universe. Those
arguments have proceeded on the assumption that the SM of particle physics is correct. A GUT is still
needed in order to explain the physics of the universe prior to the emergence of the strong, weak, and
electromagnetic forces as distinct forces. Prior to the GUT (Planck era 10-43 seconds after the beginning),
a quantum theory of gravity is needed to unite gravity with the other fundamental forces of nature into a
single force carried by a single particle and these theories do not yet exist.

Craig cites the Borde-Guth-Vilenkin (BVG) theorem15 in which the authors conclude that
inflationary models of the universe cannot be past eternal. It proves that this wider mother universe
cannot be past eternal but had to have a beginning. Inflationary models of the universe do not avert the
beginning of the universe that is postulated by the SM in Big Bang cosmology. Craig concludes, “apart
from its evident publicity value, the reason Lederman chose the label the God particle for the Higgs boson
is twofold: (1) like God, the particle underlies every physical object that exists; and (2) like God, the
particle is very difficult to detect!”

11
Ibid., locations 7262-7265.
12
Carroll, 38.
13
Hugh Ross, “Have the Real God Particles Been Found? Part 1 (of 4),” Reasons to Believe, accessed
November 23, 2013, http://www.reasons.org/articles/have-the-real-god-particles-been-found-part-1-of-4.
14
William Lane Craig, “The God Particle,” Christian Research Institute, accessed November 23, 2013,
http://www.equip.org/articles/the-god-particle/##christian-books-1.
15
Arvind Borde, Alan H. Guth, and Alexander Vilenkin, “Inflationary spacetimes are not past-complete,”
Physical Review Letters 90, no. 15 (14 January 2003): 1-4, accessed December 2, 2013, doi:10.1103/
PhysRevLett.90.151301.
 7

John Lennox discusses the distaste that many physicists have for the “god particle,” nickname
including both Peter Higgs and Lawrence Krauss who are atheists.16 But in Krauss’s Newsweek article17
he may have unexpectedly added more fuel to the fire by stating that the Higgs particle is now arguably
more relevant than God and dismissing God by pejoratively describing his activity as “supernatural
shenanigans.” Lennox takes Krauss to task by asking the question, “Relevant to what?” The Higgs is
more relevant than God to the question of how the universe works but not to the question of why there is
a universe, in the first place that allows particle physics to be done. Lennox accuses Krauss of making a
category mistake by confusing mechanism and/or law on one hand and agency on the other by ignoring
metaphysics with his reductionist analysis. Lennox argues that it is Krauss’s atheism that is at war with
his science and not God. Lennox concludes, “So what can we say about the Higgs boson? Simply this:
God created it, Higgs predicted it and CERN found it. We rightly celebrate the last two - what about the
first?”

16
John C. Lennox, “Not the God of the Gaps, But the Whole Show,” The Christian Post, accessed
November 27, 2013, www.christianpost.com/news/the-god-particle-not-the-god-of-the-gaps-but-the-whole-show-
80307/.
17
Lawrence M. Krauss, “How the Higgs Boson Posits a New Story of our Creation,” Newsweek 9 July
2012, accessed November 23, 2013, http://www.newsweek.com/how-higgs-boson-posits-new-story-our-creation-
65567.
 8

CONCLUSION

Apologetic Significance of the Higgs Boson Discovery

CERN physicist David Barney has noted the following fine-tuning claims regarding the Higgs
discovery that highlight its scientific apologetics value: (1) If the Higgs field did not exist, the universe
would be empty of any objects with mass; (2) if the W boson particle was a bit lighter at 12 billion years
after the Big Bang, the Sun would expand, all water would evaporate before complex life can evolve, and
there would be no life on earth; (3) if the down quark was a bit lighter for a day there would be no protons
or electrons and no life anywhere in the universe; and (4) if the electron was a bit lighter at 13.4 billion
years after the Big Bang, atoms and molecules would be larger and there would be no life on earth. In
light of this, understanding the Higgs boson particle gives an insight into why the universe is like it is, and
why we even exist.18

Another possible candidate for a so-called “god particle” is the recent paper by four Spanish
physicists on the Higgs-Dilaton model of cosmology (although they do not refer to it as a “god
particle”).19 In this recent paper they show how the Higgs field generates another particle, the almost
massless Dilaton, which is the source of the dark energy of the universe. The early conditions for the
appearance of the Dilaton must be finely-tuned since it functions as a “cosmological constant” in driving
the late dark energy phase of inflation.

In part four of his series on god particles, Ross discusses the connection between sterile neutrinos
and another possible “god particle,” the axion.20 He argues that from a faith-strengthening theological
perspective, a bigger trophy for scientists will be determining the degree to which the characteristics
(especially the mass, average momentum, abundance, and location) of sterile neutrinos must be fine-tuned
to explain how and why human life, is possible in the universe. Ross lists a few of the supernatural fine-
tuning characteristics, abundance, and locations of sterile neutrinos: (1) Star formation would begin at the
wrong time and at the wrong level; (2) the universe would possess the wrong abundance of baryons; (3)
supernovae would scatter the wrong abundance of heavy elements into the interstellar and intergalactic
media; (4) exotic dark matter halos would have the wrong shape and uniformity; and (5) the universe
would manifest the wrong number of dwarf and sub-dwarf galaxies for physical intelligent life to be
possible at any time or place in the cosmos.

Ross claims the sterile neutrinos would strengthen the biblically predicted hot big bang creation
model by resolving eight anomalies in the standard cosmology and particle physics creation model

18
David Barney. “CMS: Cracking the Cosmic Code” (public outreach talk on particle physics, CERN,
LHC, CMS and the Higgs boson, National Central University, Taiwan, September 15, 2013), accessed November
30, 2013, https://cms-docdb.cern.ch/cgi-bin/PublicDocDB/RetrieveFile?docid=12070&version=4&filename=
CrackingTheCosmicCode_small.pptx.
19
Juan García-bellido et al, “Higgs-Dilaton Cosmology: From the Early to the Late Universe,” Physical
Review D 84, no. 12 (7 Dec 2011): 33-34, accessed November 24, 2013, doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.90.151301.
20
Hugh Ross, “Have the Real God Particles Been Found? Part 4 (of 4),” Reasons to Believe, accessed
November 23, 2013, http://www.reasons.org/articles/have-the-real-god-particles-been-found-part-4-of-4.
 9

simultaneously. They would even more so significantly augment the evidence for the supernatural, super-
intelligent design of the universe to make possible the existence of physical life, especially human beings
and their global, high technology civilization.

Ross believes that axions may be the mysterious inflaton particles that are responsible for the
existence of most of the exotic or dark matter in the universe but their existence is yet to be
experimentally confirmed. Like sterile neutrinos, their characteristic features, abundance, and
geographical placement must be fine-tuned. Recent observational and theoretical studies of sterile
neutrinos and axions are providing more complete and much better integrated models of cosmic and
particle creation. Such completeness and integration adds yet more proof for the biblical creation model
and the attributes of the biblical Creator.

The Higgs boson and Higgs field may have been used to create the mass in the universe but the
Higgs did not create itself. So for Lederman and many of his colleagues, the universe is the answer but
the question still remains. Perhaps it is best answered with another question: Why do we have something
rather than nothing? The answer to this question cannot be observed or measured by science, but rather,
falls in the realm of religion. Perhaps this is where the kaläm cosmological argument is invoked to make
sense of the ultimate cause.

1. Whatever begins to exist has a cause.

2. The universe began to exist.
3. Therefore, the universe has a cause.

Summary

This paper was about the Higgs boson particle within the context of the science and religion
debate. The introduction gave a brief history of the Higgs particle research and a brief overview of the
Standard Model of particle physics. The main section provided descriptions of the Higgs boson particle
and Higgs field. The Higgs boson and its relevance within cosmological models was also reviewed. The
“god particle” in the context of creation was provided. In defense of theism, it was shown that the
absolute beginning of everything is beyond the realm or scope of science and in particular, particle
physics, to prove. The conclusion summarized the apologetic significance of the Higgs boson discovery
and its fine-tuning characteristics.
 APPENDIX A

THE STANDARD MODEL OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES

10
 APPENDIX B

GLOSSARY OF TERMS

What is ATLAS?
ATLAS is a particle physics experiment at the Large Hadron Collider at
CERN. The ATLAS detector is searching for new discoveries in the head-on
collisions of protons of extraordinarily high energy. ATLAS will learn about the
basic forces that have shaped our Universe since the beginning of time and
that will determine its fate. Among the possible unknowns are the origin of
mass, extra dimensions of space, microscopic black holes, and evidence for The ATLAS detector
dark matter candidates in the Universe. (ATLAS Experiment © 2013 CERN)

What is the LHC?

The protons are accelerated in opposite directions in the Large Hadron
Collider, an underground accelerator ring 27 kilometres in circumference at
the CERN Laboratory in Geneva, Switzerland. Crashing together in the center
of ATLAS, the particles will produce tiny fireballs of primordial energy. LHC
recreates the conditions at the birth of the Universe -- 30 million times a
second. Relics of the early Universe not seen since the Universe cooled after
the Big Bang 14 billion years ago will spring fleetingly to life again. The LHC is
in effect a Big Bang Machine. (ATLAS Experiment © 2013 CERN) ATLAS Experiment and LHC

What is CMS?
CMS is one of two general-purpose experiments at CERN's Large Hadron
Collider (LHC) that have been built to search for new physics. CMS is
designed to detect a wide range of particles and phenomena produced in the
LHC's high-energy proton-proton and heavy-ion collisions. At CMS, scientists
are looking into the unknown and trying to answer the most fundamental
questions about our Universe, for example: "What is the Universe really made
of and what forces act within it?" and "What gives everything substance?".
CMS will also measure the properties of well-known particles with
unprecedented precision and be on the lookout for completely new,
unpredicted phenomena. (ATLAS Experiment © 2013 CERN)
What is CERN?
At CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research, physicists and
engineers are probing the fundamental structure of the universe. They use the
world's largest and most complex scientific instruments to study the basic
constituents of matter - the fundamental particles. The particles are made to
collide together at close to the speed of light. The process gives the physicists
clues about how the particles interact, and provides insights into the
fundamental laws of nature. The instruments used at CERN are purpose-built
particle accelerators and detectors. Accelerators boost beams of particles to
high energies before the beams are made to collide with each other or with
stationary targets. Detectors observe and record the results of these
collisions. Founded in 1954, the CERN laboratory sits astride the Franco-
Swiss border near Geneva. It was one of Europe's first joint ventures and now
has 20 member states. (ATLAS Experiment © 2013 CERN)

11
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

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and the Higgs boson, National Central University, Taiwan, September 15, 2013. Accessed November 30,
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CrackingTheCosmicCode_small.pptx.

Borde, Arvind, Alan H. Guth, and Alexander Vilenkin, “Inflationary spacetimes are not past-complete,” Physical
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PhysRevLett.90.151301.

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García-bellido, Juan, Javier Rubioy, Mikhail Shaposhnikovz, and Daniel Zenhäusernx. “Higgs-Dilaton Cosmology:
From the Early to the Late Universe." Physical Review D. 84, no. 12 (7 Dec 2011): 1-39. Accessed
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Krauss, Lawrence M. “How the Higgs Boson Posits a New Story of our Creation,” Newsweek July 2012, Accessed
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Lederman, Leon, and Dick Teresi. The God Particle: If the Universe Is the Answer, What is the Question? New
York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2012. Kindle.

Lennox, John C. “Not the God of the Gaps, But the Whole Show.” The Christian Post. Accessed November 27,
2013. www.christianpost.com/news/the-god-particle-not-the-god-of-the-gaps-but-the-whole-show-80307/.

O'Luanaigh, C. “New results indicate that new particle is a Higgs boson.” CERN. Accessed November 23, 2013.
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———. “Have the Real God Particles Been Found? Part 2 (of 4).” Reasons to Believe. Accessed November 23,
2013. http://www.reasons.org/articles/have-the-real-god-particles-been-found-part-2-of-4.

———. “Have the Real God Particles Been Found? Part 4 (of 4).” Reasons to Believe. Accessed November 23,
2013. http://www.reasons.org/articles/have-the-real-god-particles-been-found-part-4-of-4.

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