https://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=Woi140TpgCM

LABORATORY SAFETY &

REGULATIONS
good day everyone welcome to clinical chemistry one for our first laboratory topic we will be discussing
the laboratory safety rules and regulations at the end of this lecture we will be able to define the
difference between the universal precautions from standard precautions we'll also be able to enumerate
and explain the different Health practices the laboratory safety rules and regulations in The Clinical
Laboratory specifically the clinical chemistry Laboratory we'll also be able to identify the different steps
involved in the contamination and disposal of wastes explain the importance of hand washing because I
think you already mastered hand washing because you've been doing this since pmls up until this time so
by this time you can be able to explain its importance next is to practice the steps of proper doning and
dosing of your personal protective equipment enumerate the different safety equipments found in the
clinical chemistry Laboratory also enumerate and differentiate the different types of Hazards emanating
in the laboratory so we all know that there are a lot of potential risks and Hazards inside the laboratory
and lastly to summarize the significance of laboratory Waste Management as Clinical Laboratory personal
class we all know that the nature of the work and the things that we perform inside the laboratory we
are exposed daily to the different potential hazards not just limited to the contagious and infectious body
fluids right but we can also be exposed to the different electric shock the inhalation of toxic Vapors from
the reagents that we use from the laboratory there could also be compressed gases flammable liquids
radioactive material corrosive substance tests can also be mechanical trauma because we use needles
and Sharps inside the laboratory so when we have needle prick that's considered to be a mechanical
trauma also poisons and the inherent risk of handling the different biologic materials that's just to name
a few of the potential hazards that is found in the laboratory we are expected to develop an
understanding of the risk associated with these following hazards and we are always reminded to be
safety conscious at all times if you can remember in my discussion with the pmls1 regarding biosafety
and biosecurity we are always informed of the different hazards and we have to recognize them so that
we will be able to prevent them or as much as possible eliminate those types of Hazards that's why class
in every section of the laboratory there's always this Universal precaution must be observed that is
posted there that is to always remind us to be cautious at all times in 1996 the universal precautions and
the guidelines were updated and later renamed as standard precautions so standard precautions are a
set of infection control practices used to prevent transmission of diseases that can be acquired by contact
with blood body fluids non-intuck skin that includes rashes and also the mucous membranes as you can
see from this diagram here the four it's it's placed here as five but the four standard precautions includes
hand hygiene the use of personal protective equipment such as gloves masks eyewear also respiratory
hygiene or the cough etiquette also Sharps safety that includes engineering and work practice controls
the video that I will be showing you right now class is the steps on proper hand washing since we will be
having a proficiency examination regarding this I will be uploading a checklist of the steps on how to
properly wash your hands so this means you have to familiarize if not memorize the different steps for
you to master the proper hand washing actually in this video it's a little short but there are a lot of videos
online class that shows the proper hand washing that includes scrubbing of your fingers or fingernails so
you have to follow that don't worry I will be uploading a checklist for this so that you have a guide so
when do you exactly wash your hands there are different moments where you are required to wash your
hands those are the times when you touch blood body fluids secretions excretions and any items
considered contaminated also there are also other moments where you are required to wash your hands
that is after you touch you don't and you Dove your PPE and at the same time when you meet and touch
in between patients so before you get inside the room of your next patient you need to wash your hands
and after you touch or you deal with that patient you also need to wash your hands so those are the
moments where you need to wash your hands we're very much informed that hand contact is a primary
method of infection transmission that is why laboratory personnel must always wash hands during these
times when your gloves are removed prior to leaving the work area any time when you feel that your
hands are contaminated as much as possible you wash your hands every now and then also before going
to designated break areas or when you are going to eat your meals or snacks and before and after using
bathroom facilities this checklist here class is from the World Health Organization and also Centers for
Disease Control and prevention here is the checklist on how to properly wash your hands so in order for
you to Ace that proficiency examination then you need to memorize the different steps on how to wash
your hands so first you wet your hands with water of course then apply enough soap to cover all the
hand surfaces you also rub your hands Palm to Palm and then over and interlacing the fingers again Palm
to Palm with fingers interlace you also scrub the fingers the thumbs and you rinse with water after that
you dry your hands thoroughly with a single-use towel or a tissue paper then you use that same towel to
turn off the faucet and this time your hands are now safe additional notes before we proceed a routine
hand washing procedure uses plain soap and water to mechanically remove soil and transient bacteria a
two-minute surgical hand scrub uses an antimicrobial soap or any equivalent to destroy transient
bacteria and reduce levels of normal flora prior to surgical procedures a good leather or foam is needed
to reach all the surfaces scrubbing is necessary to dislodge microorganisms from surfaces especially
between fingers and around the knuckles Clean Hands should not touch contaminated faucet handles
that is why as what I've said a while ago you have to use the towel or the tissue paper too turn off the
faucet another very important PPE to be used in the laboratory are gloves this should always be worn
when handling blood body fluids secretions excretions and any items considered contaminated
remember class the laboratory gloves are not puncture proof that is why you're still advised to take extra
precaution when using your gloves especially when you're dealing with sharps or needles the mask the
eye protection and the face Shields must be worn anytime when there is potential for splashes or sprays
of blood body fluids secretions and excretions this one class over here that is found on the left side of
your screen this is called the Hazmat aside from your laboratory codes you are expected to wear clothes
shoes clothes shoes that would protect the skin around your feet this one here is the laboratory code this
must be worn at all times to protect skin and clothing when in contact with blood body fluids and
secretions or excretions during phlebotomy class we're always advised that use needle should not be
recapped bent or broken by the medical technologist and Duty or the phlebotomist that is to prevent
needle stick injury from happening and in the laboratory we're always provided by tight fitting puncture
proof heavy duty leg roof Sharps disposal containers so after you extract blood from your partner from
your classmate or from your patient then you are expected to throw all those needles not recapped Not
Bent or broken inside this Sharps disposal container it is of utmost importance that any Cuts or scratches
be well protected from contamination with blood body fluid secretions and excretion so as much as
possible if you have wounds open wounds scratches you cover them especially when you work inside the
laboratory that is to prevent any contamination and infections on your end this is very true needle sticks
and other Sharps related injuries May expose workers to blood-borne pathogens aside from bacterial
infections you could also acquire human immunodeficiency virus or HIV that could probably lead to AIDS
so God forbid also you could get Hepatitis B virus out from this and also hepatitis C virus infection so as
much as possible you have to be extra precautious inside the laboratory all the specimens for
centrifugation must be centrifuge in a closed tube so you do not centrifuge troops that are opened up so
you also make sure that when centrifuging class it is balance it is well balanced that's to prevent the
centrifuge from agitating and from falling from the table salt pipeting must be carried out using
mechanical pipette devices do not worry class we will be having a separate laboratory activity regarding
pipetting so that you can also practice and have a grasp on how to properly hold your pipettes and at the
same time dispensing the fluids using the pipettes any instrumentation must be decontaminated prior to
servicing this one class is done to prevent carry over of the biological items or the cross-contamination of
biologic substances the contamination class is actually a combination of processes that removes or
destroys contamination so that infectious agents or other contaminants cannot reach a susceptible site in
sufficient quantities to initiate infection or other harmful response a bleach or phenolic disinfectant is the
most common disinfectant used in The Clinical Laboratory phenolic disinfectants these are a combination
of phenolic compounds and detergents and can be purchased commercially when there are spills class
when spills occur the contaminants are used to neutralize the biological Hazard and to facilitate its
removal you allow the spill to be absorbed and poor 0.5 percent bleach over the towels after that you
carefully pick up the bleach soak towels and transfer them into an infectious waste receptacle need to
contaminate Again The Spill area with 0.5 percent bleach and clean it with a phenolic detergent if you
desire all disposable materials used to clean the spill area must be placed in an infectious waste
receptacle and must not be reused in the disposal of waste class we must protect at all times not just the
laboratory Personnel but that also includes the maintenance staff that is why we have to adhere to the
Infectious waste disposal policy they use gloves masks evacuated tubes and visibly soiled tourniquets
must be disposed in a clean yellow biohazard bag remember that's clean yellow Biohazard for user Ridge
needles lancets and glass slides this must be disposed in the sharps container so that's in the sharps
container well for those soiled items or PPE that's in a clean yellow biohazard bag while those that can
cause mechanical trauma such as syringes needles that's in the sharps urine may be discarded directly
down a sink or toilet the sink must be well rinsed with water after discarding the specimens and at least
you have to clean it daily with 0.5 percent bleach or sodium hypochlorite it says here class is 0.5 bleach
but almost all the other references that I have read they made use of 10 bleach so during the
examinations don't worry if we have 0.5 percent or 10 percent either of the two are correct empty durine
containers are to be disposed again in the yellow biohazard back the other infectious ways must be
incinerated or autoclave before we disposed of it in this slide here class this are the recommended steps
for putting on and putting off the personal protective equipment so for donating that is when we wear
our PPE first we have to perform hand hygiene that's the most important before we touch our PPE
perform hand hygiene and then put on the laboratory gown you have to tie the neck area and the waist
tie securely so that your gown will not fall off later on next is to put on the mask or the n95 respirator so
after hand hygiene wear your gown put on mask next is to put on the protective eyewear you have to
adjust it so that it will not obscure other functions of your personal protective equipment and lastly you
put gloves put on gloves before getting inside the room of the patient so that's those are the steps for
doning well for the recommended steps of taking off your personal protective equipment here is first you
have to remove the gloves remove the gloves without touching the contaminated area so if there's a way
for you to remove your gloves without touching the outside portion of the gloves then you have to do so
next is to perform hand hygiene if there are sink or there are alcohol sanitizers inside the room of the
patient you have to remove the I mean you have to sanitize your hands and then you remove your gown
so after you remove your gloves you remove your laboratory gown still the same make sure you do not
touch the contaminated area or the outside portion of the laboratory gown after that you perform again
hand hygiene so after your gloves you can do hand hygiene in between laboratory gown and hand
hygiene in between and then removing your eye protection before you touch the mucous area mucosa
areas of your face such as your nose and your eyes and or mouth you have to wash your hands so
removing pure eye protection and removing the mask so you remove the mask or the n95 respirator and
then perform again hand hygiene as much as possible you have to perform hand hygiene at all times on
the left here class you can see that this is a complete personal protective equipment picture so these
items here class are used to protect the phlebotomist or the laboratory Personnel from infectious
material uh from contacting to three clothes the skin or the mucous membranes hence we have to use
the PPE at all times inside the laboratory and it's very important this picture here class is a sequence or
the steps for putting on the personal protective equipment as much as possible you can also memorize
this just to be ready for any proficiency examination this photo here is the steps on how to safely remove
your personal protective equipment this are diagrams or steps provided by the Centers for Disease
Control and prevention as well as The Who so these are also the same checklist that we will be using for
the proficiency examination if there is any additional notes the use of a personal protective equipment is
mandatory and mandated by the Department of Health to minimize exposure not just to bloodborne
pathogens but all the Infectious pathogens that are available you have to Don the PPE before contact
with any patient generally before entering the patient's room also use PPE carefully to avoid spreading
contamination a you have to properly fit your PPE that's very important for our safety and if ever the
gloves are provided for you are too small or too large make sure to change it and adjust or to use a gloves
that are of your size these are the different laboratory safety rules that is found inside the Clinical
Laboratory I know this has already been inculcated in Mar in our hearts and in our minds but just to
remind us again that we have to always dress appropriately inside the laboratory remember class to
always wear clothes shoes in cases of accidental spills and sprays that is to protect the skin of our feet in
that area over there also proper supervision inside the laboratory you do not perform any laboratory
experiments without your instructor or if you're a new medical technologist you do not perform without
prior supervision that means you have to be reoriented to the procedure also no location of emergency
numbers and safety equipment this means class you have to know the location of the showers inside the
lab where are the eye washes the fire extinguishers as well also no food you're not allowed to eat or
drink inside the laboratory you also need to identify the different hazards and risks inside the lab be
attentive at all times so this means that you have to be alert at all times and at the same time cautious
and you need to have a common sense next is be careful when handling hot glassware so you might
accidentally spill something and that break any glassware inside the laboratory keep a clean work space
medical Technologies are known to be very OC so we have to clean at all times our area handle glassware
carefully and always clean up dispose of your ways your trashes and at the same time proper hand
hygiene these are the same important laboratory safety rules that I have discussed prior to this
laboratory safety necessitates the effective control of all hazards that exist in the Clinical Laboratory at
any given time that is why safety begins with the recognition of Hazards and is achieved through the
application of Common Sense a safety-focused attitude your good personal Behavior Good Housekeeping
in all laboratory work and storage areas and above all the continual practice of good laboratory technique
in most cases class accidents can be traced directly to two primary causes presented here are the primary
causes of accidents inside the laboratory number one is the lack of understanding when working with
hazards the improper or unintended use of the equipment and inexperienced medical Technologies or a
laboratory Personnel distraction or lack or loss of attention to tasks also the broken damaged glassware
or equipment the public law 91596 or better known as the occupational safety and health Act was
enacted by the U.S Congress in 1917.

the main goal of this Federal Regulation is to provide all the employees Clinical Laboratory Personnel
included with a safe work environment under this legislation the occupational safety and health
administration also known as OSHA is authorized to conduct on-site inspections to determine whether an
employer is complying with the mandatory standards remember class safety is no longer only immoral
obligation but also a federal law OSHA standards also regulate safety in the laboratory include laws such
as kindly write this down because I did not place it in my PowerPoint you write this down the bloodborne
pathogen standard formaldehyde standard laboratory standard the hazard communication standard
respiratory protection standard air contaminant standard and personal protective equipment standard
just to give you a over an overview of the bloodborne pathogen that's this standard applies to all
exposure to blood or other potentially infectious materials in any occupational safety there are also other
Federal Regulations relating to laboratory safety such as the Clean Water Act the research conservation
and Recovery Act the toxic substances Control Act in addition clinical laboratories are required to comply
with applicable local and state laws such as fire and building codes the clinical and laboratory standards
Institute formerly known as the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory standards provide excellent
General laboratory safety and infection control guidelines in their documents such as the GP 17 A2 That's
The Clinical Laboratory safety approved guideline also there's m29a3 that's protection of laboratory
workers from occupationally acquired infections approved guideline the safety is also an important part
of the requirements for initial and continued accreditation of healthcare institutions and Laboratories by
voluntarily accrediting bodies such as the Joint Commission formerly known as The Joint Commission on
accreditation of healthcare organizations and there's also the commission on laboratory accreditation at
the College of American pathologists the employer and the employee class share safety responsibilities
so not just the employees the employer also has responsibilities to comply the employer's responsibilities
include established laboratory work methods and safety policies they provide supervision and guidance
to employees they also provide safety information training PPE and medical surveillance to their
employees and to provide and maintain equipment and laboratory facilities that are free of recognized
hazards and adequate for the tasks required again while the individual employee has an obligation to
follow safe work practices and be attentive at all times to potential hazards our employers has the
ultimate responsibility for safety and delegates Authority for safe operations to laboratory managers and
supervisors that employee on the other hand also has a responsibility for his or her own safety and the
safety of their co-workers employee conduct in the laboratory is a vital factor in the achievement of a
workplace without accidents or injuries so below here class are the employees responsibilities that's to
know and comply with established laboratory work safety methods or practices also has a positive
attitude towards supervisors co-workers facilities and safety training be alert and give prompt notification
of unsafe conditions or practices to the immediate supervisor and ensure that unsafe conditions and
practices are correct then and lastly to engage in the conduct of safe work practices and the use of
personal protective equipment this one class is the Hazardous Materials classification signage and
appropriate signs to identify hazards are very critical not only to alert laboratory Personnel to potential
hazards but also to identify specific hazards that may arise because of emergencies such as fire or
explosion the National Fire Protection Association NFPA develop a standard Hazard identification system
this one class is a diamond shape color-coded symbol which has been adopted by many clinical
laboratories by just looking at it class emergency Personnel can assess health hazards so health hazard
for the blue quadrant the flammable hazards that's for the red quadrant there's also the reactivity or
stability hazards that's found on the yellow quadrant and other special information that's found in the
white quadrant in addition class there are also in each quadrant here you can see that it shows the
magnitude of severity graded from low zero to a high of four so you can see that in here that is posted in
this hazardous materials classification this one is another diagram of the NFPA rating explanation guide
so do not forget class the ratings from 0 to 4 of the different quadrants the health flammability and
instability hazards for this special Hazard here class there are symbols such as aux or ox or for oxidizing sa
for simple simple as fiction while the Diablo you with a strike through that means reacts violently or
explosively with water all in-house prepared reagents and solutions should be labeled in a standard
Manner and include the chemical identity concentration Hazard warning special handling storage
conditions the date when that solution is prepared the expiration date if it's applicable and also the
preparer's name or the preparer's initials these are the different safety equipments that I have
mentioned earlier and this has been developed specifically for use in The Clinical Laboratory the
employer's class are required by law to have designated safety equipment available but it is also the
responsibility of the employee to comply with all safety rules and to use safety equipment all the
Laboratories are required to have safety showers iWatch stations and fire extinguishers and to
periodically test and inspect those equipment it is recommended that safety showers deliver 30 to 50
gallons of water per minute at 20 to 50 pounds per square inch and be located in areas where corrosive
liquids are stored or used so those are the things you need to know for safety showers while the eye
wash stations must be accessible like around within 100 feet or um yes 100 feet in laboratory areas
presenting chemical or biological exposure hazards other items that must be available for personal
include fire blankets spill kits and first aid supplies Mechanical pipetting Devices must be used for
manipulating all types of liquids in the laboratory including water always remember glass mouth pipeting
was done before but that's history but right now mouth piping is strictly prohibited chemical Fume hoods
and biosafety cabinets as for film Hood's glass they're required to contain and expel noxious and
hazardous fumes from chemical reagents Fume hoods should be visually inspected for any blockages a
piece of tissue paper placed at the hood opening will indicate airflow Direction the hood should never be
operated with the sash fully opened and a maximum operating sash height should be established and
conspicuously marked the containers and Equipment positioned within hoods should not block airflow
periodically ventilation should be evaluated by measuring the face velocity with a calibrated velocity
meter as an added precaution smoke testing is recommended to locate no flow or turbulent areas in the
working space and personal air monitoring should be conducted in accordance with the chemical hygiene
plan of the facility as for biosafety cabinets they remove particles that may be harmful to the employee
who is working with potentially infectious biologic specimens the Centers for Disease Control and
prevention and the National Institutes of Health have described four labels of biosafety remember the
four different biosafety levels that I thought to you during your pmls one this consists of combinations of
laboratory practices and techniques the safety equipment and laboratory facilities are included in those
biosafety levels the biosafety level of elaboratory is based on the operations performed the routes of
transmission of the Infectious agents and the laboratory function or activity accordingly biosafety
cabinets are designed to offer various levels of protection depending on the biosafety level of the specific
Laboratory these are the biologic safety General considerations I have already mentioned this a lot of
times a while ago kindly read this down for me I also have discuss pills earlier and as what I have said
there is a reference that says 0.5 percent bleach in neutralizing the spills but you could also disinfect it
with um 10 bleach and you may use the appropriate contact time with the 10 bleach in this diagram here
class you can see the different universal precautions that must be taken into consideration when doing all
the things inside the laboratory in December 1991 OSHA issued the final rule for occupational exposure
to blood-borne pathogens the minimize employee exposure each employer must have a written
exposure control plan the plan must be available to all employees whose duties may result in reasonably
anticipated occupational exposure to blood or other potentially infectious materials the exposure control
plan must be discussed with all employees and be available to them while they are working the
employee must be provided with adequate training and all techniques described in the exposure control
plan at initial work assignment and annual leader after all necessary safety equipment and supplies must
be readily available and inspected on a regular basis Clinical Laboratory Personnel are knowingly or
unknowingly in frequent contact with potentially biohazardous materials so in recent years new and
serious occupational hazards to Personnel have Arisen and this problem has been complicated because
of the general lack of understanding of the epidemiology mechanisms of transmission of the disease or
inactivation of the causative agent special precautions must be taken when handling all specimens
because of the continual increase in the proportion of infectious samples received in the laboratory
therefore interactive specimens from patients with confirmed or suspected hepatitis acquired
immunodeficiency syndrome or AIDS or other potentially infectious diseases should be handled no
differently than other routine specimens adopting a universal precautions policy which considers blood
and other body fluids from all patients as potentially effect in an infective is required because of a global
Resurgence of TB OSHA issued a statement in 1993 that the agency would enforce CDC guidelines for
preventing the transmission of tuberculosis in healthcare facilities also there's a an epidemic for covid-19
so of course no there are stricter policies regarding the use of PPE as well as the proper um dealing with
those types of specimens the purpose of the guidelines is to encourage early detection isolation and
treatment of Active cases those workers in high risk areas may be required to wear a respirator for
protection and all health care workers consider to be at risk must be screened for TB infection and the
latest is covid-19 other specific pathogens including viruses bacteria and fungi may be considered
Airborne transmission risks protective measures in The Clinical Laboratory generally involve work practice
and Engineering controls focus on prevention of aerosolization containment isolation and respiratory
protection of n95 for chemical safety the clinical laboratories must land and Implement a written Hazard
communication program obtain a safety data sheet or MSDS the material safety data sheets for each
hazardous compound present in the workplace and have the MSDS readily accessible to employees
educate all employees annually on how to interpret chemical labels safety data sheets and health hazards
of the chemicals and how to work safely with the chemicals also to maintain Hazard warning labels on
containers received or filled on site yeah the material safety data sheet class the photo of this is after this
slide so this is a major source of safety information for employees who may use hazardous materials in
their occupation the employers are responsible for obtaining the safety data sheets from the chemical
manufacturer or developing an SDS for each hazardous agent used in the workplace a standardized
format is not mandatory but all requirements listed in the law must be addressed in here class written
here on this right side of the screen you can see the summary of the SDS information requirements so
these must be seen in the safety data sheet all of this so this photo here the one on the left and also the
one on the right these are examples of material safety data sheets this one is for acetone and the other
one is for Clorox bleach to all the necessary information that needs to be transparent must be seen in the
material safety data sheet it must be seen all here to avoid accidents when handling chemicals it is
important to develop respect for all chemicals and to have a complete knowledge of their properties this
is particularly important when transporting dispensing or using chemicals that when in contact with
certain other chemicals could result in the formation of substances that are very toxic can also be
flammable or explosive for example class acetic acid is incompatible with other acids such as chromic and
nitric acid carbon tetrachloride is also incompatible with sodium and flammable liquids are incompatible
with hydrogen peroxide and nitric acid so you have to make sure that arrangements for the storage of
chemicals will depend on the quantities of chemicals needed and the nature or type of the chemicals
proper storage is essential to prevent and control laboratory fires and accidents ideally the store room
should be organized so that each class of chemicals is isolated in an area that is not used for routine work
an up-to-date inventory should be kept that indicates location of chemicals the minimum or maximum
quantities required and its shelf life some chemicals class deteriorate over time and can become
hazardous let's say for example ethers and tetrahydrofluoride they form explosive peroxides so storage
should not be based solely on alphabetical order because incompatible chemicals may be stored next to
each other and react chemically so they must be separated for storage so this one here this table here
shows the different substances that can be stored together while this area here are the substances that
must be stored separately you also need to familiarize the different chemical Hazard symbols in this way
it will be easier for you to identify what type of Hazard that might be so make sure how you remember
the photos this might go out in the examination the photos only then you're asked to identify what are
these photos so these are the chemical Hazard symbols I know this has been discussed to you with
histopathology already but let's just have a brief recap for flammable or combustible chemicals these are
actually liquids that are used in numerous routine procedures and among the most hazardous materials
in the clinical chemistry laboratory because of possible fire or explosion they're classified according to
Flashpoint remember the flash point which is the temperature at which sufficient vapor is given off to
form an ignitable mixture with air so that's the meaning of flush pointa A flammable liquid has a flash
point below flammable below 37.8 degrees Celsius or 100 degrees Fahrenheit while combustible liquids
by definition have a flash point of above 37.8 degrees Celsius or 100 degrees Fahrenheit some commonly
used flammable and combustible solvents are acetone Benzene ethanol heptane isopropanol methanol
toluene and saline it is important to remember that flammable or combustible chemicals also include
certain Gases such as hydrogen and solids and can also include paraffin so in order for you to remember
flammable liquid slash point below while combustible liquids flush point above remember C comes first
before F so C is above f is below C comes first from then for corrosive chemicals these are injuries to the
skin or eyes by direct contact or to the tissue of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts if inhaled or
ingested typical examples include acids ascetic sulfuric Nitric and hydroploric also bases ammonium
hydroxide potassium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide external exposures to concentrated corrosives can
cause severe burns and require immediate flushing with copious amounts of clean water as for reactive
chemicals these are substances that under certain conditions can spontaneously explode or ignite or that
involve heat or flammable or explosive gases some strong acids or bases react with water to generate
heat so that's exothermic reactions while hydrogen is liberated if alkali metals such as sodium or
potassium are mixed with water or acids and spontaneous combustion may also occur the mixture of
oxidizing agents such as peroxides and reducing agents such as hydrogen generates heat and may be
explosive carcinogens are substances that have been determined to be cancer-causing agents OSHA has
issued lists of confirmed and suspected carcinogens and detailed standards for the handling of these
substances an example of this is benzidine if possible a substitute chemical or different procedure should
be used to avoid exposure to carcinogenic agents next would be fire safety remember class fire is
basically a chemical reaction that involves the rapid oxidation of a combustible material or fuel with the
subsequent liberation of heat and light in the clinical chemistry laboratory all the elements essential for
fire to begin are present so that's fuel see it or the ignition Source Heat or the ignition source and oxygen
or the air however

Recent research suggests that a fourth Factor may be present and this Factor has been classified as a
reaction chain in which burning continues and even accelerates it is caused by the breakdown and
recombination of the molecules from the material burning with the oxygen in the atmosphere fires have
been classified already into four different classes so that's Class A that's for ordinary combustible solid
materials such as paper wood plastic and fabric for class B that's flammable liquids or gases and
combustible petroleum products for classy these are fires involving energize electrical equipment well for
class D fires that's combustible or reactive metals such as magnesium sodium and potassium and lastly
for class K these are fires that involves cooking appliances compatible cooking media vegetable or animal
oils and fats aside from the classification of fires and what type of fire does that compose of there are
also different types of extinguishers that are identified so just as fires have been divided into classes fire
extinguishers are also divided into different classes that correspond to the type of fire to be extinguished
be certain to choose the right type because using the wrong type of extinguisher may be dangerous for
example do not use water on burning liquids or on electrical equipment remember water class is a
conductor of electricity so that might the person doing or extinguishing the fire might be electrocuted
pressurized water extinguisher as well as foam and multi-purpose dry chemical types are used for class A
fires multi-purpose dry chemical and carbon dioxide extinguishers are used for class B and C Fires
halogenated hydrocarbon extinguishers are particularly recommended for use with computer equipment
class D fires present special problems and extinguishment is Left To Train firefighters using special dry
chemical extinguishers generally all that can be done for a Class D fire in the laboratory is to try and
isolate the burning metal from combustible sources with sun or ceramic barrier material Personnel
should also know the location and type of portable fire extinguisher near their work area and know how
to use an extinguisher before a fire occurs in the event of a fire first evacuate all Personnel patients and
visitors who are in in immediate danger and then activate the fire alarm report the fire and if possible
attempt to extinguish the fire Personnel should also work as a team to carry out emergency procedures
fire drills are done must be conducted regularly and with appropriate documentation these are the
healthcare fire safety the acronym race rescue alarm contain extinguish is taught to schools not just in
the healthcare facilities these are the four essential steps to take if you discover a fire so the acronym is
race while to properly operate a fire extinguisher the acronym use is pass that spool aim squeeze and
then sweep so that's how to properly operate a fire extinguisher always remember this class huh for
electrical hazards of course no most individuals are aware of the potential hazards as heated with the use
of electrical appliances and Equipment direct hazards of electrical energy can result in death shock or
Burns indirect hazards can result in fire or explosion therefore there are many precautionary procedures
to follow when operating or working around electrical equipments so number one you use only explosion
rated intrinsically wired equipment in hazardous atmospheres be particularly careful when operating high
voltage equipment such as electrophoresis apparatus use only properly grounded equipment so the
three prong plug the three prong plug is the most common properly grounded equipment in the
laboratory check for frayed electrical cords promptly report animal functions or equipment producing A
tingle for repair do not work on live electrical equipment never operate electric equipment with wet
hands know the exact location of the electrical control panel for the electricity to your work area use only
approved extension cords and temporary applications and do not overload circuits have ground polarity
and leakage checks and other periodic preventive maintenance performed on outlets and equipment in
addition to physical hazards such as fire and electric shock laboratory Personnel should be aware of the
mechanical hazards of equipment such as centrifuge autoclaves and homogenizers centrifuge for
example glass must be balanced to distribute the load equally the operator should never open the lid
until the rotor has come to a complete stuff safety interlocks and equipment should never be rendered
and operable laboratory glassware itself is another potential mechanical hazard agents such as glass
beads or boiling chips should be added to help eliminate bumping oil or boil over when liquids are
heated prongs or insulated gloves should be used to remove hot glassware from ovens hot plates or
water baths last biped should be handled with extra care I should sharp instruments such as cork
boarders needles scalpel blades and other tools a glassware inspection program should be in place to
detect signs of wear or fatigue that could contribute to breakage or injury all infectious charms must be
disposed in OSHA approved containers to reduce the risk of injury and infection this diagram here class
shows the nine classes of hazardous materials so kindly memorize them class one for explosives Class 2
for gases class 3 flammable and combustible liquids class 4 FL flammable solids spontaneously
combustible and dangerous when wet hazardous materials class 5 for oxidizer and organic peroxide
Classics for poisonous or toxic and poison inhalation hazard Class 7 for radioactive substances Class 8 for
corrosives class 9 for miscellaneous hazardous materials and do not forget the sign here dangerous so
that's the symbol for Dangerous it's even spelled out so that's dangerous good the safe handling and
disposal of chemicals and other materials require A thorough knowledge of their properties and Hazards
generators of hazardous ways have a moral and legal responsibility as defined in applicable local state
and federal regulations to protect both the individual and the environment when disposing of waves
there are four basic ways disposal techniques that flushing down the drain to the sewer system the
incineration landfill burial and recycling in some cases class it is permissible to flush water-soluble
substances down the drain with you know copious amounts of water however strong acids or bases
should be neutralized before disposal the laboratory must adhere to institutional local and state
regulations regarding the disposal of strong acids and bases foul smelling chemicals should never be
disposed of down the drain possible reaction of chemicals in the drain and potential toxicity must be
considered when deciding if a particular chemical can be dissolved or diluted and then flush down the
drain for example sodium azide sodium acid is used as a preservative but this forms explosive salts with
Metals such as the copper in our pipes many institutions ban the use of sodium acids due to this hazard
other liquid ways including flammable solvents must be collected in approved containers and segregated
into compatible classes also before disposal hazardous substances that are explosive and carcinogens
should be transformed to less hazardous forms whenever feasible if practical solvents such as saline and
acetone may be filtered or redistilled for reuse if recycling is also not visible disposable Arrangements
should be made by specifically trained personnel flammable material can also be burned in specially
designed incinerators with afterburners and scrubbers to remove toxic products of combustion as for
medical ways these are special ways from Healthcare facilities and is further defined as solid ways that if
improperly treated or handled May transmit infectious diseases this comprises of animal waste bulk
blood and blood products microbiologic waste pathologic waste and even sharps that prove methods for
treatment and disposition of medical wastes are the following incineration steam sterilization burial
thermal inactivation chemical disinfection or encapsulation in a solid Matrix that is all for our first
laboratory topic for laboratory safety rules and regulations thank you so much for taking the time to
listen to this very long discussion even if this is already a run-through or a review for you but please do
not take your laboratory safety for granted once again thank you so much for listening and have a blessed
day