STRUCTURE AND

BONDING
Objectives:
• Define ionic, covalent and metallic bonds.
• Describe ionic, covalent and metallic bonding.
• Illustrate using dot cross diagrams ionic, covalent and metallic bonding.
• Describehow the properties of ionic, covalent(simple and giant molecular)
and metallic compounds relate to their bonding and structure.

• Draw and label the lattices of sodium chloride, diamond, graphite and iodine.

• Write formula and balanced chemical equations.

Meaning of
Chemical Bonding:

Why atoms bond?

Chemical Bonding:
1. Atoms form chemical bonds to make their outer shells more stable.
2. Type of chemical bond maximizes the stability of the atoms that form it.
3. To form these chemical bonds, atoms uses their valence electrons or
outermost electrons. The following may happen:
1. Losing valence electrons to atoms of another element. Metal atoms
with one, two or three valence electrons usually lose their valence
electrons to form positive cations.
2. Gaining valence electrons from atoms of another element. Non-metal
atoms with five, six or seven valence electrons usually gain electrons into
their valence shell and form negative anions.
3. Sharing electrons in their valence shells with other atoms. When
non-metal atoms with four, five, six or seven valence electrons bond with each
other, they share valence electrons and form molecules.
Chemical Bonding:
1. Losing valence electrons:

2. Gaining valence electrons:

3. Sharing of electrons:
Chemical Formulae:
Chemical Formulae:
• Molecular Formula:
• This gives the actual number of atoms of each element present in the one molecule of
a compound.
• Subscripts are used to represent the actual number of each element present in the molecule
or compound.
 Chemical Formulae:
• Structural Formula:
• Diagrammatic representation of one molecule of the compound.
• Lines between the atoms are used to represent bonds.

• Empirical formula:
• This gives the simplest whole number ratio between the elements in
the compound.
Types of Chemical Bonding:
1. Ionic bonding: Metal bonds with a non-metal.

2. Covalent bonding: Two or more non-metal bond.

3. Metallic bonding: Occurs within metals.

Writing empirical formulae of
compounds
Empirical formulae of compounds formed from two different elements can be
written using the concept of valence number or valency.

Valency is the number of bonds an atom can form when bonding with other atoms.

It is determined by the number of valence electrons an atom has and it can be thought
of as the number of electrons an atom has to lose, gain or share the same number of
valence electrons. Consequently, the sum of the valencies of each element in the
compound must be equal.
Determine the valence numbers or
valency for an atom
1. Using your periodic table find the desired element.
2. Determine the amount of electrons present in the desired element.
3. Determine how much electrons is required for the stability of the atom.
4. Use the group numbers to determine the number of valence electrons.
a. Elements in group I-IV valency = the group number.
b. Elements in group V to VII valency= 8-the group number.
Periodic Table:
Worksheet:
1. What is the valency of the following?
a. Oxygen
b. Nitrogen.
c. Chlorine.
d. Argon

2. Home-work:
a. Iodine.
Name-Nitrogen
Atomic Number-7
Symbol-N
Valency-3
Valence Electrons-5
Determine the valence numbers or
valency for a compound
1. Determine the valencies of each element in the compound.
2. Write the symbol of the first element if a metal is present, always write its symbol
first.
3. Write the valency of each element as superscripts.
4. Draw a diagonal arrow from the element to the valency of the next element.
5. Rewrite the formulae, inserting the valencies as subscripts.
6. Reduce all subscripts by dividing the lowest whole number ratio.
Write the empirical formula of a
compound
• Barium nitride
1. Write the symbol of elements in the compound:
a. Ba=
b. N=

2. Determine the valencies of each element in the compound;

a. Ba=
b. N=
Write the empirical formula of a
compound
3. Write the valency of each element as superscripts.
Ba N

4. Rewrite the formulae, inserting the valencies as subscripts.

5. Reduce all subscripts by dividing the lowest whole number ratio.

Write the empirical formula of a
compound
• Barium nitride
1. Write the symbol of elements in the compound:
a. Ba
b. N

2. Determine the valencies of each element in the compound;

a. Ba(Group II)=2
b. N(Group V)=8-5=3
Write the empirical formula of a
compound
3. Write the valency of each element as superscripts.
Ba2 N3
3 2
4. Rewrite the formulae, inserting the valencies as subscripts.
Ba3N2

5. Reduce all subscripts by dividing the lowest whole number ratio.

Write the empirical formula of a
compound
Worksheet
• Determine the valency and empirical formula for the following compounds:
1. Calcium bromide
2. Aluminium sulfide
Home-work
1. Determine the valency of the following;
a. NH3
b. H2O2

2. Determine the empirical formula for the following;

a. Calcium oxide
b. Iron(III) sulfide
a. Note: Some transition metals have more than one valency. The valency is written in
roman numerals in brackets.
Recall:
Recall:
Recall:
 IONIC BONDING
Definition: An ionic bond is the link formed from the electrostatic attraction between
oppositely charged ions in a compound. Ionic bonding occurs between a metal and
non-metal.
Valence electrons are transferred from the metal atom (or atoms) to the non-metal atom
(or atoms). When this occurs the atoms are no longer neutral, they form ions.
Ionic Bonding:
• Metal atom loses valence electrons
forming positive ions known as cations.
The charge on the ion is positive.
• Non-Metal atom form negative ions
known as anions by gaining electrons.
The charge on the ion is negative.
• Both types of ions have full outer
electron shells and are now stable.
• Therefore, a new electronic configuration
of the nearest noble gas in the periodic
table.
ION FORMATION IN
IONIC BONDING
Ion formation:
• Which group is K in?
• What is the valency?
• How much valence electron/s are lost
or gained when it undergoes bonding?
• What charge is formed?
Worksheet:
1. Beryllium 2. Oxygen
Answer to worksheet
1. Beryllium 2. Oxygen
IONIC BONDING
Ionic bonding:
• What compound is this?
• Which group does each element fall
in?
• What is the valency of each element?
• How much valence electron/s are lost
or gained when it undergoes bonding?
• What charge is formed?
Ionic bonding:
• What compound is this?
• Which group does each element fall
in?
• What is the valency of each element?
• How much valence electron/s are lost
or gained when it undergoes bonding?
• What charge is formed?
Worksheet:
1. Magnesium iodide:MgI2 2. Boron oxide:B2O3
Home-Work:
1. Aluminium Fluoride: AlF3
 Ionic compounds: Crystalline Lattice
Structure
1. At room temperature, the ions formed
from the transfer of electrons between
metals and non-metals are arranged in
an orderly fashion to form a giant
crystal lattice. Ionic compounds
exist in crystalline solids.
2. Strong electrostatic forces of
attraction between the ions called
ionic bonds hold the oppositely
charged ions together in a regular,
repeating three-dimensional
arrangement throughout the crystal.
Forming a structure called crystal
lattice.
Ionic compounds structure and properties
• Properties of ionic compounds: 6.They are soluble in water.
1. They have high melting points. A
lot of energy is required to overcome
the strong forces of attraction.
Home work: why is ionic compounds
2. They are brittle. The large repulsive soluble in water?
forces causes the crystal to split.
3. They are hard. It takes a lot of
energy to scratch the surface since
the strong forces of attraction keep
the ions together.
4. They do not dissolve in non-polar
organic solvents.
5. They do not conduct electricity.
Ionic compounds structure and properties
• Uses of ionic compounds:
• The solubility of ionic compounds (sodium chloride) makes it useful for:
1. Manufacturing chlorine and sodium hydroxide by electrolysis of its aqueous solution.
2. Spreading on roads in cold countries to reduce formation of ice.
IONIC COMPOUNDS
Formulae and names of ionic compounds:
Formulae and names of ionic
compounds:
Ionic compounds can be composed of ions formed from either single atoms or polyatomic ions.

• Monatomic ions: • Polyatomic ions:

• Ionic compounds composed from a • Small groups of atoms bonded together.
single atom.
Monatomic ions:
• A binary ionic compound is a compound composed of a monatomic metal cation
and a monatomic nonmetal anion.
Monatomic ions:
• Binary Ionic Compounds with a Metal that forms more than one type of cation
Polyatomic ions:
• Recall: Polyatomic ions are Ions formed from
small group of atoms bonded together.
• The cation is named first, followed by the
anion.
• Anion:
• When oxygen is present in a polyatomic anion the
name of ion is derived from the element combined
with the oxygen, ending with ‘ite’ or ‘ate’
• The ending ‘ate’ is used with the oxidation number
of the element in brackets. Note: ate is used for the
ion that has the largest number of oxygen atoms
while ite would be used for the ion with smaller.
Formulae and names of ionic compounds:
Naming anions:
• Single anions: • Polyatomic anion:
• Single atom is derived from the name of • When oxygen is present in a polyatomic
the element with the ending ‘ide’ anion the name of the ion is derived
with the ending ‘ite’ or ‘ate’. With the
oxidation number of the element given
in brackets.
Cations and anions:
• Anions
• Cations:
 Formulae and names of ionic compounds:
Naming anions:
• The sum of the positive charges and the sum of the negative charges must be equal.
Write the chemical formula of an ionic
compound:
1. Write down the formulae of the two ions present using the cation and/or anion
table.
2. Rewrite the formula of the cation without its charge.
3. Write the magnitude of the charge on the anion immediately after the formula of
the cation in subscript.
4. Write the formula of the anion immediately after the subscript without its charge.
5. Write the magnitude of the charge on the cation immediately after the formula of
the anion in subscript.
6. Note If the magnitude of the charge is 1, then no number is written as a subscript.
Home work
• Aluminium oxide
• Sodium carbonate
COVALENT BONDING
 COVALENT
BONDING:
Definition: Covalent bonds occur when two or more non-metal atoms bond. Unpaired valence
electrons are shared between the atoms which results in the formation of molecules.
Covalent bonding:
• Covalent bonding can occur between atoms of the same element or between atoms
of two or more different elements.

• Seven common elements are composed of diatomic molecules in their free state.
• Hydrogen (H2), Oxygen (O2), Nitrogen (N2), Bromine (Br2)
Covalent bonding:
• In many covalent compounds, the molecular and empirical formulae are the same
with some exceptions.

• HOME WORK:
• Provide examples; whereby the covalent compounds molecular and empirical formulae are
the same.
Covalent bonding:

Note: the difference between the arrows in covalent bonding and ionic bonding.
Worksheet
• Draw the covalent bonds for the following:
1. Hydrogen molecule
2. Carbon dioxide molecule
3. Carbon tetrafluoride molecule
• Worksheet:
• Write the structural formulae for the
molecules listed:
Writing formulae for covalent compounds:
Formulae for compounds can be found from knowledge of
oxidation numbers.
Atom Combining power Examples
Carbon, C 4 CH4
Chlorine, Cl 1 HCl
Hydrogen, H 1 H
Oxygen O 2 CO2
Dot or Cross bonding Diagrams
• Diagrams to show the formation of ionic or covalent
substances are simplified by showing only the valence
electrons.
• Electrons of the SAME element can be represented by
using either a dot or cross.
• Electrons of DIFFERENT element can be represented
using a dot or cross.
• Dot or cross diagrams show the arrangement of
electrons
 Dot or Cross bonding Diagrams
1. Is the compound an ionic or covalent compound? If it is
formed from a metal and a non-metal it is ionic. If it is formed
from two or more non-metals it is covalent.
2. Determine the formula of the compound using the formulae of
the ions, or valency.
3. Draw each atom in the formula, showing either all the electron
shells or just the valence electrons. Use different symbols for
electrons of each different type of atom, such as ο and x
4. Draw arrows to indicate electrons which are transferred or
shared.
5. Redraw the ions formed after electrons have been transferred,
or the molecule formed after electrons have been shared. Do
not forget to put the charges on all ions.
CSEC questions: Dot and Cross
1. Draw a dot and cross diagram to
show the bonding in the water
molecule.
2. R reacts with W to form a
compound.
a. What type of bonding takes place
when R reacts with W?
b. Draw a dot and cross diagram to
show the bonding between R and
W
CSEC questions: Dot and Cross
METALLIC BONDING
Metallic bonding
• Metallic bonding is a lattice of positive ions in a sea of delocalised electrons‘.
• Metallic bonding: occurs in metals. The metals are packed
closely together and are regularly arranged in layers to
form a metal lattice.
• Delocalised: valence electrons are no longer
associated with any specific atom and are
free to move. These cations formed are
tightly packed together in rows and are surrounded
by a sea of mobile valence electrons.
Metallic bonding
• Strength of metallic bonding increases as;
• Positive charge on the ions increases
• Size of metal ions decreases
• Number of delocalised electrons increases.
Metallic bonding
Examples of metallic bonding

Conducts electricity
Conducts electricity
Conduct heat
Malleable- moulded into different shapes
Ductile-stretched.
SIMPLE MOLECULAR
AND
GIANT MOLECULAR
Structure and Properties of solids

Structure and
properties of
solid

Simple
Giant molecular
Ionic crystals molecular Metallic crystals
crystals
crystals
Structure and properties
• Ionic crystals • Simple Molecular Crystals
• Salt-NaCl • Ice-H2O
• Dry ice CO2
• Iodine I2
• Glucose C6H12O6
Giant molecular crystals
• Giant Molecular
• lattice in which strong covalent bonds hold non-metal atoms together in a regular,
three-dimensional arrangement throughout the lattice.

Giant molecular
crystals

Diamond Graphite
Giant molecular crystals
• Allotropes are different structural forms of a
single element in the same physical state.
• Allotropes have same chemical properties since they
are composed of the same element.
• Allotropes have different physical properties
because the atoms are bonded differently.
• Diamond and graphite are known as
allotropes of carbon.
• Diamond: Each carbon is bonded covalently to
four others which is arranged in a tetrahedron.
Thereby creating a three-dimensional structure.
• Graphite: Each carbon atom is bonded
covalently to three others to form hexagonal rings
of atoms which bonded together to form layers.
Comparison between
ionic crystals and
giant molecular crystals
Comparison
between
ionic, simple
molecular, giant
molecular,
metallic
structures.