SECOND EDITION Grammar and Vocabulary for Cambridge First Luke Prodromou For students preparing for the Cambridge English First exam With KeySECOND EDITION Grammar and Vocabulary for Cambridge First Luke Prodromou For students preparing for the Cambridge English First exam‘osriom bdueation Limited ‘alaburah Gate Heslow Bex CO(20 218 Engi nc Asosatd Compnies througout the word. © Pearson Edcation Limited 1999, 2012 ‘The riht cf Luke Prodromou tobe denied a author of «his Wook as been asserted by hi in accordance with the CCopyrighe, Designs and Patents Act 988 AL ges reserved no part of ths pubiaion may be reprode stored in eieal tem, of eased in any form or by any eens seceone echan:ah photocopying. roeording or otherwise without the prior writen permision of the Publier Fist published 1999 Second edn 2012 ISBN: 9781408290590 vith ker) SBN: 9761447903055 (without key) St in Whitney ond Minion Printed in Molin (CTP-VP) Ackoowedgerents ‘The author and publishers would ike Wo honk everyone who Is helped 1 develop and ie the conten af is book, ‘cling te flowing for ther ineaaablersports on the text ofthe fist eon hasia Chazoglon, Maria Citemtopoulow, Anna Chrysoueg, Jain Cook Konstantinos Giaghoulovtos, Felcty Harwoad, Plp Kerr, Maria Anne Leverteris, Ane Robinson, Rogerio Sanches, Vio Sins, Eh Svea and Fn Tuli, stra by Simon SthContents Introduction it 1 Entry test Grammar B Past simple, present perfect simple, present perfect continuous Past continuous, past perfect simple, past periect continuous Vocabulary EO Suttixes (1) Entry test Grammar Future forms (1): ways to talk about the future Future forms (2): be going to, present continuous, present simple Future forms (3): future continuous, future perfect, future in the past Vocabulary Bi Phrasal verbs: time and change Eid cts Exam practice 1 7 Unit 3 Entry test Grammar Linking words and phrases: reason 8 ‘and purpose 21 Vocabulary 23 Grammar 38 Exam practice 2 aa 49 58 88 64 66 cc 3 7%Jnit 5 Entry test Grammar B Zero, first and second conditionals, Ee onstont nied onion wish, fonly Vocabulary Bh en eet are te Prefixes (2) BUnit 6 Entry test Grammar BJ Time and condition clauses with future reference El rt ms Vocabulary LE cteervrts, ater, unto for as, et. @ Phrases with time Exam practice 3 Entry test Grammar Eid Presto Ed conse , a 2x 104, 106 108 IR m2 na Ww 120 Vocabulary et and have got) oa 124 228 128 ; 1230. EE eporte speeen 2) 134 EE so sien sine wns 7 Vocabulary Bay ey. te et, spot te 140 B -ed and -ing adjectives, 143 Exam practice 4 146 Entry test Grammar El corvscine ans ects 12 en on wt Vocabulary Bi Easily confused adjectives 158 FEW compound acces 164Unit 10. Entry tert Grammar Be) Comparisons FED ar such to, enough, very & quite, rather, etc.; linking verbs Vocabulary EOP) Adjectives which are similar Entry test Grammar a Vocabulary PPR] Adverbs: citferent forms and ‘meanings EB sexrcandtesng BUnit 12. Entry test Grammar PE conten ncurses 188 166 168 70 1B 176. m9 182 186 188, “91 194 196 198, on 92 202 204 208 m Vocabulary BER Uncountable nouns ending in -s, plural nouns, collective nouns * Exam practice 6 Entry test Grammar Vocabulary EE ren wes inet Suffixes (6) munit14. Entry test Grammar PF Prepositions of time, place and movement js] Prepositions after verbs and nouns & ‘it and there Vocabulary BEDI Prepositional phrases Ps eb wiht Exam practice 7 216 28 224 28 228 230 2a 236 238 240 PAS, 244 246 250 252 254 257 259263 265 266 267 269 72 275 a 29 Bh creme 2s Hi Food and restaurants 283 Bh ven om [0% cient dt ate wr 285 Th rede w= i Science and technology 296 oo st Answer key 305Introduction About this book Who is this book for? ‘This book is for people studying for the Cambridge First Certificate in English (ECE) examination. The aim is to practise the grammar and vocabulary needed for this examination. ‘The book is useful asa supplement to any coursebook. It presents and practises key grammar and vocabulary points in an integrated, ‘ay. | assume that anybody using this book has a reasonable knowledge of and ability to use English up to intermediate level. More advanced students should refer to Grammar and Vocabulary for Cambridge Advanced and Proficiency, by Richard Side and Guy Wellman. What sort of grammar is in this book? ‘The book covers the main areas of English grammar at intermediate/upper-intermediate level and concentrates on areas you need to pass the FCE exam. Thus there is a thorough review of tenses together with verb, noun and adjective structures, Although grammar and vocebulary are obviously important in all the papers in the exam, special attention is given to those aspects of grammar which are frequently tested in Paper 3—Use of English. For example, prepositions following nouns, verbs and adjectives are common in all parts of Paper 3. Problems of time and tense are also tested, for example, in conditional sentences and after wish, if only cor I'd rather, and expressions with time. Such structures are reflected in the grammar presented and practised in this book. What sort of vocabulary is in this book? ‘The book gives vocabulary special emphasis, including both individual words and common phrases. Words which are often confused are dealt with in the sections which make up the ‘main body of the text, and common sources of error caused by words of related meaning are also considered. There is also a detailed focus On aspects of word: building in every unit. This reflects the importance of word-building in the Use of English paper. The Word Store section at the back of the book focuses on topic areas and lexical phrases, which the FCE exam gives particular importance to. A good knowledge of these phrases will help you perform better in the Use of English and Writing papers. How can | use this book? There are many ways to use this book. You can use the Contents map to look up particular aspects of grammar and vocabulary you want to study and practise. The Agenda at the beginning of cach unit will show you the contents of each section. You ean use the Entry test to identify which sections you need. Or you may wish to study complete units, perhaps in the order in which they appear. Several options are available to you, according to your needs. How is this book organised? ‘The book comprises fourteen grammar and vocabulary units, followed by a topic-related ‘Word store section. There is an Exam practice test after every two units. Throughout the book, there are cartoons which illustrate grammar points and also identify the language covered 3n each section. 1 hope this will make learning grammar and vocabulary more fun, as well as more memorable.‘The entry test ‘A typical sequence begins with an Entry test based on the target grammar and vocabulary of the unit. It consists of twenty-five diagnostic questions, which will direct you to areas you need to learn, revise or practise in the sections that follow. The test will give you an idea of your ‘own strengths and weaknesses, in particular, areas of grammar or vocabulary. Fach Entry testis divided into five parts (each with five questions) and these correspond to the five sections (2-e) of the unit. If you have difficulties with @ part of the Entry test, there is a cross- reference to the relevant section where you will find all the information and practice you need. ‘On the other hand, if you find that part easy, it may mean that you are sufficiently competent in that area and you may wish to skip that section. Since all Entry tests have the same number ‘of questions (25), you can monitor your own progress using your total score for each test. ‘The grammar sections Fach unit contains three Grammar sections, which deal with aspects of a particular area of ‘grammar, as listed in the Agenda on the frst page of each unit. For a full list of the grammar covered in this book, see the Contents map (pages 3-6). The Grammar sections contain ‘explanations and descriptions using numerous ‘example sentences. Much of the information is presented in tables, which provide easy access to the essential details of meaning or use, together ‘with examples illustrating common contexts ‘The vocabulary sections Each unit has two Vocabulary sections. There isa focus on word-building and lexical items related to particular areas of usage. Phrases and phrasal verbs are also given special attention and, again, the tables provide easy access to content. ‘The practice sections All the presentations in the grammer and vocabulary sections are followed by Practice sections. These include a wide variety of exercises related to the content of each presentation. Many of these exercises are modelled on FCE exam questions but others are styled to achieve the best focus on the language being practised and provide for a more interesting set of activities. ‘The exam practice sections After every two units, there is an Exam practice section, in the form of a complete Use of English paper, in the same format asin the actual BCE ‘exam. Each Exam practice section tests your knowledge of the grammar and vocabulary of the previous two units. It allows you to revise what you have learnt, while getting valuable ‘examination practice. Each paper has the same Score, So you can monitor your progress as you work with different units. Although grammer and vocabulary are presented separately in the units, in the Exam practice sections they are brought together within the same texts and activities, Thus, there is constant recycling of the target language. ‘The Word store section At the end of the book is the Word store section, which includes a series of exercises presenting vocabulary in topic-related groups. ‘These are extremely useful for all parts of the FCE exam, Emphasis is on the importance of ‘common phrases and the way words combine together. The vocabulary items are presented in tables, which are followed by exercises that draw ‘on items in these tables and allow you to work with them in different contexts. Special attention has been given to ensure that these exercises are lively and informative, Will | pass the FCE exam if | do everything in this book? One grammar and vocabulary practice book is not enough to make you fluent in English. T recommend that you read widely in English (simplified readers, magazines, newspapers, tc.) and take every opportunity to listen to English {satellite television, ilm, radio, songs, etc.). You should also try and speak the language so that you can use it naturally and easily.‘The entry test A typical sequence begins with an Entry test based on the target grammar and vocabulary ‘othe unit, It consists of twenty-five diagnostic «questions, which will direct you to areas you need to learn, revise oF practise in the sections that follow. The test will give you an idea of your ‘own strengths and weaknesses, in particular, areas of grammar or vocabulary. Each Entry test is divided into five parts (each with five questions) and these correspond to the five sections (a-e) of the unit. If you have difficulties with a part of the Entry test, there isa cross- reference to the relevant section where you will find all the information and practice you need ‘On the other hand, if you find that part easy, it ‘may mean that you are sufficiently competent in that area and you may wish to skip that section. Since all Entry tests have the same number ‘of questions (25), you can monitor your own progress using your total score for cach test. ‘The grammar sections Each unit contains three Grammar sections, which deal with aspects of a particular area of grammar, as listed in the Agenda on the first page of each unit, For a full list of the grammar ‘covered in this book, see the Contents map (pages 3-6). The Grammar sections contain explanations and descriptions using numerous example sentences. Much of the information is presented in tables, which provide easy access to the essential details of meaning or use, together with examples illustrating common contexts The vocabulary sections Bach unit has two Vocabulary sections. There is « focus on word-building and lexical items related to particular areas of usage. Phrases and phrasal verbs are also given special attention and, ain, the tables provide easy access to content, ‘The practice sections All the presentations in the grammar and vocabulary sections are followed by Practice sections, ‘These include a wide variety of exercises related to the content of each presentation. Many of these exercises are modelled on ECE exam questions but others are styled to achieve the best tincus on the language being practised and ce interesting set of activities, 8 ‘The exam practice sections Alter every two units, there is an Exam practice section, in the form of a complete Use of English paper, in the same format as in the actual FCE. ‘exam. Each Exam practice section tests your knowledge of the grammar and vocabulary of the previous two units, It allows you to revise what you have leamt, while getting valuable ‘examination practice. Each paper has the same scare, $0 you can monitor your progress as you work with different units Although grammar and vocabulary are presented separately in the units, in the Exam practice sections they are brought together within the same texts and activities. Thus, there is constant recycling of the target language. ‘The Word store section [At the end of the book is the Word store section, which includes a series of exercises presenting vocabulary in topic-rclated groups. These are extremely useful for all parts of the ECE exam. Emphasis is on the importance of common phrases and the way words combine together. The vocabulary items are presented in tables, which are followed by exercises that draw on items in these tables and allow you to work with them in different contexts. Special attention has been given to ensure that these exercises are lively and informative. Will | pass the FCE exam if | do everything in this book? One grammar and vocabulary practice book isnot enaugh to make you fluent in English recommend that you read widely in English simplified readers, magazines, newspapers, et.) and take every opportunity to listen to English (satelite television, film, radio, songs, ete.). You Should also try and speak the language so that you can use it naturally and eaAbout FCE What level is FCE? The First Certificate in English is an intermediate-level examination which follows on from the PET (Preliminary English Test) and precedes the CAF (Certificate in Advanced English) examinations. FCE is CEF level B2 The certificate is frequently used as proof that you will be competent to begin a career such as those related to tourism or banking, or that you can pursue an advanced course of study in English, Learners at this level should be able to handle the main, structures with some confidence and communicate in English in a variety of social situations. You should be able to tell the difference between the main and secondary points ofa text, as well as between the gist of a text and specific detail. You are expected to show an ability to describe and recount events. Grades A, B and C are passes. D is 8 narrow fail, and B is a fail. The exam is usually taken after approximately 500-600 hours of studying English. It consists of 5 papers. Papers 1-4 (Reading, Writing, Use of English and Listening) are usually taken on the same day and Paper 5 (Speaking) is usually taken on a diferent day. Paper 1: Reading This paper, lasting one hour, consists of three parts and is intended to encourage familiarity with different types of written material ‘The reading texts may be correspondence, informational material, newspaper or magazine articles, advertisements, etc. There are thirty questions and three different task types: multiple choice, gapped text and multiple matching, You will be tested on understanding the gist of a text, ‘main grammar points, detail in the information and text structure or meaning, Paper 2: Writing For this paper, lasting one hour and ‘twenty minutes, you must complete one compulsory task in Part} (a letter or email, ‘using information given in the form of an advertisement, an extract from a letter, an email, inergoouerion 1 schedule, ete.) and one from a choice of five in Part 2. You will need to demonstrate your ability to write @ range of texts such as letters (formal or informal), articles or reports, as well as stories and argumentative compositions. For Part 1, you will need to write a letter or email of 120-150 words, For Part 2, you will need to write a text of 120-180 words. Paper 3: Use of English ~ ‘This paper lass forty-five minutes. There are four tasks with a total of forty-two questions focusing on grammar and vocabulary (see pages 10-11). The paper is divided according to the language focus and task type. The exercises are: ‘multiple choice, open cloze, word formation and key word transformation. Paper 4: Listening This paper lasts approximately forty minutes. There isa total of four parts and thirty questions. ‘The recordings may be phone messages, commentaries, announcements, speeches, reports, etc. The tasks are designed to test your understanding of the gist of the recording, as well as specific information. The task types are: multiple choice, sentence completion and multiple matching. Paper 5: Speaking ‘This part of the examination, lasting approximately fifteen minutes, has four parts During the examination, you will interact with another candidate, as well as an examiner! interlocutor. There will aso be a second examiner present (an assessor), who will remain silent. The first partis a very short interview. After that, you willbe asked to give information or express your opinion by comparing a pair of photographs. The next part is a conversation between you and another candidate, in which you may be asked to agree or disagree, make @ decision about a drawing or photograph, ets. Finally, you take part in a discussion with the interlocutor and the other candidate. You will be marked according to your overall performance. You should be able to respond to questions, organise your ideas, express your opinions and exchange views.nemonuction What of questions can | Part 2: Open cloze ua enee 3? ‘This consists of a text with twelve numbered gaps. You must provide the correct word to fill This book concentrates on the grammar and each one. Example: vocabulary you will need to pass this paper. ‘Vhe exercises in the Practice and Exam practice sections reflect the types of questions you will be sven in the FCE exam, There are four part. Part 1: Multiple choice cloze ‘This includes a text with twelve numbered gaps. followed by four-option multiple choice items (A,B, Cand D). You must choose the best answer to fill each gap. Example: Part 2 (questions 13-24) tests both grammar and vocabulary. Learning common phrases and collocations is very useful for this task. Part 1 (questions 1-12) has an emphasis on vocabulary but often includes items that focus ‘on grammar as well. wPart 3: Word formation This word-building task includes a text with ten numbered gaps. It may test prefixes, suffixes, changes to the whole word (e.g. wide -» width), forming compounds, etc. The base words are given, and you must use them to form words to fill the gaps in the text. Example: Part 3 (questions 25-34) tests mainly vocabulary, for example prefixes, suffixes and compounds, Part 4: Key word transformations ‘There are eight items, each with a lead-in sentence and a gapped second sentence. You ‘must complete the second sentence with two to five words, using a given word which cannot be changed. Example: 35-42, complete nice, using th the word give! m Part 4 (questions 35-42) tests both grammar and ‘vocabulary. Areas like tenses, reported speech, the passive, conditionals, etc, may be tested. WPresent simple and present continuous 14 for, since, during, yet, etc Ce eae poet tO) peetacte Past continuous, past perfect simple, Percent Entry test © Choose the correct answer. 1 I stay /am stoying at the Imperial Hotel until they get my flat ready. 2 The Amazon flows /is flowing into the Atlantic Ocean, 3 Buying a house becomes / is becoming mare and more expensive nowadays. 4 We haven't decided yet but we think / or thinking of moving house 5 Whether we play on Saturday depends /is depending on the weather. ts Now look at (B) on pages 14-17. © Complete the sentences. Use the past simple, present perfect simple orpresent perfect continuous of the verbs in the box. -alveady /win discuss not find originate try 6 a2? «csssesin the US around 1900. 7 He's a brilliant actor. At the age of thirty, he . everal awards. 8 Even when we were children, our parents......... ur family problems with us. 9 They to fix this pipe since this morning and it's still leaking. 10 Scientists stil a cure for cancer. Mou Now look at @) on pages 18-20.© Choose the correct answer, A, B, C or D. Tl About 100 peopie......,.., outside the theatre for tickets when we got there. Aqueue B queued Cwere queuing D have queued 12 This time last week I.,.......to London, Adrove Bwas driving Chave driven _D have been driving 13 By the time the teacher arrived, the classroom was empty. The students... Aleit Bwereleaving Chave leit D had lett 14 The witness claimed he... the man before. Adida't see Bwasn't seeing Chasn't seen hadn't seen 51 _.a shower when the phone rang, Abad Bwas having Cave had Dhave been having [Ltrs Now look at (@) on pages 21-22. © Choose the correct answer, A, B, C or D, 16 She's changed a lt.........she left school Ator Bsince C during Dafter 17 Ive been waiting in the rain... RUS! Aor Bssince C during Difrom 8. | was coming hore, | met my old English teacher AWhile B Since During, D Before 19 She was born in Yorkshire twenty-five years Aover B since Cago D before 20 Ive. seen the film ~ | don't want to see it again. Astill B already Cyet D before Oa __ts Now look at (&) on pages 23-25. © Choose the correct answer, A, B, Cor D. 21 How long have you been looking for -..-.--? Aemploy Bempioyer Cemployee employment 22. (need a tin...,......t0 open this tin of peas. Aopen B opening C opener D opened 23 You have to be a very good.........t0 get a job as a chef A.cook B cooker cookery D cooked 24 She's doing an evering course in ‘A photograph B photography photographic _D photographer 25 Passing the evar at such a young age was quite AM sess Aachieve Bachiever Cachievement —D achievable au Now look at ( on pages 26-27. is 13Grammar Present simple and present continuous or nt continuous Form “Affirmative: They live ix Cambridge “Affirmative: he’s waiting for Keith Question: Does he lve in Brighton? Question: Are they having @ good time? Negative: I don Hive in London. Negative: mr mot talking you! Ve ‘We use the present simple: ' ‘We use the present continuous: + for permanent situations. + for temporary situations: Hive'n a flat Pm staying with a fiend atthe moment. ‘She works for an insurance company. + for repeated actions or habits: Suse my mobile phone every day. We usualy have dinner at eight + for general truths: ‘The su rises inthe east. Water boils at 100°C. + when we ell storis or summarise the plot of a film or book: Or hero goes of to search forthe ieasure, which he eventually finds after many adventures + When we use always with the present simple, it ‘means ‘all the time’ or ‘every time’: Lalways complain ifthe service is bad in restaurants. + When we use always with the present continuous, it means ‘too often’, We use it to show that we find something annoying. You're always complaining that waiters are rude! State verbs + We do not normally use certain verbs with the present continous, or other continuous tenses. ‘These verbs describe a state, not an activity. ‘They are called state verbs and they include: + mental/thinking verbs: agree, believe, disagree, doubt, expect, forget, imagine, know, notice, realise, remember, suppose, think, understand + for situations that are changing: ‘The weathers getting hotter and hotter + for actions in progress at the moment of speaking: Pm using Join’s mobile because I left mine at home. You're eating too fas! + for annoying habits, often with always: You're always borrowing money! + attitude verbs: dislike, hate, lke, love, ned, refer, wart, wisk + sense/perception verbs: hear, see, smell, taste + appearance, qualities: appear, loak, resemble, seer, sound + existence, being, possession: be, belong t0, come (from), exist, have, ack, own, possess + other verbs: consist of contain, cost, depend ft include, matter, mean, need, owe, suit, weigh ‘We can use some state verbs with continuous tenses but with a change in meaning. Hire are some examples:He is friendly. (= It's one of is qualities characteristics) “Seas ge oo PRESENT SIMPLE AND PRESENT CONTINUOUS ore reer Ho is being friendly Dehavis jn a particular way) | Ste's having dinner. (= eating) ‘They think it's too expensive. ‘She looks sad. (= seems) believe) He feels what we di was wrong. (= thinks) |, They?ve thinking of buying aear. (= considering) ‘Shes looking at you. (= turned her eyes in a particular direction) He’ feeling the baby’s forehead. (= touching) ‘Do you see what I mean? (= understand) Fm seeing Alex on Friday. (= meeting) This juice tastes good. (~ has a particular taste) ‘It epends onthe weather (= The weather may change the situation.) ‘She appears to be very upset, (= seems) + We can use the verbs feel, look, ache and hurtin th continuous form, with no change in meaning: Lfeel/’m feeling sick. You look/re looking tired. [My feet achefare aching. (My leg hurtsfis hurting. © Choose the correct answer. 0 WeéGarely 62) "re rarely seeing each other now. 1 I sleep I’m sleeping on Nick’s sofa until | find a place of my own. | only work f'n only working there for a couple of months - I'm going abroad in the summer. If you don’t listen faren’t listening to the radio, why don't you switch it of? His only bad habit is that he talks /is talking too loudly. So, in the first scene, we see /are seeing him getting up. Then he goes out /is going out and meets is meeting a strange woman, 3 ‘He tasting the milk tose iis OK. (= puting iin his mouth to check its quality) Pm depending on you. (= relying on) ‘The Blues Band is appearing at the Oudeon on Saturday. ( performing) simple or the present You make fare making goulash with meat, vegetables and paprika, 1 feel /'m feeling is against my principles. He appears /’s appearing to be very friendly but I don’t know him very wel. There's nobody at the door. You just hear Ire just hearing things. So, what do you think /are you thinking? Is it a good idea? 10 15© Complete the sentences. Use the present simple or present continuous of the verbs in brackets. 0 Diane's father .eWnS. (own) that restaurant over there. 1 My sister......... (wait) patiently for her exam results 2 We cso (not travel) by train very often. 3 Tassesses (Consider) accepting that job offer in Cambridge. 4 The film .....ee (end) with a dramatic car chase, 5 I'm sony, | . (feel) t00 tired to go out this evening, 6 Wee... (have) a great time here in London. 7 cesses (YOU [ee) much of your brother these days? & We (rely on) you to bring the keys with you. 9° 1'm really sorry: 1 (wish) T could help you. 10 Who esses (yOU /think) you ate, speaking to me like that! © Complete the sentences. Use the present simple or present continuous of the verbs in brackets. 0 We always. visit., (visit /always) my grandparents at weekends but Aunt Roberta never. cones. (come / never) with us. it (use /never) my mobile phone if | (drive). 21 (get) lots of emails every day but I (seem /never) to have the time to reply! 3 The heroine.......... (prefer) to be with Paul because James... (argue /always). 4. Maria........ forget /always) what time the soap ....... (stat). 5 You (moan /always) about the state ofthe flat but you... (help /mever) me tidy it up! 6 (criticise / always) people! That's why she ....... (not have) any friends! 7 (go out) oF not......... (depend / always) on how busy he is. 8 La ccessee (Shop /never) here = they ....e.. (be / always) s0 rude! 9 We... .vne..(6mell /always) food cooking when we ...,.....(pass) her house. 10 He......... borrow /always) money! And he......... (pay /never) me back! People are 1 ces Grorinnl| Next, please! 16© Complete the email. Use the present simple or present continuous of the verbs in the box. cost depend go have look love make stay still (study taste write iting to you from an Internet café in the city centre. 1°, ina cheap hotel near Plaza Catalunya. It®.........just forty euros a night ~ flot bad! i | | Barcelona is a ceally exciting city and 1) ‘wonderful time! This morning I visited | | | the Sagrada Familia — a famous Catholic church in Barcelona. It's really weird ~it®.... like a wedding cake! Later today I might go to the beach - it™......,...om the weather. “The food’s great. Crema Catalana is my favourite ~1 just .,...... it! t's a dessert they ©,,.......here with cold custard and sugar on top. It®.......... absolutely delicious! So, everything ®......... well here, What about you? Is everything OK back in rainy Milan? “......... (you) for your exam next week? See you soon! Paola © Find and correct the mistakes in the sentences. Ws usually getting very cold here in the winter. It usually. gets. very. cold herein. the, winter, 1 This week, the government holds a conference on nuclear energy. 2 Water is consisting of hydrogen and oxygen. 3 Things are get more and more expensive all the time. It really makes me angry! 4 I've got nowhere to live, so I stay with a friend for now. 5 Is this car belonging to you, sir? 6 You always moaning! Stop it! 7 In the novel, the story is taking place in Florence. 7Past simple, present perfect simple, present perfect continuous err Centre Form Affirmative: They went out or Saturday. | Affirmative: ve seem this film —_ Question: Did you like the film? | Question: Have you heard fom Jim recent? Negative: We did’ see Tery las night Negative: She hasn't phoned yet. Use - — We use the past simple: | We use the present perfect: a + for past (finished) actions, often with time | + for actions that happened at an unspecified time in the past: words like a year age, last Sunday, in 2010, | They have arrived in Spain yesterday et | + for pat actions that have a result which is obviows or Tie fst moders Obmpie took place in important inthe presen ‘Athos more sha a hundred yee 80. they have polluted the river. (= And now the ih are don.) They arrived in Spain yesterday. | You've spilt the cof all ver my trousers! (= And now they're + for past habits or states: | ruined.) He always caught the same train | + for recently completed actions, often with jus ang ag. they bu most houses ou of woot. pe aad + for past ats events or action that lasted | gfe oa period of time that as not ished yet 2 eid of tie inthe at | Weve bu sony shoo this oar. (=I tll his year) ls SE POIROT LO Fe TS «for general experiences, often with before, ever and never. Have you evr seen an elephant? We've never been o Australia She's mover flown before. + Yor ations, events or situations that began inthe past and contin in the present, often with for and since: They have lived re for six years. (~ They sl live here) | Mr wards has worked here since 2009. (= He sill works here) + with the following words: already yeu, reco often, stil The rain has already destroyed the crops. : We all haven't discovered hfe on eter planets They haven’ finshed the projet yt. For for and since, see also: @)Past simple or present perfect simple? + To talk about a period of time that has + The choice between the past simple and finished, we use the past simple, ‘To the present perfect simple depends on talk about a period of time that has not whether the action links the past with yet finished, we use the present perfect the present. Compare: simple. Compare: He did a lot in his short life, Thad two sandvviches this morning (= He is dead.) (= It is now afternoon or evening.) He has done a lot in his short life. Pye had to sandwiches this morning. (= He is alive and young.) Pie Filled tn 52 fin job applications: In fash, Tue been Filing (© Its still morning) Present perfect continuous Form AMfirmative: It has been raining since Monday. Question: How long have you been waiting? Negative: I haven't been sleeping well laely. Use + We use the present perfect continuous to talk about actions that started in the past and continue up to the moment of speaking, We use it especially when we are interested in the duration of the action: Pye been waiting for a whole hows! + Notice the difference betwieen the present perfect simple and the present perfect continuous: Pre read this book. (= I have finished it. The focus here is on the fact that the action is complete.) Pve been reading a book about life on other planets. (= 1 haven't finished it yet. The focus here is on the fact that the action is incomplete.) Complete the article. Use the past simple or present perfect simple of the verbs in brackets. MACHU PICCHU | (know) about Machu Piechu for over a century now. Archaeologists (discover) this ancient Inca site in 1911. They ®........(iwrite) books and newspaper articles about their discovery, so people all over the world ®.........(read) about the site and \. (want) to see it for themselves. The first tourists © ! (start) to arrive in the 1960s. Now, more than half a century later, millions of visitors ‘@........(be) to Machu Piechu. Tourists from all over the world ......... (See) this marvellous Inca city with their own eyes. In recent years, Machu Piechu ®.,..... (become) one of the most popular tourist attractions in the world. Luxury hotels have been built not far from the site, while inthe | late 1990s, the Peruvian government ™,........ allow) the construetion of a cable car for visitors. However, all this %......... (do) a lot of harm to the site. It .........(pollute) the | ‘atmosphere and caused noise pollution around the ancient cify. In an effort to protect the | site, UNESCO ,......., (make) Machu Piechu n World Heritage site in 1983. 0© Read the sentences from a letter of application and choose the correct answer. 0 Lam writing in connection with the advertisement which @ppeared has appeared in ‘Career online magazine on 3 December. aaa 1 Loriginally studied /have originally studied Mechanical Engineering at unive I graduated {have been graduating with a first class degree. 2. Lnow completed i have now completed a postgraduate degree in Business and ‘Administration. 3 have tried (have been trying to find a permanent job for months. 4 L worked | have worked for several companies on a temporary basis till now. 5. In my first job, I was /have been responsible for markcting, 6 applied I have applied for several posts this year. 8 9 yy and However, I still did not manage / have not managed to find what I am looking for. ‘The last job T applied / have applied for required applicants to speak some Japanese. | started / have started learning Spanish a few months ago but I did not obtain /have not obtained a qualification in it yet. 10 I did not apply / have not applied for a job with your company before, ILL hoped / have hoped that you would consider my application favourably. 12 However, I have waited / have been waiting for a reply for several weeks and 1 did not receive {have not received one from you. © Complete the text. Use the past simple, present perfect simple or present perfect continuous of the verbs in brackets. The Intermet has. changed (changel our lives in so many ways. Most people say it 7. see. make] life better, and this is probably ire. It®..........thave) some bad influence, too but think it {do] more good than harm, First ofall, it has made communication much easier and it, world much closer. | have a friend in Mexico, who |. rile her letters and 1% (have to) wait for weeks before!”..........(gella reply. It ©. ssseeell0ke] ages! Now we cammunicate by email. Already this week, I".......... (sent her wes! five emails — and |", ireceive| a reply to all of them in just a few What else? Well, for the last few days, my son", this morning, I",........{si in front of the screen for three hours, and I"... (not finish) haf my emails yel! ( ing? Pre bem oat ar any Places ry lgeage? Bon Fore) 20 (bring] people around the {vuite}1o for years. First,| used 10 teach) me to make video calls so!can {alk io friends and see them of the same time. It's amazing ~ and highly addictive, too! AlreadyPast continuous, past perfect simple, past perfect continuous Past continuous Form Affirmative: He was talking to you Question: Were you working at six? Negative: Sorry, I wasn’t listening. Use ‘We use the past continuous: + for actions in progress at a pasticular time in the past Twas watching TV at rtine o'clock last night. + for two or more actions happening at the same time in the past: She was studying while I was watching. + to set the scene or give background information in a story: It was pouring with rain and she was wondering what to do. + with the past simple, to say that something happened in the middle of something else: Iwas sleeping when my friend ealled. Past perfect simple Form Alfirmative: They had left at four o'clock. ‘Question: Had the party finished ar eleven? ‘Negative: ! hadn't seen hint before. Use + We use the past perfect simple to talk about 4 past action that happened before another past action: When I had picked some feuit, I went back 10 the beach. + We often use the past perfect simple with when and after: After they had eaten, they cleared the table, + Compare: When I arrived at the party, Mary left (= arrived and then Mary left.) ‘When I arrived at the party, Mary had left (= Mary left and then I arrived.) Past perfect continuous Form Affirmative: She had been working for hours. Question: Had they been waiting long? Negative: / hadi’ been feeling well Use + We use the past perfect continuous to talk about something that started in the past and continued up until another time in the past: They had been climbing for five hours before they reached the top. + We often use the past perfect continuous to emphasise how long 2 past action, event or state lasted: Thad been feeling sleepy all day, so 1 went 10 bed. Choose the correct answer. 0 Columbus Giscovered/ was discovering ica though at first he believed he had reached)! had been reaching Asia. 1 Hillary and Tenzing were climbing f had bbeen climbing for several days when they reached {had reached the summit. 2 Scott reached / was reaching the South Pole in 1912 but Amundsen had beater / was beating him by a month, 3. Franklin flew /was fying a kite when he ‘made {was making a very important discovery about electricity 4 Before Columbus discovered | was discovering America, people were believing /had believed that the Earth was flat. 5 Newton made / was making his great discovery while he was sitting /had been sitting under an apple tree. 21© Complete the sentences. Use the past continuous, past perfect simple or past perfect continuous of the verbs in brackets. 0 They stayed in the tent because it was. avning (rain). 1 The roads were wet because it all night. 2 He was broke, He...... money on clothes. 3 Loscssens (have) a nightmare when the alarm went off and woke me up. 4 His hands were covered in oil because he secsnsee (THY) (0 fix the car all morning, 5. When she opened the window, she was happy to se it......... (snow) lightly. If fact, it _ (snow) all night and snow... (cover) all the rooftops. 6 When Mrs Morgan came into the classroom, the pupils. (run) around and they sacsessee (Scream) at the Lop of their voices. They . (knock) over chairs and desks esses (rain) (spend) al his and someone... (draw) funny pictures on the board. 7 Although t (set off) early, I got there fate and everyone s..esn (Wait) for me to start the meeting, Mr Wilson told me they (wait) for a whole hour. 8 When we got back from our holiday, we discovered that someone (break into) four house. The burglars, however, (drop) a piece of paper with an address on it 5 they ....,.0 (climb) out of the window. (Before Jol Kenedy became President in 1960, he») had said thatthe state ofthe counery was bad. When | he bocame President, ho said things were just as bad as he'd been saying they were. © Complete the article. Use the past simple, past continuous, past perfect simple or past perfect continuous of the verbs in brackets. Mark Zuckerberg, creator of Facebook The pre-Facebook years By the time he began. (begin) classes at Harvard, Mark Zuckerberg ©... (aGhieve) a reputation as a programming genius. Before the end of his second year at university, he 2. (already /design) CourseMatch, a program that helped students choose classes based on the choices other students ®.......... (make). At the time, Mark (study) psychology and computer science. Ashort time later, he created Facemash, a program that let students select the best-looking person from different photos. Until then, students ® sere (Se) books called ‘Face Books’, which included the names and photos of everyone who lived in the student dorms. Facemash went up over the weekend but by Monday morning, the college “......... (take) itdown because its popularity (flood) Harvard's server. Before Facemash, students (ask) the university to develop a similar website for months. Mark ®. (work) on a very similar idea when he heard about these requests, so he decided to do something about them — and promised to build a better site than What the university (®, .- (plan),Vocabulary for, since, during, yet, etc. for and since + We use for to say how long something lasts: Pm tired. We've been walking for four hours! T haven't seen Eva for ages. + We use since to indicate a starting point: They haven't met since the wedding. (since + noun) A lot has happened since I last wrote to you. (ince + clause) ‘ ir x TPve been in London for four weeks. over and during + We can use over and during in the seme way, to indicate the period of time in which something happens or develops: Over/During the last eighteen months, there have been three tax increases. + Compare the use of since: Since the middle of last year, there have bee three tax increases. (the middle of last year = the starting point) from... to/until/till + We use from ... to/untiltill to indicate when. something starts and ends: Diner is from eight o'clock to ten o'clock. T waited from ten tll two. + We can use from on its own if we do not say when something ends: Twas training from ten o'clock from and since + Compare from and since: They were here from ten o'clock, (= They came at ten o'clock.) ‘They've been here since ten o’clock, (= They're still here.) forand during + For answers the question How long? We use it ‘with time expressions to talk about actions that last the whole of the period of time: ‘He was with the company for forty years. (~ iis time with the company was forty years.) + We use during + that week/your stay/the tmatch/etc. to say that one action happened inside a period of time: During that year, he rose from deputy manager to managing director. + Here are some common words and phrases we use with for and during: for two hoursla whole week/a long time/a couple of days/a minute during office hoursithe day/the full ninety rminutes/the twentieth century/the interval during and while + During is a preposition, We use it before a noun/noun phrase. We do not use during swith a clause: We didn't see anybody during the holidays, (the holidays = noun) + While is a conjunction, We use it with a dause: We didn’t see anybody while we were on holiday. (we were on holiday = clause) Ri While I was at home, a salesman called. 2Bago, already, before, still and yet + Ago shows how long before the moment of speaking something happened. We use it with the past simple, not the present perfect. Ago comes after a time word or phrase care to Rome exactly six months ago F'n writing in reply to your letter, which I received two days ago. + We often use already to show surprise that something has happened sooner than expected. ‘We also use it to say that something has been done and does not need to be repeated. We normally use it in affirmative sentences and questions. We often use already with perfect tenses. It can come in the mid or end postion Is the taxi already here? Is the taxi here already? Ive already tried that. Ive tried that already + We use before to mean “earlier than a time in the past’ Tent to the airport last Monday to meet Sue, hadn't been to the airport before. (ie. before last Monday) See also: @ Choose the correct answer. © Tr must be a month while (Gnea)we last had a meal together. We haven't had a meal together for Fsince about a month. 2 Since {During our meal, her phone rang six or seven times. 3 During / While her stay here, she made a lot of good friends. 4 While / Since she was staying here, she made a Jot of good friends. 5 Keane was injured during while the last minute of the match + Still tells us that something is continuing and has not finished. It can suggest surprise that it continues longer than expected. We use it in id position, and in negative sentences it comes, before the negative word Pre had fifty driving lessons and I still can’t drive very well We've been waiting for over an hour but she still isn’t here + We use yet in negative sentences, to show that something that we expected to happen bas not happened. We also use it in questions to ask if something has happened. Yet comes at the end of the sentence. Pm not ready yet. (= 1 expected to be ready by now.) ‘Aren’t you ready yet? (= | expected you to be ready by now.) 6 For /Since several seasons, Keane has not been seriously injured in a game. 7 For /Since 2009, Keane has only been badly injured once on the pitch. 8 You know, I had never been to Rome from /before our trip together. 9 Eve sil /already been to Rome twice this year. 10 I you visit Rome that often, do you already |stll enjoy it? 11 Thaven’t been to Milan already / yet 12 Lent to Milan about a year ago / before.© Complete the story. Use the words in thebox. ago ago already alrendy before during during for from since since since still until while yet Flying home ‘A.couple of months ...9@..., Charles was Athen on is way bck othe Stare fom albusines rip. Iehad been ags®........be had fle so angry. He had been at the airport ‘seven dock in the morning cen aig lhe New York. An announcement had .. been made to say thatthe plane was dl ‘due o echnical problems’, Half an hour ® that, anatber announcement had said tha dhere was going ro bea delay because of aictalfie congestion. Now the plane had been siting onthe runway seen at east 2 hrour and ic was... mot ready wo board. cosets dlay, Charles ried v0 comle his por which he had Frshed. sc senesy en though his boss was expecting icon his retuen. Thece was lox of noise going on around him ".......be urthe finishing touches to his 0 in the end, he gave up, Tchad been yeas ©. .cne,Chatks had seaveled by plane. He avoided Aying if he could, ©, a particulary unpleasant flight some yeas sssevns Hes sanien hated flying buc tae flight he was convinced that it was the Worse Way to get around, Complete the sentences. Use one word in each gap. 0 While. t was getting ready for bed, Sean called. 1 The accident happened ten years 2. Some animals hunt..........the day and sleep at night 3. L know this place ~ I'm sure P've been here ... but I can’t remember when. 4 Thaven't heard from Jenny ss... 888 ‘The museum is open ../.....9.00 to 5.00 [won't have a coffee, thanks. I've had one [don't know the answer ........— have to think about it. let you know as soon as I can. 8 They........., haven't managed to find a solution to the problem. 9 Haven't you finished your shower... 10 [ started learning English two years. © Rewrite the sentences. Use the words in brackets in the correct position. Sometimes, more than one answer is possible. 0 P've asked her twice but she hasn't replied (already, yer) Te. alveady. asked. her. twice. but... ‘she hasn't replied yet. 1 The design of the building is similar to others that have been built. (already) 2 I'm sorry, your dry cleaning isn't ready. (yet) 3. Lucy asked me to email the office in Vienna bt I've done it. (already) 4 Do you need my help? (still) 5 Thaven't told Sam about the accident. (still) 6 Its raining, s0 there's no point in going to the beac (stil, yet) 7 Has your uncle arrived? (yet) 8 I've waited a whole hour and he hasn't come. (already, yet)Suffixes (1) + We normally use suffixes to change « word to a different part of speech: employ (ver) -+ employment (ncn) + Sometimes, the suffix does not change the pat of neighbour (noun) — neighbourhood (noun) + We use the following suffixes to make nouns: verb ser forms a noun that describes sb's ‘occupation or what sb does forms a noun that describes what sth does forms a noun that describes 5 ‘ccupation or wiat sb does forms a noun that describes | what sb does or who sb is | | = vverbmnoun + -ee peech but it changes the meaning: mpl ~ employer, shop —+ shopper, teach —+ teacher, “work -» worker write writer ook cooker grate» grater dry hair + hair dye, ‘open ts» tin opener, sharper pencils —» pencil sharpener, wish dishes -» dishwasher, ie nbaraee =e Minne _ | act + actor, vest + investor, operate + operator, sail» sailor, supervise supervisor [ employ —+ employee, pay -» payee interview + interviewee ‘verb/noun + -ing forms a noun that describes an draw ~» drawing, build ~» building, tube + tubing. | e2ampe of something or an action = noun + -eer forms a noun that sys what | mountain —+ mosntoineer =e a AN oes ig ‘verbinoun § ist forms a noun that expresses bS | type — yp, ove cylin, art arti, bel or occupation ‘olin shins, anarchy —+ anarchist - | Bidtha 4 Bidist _adiective + ity fos an abstract noun qual + equality, flexible > feibilty adjective +-nexs forms an abstract noun ood gn eat» eames py Pains ‘noun/adjectve + -hood | forms an abstract noun | brother + Brotherhood, mother —+ motherhood, ttly» likelihood ‘oun + ship forms an abstract noun ‘friend + friendship verblaiectve + formean abst noun auimit + airinanceinligent—»ineligence “ance! ence . — verb + -ment forme an abstract now aches -ackevement, emply-— empleyment, verb + -tion/ation/ | forms an abstract noun sition/sion | | i 25. ODDS Si 2 enjoy —» enjoyment, excite “excitement d orm «formation alier-» alteration, invent» invention, pole» polation, produces producten complete —» complication, educate —+ exlucation, occupy —+ occupation, ually + qualiicaion, oppo > opposition mit» omisiom profes» prfesion, revise» revision@ Complete the table. The underlined words will help you. the quality of being patient ~ patience... (s)he takes photographs (s)he plays the guitar 0 1 2 ‘3. it washes dishes 4 the state of being able to do something 5 6 7 8 the relationship you have with a friend the act of exploring a place something you arrange he acts in films or plays 9. the thing we make when we build “10. the quality of being important “11 the period of time when you are child 12 the feeling of being excited (13. the state of being happy | 14. (s)he is being trained for something | 15. the act of dividing something, 16 the act of performing a play, concert, ete. 17 the thing we open tins with 118. (s)he is forced to seek refuge in a new country 19 the quality of being kind 20) the state or fact of being great © Complete the article. Use words formed from the words in CAPITALS at the end of some of the lines. A challenge for Europe Although recently there has been a small ®.eadvatins in the number of epuce people out of work in Europe, finding ‘. is still the biggest mwrtoy fand most serious problem facing society today. The economic crisis that began in 2008 made the situation even worse, especially for women, ®. ‘of opportunity etween men and women is still a problem rquat. in many countries have still not solved. Thus, in a poumics women are still noticeable by their absence. Many occupy pay women less than men, even when their work and sumoy “The roots Oe ccae the same as those of men, When women complain about unfair QuaLiry | ain TTS they. are usually ignored or even punished by, for example, TREAT pases not being offered ®............ This is just not fat. Ie would be a great pity if eRomove | jue oe fru the impressive ®.. of the European Union did not include an acimeve | is sueet UO ,.cccsnsee im the Working conditions of women. IMPROVE Aniston ammat ocabular Future forms (1): ways to talk about the future 2d Phrasal verbs: time and Fee tu a ace eke Cree Pe ko) Cr Oar Perea scr er td Entry test © Choose the correct answer. 1 Leave the dishes ~ I'l /“m going to do them if you like 2 It's already five to eight — you're going to miss / missing the train 3 I think | l/'m going to have a break now ~ I'm exhausted. 4 Am I going / Shall | go and get a DVD for this evening? 5 Look out You'll /re going to step on the cat! is Now look at @) on pages 30-31. © Choose the correct answer, A, B, C or D. 6 | can't come tonight ~ 1... grandparents. Avisit Boisited C'm going to visit Dil visit, 7 Next month, the National Theatre..........8 new production of Hamlet Aput on B putting on C shall put on is putting on 8 Ls... Successful author one day. Abe Bm being C0 to be D'm going to be 9. According to the programme, the show at nine o'clock. A staris Bis starting Cstart D shall start 10 1... to John's party on Saturday. Do you want to come? Ago B going C’mgoing Dwill go Cais Now look at @) on pages 32-33. IEE ee© Choose the correct answer, A, B, C or D. TI This time tomorrow, I'l fn the beach sunbathing! Alle Bbe lying have lain Dhave been lying 12 By next August | will my exams and I'l be ready for a holiday. Afinishing Bbe finishing Chave finished have been finishing 13 Shall | take your letters to the past office? I'll .there anyway. Agoing Be going —C have gone Dhave been going 14 The work will.........by next week, 50 well be free to do what we want. A finishing Bbefinishing Chavefinished _—-D have been finishing 15 By August, .........im this house for twenty years. A'miliving B live €'mgoing to live — Dwill have lived emis Now look at @ on pages 34-35. © Choose the correct answer, A, B, C or D. 16 If the strike is still on, we'll have to. ur trip till another time Aput off Boring back Canyon ——_D go through 17 She till the early hours listening to pop music. Abeld me up Beaught me up Ckept me up —_D took me up 18 As children, we were to respect our elders, Agrown up Bkept up brought up —_D held up 19 They said they were going to........ trams in the city centre. Avget back Bearryon Ckeepup Dering back 20 I wish you'd stop chatting and ......... with your work! Aget down Begeton Ccomeon come back [score TS Now look at (2) on pages 36-37, © Complete the words in the following sentences, Use prefixes. 21 That was far too expensivel I think the waiter..........charged us. 22 He was speaking so fast it was........0ssible to understand what he wes saying. 23 I can't get my laces..........don, They're in a knot 24 The music did not..........please her — she simply paid no attention to it 25 The food is a bit -coked. Ask them to put it back in the oven, Eis Now look at @) on pages 38-39.Grammar Future forms (1): ways to talk about the future We can use different forms to talk about the future in English Here are the main future forms and their uses: utore simple: J decisions made at the moment of wll + infinitive speaking, predictions, often with Tthink/ I think it will be a dificult game. believe expect I hope Jetc. Ti give you ali ifyou like | Wilt you do mea favour? love you forever. | Leave now or PU call the police! — | facts about the future Otvistmas Day will fall on Tuesday this year be going to + infinitive entions Pim going to phone him tomorrow. — | predictions based on present Look! It's going to rain. / evidence Each sets stall + infinitive (usually | offers __ Shall 1 help you with those bags sah cee suggestions ‘hail we go for a walk? ee | asking for advice What shall I say if he calls? uture continuous: willbe | actions in progress ata particular | I'M be working at sx, ing | time in the fucure | events that are fixed or expected to W2'l be going Dy bus, as wsal. Lem ‘things that will happen in the | be staying inthis evening. normal course of events Present continuous: be + | arrangements often with a time | 'm having my hair cut today. “ng expression fe to-infntive ‘official arrangements, especialy | he President is to vist Brussels next week |__ when announced Present simple | events that are part of a timetable | The boat leaves the island on Friday. | or schedule in future time clause, after when, 4s 00n as, unt ete. Til phone you when I arrive. TN© Match 1-14 with a-o to make short exchanges. 0 ‘Look at all those dark clouds.” ‘Shall Thave a word with her?” 1 ‘Our train leaves at six, doesn't it?” | b ‘Tl be with you in just a minate* 2. *The meeting will be held at 3 p.m. on Tuesday.’ *_] ¢ ‘I'm going to get a job, of course.” 3. “What time did she say she’s going to get here?’ [| d “Thanks! I'll need all the help I can get!” 4 ‘Told her to tidy her room but she won't” |e “That's because she’s going to have a baby.” 5. ‘How much longer are you going to be?” [1 £ ‘Yes: it does, so hurry up or we'll be late!” 6 ‘Ifeel awful. I think Pm going to faint.” “|g ‘Tm not sure 'l be able to come.” 7 ‘Vl come and help you clear the attic.” | h ‘9,30. But I'm sure she'll be late, as usual!” 8 “Tessa seems to have gained alot of weight? | i “tl call the doctor right away!" 9 ‘Shall we go now? It’s getting late.” | j. ‘Shall we have fish and chips?” 10 ‘Will you shut the door, please?” | k ‘Perhaps I'll see you tomorrow.’ 11 ‘What shall I get for dinner?” 5 1 ‘No, I won't Do it yourselt” 12 “When am I going to see you again?” (1 m‘Are you? Ill come with you.” 13 ‘What do you think you'll do when you finish?’ 7} n ‘Yes, there’s going to be a storm,” 14 ‘'m going shopping this afternoon.” 0 ‘OK, I'l just get my coat.’ Read the conversation and choose the correct answer. Hil What Gre you doing shall you do this evening? ? Will / Shall I come round? Kats snicrt No, not this evening, [ll be f'm being busy till late. kart When do you think it ® wil /s going to be convenient for me to pop round? rwicrr Have you got your diary handy? Are we going to / Shall we check the dates? I'm not busy tomorrow ~ Wednesday the twenty-first. What about you? Kats 1m seeing /will see my dentist tomorrow. Is Thursday OK? awvcrr Yes, I think that 's being 0 be fine. xave Great! What time © am I going to /shall I come round? aaicrt 1" nt mot /on’t be leaving the house at all on Thursday, so 1 don't think it ill be Jis being a problem whatever time you come. ®” Will / Shall you bring the manuscript with you, please? ere Yes, don’t worry. ['"'m not forgetting ‘won't forges. Anything else? suctt No, we '"!aren’t /won't be needing, anything else ~ just the manuscript. rate OK, See you on Thursday, then, “Thins wl get wore ee hy get beer Excuse se | “Things will get worse before they get worse.” Pessinasr 31Future forms (2): be going to, present continuous, present simple Present continuous or be going to? + We normally use the present continuous to talk about the near future rather than the distant future: T'm taking the kids to the cinema this evening. Pm having lunch with Pete tomorrow. + We can use be going to or the present continuous for more distant events: We're going to sail/’re sailing round the world next year. + To talk about plans, we can use the present continuous or be going to in the same way, sometimes with a slight change of emphasis: Fm going to see my therapist tomorrow. (© Hintend to see my therapist tomorrow.) I'm seeing my therapist tomorrow, (© Thave already arranged to see my therapist tomorrow.) + For predictions, we use be going to, not the present continuous. Those dark clouds mean we've going to have a storm 7 [Fhose dani clonds-mean-we're having a-siontt X Present continuous or present simple? + When it is used to talk about the future, the present simple suggests that the events are part of a timetable, a regular/fixed schedule or something similar. ‘We do not use the present continuous in these ‘Our boat leaves at noon. Our bout isteasingatnoeti: X + We use the present continuous, not the present simple, for personal arrangements: Tim seeing lenny this weekend. eee jenmythieseckend X be going to or will? + Compare be going to and will for predictions: + we use be going t0 to talk about something we know will happen because there is evidence in the present: The sky is grey ~ its going to rain. The meeting stars in five minutes ~ you're going to he late again! + we use mall to talk about something we believe will happen: Don't lift that box — you'll hurt your back Tim sure he'll fail the exam, + Compare be going to and will for decisions: + we use be going toto talk about something we have already decided to do: Tm going to buy the car we've already agreed on the price. + we use will for sudden decisions: “Tl give it to you for £5,000." OK, 11 buy it” Youre ont, Tr 't0 have « lor On the bath‘© Complete the sentences. Use be going to, will, the present simple or the present continuous and the verbs in brackets. Sometimes more than one answer is possible. 0 So, what time are,.yAs. leaving, (you { leave) tomorrow? Look! That car over there .....es.(erash)! T.....s..(not come) with you tonight. I have to stay in and finish my project. ‘You look tired. Sit down and 1.......... make) you @ cup of tea- The film ........ (start) at half past eight. i Do you think Jim ........ (mind) if use his computer? What’s wrong? You look as if ou ........ (ery). ‘The library ........ (close) at half past seven this evening. Look ~ is that Harry over there? (go) and say hello, ‘Hurry up! Our train......... (leave) in half an hour! 10 Laura and Ben . have) a party next week ‘© Complete the sentences. Use one word in each gap. 0 What..a7e... you doing this evening? 1 ‘we go to that new pizzeria tonight? 2 studying in the library all evening. 3 This lesson’s really boring! When is i to finish? 4 Don’t worry. 'm sure he forgive you if you apologise. 5 6 We'll your brother coming with us on Saturday? be waiting for you when you finish. © Read the text and choose the correct answer. Aquarius All Aquatians get off / are getting ofPto a good start this month, with some good news on the home front. The news “will help / is helping to relax recent tensions and give you the chance to make a fresh stat, There @will be / are being lots of new things on other fronts this month. It really is going to be / is being a time of great opportunity. Soon, a special person “will come / comes into your life — and this isn't going tobe / isn’t being just another friendship. At work, you wwill need / are needing to rise to new challenges that will test / are testing your character. If you make a wrong move, you *will definitely regret J definitely reset it, In short, this is a month which “will bring | is bringing many opportunities but there will be / will being risks, too, so be careful! Woman: I'm getting married on Saturday. We're having a traditional wedding. Man: Are you having a white wedding? Woman: Yes, and I'm going to wear my grarsimother's dress. ‘Man: And what’s your grandmother going to wear? : 3