UNIT 3.

CLIMATE CHANGE

THINK ABOUT
“Our children won´t have time to debate climate change. They´ll be busy dealing with its effects”.

Obama

"Climate change is the most important problem of our age. The question is: can we change course in time?"

Leonardo DiCarpio

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READING

Read the introduction to the unit 3 and pay attention to the

words in bold. Look up the meaning of words or phrases
that you don't understand.
Many people think climate is simply weather. This is not quite accurate. The weather is a condition at one particular time. A
region often experiences a range of weather from day to day. The climate is the average weather over a long period of time.

Climate patterns are shaped by many factors. Latitudes near the Equator are typically warmer. Land at lower elevations also
tends to be warmer. However, other factors create exceptions. The Earth’s rotation produces global prevailing winds. These
carry moisture from wet to dry areas. Similarly, currents carry worm ocean water to cooler regions. An area´s terrain also
affects how much wind and moisture it receives.

Choose the correct answers:

What is the main idea of the article?

A) A description of a particular region´s climate

B) Which factors determine climate

C. How human activities affect climate

D. The difference between terrain and climate

Incorrecto

Opción correcta

Incorrecto
 Incorrecto

Solución

1. Incorrecto
2. Opción correcta
3. Incorrecto
4. Incorrecto

Choose the correct answers:

Which of the following climate factors is NOT included in the article?

A. Land elevation

B. Earth´s rotation

C. Human activity

D. Ocean currents
 Incorrecto

Incorrecto

Opción correcta

Incorrecto

Solución

1. Incorrecto
2. Incorrecto
3. Opción correcta
4. Incorrecto

Choose the correct answers:

According to the article, what factor increases moisture in dry areas?

A. Latitude
 B. Elevation

C. Prevailing winds

D. Currents

Incorrecto

Incorrecto

Opción correcta

Incorrecto

Solución

1. Incorrecto
2. Incorrecto
3. Opción correcta
4. Incorrecto
 Pregunta
What are some factors that determine an area´s climate?

Mostrar retroalimentación

An area´s latitude, elevation, terrain, and the prevailing winds are factors that determine an area´s climate.

Pregunta
What movement of the Earth influences climate?

Mostrar retroalimentación

The Earth´s rotation influences climate.

Develop your reading skills

Read the following text on climate change. Then answer the comprehension questions.

Climate change and global warming

Climate change

Wikipedia defines climate as follows:

Climate encompasses the statistics of temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind, rainfall, atmospheric particle count
and other meteorological elements in a given region over a long period of time. Climate can be contrasted to weather, which is
the present condition of these same elements and their variations over shorter time periods.

Climate may be inherently variable as evidenced by the irregularity of the seasons from one year to another. This variability is
normal and may remain partially understood. It is related to changes in ocean currents, volcanic eruptions, solar radiation and
other components of the climate system. In addition, our climate also has its extremes (such as floods, droughts, hail,
tornadoes and hurricanes), which can be devastating. However, in recent decades, a number of indicators and studies show
more and more evidence of climate warming across the globe. A disturbing phenomenon that challenges human habits and
activities which are responsible for greenhouse gas emissions.

The greenhouse effect

The greenhouse effect is the process by which absorption and emission of infrared radiation by gases in the atmosphere warm
a planet's lower atmosphere and surface. It was proposed by Joseph Fourier in 1824 and was first investigated quantitatively
by Svante Arrhenius in 1896.

Naturally occurring greenhouse gases have a mean warming effect of about 33 °C (59 °F). But Human activity since the
Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing
from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs (chlorofluorocarbon) and nitrous oxide. The concentrations of CO2 and
methane have increased by 36% and 148% respectively since 1750. These levels are much higher than at any time during the
last 650,000 years, the period for which reliable data has been extracted from ice cores. Over the last three decades of the
20th century, GDP (Gross Domestic Product) per capita and population growth were the main drivers of increases in
greenhouse gas emissions. CO2 emissions are continuing to rise due to the burning of fossil fuels and land-use change.

Consequences of global warming

There are two major effects of global warming: the increase of temperature on the earth by about 3° to 5° C (5.4° to 9°
Fahrenheit) by the year 2100 and Rise of sea levels by at least 25 meters (82 feet) by the year 2100. Other consequences are
listed below:

Sea levels are rising due to thermal expansion of the ocean, in addition to melting of land ice.
Amounts and patterns of precipitation are changing.
The total annual power of hurricanes has already increased markedly since 1975 because their average intensity and
average duration have increased.
 Changes in temperature and precipitation patterns increase the frequency, duration, and intensity of other extreme
weather events, such as floods, droughts, heat waves, and tornadoes.
Higher or lower agricultural yields, further glacial retreat, reduced summer stream flows, species extinctions.
Diseases like malaria are returning into areas where they have been extinguished earlier.

Comprehension:
1. Climate is by definition variable.

True

False

Opción correcta

Incorrecto

Solución

1. Opción correcta
2. Incorrecto
 Comprehension:
Climate change observed in the last decades is natural.

True

False

Incorrecto

Opción correcta

Solución

1. Incorrecto
2. Opción correcta

Comprehension:
Global warming is caused by industrialization.

True

False

Opción correcta

Incorrecto

Solución

1. Opción correcta
2. Incorrecto

Comprehension:
Greenhouse effects have no impacts on our health.

True

False
 Incorrecto

Opción correcta

Solución

1. Incorrecto
2. Opción correcta

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VOCABULARY

VOCABULARY about weather

avalanche
a dangerous slide of snow down a
The skiers were warned about a possible avalanche.
noun mountain
below freezing
temperature less than 0 degrees It's supposed to go below freezing before the
preposition/ adjective Celsius/(32F) weekend.

blizzard
The airplane couldn't take-off because of
a storm with lots of snow and wind
noun the blizzard.

breeze
It's a bit chilly today, so I think you should wear a
cold
noun coat.

cloud/ cloudy
water in the sky that appears as a It may look cloudy in the morning, but the sun always
noun/ adjective white or grey mass comes out by afternoon.

cold spell
a period of colder than average They're calling for a cold spell, so we put off our
adjective + noun weather camping trip.

cool
temperature in between warm and The days were boiling hot, but the nights
adjective cold were cool and comfortable for sleeping.

degrees
I don't feel the heat until it's about
measurement for temperature
noun forty degrees Celsius outside.

drizzling
I think I'll take the dog for a walk. It's
raining slightly
continuous verb only drizzling now.

drought
a long period with no rainfall Forest fires are a serious danger during a drought.
noun
flood
The flood was so bad, our basement was full of
overflow of rain water
noun water.

flurries
There are a few flurries but the snow isn't sticking to
very light snowfall
noun the roads.

fog/ foggy
thick water vapor that blocks one's We couldn't see the bridge because there was too
noun/ adjective vision much fog.

forecast
According to the 5 day forecast, it's going to rain on
the expected weather for the future
noun/verb our wedding day.

freezing cold
common expression used to It was a freezing cold day for the Santa Claus
noun describe a very cold day parade.

frost
ice crystals on a frozen surface Some flowers are so strong they can withstand frost.
noun

hail
small pieces of ice that fall during a There was so much hail that some of the trailer
noun storm homes were destroyed.

heat stroke
a flu-like condition one can acquire Bring lots of water and wear a hat to avoid heat
noun after spending too long in the sun stroke in this weather.

heat-wave extremely hot weather that is much

During the heat-wave we cooled our beds down with
higher than average--usually lasts a
noun ice packs.
short time
 humid/ humidity
It feels a lot hotter than it actually is because of
moisture in the air
adjective/ noun the humidity.

hurricane
a tropical storm with very strong Half of the buildings on the island were flattened by
noun wind and rain the hurricane.

Look for the meaning of the following words

- Lightning

- Mild

- Meteorologist

- Overcast

- Precipitation

- Rainbow

- Smog

- Sunshine

- Thunderstorm

- Tornado

- UV (ultra violet rays

Tip: Add all the words from unit 3 that are related to the weather and climate to the list.
 Match the words (1-6) with the definitions (A-F).
1. _____range

2. _____current

3. _____climate

4. _____terrain

5. _____average

6. _____ latitude

a. the characteristics of an area of land

b. having typical qualities

c. a set of things with different values

d. a long-term set of weather conditions

e. the movement of water in a particular direction

f. a measurement of distance from the Equator

Mostrar retroalimentación

1-c
2-e
3-d
4-a
 5-b
6-f

Choose the right words

Complete the sentences with the words:

blizzard - breeze – chilly - clear - climate – flooded - foggy - forecast – freezing – frost – lightning – mild – rainfall - storm –
sunshine – tornado

1. There was a very bad last night. The wind blew so heavily that our old oak tree fell down.

2. It was so that the airport was shut down because visibility was too low.

3. It can get a bit in the evening, so you should take a jacket with you.

4. The caused a lot of damage because it hit a heavily populated area.

5. There was a cool that came from the sea.

6. When I woke up this morning, I saw that the ground was covered with .

7. During the thunderstorm hit the tree and it caught fire.

8. Winters in Britain can be very cold, and temperatures can drop below level.

9. According to the weather , a warm front with occasional showers will reach us by evening.

10. The skies were and there was no wind. It was absolutely perfect for a balloon trip.

11. Some alpine regions do not get much because they are situated between mountains.
 12. The in Sicily is very mild. It rains a lot during the winter and it's hot and dry in the summertime.

13. It rained so heavily that the central parts of the town were .

14. We had a rather winter this year. Even January was warmer than normal.

15. After the last few rainy days, it was great to get some for a change.

16. A swept through the north-eastern part of the country with extremely low temperatures and huge amounts
of snowFinal del formulario

Enviar

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TRANSLATION

Translate into Spanish

What are causes and effects of climate change?

Humans are increasingly influencing the climate and the earth's temperature by burning fossil fuels, cutting down forests and
farming livestock. This adds enormous amounts of greenhouse gases to those naturally occurring in the atmosphere,
increasing the greenhouse effect and global warming.

The evidence is clear: the main cause of climate change is burning fossil fuels such as oil, gas, and coal. When burnt, fossil
fuels release carbon dioxide into the air, causing the planet to heat up.

Humans and wild animals face new challenges for survival because of climate change. More frequent and intense drought,
storms, heat waves, rising sea levels, melting glaciers and warming oceans can directly harm animals, destroy the places they
live, and wreak havoc on people's livelihoods and communities.
Forests are some of the best "natural climate solutions" we have on this planet. If we can slow or stop deforestation and
manage natural land so that it is healthy, we could achieve up to one third of the emission reductions needed by 2030 to keep
global temperatures from rising more than 2°C (3.6°C)
Mostrar retroalimentación

¿Cuáles son las causas y los efectos del cambio climático?

Los seres humanos influyen cada vez más en el clima y la temperatura de la tierra mediante la quema de combustibles
fósiles, la tala de bosques y la cría de ganado. Esto agrega enormes cantidades de gases de efecto invernadero a los
que ocurren naturalmente en la atmósfera, aumentando el efecto invernadero y el calentamiento global.
La evidencia es clara: la principal causa del cambio climático es la quema de combustibles fósiles como el petróleo, el
gas y el carbón. Cuando se queman, los combustibles fósiles liberan dióxido de carbono al aire, lo que hace que el
planeta se caliente.
Los seres humanos y los animales salvajes enfrentan nuevos desafíos para la supervivencia debido al cambio
climático. Las sequías, tormentas, olas de calor más frecuentes e intensas, el aumento del nivel del mar, el deshielo de
los glaciares y el calentamiento de los océanos pueden dañar directamente a los animales, destruir los lugares donde
viven y causar estragos en los medios de vida y las comunidades de las personas.
Los bosques son algunas de las mejores "soluciones climáticas naturales" que tenemos en este planeta. Si podemos
frenar o detener la deforestación y gestionar la tierra natural para que sea saludable, podríamos lograr hasta un tercio
de las reducciones de emisiones necesarias para 2030 para evitar que las temperaturas globales aumenten más de 2 °
C (3,6 ° C).

Translate into English

1. Personas de todo el mundo ya están sintiendo los impactos del cambio climático.

2. El pronóstico del tiempo dice que va a llover mañana.

 3. Un clima es un patrón de condiciones climáticas durante un largo período de tiempo.

4. Un desierto es una región cálida y seca con poca vegetación.

5. La meteorología es la ciencia del clima y los cambios atmosféricos.

Mostrar retroalimentación

1. People around the world are already feeling the impacts of climate change.
2. The weather forecast says it’s going to rain tomorrow.
3. A climate is pattern of weather conditions over a long period of time.
4. A desert is a hot, dry region with little plant life.
5. Mereology is the science of weather and atmospheric changes.

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GRAMMAR

The future tense

.
 The future tense

4. FUTURE TENSES.pdf (Ventana nueva)

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Future tenses: exercises

Complete the sentenses

Complete the sentences with the correct future form of the verbs given.

1. Move, Blake! The cyclist (crash into) you!

2. Don’t phone me this evening. I (study) for my English exam.

3. Let`s have a snack. Dinner (not be) ready for another hour.

4. I`ll clean the house before mum (come).

5. If you (believe) that you will pass the test, you (get) it.

6. What shoes (you/wear) for our hike?

7. I (go fishing) with some friends early next Sunday. I hope it (not be) too
boring.
8. Uncle David (fly) to Moscow to visit my cousin in a few weeks.

9. The train from Bolton (arrive) at 8:15 at Victoria Station.

Enviar

Use the verbs in brackets in the correct future tenses

The train at 11:45. (to leave)

We dinner at a nice restaurant on Saturday, but we haven’t booked a table yet. (to have)

My ski instructor believes it in the mountains tomorrow evening. (to snow)

On Sunday at 8 o'clock I my friend. (to meet)

They to London on Friday evening at 8:15. (to fly)

Wait! I you to the station. (to drive)

The English lesson at 8:45. (to start)

I my sister in April. (to see)

Look at the clouds - it in a few minutes. (to rain)

Listen! There's someone at the door. I the door for you. (to open)

Enviar
 Write a question with going to for each situation.
1. Your friend has won some money.

You ask: (what/ do with it?) …………………………………….

2. Your friend is going to a party tonight.

You ask: (what/wear?) ………………………………………….

3. Your friend has just bought a new table

You ask: (where/ put it?) ……………………………………….

4. Your friend has decided to have a party.

You ask: (who/ invite?) …………………………………………

Mostrar retroalimentación

1. What are you going to do with it?

2. What are you going to wear?
3. Where are you going to put it?
4. Who are you going to invite?

Complete the sentences with was/ were going to +

one of these verbs
Give up/ have/ phone/ play/ travel

1. We by train but then we decided to go by car instead.

2. We tennis yesterday but it rained all day.

3. I Jim, but I decided to write him a letter instead.

4. When I last saw Tim, he his job but in the end he decided not to.

5. We a party last week but some of our friends couldn`t come, so we cancelled it.

Enviar

Complete the following sentences with will or be

going to.
1. Have you got any plans for tomorrow?

- Yes, I visit my grandparents.

2. Why is she learning Spanish?

- She is going to travel to Spain.

3. We are thirsty.

- Wait here. I get some water.

4. Meat or fish?
 -I have some fish, please.

5. What do you want the keys for?

-I close the door.

6. If you don't take a taxi, you arrive on time.

7. Why do you want so many oranges?

-I make an orange juice.

8. Oh! I haven't got enough money to pay!

- Don't worry. I lend you some.

9. We need one more player.

- you play with us tomorrow?

10. Why are you switching on the TV?

-I watch a football match.

Enviar

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LISTENING

Climate change
 unit 3 amy-climate-change.mp3 (Ventana nueva)

Exercices
Answer these questions about the interview.

Responder
England had the _____ month in years.

hottest

coldest

wettest

Incorrecto

Incorrecto

Opción correcta
 Solución

1. Incorrecto
2. Incorrecto
3. Opción correcta

Responder
Amy says it is backed up by _____.

science

opinion

clouds

Opción correcta

Incorrecto
 Incorrecto

Solución

1. Opción correcta
2. Incorrecto
3. Incorrecto

Responder
Amy says we need to stop ______.

driving cars

being destructive

being so ruthless

Incorrecto
 Opción correcta

Incorrecto

Solución

1. Incorrecto
2. Opción correcta
3. Incorrecto

Responder
She talks about _____ .

loss of water

loss of trees

loss of wildlife
 Incorrecto

Opción correcta

Incorrecto

Solución

1. Incorrecto
2. Opción correcta
3. Incorrecto

Responder
The two speakers seem to _____ .

agree

disagree

have no opinión
 Opción correcta

Incorrecto

Incorrecto

Solución

1. Opción correcta
2. Incorrecto
3. Incorrecto

Script
Mostrar retroalimentación

Paul: So have you seen all these freakish weather events on the news all around the world?

Aimee: Yeah, yeah. I'm trying to pay attention, yeah. It's been pretty bad in some places. I think, it's been the wettest January on record
in the UK at the moment.
Paul: Right, right, right. So do you think it's kind of indicative of climate change? Are you a climate change believer or a climate change
denier?

Aimee: I think it's hard to deny really. I think what humans do to the planet is going to have some effect and science is science, you
know. It's backed up by evidence and facts and scientists don't tend to say things until they know it's true or as true as it can be. So
yeah, I'm definitely a believer in climate change, I think. We are affecting things on the planet.

How about you?

Paul: I've read quite a lot about it. And yes, there is a science to support it but there's also a lot of science to — not to deny it but there's
definitely a lot of questions that aren't answered yet. It's a very sort of complex issue. I mean, these global systems of weather and
you've got all these like organic processes going on that we just don't really understand. And then trying to explain all these complex
events by saying it's climate change, it's…

I mean, what worries me is that by denying it, it seems to also be a sort of justification for us to continue living the way we are, which
worries me a lot. Whether it's true or not, I think we need to be thinking about how we can live better. And that means, living in ways that
are less, sort of, damaging on our environment.

Aimee: Yeah, I agree. I agree. I've also read a bit about weather systems that are perhaps not—because of climate of change, every
planet has weather systems that come and go. And I understand that part but I also fully agree that we have to stop being so
destructive.

I think it's pretty clear. You can't continue cutting down acres and acres and acres of really valuable resources like the rainforest. I
mean, we need that to breathe, so it just doesn't make sense. Yeah, I think we definitely have to stop being so destructive.

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SPEAKING

Talk about these questions

a. What can we do to avoid global warming?

b. What are the consequences of global warming?

c. How can the greenhouse effect influence us?

d. In which season of the years do you most notice the consequences of climate change?

e. What is your favourite season of the year? Why?

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WRITING

What do you think about climate change? What

causes climate change? Why is climate a problem?
What can we do to prevent it?
REMEMBER:
Connectors in English grammar are basically conjunctive words which are used for connecting similar elements present in a
sentence. There are different connectors in English which can be used for expressing your thoughts in a better way.

Linkers and connectors of contrast

Se utilizan para señalar una idea contraria

In spite of (+noun)
Aunque Despite the bad weather, I will go out
Despite (+noun)

However, Sin embargo, However, I prefer the other one

Although Aunque Although I am tired, I am going to the gym
Whereas Mientras que Whereas he loves broccoli, she hates it
In contrast to the bad service, you will have a discount in the final price
In contrast to En contraste con
Instead of staying at home, we can go to the cinema
Instead of En lugar de
On the one hand, Por un lado… On the one hand, I like the gym.
On the other hand, Por otro lado… On the other hand, I get too tired.
while
mientras que This film is interesting whereas that one is boring
whereas

Linkers and connectors of addition

Se utilizan para añadir una idea, frase o palabra.

Moreover,

In addition,
Además, Moreover, my friend will give you a free tour
Besides,

Linkers and connectors of reason and cause

Se utilizan para indicar la razón o la cause de algo

Because Porque Because you asked me, I will come

Since Ya que Since you asked me, I will come

As a result of the bad weather, the game was
As a result of Como resultado de cancelled

Linkers and connectors of purpose

Se utilizan para indicar el propósito o la finalidad por la que se hace algo.

In order to listening to music, I bought my earphones.

In order to (+noun) Para…

Linkers of result

Se utilizan para indicar un resultado.

As a result of (+noun) Como resultado de… As a result of your bad behavior, you cannot go out today

Consequently, En consecuencia, Consequently, you will stay home

Therefore, Por lo tanto Therefore, you can watch a film
For this/that reason Por esta razón, For this reason, you are fired

Linkers and connectors to give examples

Se utilizan para ofrecer ejemplos.

For example,
Por ejemplo For example, that is a palm tree
For instance,

In other words, En otras palabras, In other words, that is a palm tree

that is to say,
I am Anna’s daughter, that is, I am Josep’s sister
es decir
that is,

such as tal como I have several subjects such as maths.

Linkers of sequence

Se utilizan para indicar la secuencia de los hechos.

First of all,
Antes de nada,
Firstly,
Al principio,
First of all, I have a shower
First,
Para comenzar,
To begin with,

Second,
En segundo lugar, Secondly, I have breakfast
Secondly,

Later,
Después,
After that,
Later, I read the newspaper
Después de eso,
Afterwards,

Entonces,
Then,
Luego,
Next, I study during all morning
Next,
Seguidamente,
 Finalmente,
Finally,
Al final,
In the end, Finally, I prepare lunch
Por último pero no menos
Last but not least,
importante,

To sum up,
En conclusión, In conclusion, I spend all morning at home
In conclusion,

Linkers of time

Se utilizan para indicar el momento en el que ocurren los hechos.

After Después After reading the newspaper, I start studying

As soon as Tan pronto como As soon as I finish my coffee, I start studying
Whenever Siempre que Whenever it rains, my mum bakes a cake

Choose so, because, but, although to complete the

sentences below.
1. We couldn't find a taxi, we walked home

2. it was very cold, she wasn't wearing a coat.

3. I woke up there was a noise.

4. I called him his mobile was turned off.

5. she's very nice, she doesn't have many friends.

6. There was nothing on TV, I went to bed.

7. All the cafés were full it was a public holiday.

8. She studied quite hard she failed the exam.

9. She was crying her team lost the match

10. They wanted to win it was impossible

Enviar

Fill in the gaps with the connectors in the box below

after / after that / although / as soon as / because / because of / before / however / once / so (x2)

(1)…………... I arrived home, I put on my pyjamas and I lay down on the sofa. I was exhausted and I wasn’t very hungry, (2)
…………. I decided not to have anything for dinner. I just got a glass of milk from the fridge. (3) ……………, I lay on the sofa
and I turned on the TV (4) …………... I wanted to watch a film. (5) …………..., there was nothing interesting on TV. I decided to
go to bed, (6) …………... I wasn’t very sleepy. Once I was in bed, I remembered that I had to take my medication. I can’t sleep
well at night (7) …………. my insomnia, (8) ………… I always take a sleeping tablet (9) ………... I go to bed. (10) …………
taking the sleeping tablet, I went back to bed and I could finally sleep.

Mostrar retroalimentación

1. As soon as
2. So
3. After that
4. Because
5. However
6. Although
7. Because of
8. So
9. Before
10. After

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