AnimalAgriculture A land poor in livestock is

Chapter 1
never rich, and a land rich in
livestock is never poor.
--Arab philosopher
AnimalAgriculture
1. History and Development of Animal Agriculture
2. Domestication of Animals
3. History of Agricultural Education
4. Animal Agriculture and the World Economy
AnimalAgriculture 1.1 History and Development of
Animal Agriculture

• Archaeological studies – nomadic and place-based herding and flocking

activities among early Middle Eastern, African, and Asian farmers
• First travelers to the North American continent: Native Americans
• 13th Century – Vikings brought ruminants
• 15th and 16th century – Columbus and fellow mariners brought cattle,
horses, and swine.
• 17th century – later colonists in North America found Native Americans
using wild poultry for food and domesticated dogs.
• Within two centuries horses brought to Americans by European
explorers
AnimalAgriculture 1.1 History and Development of
Animal Agriculture

• Domestication of animals in the Neolithic (New Stone Age)

• 10,000 to 14,000 years old.
• Humanity’s transformation from savage to the civilized
• Herding became indicative of superiority
• The great livestock countries are the most progressive and
powerful
AnimalAgriculture 1.1 History and Development of
Animal Agriculture

• Animal agriculture utilizes biological processes to produce

animal products useful to humans.

• Animal science embraced all disciplines in the biological and

physical sciences.
Research Outputs

Texas Longhorn Meat-type steers

Mutton type Wool type sheep
AnimalAgriculture
Animals Provided: Animals were also a means of:
• Leather and wool • Transportation
• Bones for tools • Entertainment
• Dung for fertilizer and fuel • Religious offerings
 AnimalAgriculture
Name of Animal Products
• Catgut
• Pigskin (hide of swine)

Since the early days of their domestication animals

serve as companions to humans.

Animals were also used as subject for

experiments
1.2 Domestication of Animals

• Domestication of cattle have long been the hallmark of civilization

• Cultivation of plant and animals are approximately of the same place
but at different times
• Southwestern Asia in the Zagros, Lebanese, and Palestinian
mountains.
• The first agriculturalists stock raisers were the Mediterranean.
AnimalAgriculture

• Shift from food gathering to food cultivation began about 10,000 to

16,000 years
• First animals to be domesticated – dog (12,000 years ago) and goat
(8500 to 9000 years ago)
Table 1.1 The Domestication of Animals
Species When Where Why How
Dog 12,000 Old and New worlds Pet, companion Wolf of Jackal
Goat 8500-9000 Old worlds Food, milk, and Wild goat
clothing
Pig 8000-9000 Old worlds Food and sport European wild boar
Sheep 6000-7000 Old worlds Food, milk and European mouflon
clothing and Asiatic urial
Cattle 6000-6500 Old worlds Religious reasons Aurochs
Cat 6000 Egypt Pet, companion African bush cat
Chickens 5000-5500 India, Sumatra, and Cockfights, shows, Jungle fowl
Java food, and religion
Horse 4000-5000 Old world Transportation Wild horse
Ducks 4000 China Food and feathers Wild duck
Geese 3000 Greece and Italy Food and feathers Wild goose
Turkeys 1000 Mexico or North Food and feathers Wild turkey
America
AnimalAgriculture
• Dogs, bees, and bees products are common to both New (Americas)
and Old worlds.

• FAO, approximately 10% of the world’s land mass is tilled

• 25% is suitable for forage crops and grazing
• 65% is either too dry, wet, or mountainous for major cropping or
animal production
AnimalAgriculture
• Several crops were first cultivated in the New World
• White and sweet potatoes
• Chili
• Sunflower
• Tomato
• Pineapple
• Tobacco
• Indian Corn

• Indian corn and white potato were the world’s greatest contributions to crops
AnimalAgriculture
• Ireland in Hunger – • In 1125 A.D. a famine reduced by
white potato was one-half the population of Germany.
introduced. • 1505 in Hungary
• Population increased in
1835, then the great • 1586 in Holland
famine occurred, 2 • 1870 to 1872 in Russia
million died and another
2 million migrated.
AnimalAgriculture
• Indian Corn has become one of the greatest crops in the history of
the world, especially in the Corn Belt area of the US.

• The development of cities began with the cultivation of crops and

domestication of animals.

• 5500 years ago appeared the small cities

• Great Britain was the only nation that was highly urbanized.
AnimalAgriculture
• The introduction of several large-framed breeds of European cattle
created significant change in the American beef industry in the 1970

• Brahman
• Charolais
• Limousin
• Simmental cattle
• Landrace swine
Animal Agriculture and the World Economy
• Agriculture is the world’s oldest and largest primary industry.

• More than 50 % of world’s people live in Asia

Sources of Multidisciplinary Information on
Agricultural Issues and Food Policy
• Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO)
• 1945
• Collects, analyzes, interprets, and disseminates information
• Promotes and recommends national and international action
• Scientific research
• Improvement of eduation
• Administration
• Spread of knowledge of nutritional and agricultural science
• Conservation of natural resources and adoption of improved methods of
agricultural production
• Improvement of processing, marketing, and distributing of food and
agricultural products
• Adoption of policies with respect to agricultural commodity
arrangements

• FAO provides technical assistance

• 180 member nations headquartered near the Colosseum in Rome
• Council for Agricultural Science and Technology (CAST)
• Formed in 1972
• Mission
• identify food and fiber
• Environmental and other agricultural issues,
• and to interpret related scientific research information for legislators, regulators, and the
media
World Population Trends

• Population doubled to one-half billion by 1600 and doubled again to 1

billion by 1830.

• World population now exceeds 6 billion with increase annual rate of

1.3 percent.

• By year 2020, approximately 7.7 billion

World Animal Production Trends

• World food production is presently inadequate to ensure a balanced

diet for all people of all lands.

• Adequate protein is also required for normal maintenance of body

tissues and functions and additionally for growth.

• Malnutrition is the world’s number one health problems.

Livestock and Poultry

• The livestock and poultry base for the world’s food production
consists of about
• 14.1 billion chickens
• 1.5 billion cattle and buffalo
• 1.1 billion sheep
• 913 million pigs
• 829 million ducks
• 710 million goats
Fish

• The 20 leading fish-catching countries in the world are:

1. Japan 14. Ireland
2. Former USSR 15. Korea D.P.
3. China, Mainland 16. Canada
4. U.S.A 17. Mexico
5. Chile 18. Spain
6. Peru 19. Vietnam
7. India 20. Brazil
8. Norway
9. Kore republic
10. Denmark
11. Indonesia
12. Thailand
13. Philippines
• Slightly over half of the world’s fish catch is used directly as food for
people

• Fish were domesticated in ponds by wealthy people as early as 3000

B.C. and by 400 B.C.

• Raising fish is common in China and Persia

• Recently Israel have been producing as much as 9000 kilogram of fish

annually
Availability of Animal Protein
• The foremost reason for maintaining our animal populations is to
provide a nutritious and desirable form of food for human
consumption.

• Animal proteins are superior to vegetable proteins

• Dairy cow is the most efficient on converting food into protein and
energy; poultry and swine follow.

• Beef cattle and sheep are least efficient

• The ruminant is a creator of food nutrients in that it can synthesize
essential amino acids and B-complex vitamins.

• Ruminants – the name given to a herbivorous animal that chews its

cud and has split hooves
• Ox, sheep, cow, llama, deer, goat, antelope, and giraffe
 LAND

FORAGE CROPS* INDUSTRIAL BY-PRODUCTS*

(HAY, SILAGE) (SUGAR BEET PULP,
PASTURE, RANGE* CANNERY WASTES)

GRAIN &
OIL SEED CROPS

NON-PROTEIN NITROGEN*
STALKS, LEAVES* (UREA, AMMONIA)

SEEDS RUMINANTS
(CATTLE, SHEEP, GOATS, DEER)
WASTES MANURE
MEAT, MILK, &BY-PRODUCTS

HUMANS
Energy and Efficiency in Animal Production
• Consumption of energy – a useful index of both resource
consumption and impact on the environment

• Increase in energy consumption has caused some to advocate a

return to the sole use of animal power and organic fertilizers to
produce people’s food supply.
Utilizing Animal Waste
• Resources out of place

• Used as fertilizers or feedstuffs

• Meat slaughtering and meat-packing for example, has converted

animal wastes into useful products.
• Edible fats - Tallow and grease
• Meat scraps and blood - Tankage and other animal
feeds
• Bone – bone meal
• Intestines – sausage casings and surgical thread
• Glands – pharmaceutical products
• Feather – feather meal for animal feed
 Liquid Whey

• Poultry litter
• The most effective agricultural use of animal waste continues to be waste
disposal on land in a crop production cycle