MOTION

IB PHYSICS | UNIT 2 | MOTION

 2.1

Velocity
IB PHYSICS | UNIT 2 | MOTION
 What is Motion?

position
An object's change in _____________
relative to a reference point.

Relative to the earth:

Moving 17,500 mph

Relative to the shuttle:

Not moving
 Distance vs. Displacement
Distance

How far travelled

Displacement

How far from origin

Try this | Distance and Displacement
You walked 3 miles East, turned left, then walked 4
miles North. What is your distance? displacement?

5
4
Distance 7 miles
3 Displacement 5 miles
 Constant Displacement

Not moving

Velocity (m s-1)
Distance (m)

Time (s)

Time (s)
 Average Speed and Velocity

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
Average Speed =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒
* Always Positive

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
Average Velocity =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒
* Includes Direction
 Calculating Average Speed
New world record for a marathon (26.2 miles) was
set several years ago. David Kimetto finished in
2.04 hours. What was his average speed?

𝑑 26.2 −1
𝑣= = = 12.8 mi hr
𝑡 2.04
Marathon Runners are FAST
 Consider this…
The gold medalist for the men’s 400 m (one complete lap
of the track) in Rio was Wayde van Niekerk with a WR time
of 43.03 s. What was his average speed? Average velocity?
400 𝑚
𝐴𝑣𝑔 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑑 = = 9.3 𝑚 𝑠 −1𝑠
43.03 𝑠

400 𝑚
𝐴𝑣𝑔 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = = 𝟎 𝒎 𝒔−𝟏
0𝑠
 What is a Vector?
A Vector is a quantity that includes both
direction and magnitude
 Vector vs Scalar
Vector Quantities Scalar Quantities

Displacement Distance

Velocity Speed

Force Energy
 Racing against Usain…
In 2012, Usain Bolt’s Gold Medal 100 meter dash took just 9.63 seconds.

In 1896, the gold medalist finished in 12.00 seconds.

Making the assumption that they are traveling at a

constant velocity (they aren’t really), how far
behind Usain would the 1896 medalist be?

Method 1:
9.63
100 − 100 = 𝟏𝟗. 𝟕𝟓 𝐦
12
Method 2:
100
= 8.3 m s −1 8.3 m s−1 9.63 s = 80.25 m
12
100 − 80.25 = 𝟏𝟗. 𝟕𝟓 𝐦
Plot this problem on a D vs T graph

120
Displacement (m)

100
80.25 m
80

60

40

20

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Time (s)
Racing against Usain…
 Constant Positive Velocity

Changing position at a constant rate forward

Displacement (m)

Velocity (m s-1)
Time (s)

Time (s)
 Constant Negative Velocity

Changing position at a constant rate backward

Displacement (m)

Velocity (m s-1)
Time (s)

Time (s)
 Plotting Displacement vs Time
Runner Runner Runner
A B C
Displacement (m)

Steeper Slope

Which runner was

moving the fastest?

Time (s)
 The power of the slope!

Displacement vs Time
Slope

Velocity vs Time
 What is the Average Velocity?
𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑒 ∆𝑥
120 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 = =
𝑟𝑢𝑛 ∆𝑦
Displacement (m)

100
100 m
80
= 12.5 = m s −1
8 s
60

40

20
12.5 m s −1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Time (s)
 2.2

Acceleration
IB PHYSICS | UNIT 2 | MOTION
 What is…
Velocity
change in position over time
“speed with direction”
Acceleration

change in velocity over time

 Types of Acceleration

Speeding Up

Slowing Down

Changing Direction
 Acceleration

30

25
Velocity (m s-1)

0-30 m s-1 in 10 seconds

20

15

10 m s −1
𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 = = 𝐦 𝐬 −𝟐
5 s
0-30 m s-1 in 2.5 seconds

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Time (s)
 The power of the slope!

Displacement vs Time
Slope

Velocity Velocity vs Time

Slope
Acceleration
 Constant Positive Acceleration

Changing velocity by speeding up at a constant rate

Displacement (m)

Velocity (m s-1)
Time (s)

Time (s)
Constant Negative Acceleration

Changing velocity by slowing down at a constant rate

Displacement (m)

Velocity (m s-1)
Time (s)

Time (s)
 Motion Variables

s u v a t
Displacement Initial Velocity Final Velocity Acceleration Time

Whenever we are describing the motion of an accelerating object,

there are five variables that we need to take into account

Note: The variables used in IB Physics vary slightly from other

nomenclature standards
 Calculating Acceleration
𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 − 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 =
𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒

a = v-u
Symbols

t
ms-1 - ms-1
ms -2 =
Units

s
Think about this unit…

𝑎 =
𝑣−𝑢 m/s/s
𝑡
m/s 2

ms -2
 Try This | 1
What is the acceleration of a car that accelerates
from 15 m s-1 to 35 m s-1 in 10 seconds?

𝑢 15 ms-1 𝑣 − 𝑢 35 − 15
𝑎= =
𝑣 35 ms-1 𝑡 10
𝑎 ?
𝑎 = 𝟐 𝐦𝐬 −𝟐
𝑡 10 s
 Try This | 2
Find the average acceleration of a northbound
train that slows down from 12 m s-1 to a complete
stop in 8 sec *Tip: You can get a negative value!
𝑢 12 ms-1 𝑣 − 𝑢 0 − 12
𝑣 0 ms-1 𝑎=
𝑡
=
8
𝑎 ? 𝑎 = −𝟏. 𝟓 𝐦𝐬 −𝟐
𝑡 8s
 Solve for v
𝑣−𝑢
𝑎 =
𝑡

𝑣 = 𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡
Physics Data Booklet
 How far have I gone?
𝑠 = 𝑣𝑡 = 80 m s −1 10 s = 800 m
120
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ = 80 m s−1 10 s = 800 m
100
10 s
Velocity (m s-1)

80

60

40 80 m s-1

20

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Time (s)
 Use the graphs to tell you MORE!
Displacement vs Time
Slope

Area Under Curve

Velocity Displacement

Velocity vs Time
Velocity vs Time
Slope

Acceleration
 How far have I gone?

120 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ = 12 100 m s−1 8 s = 400 m

100
𝑣+𝑢
Velocity (m s-1)

80
𝑠= ×𝑡
2
60
𝑣+𝑢
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
40 2

20

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Time (s)
Physics Data Booklet
 Try This | 3
You speed up with a uniform
acceleration from 0 m/s to 30 m/s in 𝑠 ?
5 seconds. How far have you gone?

𝑠= 𝑣+𝑢 𝑡 𝑢 0 m s-1
2
𝑣 30 m s-1
30+0 (5)
𝑠= 2 = 𝟕𝟓 𝐦
𝑎 -------
𝑡 5s
 What if I don’t know v?
𝑣+𝑢 𝑡 𝑣 = 𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡
𝑠= 2

𝑢+𝑎𝑡+𝑢 𝑡 2𝑢+𝑎𝑡 𝑡
𝑠= 2
= 2

2𝑢𝑡+𝑎𝑡 2 𝑠= 1 2
𝑠= 2
𝑢𝑡+ 𝑎𝑡
2
Physics Data Booklet
 Try This | 4
If a plane on a runway is accelerating at
4.8 m s-2 for 15 seconds before taking 𝑠 ?
off, how long should the runway be?
1 2 𝑢 0 m s-1
𝑠 = 𝑢𝑡 + 2 𝑎𝑡
1 2 𝑣 -------
= (0)(15) + 2 (4.8)(15)
𝑎 4.8 m s-2
𝑠 = 540 m
𝑡 15 s
One more equation

𝑣 2 = 𝑢 2 + 2𝑎𝑠
 Equations

Units m m s-1 m s-1 m s-2 s

𝑣 = 𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡 𝑢 𝑣 𝑎 𝑡
1 2
𝑠 = 𝑢𝑡 + 2𝑎𝑡 𝑠 𝑢 𝑎 𝑡
𝑣 2 = 𝑢2 + 2𝑎𝑠 𝑠 𝑢 𝑣 𝑎
𝑣+𝑢 𝑡
𝑠= 2
𝑠 𝑢 𝑣 𝑡
 Try This | 5
A driver slams on the brakes and skids
for 3 seconds before coming to a stop. 𝑠 9m
You go and measure that the skid
marks show a deceleration over 9 m.
What was the initial speed of the car?
𝑢 ?
𝑠= 𝑣+𝑢 𝑡 𝑣 0 m s-1
2

𝑢= 2𝑠
−𝑣 = 2(9)
−0 𝑎 ---
𝑡 (3)

𝑢 = 6 m s−1 𝑡 3s
 Stroboscopic Photographs
In a stroboscopic photograph, a new snapshot
is captured every ___ seconds and combined
to show the motion over a period of time.

Circle the part of the motion where

this soccer ball is moving the FASTEST
New Capture
every 0.04 sec
Circle the part of the motion where this
soccer ball is moving the SLOWEST
 Stroboscopic Photographs

Constant Velocity or Accelerating?

How do you know?

More spacing between pictures = moving faster

 Constant Acceleration
1m

Direction of the Motion

Time Displacement
(s) (m) 𝑠 = 𝑢𝑡 + 12𝑎𝑡 2 𝑠 15 m
0s 0.0 m
15 = (0)(5) + 12𝑎(5)2 𝑢 0 m s-1
1s 0.6 m
2s 2.4 m 𝑣 ---
3s 5.4 m 𝑎 = 1.2 m 𝑎 ?
4s 9.6 m
5s 15 m
𝑡 5s
 2.3

Freefall
IB PHYSICS | UNIT 2 | MOTION
 Warm Up
A car traveling in a straight line has a
velocity of +4.8 m s-1. After an 𝑠 ---
acceleration of 0.65 m s-2, the car’s
velocity is +9.9 m s-1. Over what time 𝑢 4.8 m s-1
interval did the acceleration occur?

𝑣 = 𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡 𝑣 9.9 m s-1
9.9 = 4.8 + (0.65)𝑡 𝑎 0.65 m s-2
𝑡 = 7.85 s 𝑡 ?
 Warm Up
Velocity at 5 s

5 m s-1
6

5
Velocity (m s-1)

4 Area Position at 5 s

12.5 m
1
3 2
(5)(5)
2 12.5 m
1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Time (s)
 Warm Up
13 Velocity at 2 s

5 m s-1
12
11
10
Velocity (m s-1)

9
8
7 8 Position at 2 s
6
5
12.5 m
4

10
3
2
1

1 2 3
Time (s)
 Warm Up – Match these Graphs!
Displacement vs Time Velocity vs Time
What is Free Fall?

The only force acting on

the object is gravity

*No Air Resistance*

 Acceleration due to Gravity

-9.81 m s-2
negative

Remember Direction!
What if you drop something?
What do you know?

𝑠
𝑢 0 m s-1
𝑣
𝑎 -9.81 m s-2
𝑡
What if you throw something up?
0 m s-1 What do you know?
1st Half

2nd Half
𝑠 𝑠
𝑢 𝑢 0 m s-1

𝑣 0 m s-1 𝑣
𝑎 -9.81 m s-2 𝑎 -9.81 m s-2

𝑡 𝑡
What if you throw something down?
What do you know?

𝑠
𝑢
𝑣
𝑎 -9.81 m s-2
𝑡
 Reminder of our Equations

Units m m s-1 m s-1 m s-2 s

𝑣 = 𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡 𝑢 𝑣 𝑎 𝑡
1 2
𝑠 = 𝑢𝑡 + 2𝑎𝑡 𝑠 𝑢 𝑎 𝑡
𝑣 2 = 𝑢2 + 2𝑎𝑠 𝑠 𝑢 𝑣 𝑎
𝑣+𝑢 𝑡
𝑠= 2
𝑠 𝑢 𝑣 𝑡
 Dropping a marble
If you drop a marble off of the Empire
State Building (~380 m), how fast will it 𝑠 -380 m
be going once it reaches the ground?
𝑢 0 m s-1
𝑣 2 = 𝑢2 + 2𝑎𝑠
𝑣 ?
𝑣= 02 + 2(−9.81)(−380)
𝑎 -9.81 m s-2
−1
𝑣 = −86.3 m s
*The negative indicates a downward direction
𝑡 ---
 Shooting a Basket
What is the vertical velocity of a
basketball required to reach the rim of 𝑠 3m
the basketball hoop? (~3.0 m high)
𝑢 ?
𝑣 2 = 𝑢2 + 2𝑎𝑠
𝑣 0 m s-1
02 = 𝑢2 + 2 −9.81 (3)
𝑎 -9.81 m s-2
𝑢 = 7.67 m s −1
𝑡 ---
 Flipping a Coin
You flip a coin and catch it. It is in the air for a
total of 0.6 seconds. How high did it go? 𝑠 ?

1 2 𝑢 0 m s-1
𝑠 = 𝑢𝑡 + 2𝑎𝑡
𝑠= 1
(−9.81)(0.3) 2 𝑣 ---
2
𝑎 -9.81 m s-2
𝑠 = 0.441 m
𝑡 0.3 s
Half the time
 2.4

Graphing Motion
IB PHYSICS | UNIT 2 | MOTION
 Warm Up

B
A +5 m s-1
Velocity

Acceleration -9.81 m s-2

A C
B Velocity

Acceleration
0 m s-1

-9.81 m s-2

C Velocity

Acceleration
-5 m s-1

-9.81 m s-2
 Warm Up
5 A
B 4
3
2
1
0
B Time (s)
Velocity (m s-1)

-1
-2
-3
A C -4
Slope = -9.81 m s-2 C
-5
-6
-7
-8
-9
-10
 v

a
d
Constant
Displacement

Constant
+ Velocity

Constant
- Velocity

+ Acceleration
Speeding up

+ Acceleration
Slowing Down
Motion Graphs Guide

- Acceleration
Speeding up

- Acceleration
Slowing Down
Acceleration | Slowing or Speeding?
When the acceleration is in the When the acceleration is in the
same direction as the velocity opposite direction as the velocity
speeding up
the object is ______________ slowing down
the object is ______________

“Foot on the Gas” “Foot on the Brake”

v v
a a

v v
a a
 Information from a V vs T graph
4
4 4
=1 What is the velocity at 4 seconds?
3
4 m s-1
Velocity (m s-1)

2
1
0
1 2 3 4
-1 What is the acceleration from 1 s – 4 s?
-2 1
-3 4 4 =8
Slope = 1 m s-2
2
-4

What is the displacement after 4 s?

Area = 8 m
 Information from a V vs T graph
4 What is the velocity at 4 seconds?
3 1
4 −4 = −8
-4 m s-1
Velocity (m s-1)

2 2
1
0
1 2 3 4
-1 What is the acceleration from 0 s – 4 s?
-2
-3
-4
−4
4
= −1 Slope = -1 m s-2
What is the displacement after 4 s?

Area = -8 m
 Information from a V vs T graph
2
= 0.5 What is the velocity at 4 seconds?
4 4
3
4 m s-1
Velocity (m s-1)

2
1
0
1 2 3 4
-1 What is the acceleration from 0 s – 4 s?
-2 4 2 =8
-3 1
Slope = 0.5 m s-2
2
4 2 =4
-4

What is the displacement after 4 s?

Area = 12 m
 Information from a V vs T graph
−4
4 2
= −2 What is the velocity at 3 seconds?
3
-2 m s-1
Velocity (m s-1)

2 1
2
2 2 =1
1
0
1 2 3
-1 What is the acceleration from 1 s – 3 s?
1 2 =2
-2
-3
Slope = -2 m s-2
1
2
2 −2 = −1
-4

What is the displacement after 3 s?

Area = 2 m
 Use the graphs to tell you MORE!
Displacement vs Time
Slope

Area Under Curve

Velocity Displacement

Velocity vs Time
Velocity vs Time
Slope

Acceleration
Time to Practice…
• Lots of examples posted
• Complete the missing graphs
• Check answers with
the KEY
• Make sure you try
at least one per
page because they
get increasingly
more difficult
 2.5

Horizontal Projectiles
IB PHYSICS | UNIT 2 | MOTION
 Reminder of our Equations

Units m m s-1 m s-1 m s-2 s

𝑣 = 𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡 𝑢 𝑣 𝑎 𝑡
1 2
𝑠 = 𝑢𝑡 + 2𝑎𝑡 𝑠 𝑢 𝑎 𝑡
𝑣 2 = 𝑢2 + 2𝑎𝑠 𝑠 𝑢 𝑣 𝑎
𝑣+𝑢 𝑡
𝑠= 2
𝑠 𝑢 𝑣 𝑡
 Dropping the Ball
How much time will it take this
ball to hit the ground when 𝑠 -25 m
dropped? The impact velocity?
𝑢 0 m s-1
𝑠 = 𝑢𝑡 + 12𝑎𝑡 2
𝑡 = 2.26 s
−25 = 1
2
(−9.81)𝑡 2
𝑣 ?
25 m
𝑣 2 = 𝑢2 + 2𝑎𝑠 𝑎 -9.81 m s-2
𝑣 = 2𝑎𝑠 = 2(−9.81)(−25)

𝑣 = −22.2 m s−1 𝑡 ?
 Air Time - Comparison
Which ball will have
10 m/s more air time?

The ball’s hit the ground

at exactly the same time
Bullet Fired vs Bullet Dropped
Air Time - Comparison
 X and Y Components
Constant
Velocity

Free Fall
 Horizontal Projectile
10 m/s From Previous Problem Vertical Only
𝑠 -25 m
How far does the ball travel?
𝑠 = 𝑣𝑡 = (10 m s −1
)(2.26 s) 𝑢 0 m s-1

25 m 𝑠 = 22.6 m 𝑣 -22.2 m s-1

𝑎 -9.81 m s-2
𝑡 2.26 s
 2-D Problem Solving Steps
1. Start with “suvat” in the vertical Vertical Only
direction and pretend it’s just a
freefall problem
𝑠

2. The air time is the same for 𝑢

horizontal motion
𝑣
3. Solve for horizontal using v = s/t
𝑎
𝑡
 Try This
1m
Vertical Only

15 cm
𝑠 -0.15 m
𝑢 0 m s-1
𝑠 = 𝑢𝑡 + 12𝑎𝑡 2
−0.15 = 1
(−9.81)𝑡 2
𝑡 = 0.175 s 𝑣 ---
2

𝑠 1m
𝑎 -9.81 m s-2
Horizontal Motion
𝑣= =
𝑡 0.175 s
𝑣 = 5.71 m s −1 𝑡 0.175 s
 Vector Components
All vectors can be broken down
into x and y components

13 m/s
y x = 13 cos(22.62) = 12
θ = 22.62° y = 13 sin(22.62) = 5
x
𝑦 𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = X-Component 12 m s-1
13 13
Y-Component 5 m s-1
Data Booklet Resource
 Try this
What are the x and y
components of a 20 N force
20 N applied 34° from horizontal?

θ = 34° x = 20 cos(34) = 16.6

y = 20 sin(34) = 11.2

X-Component 16.6 N
Y-Component 11.2 N
Impact Velocity and Angle?
 Impact Velocity and Angle
1m
5.71 m s-1
θ
1.72 m s-1
15 cm

Impact Velocity:
Horizontal Velocity: 𝑣= 5.712 + 1.722
From previous problem → 𝑣𝑥 = 5.71 m s−1 𝑣 = 5.96 m s−1
Vertical Velocity: Impact Angle:
𝑣2 = 𝑢2 + 2𝑎𝑠
𝑣𝑦 = −1.72 m s−1 𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 1.72Τ5.72
𝑣 = 2𝑎𝑠 = 2(−9.81)(−0.15) 𝜃 = 16.8 °
 2.6

Projectiles at an Angle
IB PHYSICS | UNIT 2 | MOTION
 Reminder of our Equations

Units m m s-1 m s-1 m s-2 s

𝑣 = 𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡 𝑢 𝑣 𝑎 𝑡
1 2
𝑠 = 𝑢𝑡 + 2𝑎𝑡 𝑠 𝑢 𝑎 𝑡
𝑣 2 = 𝑢2 + 2𝑎𝑠 𝑠 𝑢 𝑣 𝑎
𝑣+𝑢 𝑡
𝑠= 2
𝑠 𝑢 𝑣 𝑡
 2-D Problem Solving Steps
1. Start with “suvat” in the vertical Vertical Only
direction and pretend it’s just a
freefall problem
𝑠

2. The air time is the same for 𝑢

horizontal motion
𝑣
3. Solve for horizontal using v = s/t
𝑎
𝑡
 Remember Vectors?

v = 24 m s-1 ux 13.8 m s-1

uy
55° uy 19.7 m s-1
ux

ux = 24 cos(55) = 13.8
uy = 24 sin(55) = 19.7
One Dimensional Motion

Vertical
Accelerating

Horizontal
Constant Velocity
 Horizontal Projectile
Vertical Only
𝑠
Constant
Horizontal 𝑢 0 m s-1
Velocity
𝑣
[v = s/t]
𝑎 -9.81 m s-2
𝑡
Two Dimensional Projectile

Same as the
horizontal projectile
 Projectile – First Half
vx = 13.8 m s-1
1st Half Vertical
vy = 0 m s-1

𝑠 19.8 m
19.7 m s-1
55°
𝑢
𝑣 = 𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡
0 = 19.7 + (−9.81)𝑡
𝑣 0 m s-1
19.7 m s-1

𝑡 = 2.01 s
𝑎 -9.81 m s-2
55° 𝑣 2 = 𝑢2 + 2𝑎𝑠

2.01 s
02 = 19.72 + 2(−9.81)𝑠
13.8 m s-1 𝑠 = 19.8 m 𝑡
 Projectile – Full Thing
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 4.02 s
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑥 55.5 m
55°

First Half = 2.01 s

19.7 m s-1
Total Time = 2.01 × 2 = 4.02 s
55°
s = vt = (13.8)(4.02) = 55.5 m
13.8 m s-1
 Projectile – In General
v x = ux
1st Half Vertical
vy = 0 m s-1
sy 𝑠 Total Height
u uy
uy
θ
ux 𝑢
sx 𝑣 0 m s-1
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 2t 𝑎 -9.81 m s-1
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑥 ux(2t) 𝑡
 Try This…
vx = 27.4 m s-1
1st Half Vertical
vy = 0 m s-1
24°
𝑠 7.56 m
You hit a baseball at 24° above the horizontal as a speed of 30 m s-1.
How far does the ball travel before it hits the ground?
𝑢 12.2 m s-1
ux = 30 cos(24) = 27.4 m s-1 uy = 30 sin(24) = 12.2 m s-1

𝑣 = 𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡 𝑣 0 m s-1
0 = 12.2 + (−9.81)𝑡 Horizontal:

-9.81 m s-2
𝑡 = 1.24 s Total Time = 2(1.24) = 2.48 s

s = vt = (27.4)(2.48)
𝑎
𝑣 2 = 𝑢2 + 2𝑎𝑠
02 = 12.22 + 2(−9.81)𝑠
𝑠 = 7.56 m
s = 68 m 𝑡 1.24 s