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Plane and Solid Geometry Lesson 2

The document provides an introduction to geometric proofs in plane and solid geometry. It discusses the key components of a two-column proof, including the statements in the left column and reasons in the right column. The document then presents examples of proofs involving properties of equality, inequality, segments, angles, and algebraic equations to illustrate how to construct geometric proofs.

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rodneyricalde2003
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258 views

Plane and Solid Geometry Lesson 2

The document provides an introduction to geometric proofs in plane and solid geometry. It discusses the key components of a two-column proof, including the statements in the left column and reasons in the right column. The document then presents examples of proofs involving properties of equality, inequality, segments, angles, and algebraic equations to illustrate how to construct geometric proofs.

Uploaded by

rodneyricalde2003
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PLANE AND SOLID

GEOMETRY
Introduction to Geometric Proof
Introduction
• To believe certain geometric principles, it is
necessary to have proof. This section introduces
some guidelines for proving geometric properties.
Several examples are offered to help you develop
your own proofs. In the beginning, the form of
proof will be a two-column proof, with statements
in the left column and reasons in the right
column. But where do the statements and reasons
come from?
Introduction
• To deal with this question, you must ask “What” it
is that is known (Given) and “Why” the
conclusion (Prove) should follow from this
information. Completing the proof often requires
deducing several related conclusions and thus
several intermediate “whys”. In correctly piecing
together a proof, you will usually scratch out
several conclusions and reorder them. Each
conclusion must be justified by citing the Given
(hypothesis), a previously stated definition or
postulate, or a theorem previously proved.
Properties of Equality
1. Addition Property of Equality:
If a = b, then a + c = b + c.
2. Subtraction Property of Equality:
If a = b, then a - c = b – c
3. Multiplication Property of Equality:
If a = b, then a · c = b · c
4. Division Property of Equality:
𝑎 𝑏
If a = b and c ≠ 0, then = .
𝑐 𝑐
Properties of Equality
Which property of equality justifies each
conclusion?
a) If 2x - 3 = 7, then 2x = 10.
b) If 2x = 10, then x = 5.
a) Addition Property of Equality; added 3 to each
side of the equation.
b) Multiplication Property of Equality; multiplied
each side of the equation OR Division Property of
Equality; divided each side of the equation by 2.
Further Algebraic Properties of Equality

Reflexive Property: a = a.
Symmetric Property: If a = b, then b = a.
Distributive Property: a(b + c) = a · b + a · c.
Substitution Property: If a = b, then a replaces b in
any equation.
Transitive Property: If a = b and b = c, then a = c.
GIVEN: 2(𝑥 − 3) + 4 = 10
PROVE: 𝑥 = 6
PROOF
Statements Reasons
GIVEN: 2(𝑥 − 3) + 4 = 10
PROVE: 𝑥 = 6
STATEMENTS REASONS
2(x - 3) + 4 = 10 Given
2x - 6 + 4 = 10 Distributive Property
2x - 2 = 10 Substitution
2x = 12 Addition Property of Equality
x=6 Division Property of Equality
GIVEN: 𝐴 − 𝑃 − 𝐵 𝑜𝑛 𝐴𝐵
PROVE: 𝐴𝑃 = 𝐴𝐵 – 𝑃𝐵
PROOF
Statements Reasons
GIVEN: 𝐴−𝑃−𝐵 𝑜𝑛 𝐴𝐵
PROVE: 𝐴𝑃 = 𝐴𝐵 – 𝑃𝐵
STATEMENTS REASONS
A-P-B on 𝐴𝐵 Given
AP + PB = AB Segment-Addition Postulate
AP = AB - PB Subtraction Property of Equality
Properties of Inequality

Addition Property of Inequality:


If a > b, then a + c > b + c.

Subtraction Property of Inequality:


If a > b, then a - c > b - c.
GIVEN: MN > PQ
PROVE: MP > NQ
PROOF
Statements Reasons
GIVEN: MN > PQ
PROVE: MP > NQ
STATEMENTS REASONS
MN > PQ Given
MN + NP > NP + PQ Addition Property of Inequality
But MN + NP = MP Segment-Addition Postulate
and NP + PQ = NQ
MP > NQ Substitution
GIVEN: 𝑆𝑇 bisects ∠𝑅𝑆𝑈
𝑆𝑉 bisects ∠𝑈𝑆𝑊
PROVE: m∠𝑅𝑆𝑇+ m∠𝑉𝑆𝑊 = m∠𝑇𝑆𝑉
PROOF
Statements Reasons
GIVEN: 𝑆𝑇 bisects ∠𝑅𝑆𝑈
𝑆𝑉 bisects ∠𝑈𝑆𝑊
PROVE: m∠𝑅𝑆𝑇+ m∠𝑉𝑆𝑊 = m∠𝑇𝑆𝑉
STATEMENTS REASONS
𝑆𝑇 bisects ∠𝑅𝑆𝑈 Given
m∠RST = m∠𝑇𝑆U Definition of Angle Bisector
𝑆𝑉 bisects ∠𝑈𝑆𝑊 Given
m∠𝑉𝑆𝑊 = m∠U𝑆𝑉 Definition of Angle Bisector
m∠𝑅𝑆𝑇+ m∠𝑉𝑆𝑊 = m∠𝑇𝑆U+ m∠USV Addition Property of Equality
m∠𝑇𝑆U+ m∠USV = m∠TSV Angle—Addition Postulate
m∠𝑅𝑆𝑇+ m∠𝑉𝑆𝑊 = m∠𝑇𝑆V Substitution
Which property justifies the
conclusion of the statement?
1. If 2x = 12, then x = 6.
2. If x + x = 12, then 2x = 12.
3. If x + 5 = 12, then x = 7.
4. If x - 5 = 12, then x = 17.
5. If x/5 = 3, then x = 15.
6. If 3x - 2 = 13, then 3x = 15.
Fill in the missing reasons for the algebraic proof.
Fill in the missing reasons for the algebraic proof.
Fill in the missing statements for the algebraic proof.
Fill in the missing statements for the algebraic proof.

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