Pakistan Affairs

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 Is History boring?
• Study the past if you would define the future.
Confucius
• "Who controls the past controls the future:

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who controls the present controls the past."
George Orwell

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 Introduction - Syllabus
• Syllabus
• Ideology of Pakistan-----definition and elucidation, historical
aspects
• Muslim rule in the Sub-Continent, its downfall and efforts for
Renaissance.
• Movements for reforms-- Shaikh Ahmad Sarhindi, Shah Waliullah,

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Sayyid Ahmad Shaheed
• Aligarh, Deoband, Nadwah, and other educational institutions-------
Sindh Madrassah and Islamia College Peshawar
• Pakistan Movement – historical developments, important events
• Ideology of Pakistan in the light of Speeches and statements of
Allama Iqbal and Quaid- i Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah

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 Introduction - Syllabus

• Chapter- 02
• Land and people of Pakistan
• Geography, Society, Natural resources
•
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Agriculture, Industry & Education with reference
to characteristics, trends and problems

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 Questions

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 Introduction
• Resources
1. CSS Compendium Pakistan Affairs by NOA Publication
2. A Brief History of Pakistan by James Wynbrandt

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Muslim rule in the Sub-Continent, its downfall
and efforts for Renaissance
1 712-14 Conquest of Sind and Multan by Muhammad Bin Qasim
New civilization- culture, langauge
2 998-1030 Reign of Mehmud of Ghazna / Mahmud Ghaznavi

3 1020 Lahore Annexed – Impact on Punjab- Spread of Islam-

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1192
emergence of Lahore as centre of culture and learning

Defeat of Prithvi Raj by Muhammad Ghuri at Tarain

1192 *Muʿizz al-Din Muhammad ibn Sam)
Spread of Muslim Rule in the North of India – Delhi ,
Ajmair etc.

5 Beginning of Death of Ghouri and beginning of the Sultanate Period

Sultanate Period Qutab-u-Din Aibak- 1st Muslim Independent Sultan –
1206-1526 Founder of Slave Dynasty
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 Empire of Mahmud of Ghazna / Mahmud Ghaznavi
998-1030

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 N-India
Eastern
India

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South India

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 Slave Dynasty 1206-1290
Sultans Period Contribution
Sultan Qutab-u-Din Aibak 1206-1210 1st Independent Muslim Ruler
of India
Muslim Sultanate
Slave Dynasty
Sultan Shams-u- din Iltutmish 1211-1236 Consolidation and
(Altamash) strengthening of Muslim
Empire

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Sultan Ghiyas -u-Din Balban 1266 to 1287
Administrative system
New territory to the sultanate

Fought off
several Mongol invasions
Defeated Hindu chiefs
(principally Rajput)
Introduced elaborate
ceremonies
Strict Administration f Justice
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 Other Dynasties in the Sultanate Period
Dynasty Period Features
Khilji Dynasty 1290-1320 AD Sultan Jalaludin Firuz Khilji – 1290-
1296
Sultan Alaudin Khilji (Juna Khan)–
1296-1316
Conquests of Gujrat, Rathanbhor,
Chittor, Malwa & Deccan
Tughluq Dynasty 1320-1414 AD Ghiyasudin Tughlaq 1320-1325
Muhammad Tughlaq 1325-1351

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i. New Capital in Deccan—
Doulatabad -1327
ii. New currency
iii. Feroz Shah Tughluq 1351-1388
iv. Amir Taimur’s Invasion 1398
Syed Dynasty 1414-1451 i. Khizer Khan
ii. Muubarak Shah
iii. Muhammad Shah
iv. Ala-u-Din Shah
Lodhi Dynasty 1451-1526 i. Bahlul Lodhi 1451-1489
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ii. Sikander Lodhi 1489-1517 21
iii. Ibrahim Lodhi 1517-1526
 Mughal Period-Age of Empire
Emperor Period Features
Zahirudin Babur 1526-1530 i. Attacked & conquered India - 1st battle
of Panipat 1526
ii. Established Mughal Dynasty 1526-1857
iii. Battle of Khanua -1527 against Rana
Sangha
Hammayun 1530-1540 i. Conquered Gujrat -1535
& 1556 ii. Was defeated by Sher Shah Suri-1540.

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Sher Shah Suri (Suri Dynasty 1540-1545 i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
he went to Iran
Established new dynasty
Administration
Law & order
Incompetent successor

Hammayun 1555-1556 i. Retuned to India –captured Dehli &

restored his monarchy
ii. Died after 6 months

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 Mughal Period-Age of Empire

Emperor Features
Jalaludin Akkbar i. Crowned at the age of 13
1556-1605 ii. 2nd battle of Panipat 1556 with Hemu– the Hindu ruler,
defeated him and recaptured Dehli
iii. The policy of vigrous conquest
iv. Consolidation and strengthening of Mughal Empire
v. Marriages with Rajput Princesses –impact of such
marriages

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vi. Appointment of Hindus in the Mughal court like Raja
Baghwan Das & Raja Man Singh
vii. Religious Policy The principle of sulah-i kul, or universal
tolerance
viii. 1564- Akbar abolished “Pilgrimage Tax”
ix. 1565-abolition of Jizya
x. Patronage of the classical Indian arts – painting- music-
dancing
xi. Din e Elahe
xii. Orthodox response against Secular Policies—reform
movement
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 1st Revival/Reform Movement
• Sheik Ahmed Sirhindi 1564-1624 also known as
Mujjadad Alf Sani (Thani)
• literally means Reviver of Islam during the
second millennium
• Sheikh Ahmed , the most prominent disciple of

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Khawaja Baqi Billah- who started Naqshbandi
Order in India
• “The most forceful and “original thinker” in India,
before Shah Waliulla & Iqbal- SM Ikram
• A high place in the Muslim world –Tawhid-i-
shahudi
• Self-confidence to the Muslim thinking in India
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 1st Revival/Reform Movement
Main Concerns
• Low position of Islam under Akbar
• Hindus in the court, Hindu wives worshiping in palaces,
abolition of Jizya and of pilgrimage tax, rehabilitation
and construction of Hindu temples etc.

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• "Non-muslims carried out aggressively the ordinances
of their own religion in a Muslim state and the Muslims
were powerless to carry out the ordinances of Islam; if
they carried them out, they were executed” SM Ikam
• Muslims…….. “humiliated and powerless”
• Non-Muslim enjoyed high positions

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 1st Revival/Reform Movement
Main Concerns
• Withdrawal of patronage of Islam
• Aggressive Hindu religious revival
• Demolishing of mosques & setting up of temples
• Ban on cow slaughter
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Cultural influences of Hindus on Muslims
Weakening of Islamic principles
Empowering Hindus would weaken Muslim rule
and end it eventually
• Akbar’s policy has emboldened Hindus it must be
reversed
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 1st Revival/Reform Movement
Strategy
• Advocated re-imposing Jizya and cow slaughter
• Hindus & Muslim are different people- Two Nation
theory
• Muslim shouldn’t intermingle- inter-dine- and

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intermarry with Hindus
• Muslim ruler should distance themselves from Hindus
• Hindus to be expelled from the court and removed
from important positions
• Muslim rulers should distance themselves from the
Hindus

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 1st Revival/Reform Movement
• Methodology
• Sheikh Ahmed Sirhindi used
– Sermons

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– Wrote Letters to influential people/ nobility,
governors, Ullema and Mashaikh
– Wrote Booklets
– Books and treatises
• Paid price for his views / actions- was arrested
by Jehangir and imprisoned for two years

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 1st Revival/Reform Movement
• Success and Legacy
• He couldn’t achieve his targets during his life
time

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• But his dreams were realized when Aurangzeib
became the Emperor in 1659
• Aurangzeib’s policies and regime are
considered to be influenced immensely by his
ideas

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 Success and Legacy

• Jizya was re-imposed

• Pilgrimage Tax was re-imposed
• Patronage of Hindu fine arts was withdrawn
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Patronage of Hindu temples was withdrawn
Cow slaughter was allowed
• New mosques were built to manifest
prominence of Islam like Badshahi Mosque in
Lahore
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 Causes of Decline of Muslim Rule in India
1. Weak Successor of Aurangzeb
2. Absence of law of Succession
3. Wastage of resources in the civil wars
4. Secular and liberal policies of Akbar
5. Waning of Jihad Spirit

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6. Luxurious lifestyle—spread of effeminacy

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7. Weakening of Central Authority
8. Dissipating Military capabilities
9. Foreign Invasions
10.Obsolete Education system
11.Absence of Navy
12.Internal conspiracies
13.The role of East India Company (1600-1873)
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 Reform Movements-Shah Waliullah
• Shah Waliullah 1703-1762
• Born to a religious family in Dehli –Nobility
• Got his early education at madrassa Rahimya

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& started teaching
• Went to Arabia for higher education of Quran
and Sunna 1724-1732
• After his return, he resumed teaching and
started his reform movement
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Reform Movements-Shah Waliullah
• One of the greatest original thinkers of Muslim
India
• Deeply troubled at situation of Muslim & Islam in
India

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• Loss of Muslim Political Power
• Loss of Muslim Economic Power
• Civil war & loss of life, culture and resources
• Resurgence of Hindu Power
• Conspiracies and betrayal of Muslim elite
• Degeneration of Muslim Nobility
• Future of Islam and Muslims in India
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 Reform Movements-Shah Waliullah
Main Ideas
• Start of a new reform movement
• Rationality of Islam
• Preaching pristine values of Islam
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Unity among different schools of thought ---
Hanafi-Shafi- Malaki-Humbali- Sunni and Shia
• Spreading understanding of Quran

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Reform Movements-Shah Waliullah
• Methodology
• Translation of Quran in Persian language as it was language of the
educated Muslims in India
• Later on the Quran was translated into Urdu by his sons Shah
Rafiudin and Shah Abdul Qadir

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• Writing of Hujjatullah-il-Baligha– suitability of Islam for all people
for all the times & the ability of Islam to solve all the problems
faced by humanity
• Izalat ul Ikhfa wul Khilafat ul Khulufa to remove misunderstanding
• Synthesized two philosphies , that is, Wahdat ul wujud & Wahdat ul
Shuhud----Thin difference between two
• 51 books on different problems faced by Muslim community in
India
• Presented solution to these problems in the light of Quran and
Sunna
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 Methodology
• Opposition of Maratha Power
• Political Unity among Muslims
• Wrote a letters to Ahmed Shah Abdali to
attack India
• 1761, Ahmad Shah Abdali came to India and

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defeated Maratha confederacy at the 3rd
battle of Panipat
• Against the hopes of Shah Waliullah, Abdali
went back to Afghanistan and didn’t initiate a
new Afghan Dynasty in India
• The “What if Question” & food for thought
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 Legacy- Shah Waliullah
• Intellectual/ Religious/Educational contribution
1. Translation of Quran
2. Decline due to abandoning Islamic principle
3. Bridging the gap between Sunni and Shia
4. Importance of Ijthad over Taqlid

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5. Stress on avoidance from social evils
6. Teaching and researching Islamic though at Madrassa Rahimya
• Political Contribution
1. Unity of Muslim Nobility
2. Character building of Muslims-spirit of Jihad
3. Protecting Muslim Community form annihilation by inviting Ahmad Shah
Abdali to India
4. Jihad Movement
5. Inspiration for late generations – Pakistan Movement

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