Introduction: Review

Different Types of an Engine

Internal Combustion Engine (IC Engine) External Combustion Engine

• Combustion of fuel takes place • Combustion of fuel takes place

inside the cylinder outside the cylinder

• Temperature and pressure is • Temperature and pressure is

higher lower
• Working fluid may be petrol, • Working fluid is steam
diesel, various type of gases

• Required less space • Required large space

• Capital cost is low • Capital cost is high

• Starting of this engine is easy • Starting of this engine

and quick required time
• Thermal efficiency is high • Thermal efficiency is low

• Fuel cost is high • Fuel cost is low

Introduction: Review

Different Configurations of an Engine Classifications of Engine

 Introduction: Review

Internal Combustion Engine in an N-Cylinder Engine

Single V-Twin Triple Straight-4 Straight-5

V-5 V-6 V-8

Introduction: Review

4 - Stroke IC Engine: Basic Parts and Process

Introduction: Review

2 - Stroke IC Engine: Basic Parts and Process

Introduction: Review

Petrol and Diesel IC Engine: Differentiation

Petrol / Gasoline Engine (Spark-Ignition Engine) Diesel Engine (Compression-Ignition Engine)
Introduction: Review

Combustion Engine Processes Summary

Thermodynamic Principles

Heat Engines

QH

W
QL
 Thermodynamic Principles

Petrol / Gasoline Engine (Spark-Ignition Engine)

Engine Process: Otto Cycle

 Thermodynamic Principles: Petrol / Gasoline Engine (Spark-Ignition Engine)

The Ideal Air Standard Otto Cycle S1 = S2

1 - 2: Isentropic Compression
r = V1 / V2
2 - 3: Constant Volume Heat Addition Q23 = m Cv (T3-T2)
Considering air as perfect gas

3 - 4: Isentropic Expansion S3 = S4
V1 / V2 = V4 / V3

4 - 1: Constant Volume Heat Rejection Q41 = m Cv (T1-T4)

Considering air as perfect gas

Thus, the following relationship represents the Otto Cycle:

Compression ratio: V1 / V2 = V4 / V3
𝑊 Q23 + Q41 𝑄41 𝑄14
Efficiency: notto = = 1+ = 1-
𝑄23 Q23 = 𝑄23 𝑄23
T4 − T1
Compression ratio: 8 – 10 for Petrol Engines notto = 1-
T3 − T2
𝑇2 𝑇3 𝑉2 𝑘−1
Isentropic Process: = =( ) 1
𝑇1 𝑇4 𝑉1
State 1 to 2, and State 3 to 4
notto = 1 - 𝑘−1
𝑟
 Thermodynamic Principles

Diesel Engine (Compression-Ignition Engine)

Engine Process: Diesel Cycle

 Thermodynamic Principles: Diesel Engine (Compression-Ignition Engine)

The Ideal Air Standard Diesel Cycle S1 = S2

1 - 2: Isentropic Compression
r = V1 / V2
2 - 3: Constant Pressure Heat Addition Q23 = m Cp (T3-T2)
Considering air as perfect gas a = V3 / V2
3 - 4: Isentropic Expansion S3 = S4

4 - 1: Constant Volume Heat Rejection Q41 = m Cv (T1-T4)

Considering air as perfect gas

Thus, the following relationship represents the Otto Cycle:

Compression ratio: r = V1 / V2
Cut-off ratio: a = V3 / V2
𝑊 Q23 + Q41 𝑄41 𝑄14
Efficiency: ndeisel= 𝑄23 = 1+ =1-
Q23 = 𝑄23 𝑄23
Compression ratio: 15 – 20 for Diesel Engines
1 T4 − T1
Cut-off ratio: 1 – 2.5 ndeisel = 1 - ( )
𝑘 T3 − T2
Isentropic Process: 𝑇4 𝑉3 𝑘−1 𝑎
=( ) = ( ) 𝑘−1
𝑇2= (T1)𝑘−1 𝑇3 𝑉4 𝑟 1 𝑎𝑘 −1
ndeisel = 1 - ( )
State 1 to 2 State 3 to 4 𝑟 𝑘−1 k (a−1)