Track B Best aquaculture practices: Nile Tilapia Farming
Lecture 2
Pond Preparation, Stocking and
Choice of Species
EMMANUEL M. VERA CRUZ, PhD
Professor
College of Fisheries
Central Luzon State University
Science City of Munoz, Nueva Ecija
ObJectives
• Discuss the good aquaculture practices based on location, design & layout of
fish farm
• Describe and differentiate the types of pond production systems
• Identify the different steps and the best practices in pond preparation
• Apply ways on properly stocking the fish in the pond
• Examine the different considerations on proper selection of species and Nile
tilapia strains for culture purposes
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Good Aquaculture Practices
• Location: Aquaculture farms should • Design & Layout: Farm design and
be in an environmentally suitable layout should prevent cross
area where risks to food safety from contamination
chemicals, biological & physical
hazards from air, soil & water are
minimized
• The farm should be used for
aquaculture purposes only. Wild &
domestic animals should be excluded
from ponds & harvesting areas
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Pond Culture: Produciton systems
▪ Extensive system
(fertilization of pond)
▪ Semi-intensive
(fertilization & supplemental
feeding)
▪ Intensive
(complete feeding)
Source: sbiotech.in 4
Pond preparation
• Pond draining
• Elimination of predators
• Rotenone (1-2 g/m3)
• Piscicides (saponin - 0.5 g/m3)
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Pond preparation
• Application of lime (CaCO3) at 1000-2000
kg/ha
Liming material N.V. (%)
Agricultural limestone 90 – 105
(CaCO3)
Quick lime (CaO) 179
Hydrated lime 136
• Pond harrowing
(Ca(OH)2)
After one week of piscicide application, harrowing the
Dolomite (CaMg (CO3)2 109 pond bottom ( 5-10 cm depth) will allow organic gases in
the soil to escape to the atmosphere
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Pond preparation
• Leveling of pond bottom
(& repair of dikes)
•Pond drying
(minimum of two weeks)
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Pond preparation
• Screening of water inlet & outlet
• Basal fertilization
• Filling with water
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Nutrient characteristics of common organic
& inorganic
Type fertilizers Nitrogen Phosphorus N:P
(% DM basis) (% DM basis)
Organic
Chicken manure 5.9 2.0 3
Pig manure 5.6 1.1 5
Duck manure 4.4 1.1 4
Buffalo manure 1.4 0.2 7
Septage 6.9 1.9 4
Inorganic
Urea 46 0
Ammonium phosphate 16 20
Ammonium sulfate 21 0
Superphosphate (20% P2O5) 0 9
Triple superphosphate (40% P2O5) 0 20
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Fertilization
• Recommended max. total N input: < 4 kg/ha/day
• Recommended most efficient N: P input in older ponds with organic
sediments: 4:1
• New ponds built on acid sulfate soils absorb more soluble P in
sediments & require a N:P input of 2:1 to maintain low ammonia
concentrations by enforcing limitation of phytoplankton growth by N
rather than P
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Good Aquaculture Practices on Pond
Preparation
• Pond preparation practices should minimize risk for cross contamination
• Prohibited chemicals or biological substances should not be used in pond preparation
• Fertilizers, probiotics and chemicals should be used according to instruction for proper use
• Adequate record should be kept on pond management activities (e.g. preparations & water
quality controls)
• Adequate records should be kept on origin and type of seed used (strain)
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Fish Stocking
Stocking density depends on: Stocking density at different
• type of production system levels of management
• productivity of the aquatic
environment Level Stocking
density/ha
• if fish population is monosex or
Extensive 5,000 – 30,000
mixed-sex
• size of fish Semi-intensi 40,000 – 60,000
ve
Intensive 70,000 – 100,000
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Fish Stocking
• Acclimatize fish after transportation • Stock early in the morning or late
afternoon
www,fao.org
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Actual sizes of tilapia fingerlings
Length Age after hatching Net size/ABW Ave pcs/kg
1.42 cm 2 weeks Size # 24 8,857
0.112 g
2.50 cm 3 weeks Size # 22 3,077
0.325 g
3.06 cm 2,105
1 month Size # 20
0.475 g
3.81 cm 1,274
1 month & 1 week Size # 17
0.785 g
4.85 cm
1 month & 2 weeks Size # 14 528
1.895 g
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Choice of Species
▪ Biological Factors ▪ Economic Factors
• Growth rate (fast growing species) • Market demand
• Age and size at maturity • Market price
• Ability to reproduce in captivity
• Cost of seed & other inputs
• Operational cost
• Feeding habits (herbivorous or
omnivorous) ▪ Other factors
• Easy rearing of the young • Availability of established & reliable
• Hardiness & susceptibility to disease rearing techniques
▪ Tolerate crowding
▪ Tolerate unfavorable environmental conditions
• Inputs used for the culture of the fish
are available in the area
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Choice of Tilapia Strain
• FAC Selected Tilapia (FaST)
• Genetically Male Tilapia (GMT)
• Genetically Improved Farmed Tilapia
(GIFT)
• GIFT derived:
FaST
• BFAR Improved GET Excel GMT
• GenoMar Supreme Tilapia
(GST)
• Salinity Tolerant:
• Brackishwater Enhanced
Selected Tilapia (BEST)
• MOLOBICUS GET Excel
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References
Abella, T.A. and G.C. Mair (eds). 1997. Technoguide on the production of Genetically Male Tilapia (GMT). FAC, CLSU, Muñoz, Nueva
Ecija. 67 pp.
AIT.1994. Partners in Development: The promotion of sustainable aquaculture. 98 pp.
AIT.1993. The Nile tilapia: technique for mass fry production and growout. Training Manual.
Bureau of Agriculture & Fisheries Standard. 2014. Code of Good Aquaculture Practices. Department of Agriculture, Q.C. 29 pp.
Egna, H.S. and C.E. Boyd. 1997. Dynamics of Pond Aquaculture. CRC Press. Boca Raton, USA. 437 pp.
El-Sayed, A.F.M. 2006. Tilapia Culture. CABI Publishing. UK. 277 p.
The Tilapia Technical Committee. 2017. The Philippine Recommends for Tilapia. Los Banos, Laguna. DOST-PCAARRD. 123 pp.
Vera Cruz, E.M., J.S. Abucay, R.A. Delos Trinos, J.O. Saturno, F.L. Porciuncula, M.M.S. Recto, F.J. Rafael, and G.Z. Laggui.
2011. Tilapia Production and Entrepreneurship Training Manual. Central Luzon State University, Science City of Munoz, Nueva
Ecija; CLARDECC, CVARRD and PCARRD-DOST. 196 pp.
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Thank you
EMMANUEL M. VERA CRUZ, PhD
Professor, College of Fisheries
Head, Freshwater Aquaculture
Center
Central Luzon State University
[email protected] Progeny testing
XX♀ x XY♂ XY♀ x XY♂
Feminization
XX♀ ▲XY♀ XX♀ XY♂ XY♂ YY♂
Progeny testing
XX♀ x YY♂
Production of YY♀
▲XY♀ x YY♂ XY♂ XY♂ XY♂ XY♂ (GMT)
Feminization
▲XY♀ ▲XY♀ ▲YY♀ ▲YY♀ Mass Production of YY♂
▲YY♀ x YY♂
Schematic diagram for the production
of YY males & Genetically Male Tilapia
in Oreochromis niloticus YY♂ YY♂ YY♂ YY♂
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