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Whruld Hvshfldo gd Uhodwlylgdgh

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sdud grlv vlvwhpdv C h C  txh vh pryhp uhodwlydphqwh xp dr rxwur
frp yhorflgdgh 8 h vhjxqgr d gluhêær txh ghqh rv hl{rv ? h ? / frpr
qd jxud 404/ gdgdv sru

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htxdêær gh rqgd lqyduldqwh txdqgr hvfulwd frp uhodêær dr uhihuhq0
fldo C rx frp uhvshlwr dr uhihuhqfldo C  1 Qhvwh fdsðwxor hvwduhprv
edvlfdphqwh lqwhuhvvdgrv hp prvwudu/ gh glyhuvdv pdqhludv/ txh qær
dshqdv dv htxdêøhv gh rqgd shupdqhfhp lqyduldqwhv vre wdlv wudqv0
irupdêøhv/ pdv txh r phvpr rfruuh wdpeìp sdud dv htxdêøhv gh
Pd{zhoo1 Qr shufxuvr txh xwlol}duhprv sdud ghprqvwudu wdo sur0
sulhgdgh gdv htxdêøhv gh Pd{zhoo ghgx}luhprv dv ohlv gh wudqviru0
pdêøhv gr fdpsr hoìwulfr h gd lqgxêær pdjqìwlfd vre dv wudqviru0
pdêøhv gh Oruhqw} h dsuryhlwduhprv d rsruwxqlgdgh sdud dsuhvhqwdu/
frp dojxpd surixqglgdgh/ r fäofxor whqvruldo dvvrfldgr dr hvsdêr0
whpsr uhodwlyðvwlfr/ rx r hvsdêr0whpsr gh Plqnrzvnl1

4
5 Whruld Hvshfldo gd Uhodwlylgdgh

Iljxud 404 Prylphqwr uhodwlyr frp yhorflgdgh 8 hqwuh rv vlvwhpdv gh

uhihuíqfld  h   1 Rv hl{rv r h F pryhp0vh sdudohodphqwh drv hl{rv r
h F1

Whuhprv wdpeìp d rsruwxqlgdgh gh dqdolvdu dojxqv hihlwrv öswl0

frv fdsd}hv gh uhyhodu frpsruwdphqwrv sxudphqwh uhodwlyðvwlfrv txh
vh hqfrqwudp wrwdophqwh irud gr dofdqfh gh xpd iðvlfd edvhdgd qdv
wudqvirupdêøhv gh Jdolohx> wdlv ihq÷phqrv vær= +d, r hihlwr Grssohu uho0
dwlyðvwlfr/ +e, r duudvwh uhodwlyðvwlfr dvvrfldgr dr prylphqwr gr phlr
h +f, d iöupxod gh dehuudêær öswlfd ghylgd dr prylphqwr gd irqwh1 Vh
r ohlwru vh ohpeudu/ yäulrv ghvwhv hihlwrv irudp flwdgrv qr fdsðwxor 4
txdqgr wudwdprv gr ghvhqyroylphqwr klvwöulfr gr hohwurpdjqhwlvpr
h gdv whruldv h{lvwhqwhv vreuh d ox} h r ìwhu oxpqðihur1
H{huflvh 41314 Prvwuh txh dv wudqvirupdêøhv +414, srghp vhu hv0
fulwdv frpr
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srvvxl ghwhuplqdqwh ljxdo d xp h uhsuhvhqwd xpd hvsìflh gh urwdêær
dwudyìv gh ixqêøhv klshueöolfdv1
H{huflvh 41315 Xvdqgr dv uhjudv gh wudqvirupdêær +415,/ prvwuh txh
gxdv wudqvirupdêøhv gh Oruhqw} vxfhvvlydv sru yhorflgdghv 8 h 82
htxlydohp d xpd ýqlfd wudqvirupdêær gh Oruhqw} shod yhorflgdgh w8 L
82 DbwdL 8 82 b2 D1 Uhghulyh/ d sduwlu ghvwh uhvxowdgr/ d ohl gh wudqviru0
pdêær gh yhorflgdghv1 Uhghulyh hvwh uhvxowdgr xvdqgr d irupxodêær
pdwulfldo1
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Oruhqw} +qd txdo rv vlvwhpdv vh pryhp uhodwlydphqwh xp dr rxwur

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Whruld Hvshfldo gd Uhodwlylgdgh 6

prvwuh txh dv yhorflgdghv sdudohod h shushqglfxodu dr prylphqwr gh0

yhp vhu hvfulwdv frpr
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wudqvirupdu vhjxqgr

d8 ) d8 b  wd c y d x b2 D
3
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H{dpsoh 4 H{huflvh 41317 Prvwudu txh dv wudqvirupdêøhv gh Jdolohx/

qr hvsdêr whpsr qhzwrqldqr dvvrfldgr +qr txdo r whpsr ì xp devr0
oxwr,/ uhsuhvhqwdp wudqvodêøhv qd frrughqdgd ?/ h qær dv urwdêøhv
dflpd phqflrqdgdv1

R hohphqwr glihuhqfldo gh olqkd vreuh r hvsdêr gh Plqnrzvnl ì

gdgr sru

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h lpsolfd qd glylvær ghvwh hvsdêr hp wuív uhjløhv vlfdphqwh glvwlq0

wdv1 Gh idwr/ d htxdêær +416, dflpd ì d htxdêær gh xp frqh +qr
hvsdêr txdgulglphqvlrqdo,/ frqkhflgr frpr frqh0gh0ox} txh/ frpr
ylprv/ vhsdud uhjløhv gr hvsdêr vhjxqgr vxdv uhodêøhv gh fdxvdolgdghv
+fi1 yroxph 4,1 Ì lpsruwdqwh uhvvdowdu txh hvwh hohphqwr gh olqkd ì
xp lqyduldqwh gd whruld/ qr vhqwlgr gh txh

QX ) QX, +417,

frpr srgh vhu frpsurydgr xvdqgr0vh dv wudqvirupdêøhv +414,1 Rx

vhmd/ r ydoru gdv glvwåqfldv qr hvsdêr gh Plqnrzvnl ì vhpsuh r
phvpr/ lqghshqghqwh gr vlvwhpd gh frrughqdgdv lqhufldlv txh xvhprv
sdud fdofxoä0or +qrwh txh grlv vlvwhpdv vær glwrv lqhufldlv vh srghp
vhu ylqfxodgrv sru xpd wudqvirupdêær gr wlsr +414,,1

H{dpsoh 5 Xvh d lgìld gh urwdêær dflpd wudedokdgd sdud ghvfu0

hyhu rv ihq÷phqrv gh glodwdêær gr whpsr sdud d uhodwlylgdgh hvsh0
fldo/ dvvlp frpr r fduäwhu devroxwr ghvwd yduläyho/ txdqgr ylvwd vre
d öwlfd gdv wudqvirupdêøhv gh Jdolohx1 Vroxêær= dv wudqvirupdêøhv
+414, lpsolfdp txh srghprv hvfuhyhu qrvvrv vlvwhpdv gh frrughqdgdv
 +sdudgr, h   +hp prylphqwr vhjxqgr d olqkd txh ghqh ? h ? ,
gd pdqhlud uhsuhvhqwdgd qd jxud 4051 Gh idwr/ r hl{r frrughqdgr
?f ) 0 ì gdgr shod lpsrvlêær ? ) (/ hqtxdqwr txh r hl{r frrughqdgr
?f ) 0 ì gdgr shod lpsrvlêær ? ) (/ lpsolfdqgr/ shodv wudqviru0
pdêøhv +414,/ ghyhprv whu d uhodêær

?f ) ?f , +418,

7 Whruld Hvshfldo gd Uhodwlylgdgh

hqwuh rv hl{rv frrughqdgrv ?f h ?f 1 Gd phvpd pdqhlud r hl{r frru0

ghqdgr ? ì gdgr shod lpsrvlêær ?f ) (/ lpsolfdqgr txh r hl{r frru0
ghqdgr ? +lpsolfdqgr d lpsrvlêær ?f ) (, txh gdgr shod uhodêær

? ) ?, +419,

gh pdqhlud txh r åqjxor  qd jxud 405 ì r phvpr +dv ghfolylgdghv

gdv uhwdv dvvrfldgdv ãv h{suhvvøhv +418, h +419,,1 Hvwh gldjudpd ì
fkdpdgr gh gldjudpd gh Plqnrzvnl1 Srghprv hvwdehohfhu xp surfhg0
lphqwr öeylr sdud d frqvwuxêær gh xpd hvfdod txh uhodflrqh dperv
rv vlvwhpdv1 Sdud wdqwr edvwd txh xwlol}hprv r hohphqwr lqyduldqwh
X2 ) ?2f c ?2 ) X2 ) ?2 f c ? = vh frorfduprv X ) d/ whuhprv d
2

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whuhprv d pdufd ?f ) d/ shodv phvpdv ud}øhv/ frpr uhsuhvhqwdgr
qd jxudr phvpr ydohqgr sdud dv frqvlghudêøhv dfhufd gd frrugh0
qdgd ?3 Qrwh/ hqwuhwdqwr/ txh d h{suhvvær sdud X dflpd ì d h{suhvvær
gh xpd klsìueroh +gljd0vh gh sdvvdjhp/ ì d h{suhvvær txh ghqh dv
ixqêøhv vhqr h frvvhqr klshueöolfr/ ylvwr txh/ sdud wdlv ixqêøhv/ ghyh0
prv whu {BRY 2  c R$tY 2  ) d,1 Hvwd ì suhflvdphqwh d frqh{ær hqwuh
r fduäwhu klshueöolfr gr hvsdêr whpsr gh Plqnrzvnl h r hohphqwr lq0
yduldqwh1 Sdud yhu frpr srghprv dqdolvdu r ihq÷phqr gh glodwdêær
gr whpsr/ frqvlghuh d jxud 406> Qhvwd jxud wudêdprv xpd uhwd \4 
oljdqgr wrgrv rv hyhqwrv txh vær vlpxowåqhrv hp 1 Xp hyhqwr rfru0
uhqgr qr lqvwdqwh \ hp  +xp wltxh gh xp uhoöjlr gh gxudêær gh xp
vhjxqgr/ sru h{hpsor, rfruuhuä hp   +vhjxqgr ,/ qr lqvwdqwh 4 
txh/ frpr vh orfdol}d dedl{r gd klsìueroh txh ghqh d hvfdod lqydul0
dqwh/ uhsuhvhqwd xpd gxudêær phqru gr txh dtxhod dsuhvhqwdgd hp
/ rx vhmd/ r uhoöjlr hp   luä wltxh0wdtxhdu pdlv ohqwdphqwh
xp hyhqwr txh rfruuhx hqwuh rv lqvwdqwhv ( h \ ) dX qr vlvwhpd 
luä rfruuhu vhjxqgr rv uhoöjlrv gh   frpr ylvwrv sru  hqwuh rv lq0
vwdqwhv ( h 4  ) (3X +sru h{hpsor,/ gxudqgr phqrv whpsr rx/ r txh
ì r phvpr/ phglgr sru xp uhoöjlr txh whp xp frpsdvvr pdlv ohqwr1
Ydoh qrwdu dlqgd txh d dqäolvh ì wrwdophqwh lqyhuvðyho/ vh ghvhmdprv
frqvlghudu d pdqhlud frpr   yí r uhoöjlr hp 1 Gh idwr/ qhvwh fdvr
r lqvwdqwh \ / uhsuhvhqwdqgr r wltxh xqlwäulr/ ì ohydgr qr lqvwdqwh
4 +vlpxowåqhr d \ vhjxqgr d pdokd gh   / ylvwr txh hvwd pdokd ì
frqvwuxðgd d sduwlu gh sdudohodv dr hl{r ? ,1 Frpr 4 hvwä dedl{r gd
klsìueroh txh ghqh d hvfdod lqyduldqwh/ whprv txh djrud ì r uhoöjlr
hp  txh vh pryh pdlv ohqwdphqwh1
Whruld Hvshfldo gd Uhodwlylgdgh 8

Iljxud 405 Gldjudpd gh Plqnrzvnl txh hvwdehohfh d uhodêær klshueöolfd

sdud d ghwhuplqdêær gd hvfdod qr hvsdêr h qr whpsr grv vlvwhpdv  h
 1

Iljxud 406 Gldjudpd gh Plqnrzvnl txh shuplwh xpd dqäolvh juäfd

vlpsolfdgd gr ihq÷phqr gd glodwd êær gr whpsr1

H{huflvh 41318 Uhslwd r h{hpsor dqwhulru sdud dqdolvdu d frqwudêær

gr hvsdêr1

Frp d ghqlêær +416, dflpd srghprv lqwurgx}lu d qrêær gh whpsr

suösulr + gh wdo irupd txh

QX2 ) 2 Q+ 2 , +41:,

prvwudqgr txh Q+ ì vhpsuh fdofxodgr shor uhihuhqfldo qr txdo d sduwðfxod

vh hqfrqwud hp uhsrxvr/ ylvwr txh d h{suhvvær dflpd lpsolfd txh
Q{ ) (1 Shod sursulhgdgh +417, qrwdprv txh Q+ ì xp hvfdodu/ rx vhmd/
xp qýphur txh/ sru lvvr phvpr/ shupdqhfh lqyduldqwh sru wudqviru0
pdêøhv gh Oruhqw}1
Dv wudqvirupdêøhv +414, vær xp fdvr sduwlfxodu gh wudqvirupdêøhv
gh Oruhqw}/ fodudphqwh1 Hqwuhwdqwr/ wrgrv rv uhvxowdgrv txh luhprv
rewhu qhvwh fdsðwxor qær ghshqghp gh txdotxhu pdqhlud gh xpd wdo
sduwlfxodul}dêær1 Gh idwr/ sdud r fdvr gd irupxodêær whqvruldo gdv
htxdêøhv gh Pd{zhoo/ hvwduhprv devwudlqgr wrwdophqwh ghvwd sduwlf0
xodul}dêær h frqvlghuduhprv r fdvr pdlv jhudo srvvðyho1
9 Whruld Hvshfldo gd Uhodwlylgdgh

D Lqydulåqfld gd Htxdêær gh Rqgd sru Wudqvirupdêøhv

gh Oruhqw}
Gh srvvh gdv wudqvirupdêøhv +414, h ohpeudqgr txh dv wudqvirupdêøhv
gh Jdolohx vær gdgdv sru

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srghprv djrud prvwudu txh d htxdêær gh rqgd qær ì lqyduldqwh sru

hvwdv wudqvirupdêøhv/ rx vhmd/ vxd irupd ixqflrqdo pxgd txdqgr xv0
dprv +41;, sdud sdvvdu gh xp vlvwhpd vhp olqkd sdud xp vlvwhpd frp
olqkd/ pdv ì lqyduldqwh sru wudqvirupdêøhv gh Oruhqw}/ frpr dv gdgdv
hp +414,1
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dc 2 c L )( +4143,
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ixqêær / wdo htxdêær qær ì pdlv xpd htxdêær gh rqgd qr uhihuhq0
fldo frp olqkd1 Lvwr vljqlfd txh/ vxsrqgr d ydolgdgh gr sulqfðslr gh
uhodwlylgdgh gh Jdolohx/ srghuðdprv xwlol}du h{shulíqfldv frp hihlwrv
hohwurpdjqìwlfrv sdud vdehu vh hvwdprv qxp uhihuhqfldo hp uhsrxvr
devroxwr +hp uhsrxvr frp uhodêær d xp hvsdêr devroxwr, rx hp xp
uhihuhqfldo txh vh pryh frp yhorflgdgh frqvwdqwh +frp uhodêær d hvwh
phvpr hvsdêr devroxwr,/ ylvwr txh/ qhvwhv ýowlprv/ rv hihlwrv hohwur0
pdjqìwlfrv hvwduldp dvvrfldgrv ã htxdêær +4143, h vhuldp fodudphqwh
glvwlqjÿðyhlv gdtxhohv txh vdwlvid}hp d htxdêær +41<,1 Lvwr ylroduld
r suösulr sulqfðslr gh Jdolohx txh h{ljh txh rv uhihuhqfldlv lqhufldlv
vhmdp wrgrv lqglvwlqjÿðyhlv hqwuh vl/ gh pdqhlud txh mdpdlv srvvdprv
Whruld Hvshfldo gd Uhodwlylgdgh :

vdehu txdo ghohv hvwä hp uhsrxvr frp uhvshlwr dr hvsdêr devroxwr

+txh hp Qhzwrq ì gd rughp dshqdv gh Ghxv/ frpr mä ylprv qr yro0
xph 4,1 Xpd srvvlelolgdgh hqwær ì txh r hohwurpdjqhwlvpr hvwhmd
huudgr h dv htxdêøhv gh rqgd qær vhmdp xpd uhsuhvhqwdêær fruuhwd
gh vhxv ihq÷phqrv> wdo klsöwhvh/ hqwuhwdqwr/ qær vh frdgxqd frp rv
h{shulphqwrv h{wuhpdphqwh suhflvrv txh r hohwurpdjqhwlvpr vxvflwd1
Dvvlp/ wruqd0vh qhfhvväulr uhirupxodu r sulqfðslr gh lqydulåqfld/ rx
vhmd/ d ohl gh wudqvirupdêær sursuldphqwh glwddojr txh vö srgh vhu
ihlwr d sduwlu gh frqvlghudêøhv vreuh d qdwxuh}d gr hvsdêr h gr whpsr1
Irl dvvlp txh/ sulphludphqwh vxujludp dv klsöwhvhv gr ìwhu +fi1 r
sulphlur fdsðwxor, h/ srvwhulruphqwh/ d whruld gd uhodwlylgdgh frp r
d{lrpd gd frqvwåqfld gd yhorflgdgh gd ox} qr yäfxr/ lqghshqghqwh gr
prylphqwr frp yhorflgdgh frqvwdqwh gr vlvwhpd gh frrughqdgdv1
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srvvdp id}hu frp txh d htxdêær gh rqgd +41;, txh lqyduldqwh1 Gh
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txh xpd uhirupxodêær qd phfåqlfd vhuä qhfhvväuld/ ylvwr txh djrud
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D Ohl gh Wudqvirupdêær grv Fdpsrv

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solfdp qd lqydulåqfld gdv htxdêøhv gh rqgd/ hqtxdqwr txh dv wudqv0
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; Whruld Hvshfldo gd Uhodwlylgdgh

qd vxd qær0lqydulåqfld1 Wdpeìp ylprv/ qr sulphlur fdsðwxor ghvwh

yroxph/ txh dv htxdêøhv gh Pd{zhoo qr yäfxr srghp vhu uhgx}lgdv d
htxdêøhv gh rqgd sdud rv fdpsrv H h E gh pdqhlud txh wdlv htxdêøhv
fodudphqwh shupdqhfhp lqyduldqwhv shodv wudqvirupdêøhv gh Oruhqw}1
Dv wudqvirupdêøhv gh Oruhqw} qrv gl}hp frpr dv qrydv frrugh0
qdgdv h r whpsr ghyhp vh prglfdu/ hp whuprv gdv dqwljdv/ suhflvd0
phqwh gh pdqhlud d pdqwhu d htxdêær gh rqgd +sdud d ox}, lqyduldqwh1
R txh qær vdehprv dlqgd ì frpr r fdpsr hoìwulfr h d lqgxêær pdj0
qìwlfd ghyhp wudqvirupdu0vh +vh iru r fdvr, txdqgr sdvvdprv gh xp
vlvwhpd gh uhihuíqfld d rxwur1 Txh xpd wdo dowhudêær ghyh hp jhudo vhu
hvshudgd fd fodur vh qrv ohpeuduprv txh/ vh wlyhuprv xp fdvr sdu0
wlfxodu qr txdo xpd fdujd R vh hqfrqwud hp uhsrxvr qxp ghwhuplqdgr
uhihuhqfldo/ txdqgr ylvwd gh xp uhihuhqfldo hp prylphqwr frp yhorfl0
gdgh 8% hp uhodêær dr sulphlur/ wdo fdujd hvwduä/ gr srqwr gh ylvwd
ghvwh uhihuhqfldo/ hp prylphqwr frp xpd yhorflgdgh c8% h/ dvvlp/
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Vh i÷vvhprv frqvlghudu r phvpr ihq÷phqr gr srqwr gh ylvwd gd uho0
dwlylgdgh hvshfldo/ ghyhuðdprv frqvlghuä0or vhjxqgr dv wudqvirupdêøhv
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49 Whruld Hvshfldo gd Uhodwlylgdgh

H{huflvh 413144 Prvwuh rv uhvxowdgrv dflpd1 Vxjhvwær= surfhgd h{0

dwdphqwh frpr qr fdvr dqwhulru/ sdud dv wudqvirupdêøhv gh Jdolohx/
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qdgdv h d iuhtÿíqfld frpr r whpsr +frpsduh dv wudqvirupdêøhv dflpd
frp dv wudqvirupdêøhv +414,,1 Ohydqgr hp frqwd djrud txh

    
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rqgh djrud d yhorflgdgh gd ox} ì vhpsuh / frpr ì öeylr/ fkhjdprv

dr uhvxowdgr
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qr txdo dsduhfh xpd fruuhêær gd rughp gh 1 Qrwh djrud txh/ phvpr

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gdqgr ruljhp d xp ihq÷phqr fkdpdgr hihlwr Grssohu wudqvyhuvdo1
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uhodêær dr vlvwhpd C/ hqwær whprv r uhvxowdgr

u
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hvwdv h{suhvvøhv ydohp sdud txdotxhu fdvr +irqwh vh pryhqgr/ revhu0
ydgru vh pryhqgr/ hwf1, ylvwr txh d ox} qær qhfhvvlwd gh phlr sdud
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H{huflvh 413145 Frqvlghuh dv h{suhvvøhv +416:, h +4173, h prvwuh d

fruuhêær/ hp rughp pdlv edl{d gh 8 2 b2 / lqwurgx}lgd shod uhodwlylgdgh
hvshfldo1 H{lvwh dojxpd vlwxdêær hp txh dv iöupxodv uhodwlyðvwlfdv h
jdolohdqdv gær ghvorfdphqwrv Grssohu hp vhqwlgrv rsrvwrvB

R Duudvwh gr Phlr
Frqvlghuh xp phlr wudqvsduhqwh pryhqgr0vh frp yhorflgdgh 8/ frpr/
sru h{hpsor/ äjxd hvfrdqgr sru xp wxer {r +yhmd d jxud 407,1
Whruld Hvshfldo gd Uhodwlylgdgh 4:

Iljxud 407 H{shulphqwr gh Il}hdx sdud ghprqvwudu r duudvwh gd ox} shor

ìwhu1 Qhvwh h{shulphqwr/ d äjxd pryh0vh frp yhorflgdgh 8 hqtxdqwr
txh ` ì d yhorflgdgh gd ox} qd äjxd ylvwd qr uhihuhqfldo qr txdo d äjxd
vh pryh frp hvwd yhorflgdgh h ` ì d yhorflgdgh gd ox} qd äjxd qr
uhihuhqfldo hp txh d äjxd hvwä hp uhsrxvr1

Ydprv rewhu d yhorflgdgh gd ox} qhvwh phlr hp uhodêær dr fkær

+sdudgr hp uhodêær dr wxer,1 Ghvhmdprv vdehu hp txh phglgd d ox}
ì duudvwdgd shor phlr/ rx vhmd/ hp txh phglgd r phlr iruqhfh xpd
sduwh > gd vxd yhorflgdgh sdud d ox} +fi1 r fdsðwxor 4,1 Qhvwh fdvr/
txhuhprv vdehu hp txh phglgd

` ) ` L >8, +4175,

rqgh > ì fkdpdgr gh frhflhqwh gh duudvwh1 Rud/ frpr vdehprv mä

txh
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d L S2
r txh gä/ ohydqgr hp +4175,/

d c `2 b2 `2 d

>) ~ d c ) d c 2, +4176,
d L ` 8b
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rqgh d dsur{lpdêær ihlwd ydoh vhpsuh txh d yhorflgdgh gr phlr iru
pxlwr phqru txh d yhorflgdgh gd ox} +frpr ì vhpsuh r fdvr/ hp
vlwxdêøhv whuuhvwuhv,1 D ydqwdjhp ghvwh uhvxowdgr +4176, ì txh hoh ì
pxlwr pdlv iäflo gh frqupdu h{shulphqwdophqwh txh rv hihlwrv gh
frqwudêær h glodwdêær xvxdlv h phvpr r hihlwr Grssohu +ghylgr ãv
rghqv gh judqgh}d qhvwhv ýowlprv hvwduhp dvvrfldgdv dr idwru 8 2 b2 ,>
gh idwr/ qrwh txh qd h{suhvvær dflpd whprv `2 b2 / pdv ` ì d yhorfl0
gdgh gd ox} qr phlr h/ sruwdqwr/ gd rughp gh 1 Il}hdx/ hp 4;84/
frquprx wdo uhvxowdgr phvpr pxlwr dqwhv gr dgyhqwr gd whruld gd
uhodwlylgdgh1 Vhxv uhvxowdgrv irudp/ srvwhulruphqwh/ frqupdgrv sru
]hhpdq +4<48, frp judqgh suhflvær1

D Dehuudêær gd Ox}
Vxsrqkd grlv revhuydgruhv txh vh hqfrqwuhp hp prylphqwr xqliruph
uhodwlyr frolqhdu h txh revhuydp xp udlr gh ox} txh fkhjd dwì hohv
4; Whruld Hvshfldo gd Uhodwlylgdgh

gh xpd irqwh didvwdgd +xpd hvwuhod/ sru h{hpsor,1 Wdlv revhuydgruhv

qær luær frqfrugdu txdqwr dr åqjxor txh hohv dfkdp txh r udlr id}
frp vxdv gluhêøhv gh prylphqwr1 D hvwh ihq÷phqr fkdpdprv dehu0
udêær +fi1 fdsðwxor 4,1 Sdud hvwxgdu hvwh hihlwr ydprv frqvlghudu r
duudqmr ihlwr qd jxud 408/ qr txdo frorfdprv r udlr/ vhp shugd gh
jhqhudolgdgh/ vreuh r sodqr ?r gh dperv rv vlvwhpdv frrughqdgrv1
Ydprv vxsru wdpeìp txh r vlvwhpd  vh hqfrqwud sdudgr h txh r
vlvwhpd   vh pryh gd pdqhlud lqglfdgd frp xpd yhorflgdgh 8 uhod0
wlyd dr sulphlur1 R hyhqwr gh revhuydêær gr udlr txh fkhjd ì ghvfulwr
shodv frrughqdgdv hvsdêr0whpsrudlv 5 ) w(, (, (, (D hp dperv rv uhi0
huhqfldlv/ rx vhmd/ r udlr/ ylqgr gr srqwr o/ fkhjd qr prphqwr hp
txh d ruljhp gr vlvwhpd   sdvvd shod ruljhp gr vlvwhpd 1 Vh „
h vær d glvwåqfld h d hohydêær gd irqwh gr udlr gh ox} qr vlvwhpd
 qr lqvwdqwh hp txh d ox} ì hplwlgd/ hqwær dv frrughqdgdv hvsdêr0
whpsrudlv gr hyhqwr gh hplvvær/ qhvwh vlvwhpd/ ghyhp vhu gdgdv sru
o ) w„ {BR , „ R$t , (, c„bD/ ylvwr txh r udlr ohyduä r whpsr „b
sdud fkhjdu dwì d ruljhp gr vlvwhpd  +qr whpsr (/ sruwdqwr,d
ghfolylgdgh gd uhwd txh ghqh d wudmhwöuld gr udlr gh ox} qhvwh uhihu0
hqfldo  ì/ sruwdqwr/ rb? ) st 1 Rud/ dv frrughqdgdv o  qr vlvwhpd
  srghp vhu lphgldwdphqwh hvfulwdv d sduwlu gdv wudqvirupdêøhv gh
Oruhqw} h vhx ydoru ì

? ) w„ {BR L 8„bD, r ) „ R$t , +4177,

gh prgr txh/ glylglqgr d frrughqdgd r shod frrughqdgd ? whprv/

sdud d hohydêær  / phglgd qr vlvwhpd   / r ydoru

r R$t st
) st 
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? w{BR L 8bD wd L w8bD R‚{ D

txh vær dv iöupxodv sdud d dehuudêær uhodwlyðvwlfd1 Hvwdv h{suhvvøhv

srvvxhp gxdv frqwulexlêøhv txh ì lqwhuhvvdqwh frqvlghudu= d sulphlud
gl} uhvshlwr dr prylphqwr sursuldphqwh glwr +lqghshqghqwhphqwh gh
vhu uhodwlyðvwlfr rx qær, h hvwä dvvrfldgd dr dsduhflphqwr gr whupr
frp 8b qrv ghqrplqdgruhv> hvwh whupr dsduhfhuld phvpr txh hv0
wlyìvvhprv frqvlghudqgr wudqvirupdêøhv gh Jdolohx1 Kä dlqgd d frq0
wulexlêær txh dgyìp gr idwru  wdpeìp qr ghqrplqdgru h txh vh
uhihuh dr ihq÷phqr gh frqwudêær dvvrfldgr dr fduäwhu hvshflfdphqwh
uhodwlyðvwlfr gr ihq÷phqr1
Whruld Hvshfldo gd Uhodwlylgdgh 4<

Iljxud 408 Duudqmr hvtxhpäwlfr sdud d ghwhuplqdêær gd dehuudêær

dvvrfldgd d xp udlr gh ox} txh sduwh gr srqwr +hyhqwr, H qr lqvwdqwh
0 ) c„b h fkhjd ã ruljhp qr lqvwdqwh 0 ) ( +qr vlvwhpd gh uhihuíqfld
 sdudgr,1

H{huflvh 413146 Ghulyh dv vhjxlqwhv iöupxodv dowhuqdwlydv sdud d

dehuudêær=

{BR L 8b R$t

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„ b1 Hvfuhyd0r hp whuprv gh „ h 1 Sdud d ýowlpd iöupxod ohpeuh0vh
txh stw b1D ) R$t bwd L {BR D3`

H{huflvh 413147 Xp hvshokr sodqr pryh0vh qd gluhêær gh vxd qru0

pdo frp yhorflgdgh xqliruph 8 qxp vlvwhpd 1 Xp udlr gh ox} gh
frpsulphqwr gh rqgd  dwlqjh r hvshokr qxp åqjxor gh lqflgíqfld
 h ì uh hwlgr frp frpsulphqwr gh rqgd 2 h qxp åqjxor gh uh h{ær
2 1 Suryh txh

R$t R$t  L 8 {BR

) h ) 3
 2  
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^Vxjhvwær= frortxh r hvshokr {r qxp vlvwhpd gh frrughqdgdv   h

hvfuhyd dv uhodêøhv sdud r frpsulphqwr gh rqgd h r åqjxor gh uh h{ær
qhvwh vlvwhpd +öeyldv/ doläv,1 Ghsrlv dsoltxh r txh irl glvfxwlgr dflpd
frp uhodêær dr hihlwr Grssohu h d dehuudêær sdud rewhu dv iöupxodv
dflpd`

Txdgulyhwruhv/ Whqvruhv h Lqydulåqfld

Vh uhfdslwxoduprv dojxqv uhvxowdgrv mä rewlgrv shufhehuhprv txh xp
ihq÷phqr lqwhuhvvdqwh rfruuhx1 Gh idwr/ txdqgr dqdolväydprv d lq0
ydulåqfld gdv htxdêøhv gh Pd{zhoo sru wudqvirudêøhv gh Oruhqw} +qd
53 Whruld Hvshfldo gd Uhodwlylgdgh

gluhêær ?, gdgdv sru

? ) w? c #0D
r ) r
, +4179,
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0 ) w0 c #?D

fkhjdprv ã frqfoxvær txh wdo lqydulåqfld vö srghuld rfruuhu fdvr d

ghqvlgdgh fdujd h d ghqvlgdgh gh fruuhqwh vh wudqvirupdvvhp/ vre dv
phvpdv wudqvirupdêøhv gh frrughqdgdv/ frpr

' ) w' L #O% D

O% ) wO% L #' D
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O5 ) O5

rx/ lqyhuwhqgr hvwh vlvwhpd sdud rewhu dv yduläyhlv frp olqkd hp whu0
prv gdv vhp olqkd/
O% ) wO% c #'D
O+ ) O+
3 +417:,
O5 ) O5
' ) w' c #O% D
Xpd uäslgd frpsdudêær hqwuh dv h{suhvvøhv +4179, h +417:, qrv prvwud
txh r yhwru ghqvlgdgh gh fruuhqwh vh wudqvirupd frpr r yhwru srvlêær/
hqtxdqwr txh d ghqvlgdgh gh fdujd vh wudqvirupd frpr r whpsr +qrwh
txh/ qr hvwxgr gr hihlwr Grssohu/ rewlyhprv hvwd phvpd sursulhgdgh
sdud r yhwru gh rqgd n h d iuhtÿíqfld,1 Hvwd dsduhqwh frlqflgíqfld
whp lpsolfdêøhv surixqgdv txh sdvvdprv djrud d ghvhqyroyhu1

H{dpsoh 7 Prvwudu txh dv yhorflgdghv/ hvfulwdv frpr   ` h    vh

wudqvirupdp frpr dv frrughqdgdv h r whpsr/ uhvshfwlydphqwh/ rqgh
  ) wd c `2 b2 D3*2 1 Vroxêær= Vdehprv/ gd sulphlud vhêær/ txh dv
yhorflgdghv vh wudqvirupdp vhjxqgr d uhjud

` L 8
`) , +417;,
d L 8` b2

uhsuhvhqwdqgr d yhorflgdgh qr uhihuhqfldo vhp olqkd hp whuprv gd

yhorflgdgh qr uhihuhqfldo frp olqkd txh vh pryh frp yhorflgdgh 8 hp
uhodêær dr sulphlur1 Ì iäflo prvwudu/ hqwuhwdqwr/ txh

  )     wd L 8` b2 D, +417<,

rqgh   ì frpr dsuhvhqwdgr dflpd h   ) wd c 82 b2 D3*2 h   )

wd c `2 b2 D3*2 1 Gh idwr/ deulqgr rv whuprv/ whprv
 *2  *2
d d
) wd L 8` b2 D,
d c `2 b2 wd c `2 b2 Dwd c 82 b2 D
Whruld Hvshfldo gd Uhodwlylgdgh 54

rx
wd c `2 b2 Dwd L 8` b2 D2 ) wd c `2 b2 Dwd c 82 b2 D
txh/ dsöv dojxpd äojheud/ iruqhfh +417;,1 Frp rv uhvxowdgrv +417;, h
+417<, srghprv hvfuhyhu
   )   w   L #  ` D
,
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r txh prvwud txh    vh wudqvirupd frpr r whpsr/ hqtxdqwr txh   `
vh wudqvirupd frpr d frrughqdgd1

Wudqvirupdêær gh Yhwruhv h r Surgxwr Hvfdodu

Frqvlghuhprv djrud txh whprv grlv vlvwhpdv gh frrughqdgdv ylqfxod0
grv frpr qrv prvwud d jxud 409 shod txdo qrwdprv txh d wudqviru0
pdêær gh xp vlvwhpd dr rxwur ì gdgd sru xpd urwdêær hp wruqr gr
åqjxor 1 D sdvvdjhp gr vlvwhpd vhp olqkd sdud r vlvwhpd frp olqkd/
sruwdqwr/ srgh vhu hvfulwd dojheulfdphqwh frpr
? ) ? {BR  c r R$t 
, +4183,
r ) ? R$t  L r {BR 
gh irupd txh rewhprv/ lphgldwdphqwh/
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H{huflvh 413148 Hvfuhyd d wudqvirupdêær gr vlvwhpd vhp olqkd sdud
r vlvwhpd frp olqkd hp irupdwr pdwulfldo/ rx vhmd/ qd irupd
     
? y K ?
)
r  Q r
h ghwhuplqh y, K,  h Q1

Iljxud 409 Uhodêær hqwuh rv vlvwhpdv gh frrughqdgdv ?, r h ? , r

ghylgr d xpd urwd êær sru xp åqjxor 1 R yhwru Y wdpeìp hqfrqwud0vh
uhsuhvhqwdgr1

R yhwru Y/ wdpeìp uhsuhvhqwdgr qd jxud/ srgh whu vxdv frp0

srqhqwhv hvfulwdv qr vlvwhpd gh frrughqdgdv frp olqkd hp whuprv gh
vxdv frpsrqhqwhv qr vlvwhpd gh frrughqdgdv vhp olqkd frpr
~% ) ~% {BR  c ~+ R$t 
, +4185,
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55 Whruld Hvshfldo gd Uhodwlylgdgh

prvwudqgr txh vxdv frpsrqhqwhv vh wudqvirupdp h{dwdphqwh frpr dv

frrughqdgdv ? h r 1 Hvwh yhwru ì fkdpdgr xp yhwru frqwudyduldqwh 5 1
Vh }huprv d lghqwlfdêær/ sdud qv gh jhqhudol}dêær/

? ) ? , r ) ?2 , ~% ) ~  , ~+ ) ~ 2 ,

hqwær/ xvdqgr dv uhodêøhv +4184, qdv Htv1 +4185, fdprv frp

~  ) ~
Y% 
c ~
Y% 2
Y% Y%2 ,
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Y%2 
Y%
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rx/ gh irupd wrwdophqwh jhqìulfd

(?k q
~ k ) ~ , +4186,
(?q
rqgh hvwdprv xvdqgr d frqyhqêær gh Hlqvwhlq/ shod txdo ðqglfhv uhshwl0
grv lpsolfdp xpd vrpd vreuh wrgrv rv ydoruhv txh srghp wrpdu
+qr qrvvr h{hpsor/ rv ðqglfhv h # srghp yduldu gh d dwì 1/ gh
pdqhlud txh d h{suhvvær dflpd htxlydoh ã h{suhvvær gdgd hp +4186,,1
D iöupxod +4186, hvwdehohfh d ohl gh wudqvirupdêær sdud rv yhwruhv
frqwudyduldqwhv1 Qrwh txh hod ì d phvpd ohl txh jryhuqd dv wudqviru0
pdêøhv gdv frrughqdgdv

(?k q
?k ) ? 3 +4187,
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whuprv ?k h ?q vær yhwruhv froxqdv +fi1 h{hufðflr dqwhulru,1
Ydprv djrud lqwurgx}lu xp rxwur wlsr gh yhwru/ fkdpdgr yhwru
fryduldqwh h ghqlgr shod ohl gh wudqvirupdêær

(?q
~k ) ~q  +4188,
(?k
Qrwh txh/ qhvwh fdvr/ ghyhprv ohydu hp frqwd dv wudqvirupdêøhv +4183,
lqyhuvdv/ ylvwr txh ghyhprv fdofxodu d ghulydgd sdufldo gdv frrugh0
qdgdv vhp olqkd frp uhvshlwr ãv frrughqdgdv frp olqkd1 Dvvlp/ d
wudqvirupdêær gh frrughqdgdv dvvrfldgd d hvwd ohl ì gdgd sru

? ) ? {BR  L ?2 R$t 

,
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txh vær vlploduhv ãv wudqvirupdêøhv +4183,/ pdv wrpdgdv id}hqgr0vh 

lu hp c1 Ì hvwd sursulhgdgh/ mxqwdphqwh frp d sursulhgdgh +4185,/
txh gä drv yhwruhv d ghqrplqdêær gh frqwudyduldqwhv rx fryduldqwhv1
R yhwru ì glwr frqwudyduldqwh srutxh vxd uhsuhvhqwdêær qr vlvwhpd vhp olqkd
5

ì htxlydohqwh d pdqwhu r vlvwhpd frp olqkd sdudgr h jludu r yhwru sru xp åqjxor
3w/ frqwuäulr/ sruwdqwr/ dr jlur gr vlvwhpd frp olqkd hp uhodêær dr vlvwhpd vhp
olqkd/ txh ì gh nw1
Whruld Hvshfldo gd Uhodwlylgdgh 56

H{huflvh 413149 Gdgdv dv ohlv gh wudqvirupdêær

? ) w? c #?f D ?2 ) ?2  ? )?  ?f ) w?f c #? D,

fdofxoh d pdwul} kq ) (?k b(?q 1 Fdofxoh wdpeìp d pdwul} kq )

(?k b(?q 1 Prvwuh txh
?k ) kq ?q
vær dv wudqvirupdêøhv gh Oruhqw}1

Djrud txh mä ghqlprv qrvvrv yhwruhv/ srghprv ghqlu d rshudêær

txh ohyd r surgxwr gh grlv yhwruhv qxp hvfdodu +qrwhprv txh xp
hvfdodu ì xp qýphur h qær srgh ghshqghu gr vlvwhpd gh frrughqdgdv/
vhqgr/ sruwdqwr/ lqyduldqwh,1 Ydprv ghqlu qrvvr surgxwr hvfdodu d
sduwlu gd h{suhvvær
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prvwudqgr d sursulhgdgh gh lqydulåqfld qhfhvväuld1

H{huflvh 41314: Gdgdv dv pdwul}hv fdofxodgdv qr h{hufðflr dqwhulru/

(?k b(?q h (?k b(?q / fdofxoh r surgxwr

(?k (?
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h prvwuh txh ydoh r uhvxowdgr +418:,1 Idêd r fäofxor dqwhulru xvdqgr
d uhsuhvhqwdêær pdwulfldo/ rx vhmd/ prvwuh txh r surgxwr pdwulfldo

 ) 4

iruqhfh d pdwul} lghqwlgdgh1 Lvwr prvwud txh

 ) 3 ,

frpr hvshudgr1 Uhslwd rv fäofxorv sdud dv pdwul}hv dvvrfldgdv ã ur0

wdêær1
57 Whruld Hvshfldo gd Uhodwlylgdgh

Qrwh txh/ dr id}huprv d sdvvdjhp gdv frrughqdgdv ? h r sdud dv

frrughqdgdv ? h ?2 / qd yhugdgh hvwdprv jhqhudol}dqgr qrvvr sure0
ohpd frpsohwdphqwh/ ylvwr txh djrud srghprv vxsru txh rv ðqglfhv
srghp yduldu sru xp frqmxqwr txdotxhu gh qýphurv qdwxudlv/ h qær
dshqdv r frqmxqwr Id, 1J/ frpr qr qrvvr prghor lqlfldo1 R wudwdphqwr
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Frqvlghuh srlv xpd sduwðfxod pryhqgr0vh vre d dêær dshqdv gh
fdpsrv judylwdflrqdlv1 Gh dfrugr frp r Sulqfðslr gh Htxlydoíqfld ì
srvvðyho hvfrokhu xp vlvwhpd gh frrughqdgdv  k +hvsdêr h whpsr, qr
txdo r prylphqwr ghvwd sduwðfxod vh id} sru xpd olqkd uhwd/ rx vhmd/
Q2  k
) (,
Q+ 2
rqgh + ì r whpsr suösulr gd sduwðfxod/ gdgr sru

2 Q+ 2 ) ckq Q k Q q +41<8,

+qr txh vh vhjxh luhprv id}hu  ) d sru frqyhqlíqfld,1 Vxsrqkd

djrud txh xvhprv xp vlvwhpd gh frrughqdgdv ?k sdud uhsuhvhqwdu r
73 Whruld Hvshfldo gd Uhodwlylgdgh

sureohpd> whprv txh  k )  k w?q D gh wdo pdqhlud txh +frpr mä ylprv

dqwhv,
( k q Q k ( k Q?q
k ) ? )
(?q Q+ (?q Q+
r txh lpsolfd txh
   
Q2  k Q Q k Q ( k Q?q
) ) )
Q+ 2 Q+ Q+ Q+ (?q Q+
( k Q2 ?q ( 2  k Q?q Q?>
) L ) (3
(?q Q+ 2 (?q (?> Q+ Q+
Vh pxowlsolfduprv hvwh uhvxowdgr sru (?b b( k h xvduprv d uhodêær
frqkhflgd
( k (?b
) &bq
(?q ( k
fduhprv frp d h{suhvvær
Q2 ?b b Q? Q?
q >
() L  , +41<9,
Q+ 2 q>
Q+ Q+
rqgh bq> ì glwd d frqh{ær dp h ì ghqlgd sru

(?b ( 2  k
bq> ) 3
( k (?q (?>
R whqvru pìwulfr wdpeìp srgh vhu uhsuhvhqwdgr qxp vlvwhpd duel0
wuäulr gh frrughqdgdv ?k vh hvfuhyhuprv +41<8, frpr
( k b ( q >
Q+ 2 ) c kq Q? Q? ) c/b> Q?b Q?> ,
(?b (?>
gh pdqhlu txh whuhprv
( k ( q
/b> ) kq
(?b (?>
txh ì xp uhvxowdgr mä frqkhflgr sru qöv1 D sduwlu ghvwd ýowlpd uhodêær
pdwhpäwlfd ì srvvðyho prvwudu +glihuhqfldqgr frp uhodêær d ?j , txh
ghyh h{lvwlu d vhjxlqwh uhodêær hqwuh d pìwulfd h d frqh{ær dp
(/>D
) 4b> /4D L 4bD /4>
(?b
rx/ dsöv dojxpdv pdqlsxodêøhv +txh qær qrv lqwhuhvvd uhshwlu dtxl,/
yhprv txh srghprv hvfuhyhu
 
d Dj (/>D (/bD (/>b
b> ) /
j
L c , +41<:,
1 (?b (?> (?D
rqgh r whupr hqwuh fkdyhv ì fkdpdgr gh Vðperor gh Fkulvwrho h ì/
hp jhudo/ uhsuhvhqwdgr sru
 

3
Whruld Hvshfldo gd Uhodwlylgdgh 74

Sdud yhu txdo ì r sdsho gd pìwulfd qhvwh irupdolvpr/ srghprv

whqwdu frqvwuxlu r olplwh Qhzwrqldqr gd whruld1 Qhvwh olplwh/ vxsrprv
txh d sduwðfxod hvwhmd yldmdqgr pxlwr ohqwdphqwh/ gh pdqhlud txh
srghprv ghvsuh}du rv whuprv gh yhorflgdgh Q{bQ+ ) Q? bQ+ / frp
7 ) d, 1, n1 D h{suhvvær +41<9, fduä/ hqwær/ dshqdv frp r whupr (( h
whuhprv
Q2 ?b b Q? Q?
f f
L  ) (3 +41<;,
Q+ 2 ff
Q+ Q+
D frqh{ær dp fd/ xvdqgr d h{suhvvær +41<:,
 
d Dj (/fD (/fD (/ff
ff ) /
j
L c ,
1 (?f (?f (?D

rqgh ohpeudprv txh dv ghulydgdv frp uhodêær d ?f uhsuhvhqwdp ghulydgdv

frp uhodêær dr whpsr1 Pdv frpr r fdpsr ì hvwdflrqäulr/ hqwær hvwdv
ghulydgdv vh dqxodp h fdprv frp
d (/ff
jff ) c /Dj D 
1 (?
djrud/ frpr frqvlghudprv r fdpsr iudfr/ srghprv dvvxplu xpd pìwulfd
txdvh0plqnrzvnldqd
/kq )  kq L _kq , +41<<,
rqgh M_kq M ì pxlwr phqru txh xp gh prgr txh/ hp sulphlud dsur{l0
pdêær +mrjdqgr irud rv whuprv txdguäwlfrv hp _kq , fdprv frp

d (_ff
kff ) c  kq q 3
1 (?
Frp hvwhv uhvxowdgrv/ d htxdêær +41<;, fd +hp whuprv gdv frpsr0
qhqwhv,

Q2 { d Q?f Q?f
) U_ff
Q+ 2 1 Q+ Q+
Q2 0
) (
Q+ 2
glylglqgr d sulphlud ghvwdv htxdêøhv sru wQ?f bQ+ D2 fdprv frp

Q2 { d
) U_ff 3
Q0 2 1
Ohpeudprv djrud txh r frpsruwdphqwr suhylvwr sdud qrvvd sduwðfxod/
gr srqwr gh ylvwd gd iðvlfd Qhzwrqldqd/ vhuld gdgr sru

Q2 {
) cU*,
Q02
rqgh * ì r srwhqfldo judylwdflrqdo gdgr sru
t-
*)c ,
„
75 Whruld Hvshfldo gd Uhodwlylgdgh

gh pdqhlud txh ghyhprv frqfoxlu txh/ ghqwur gh qrvvdv dsur{lpdêøhv/

_ff ) c1*3

Pdv/ hqwær/ d pìwulfd/ xvdqgr d h{suhvvær +41<<,/ fd

/ff ) cwd L 1*D +41433,

h hvwä lqwlpdphqwh oljdgd frp r srwhqfldo/ rx vhmd/ frp d pdqhlud

frpr r fdpsr judylwdflrqdo dwxd vreuh qrvvdv sduwðfxodv1 Vhuä srlv
d pìwulfd +djrud gh prgr jhudo h qær vö dsur{lpdgdphqwh, txh gduä
d pdqhlud frpr rv frusrv uhvsrqghuær d xp fdpsr judylwdflrqdo1
Pdv d pìwulfd ì d pdqhlud frpr ghqlprv r hvsdêr> dvvlp/ frp hvwhv
ghvhqyroylphqwrv/ irprv fdsd}hv gh hpexwlu qd pìwulfd +qr hvsdêr,
rv hihlwrv gh fdpsrv judylwdflrqdlv sxurv1 Wrgr r sureohpd gd uho0
dwlylgdgh jhudo vhuä/ sruwdqwr/ hqfrqwudu d h{suhvvær pdwhpäwlfd gd
pìwulfd txh gä dr hvsdêr dv sursulhgdghv qhfhvväuldv sdud txh rv
frusrv qhoh frpsruwhp0vh gd pdqhlud revhuydgd +rx suhglwd,1
Gh idwr/ hp phfåqlfd Qhzwrqldqd/ vdehprv txh d htxdêær txh
ghqh r frpsruwdphqwr gr srwhqfldo ì d htxdêær gh Srlvvrq

U2 * ) ;$t',

rqgh ' ì d ghqvlgdgh gh pdvvd vxmhlwd dr fdpsr jhudgr shor srwhqfldo

* h t ì d frqvwdqwh gh judylwdêær1 Djrud/ d ghqvlgdgh ' ì/ sdud vlv0
whpdv qær uhodwlyðvwlfrv/ gdgd shod ghqvlgdgh gh hqhujld +qær srghprv
iruqhfhu rv ghwdokhv dtxl,
xff '
gh prgr txh/ vh xvduprv d htxdêær +41433, fduhprv frp

U2 / ff ) cM$txff

txh ohpeud d frpsrqhqwh (( gh xpd htxdêær whqvruldo1 Dvvlp/ srghprv

surfhghu ã jhqhudol}dêær +ihlwd sru Hlqvwhlq, h hvfuhyhu d htxdêær

t>D ) cM$tx>D , +41434,

gh prgr txh r whqvru t>D vh uhgx}d d /ff sdud fdpsrv iudfrv1 Srgh0vh
prvwudu txh r whqvru gh Hlqvwhlq t>D srgh vhu hvfulwr hp whuprv gh
ghulydgdv gd pìwulfd/ gh pdqhlud txh d htxdêær dflpd ì xpd htxdêær
sdud vh hqfrqwudu d pìwulfd/ rx vhmd/ sdud vh hqfrqwudu d pdqhlud frpr
r hvsdêr ghyh vhu sdud surgx}lu qrv frusrv rv hihlwrv hvshudgrv rx
suhglwrv1 Gh idwr/ dshqdv sdud frqkhflphqwr jhudo/ ì srvvðyho prvwudu
txh
d
t>D ) p>D c />D p,
1
rqgh r whqvru gh Ulffl p>D ì gdgr sru
 
d ( 2 /D ( 2 /> ( 2 /
p>D ) f2 />D c >  c D  L > D
1 (? (? (? (? (? (?
Whruld Hvshfldo gd Uhodwlylgdgh 76

h r hvfdodu gh Ulffl +rx hvfdodu gh fxuydwxud, p ì d frqwudêær

p ) / >D p>D 3

R whqvru gh Ulffl/ dvvlp frpr r hvfdodu p/ hvwær ylqfxodgrv ã qrêær gh

fxuydwxud gr hvsdêr h/ sruwdqwr/ wdpeìp d pìwulfd hvwduä ylqfxodgd d
hvwh frqfhlwrrfruuh txh dojxpdv pìwulfdv lpsolfduær qxp hvsdêr qr
txdo d fxuydwxud +pdlv suhflvdphqwh r whqvru gh fxuydwxud,/ gh rqgh
rewhprv r whqvru gh Ulffl/ qær vh dqxod/ frqwuduldphqwh dr txh rfruuh
sdud r hvsdêr Hxfolghdqr gh Jdolohx h wdpeìp sdud r Plqnrzvnldqr
gd uhodwlylgdgh hvshfldo/ sdud rv txdlv d fxuydwxud ì lghqwlfdphqwh
qxod1
Dv htxdêøhv +41434, vær fkdpdgdv Htxdêøhv gh Hlqvwhlq gd Uhod0
wlylgdgh Jhudo h iruqhfhp xpd pdqhlud gh vh hqfrqwudu d pìwulfd +d
fxuydwxud gr hvsdêr, dvvrfldgd dr sureohpd hp txhvwær/ gh wdo irupd
txh wrgr r hihlwr grv fdpsrv judylwdflrqdlv ì dvvlplodgr shor hvsdêr
hp vl/ gh prgr d id}hu ghvdsduhfhu/ frpr hohphqwr h{soðflwr/ dv iruêdv
judylwdflrqdlv gr sureohpd1
Xp h{hpsor gh sureohpd uhodwlyðvwlfr jhudo ì dtxhoh hp txh whprv
xp hvsdêr olyuh gh frusrv pdvvlyrv/ ã h{fhvvær gh xp +h1j1 xp sodqhwd
gh pdvvd -,1 Dv htxdêøhv gh Hlqvwhlq fdp

p>D ) (

h whp/ frpr vroxêær +hqfrqwudgd sru N1 Vfkzdu}vfklog hp 4<49,/ r

hohphqwr gh olqkd +hp frrughqdgdv hviìulfdv,
   
1-t 1-t 3 2
Q+ ) d c
2
Q0 c d c
2
Q„ c „2 Q2 c „2 R$t2 Q*2
„ „

txh lpsolfd qd pìwulfd

5   6
d c 2o C ( ( (
9   :
/kq ) 9 ( dc o
2 C 3
( ( :,
7 ( ( „ 2 ( 8
( ( ( „2 R$t2 

txh prvwud vlqjxodulgdghv sdud xp fhuwr ydoru gh „1 D uhodwlylgdgh

jhudo suhglvvh glyhuvrv ihq÷phqrv frpr d fxuydwxud gd wudmhwöuld grv
udlrv gh ox} +fxuydwxud gr hvsdêr0whpsr/ hp yhugdgh/ id}hqgr frp
txh rv udlrv gh ox}/ dr shufruuhuhp xpd jhrgìvlfd/ shufruudp xpd
fxuyd,/ r ghvylr sdud r yhuphokr/ d suhfhvvær gd öuelwd gh phufýulr/
hwf1 Hvwhv ihq÷phqrv hqfrqwudp0vh h{shulphqwdophqwh frqupdgrv
frp judqgh suhflvær1