PROSPECTS AND CHALLENGES OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS IN

ETHIOPIA

(CASE STUDY WORABE TOWN)

Research proposal Submitted to the Department

of Management for the Partial Fulfillment of the
Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts
in Management

ADVISOR: ABDILKERIM.A (MBA)

WORABE UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS

DEPARTMENT OF MANAGEMENT

January, 2016

WORABE, ETHIOPIA
 Abstract

This study will try to assess the different challenges and prospects of women
entrepreneurs in worabe Town and also list their main role in economic
development in the Town. In collecting the data the sources for this study will be
women who are engaged in different business activities. Both primary and
secondary data will call and investigate in detail. The sampling techniques that
will use for taking planned samples from sampling frames are non-probability
sampling technique. The gathered data from the respondents are carefully
arranged and categorized in to suitable form and merging in to similar ground
and the data will convert in to percentage and accurate show by tables in detail.
Finally conclusion and recommendation will be given in each problem identified.

2
 Table of contents
CONTENTS PAGES

Abstract ................................................................................................................................ 2

Table of content ................................................................................................................... 3

CHAPTER ONE

1.1Background of the Study ……………………………………………………….6

1.2 Statement of the Problem……………………………………………………….8

1.3 Objectives of the Study....................................................................... .................9

1.3.1General Objective........................................................................................... 9

1.3.2Specific Objective........................................................................................... 9

1.4Scope of Study ................................................................................................................ 9

1.5limitation of the study................................................................................................ 10

1.6 Significance of the Study ....................................................................................... 10

1.7Organization of the paper………………………………………………………11

CHAPTER TWO

2. Review of related literature............................................................................................ 12

2.1 Women in entrepreneurial activities from gender perspective.................12

2.2 The different between women and men entrepreneurs...............................16

2.3 profile of women entrepreneurs............................................................................. 17

2.4 The Role of Women entrepreneurs in the economy........................................ 18

2.4.1 Creation of job opportunity............................................................................... 18

2.4.2 Increase in per capital output and income................................................ 18

2.4.3 Generation of foreign currency........................................................................ 18

2.4.4 Better utilization of resources............................................................................ 19

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 2.4.5 Improvement of business policy and procedures.....................................19

2.4.6 Better production method and Better products........................................ 19

2.4.7 Identification of business opportunities....................................................... 19

2.4.8 Conservation of natural resources.................................................................... 20

2.4.9 Abolition of monopoly and enhancement of competition.......................20

2.4.10 Business opportunities women suppliers................................................... 20

2.5 Challenging factors of women entrepreneurs..................................................... 20

2.5.1 Cultural norms and attitude of society........................................................ 20

2.5.2 Financial factors....................................................................................................... 21

2.5.3 Legal Aspects............................................................................................................. 22

2.5.4 Socio-economic and political condition......................................................... 22

2.5.5 Work/home role conflict....................................................................................... 23

2.5.6 Changing preparation............................................................................................ 23

2.5.7. Fear of failure and risk......................................................................................... 24

2.5.8 Lack of training.......................................................................................................... 24

2.5.9 Competition ................................................................................................................ 24

2.5.10 Struggle to overcome in the male dominated industry .......................25

Chapter 3

3. Research design and methodology ......................................................................... 25

3.1 Description of the study area ................................................................................. 25

3.2 Research design ........................................................................................................... 25

3.3 Method of data collection ......................................................................................... 26

3.4 population of study area .......................................................................................... 26

3.5 Sample size...................................................................................................................... 26

3.6 Sample technique ........................................................................................................ 27

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 3.7 Method of data analysis ............................................................................................ 27

3.8 Time and budget breakdown ................................................................................... 28

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 CHAPTER ONE

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Women’s business ownership act to establish programs and initiate

efforts to assist the development of women owned business. This
law has brought greater recognition to women entrepreneurs
through their remark table growth in entrepreneurship as
evidenced by the aggregate statistics (R. Reagan, 1988).

Most women entrepreneurs of the 1980 had little formal

preparation for a business career. Many worked at job, felt they
were under paid and could do the work better than their employer,
and broke away to start their own enterprise. Others pondered a
business of own, saved their money, and finally decided to take the
plunge. For most, the new venture was a learning experience.
Dealing with workers, drawing up business plant, hiring and firing
personal, and making expansion decisions were all matters learned
through firsthand experience. Today major changes in the ways
women entrepreneurs prepared to start their own venture are
occurring. (D.F. curator, 1998).

Women entrepreneurs face and deal with a diverse range of

challenges and problems on day-to-day basis, and those have
hampered their growth and the potential contributions they could
make towards creating meaning full and sustainable employment

6
and a vibrant small business basis (www.Eth .org/form WEs. Study
pdf/).

The first generation of women entrepreneurs association was

established in to early 1990s. The Ethiopian woman entrepreneurs
Associations for the first time managed to Flag role that women
entrepreneur played in on the economy. This Association played
important role in creating awareness about women entrepreneurs
and their contribution and contributed to the visibility of women
entrepreneurs association appeared In the post 2000 era some of
which were from the 1990s but reconstituted and restructured
having learned from the experiences their predecessors the second
generation was on important over the first generation of association
(WWW.own Ethiopia org/ form-WEs study pdf).

Women account for the larger share of the informal economy

operators as well as those running micro and small enterprise in
Ethiopia micro and small enterprises make a significant
contribution to the socio economic like of the country by way of
supporting basic people to earn many and make contribution to a
family incomes, and by supporting good and services for local
consumption However this contribution is not fully recognized or
understood, and there is a little in the way of research or statistics
to provide broad understanding of women’s experience as business
owner, their contribution to economic development or the
challenges they face in setting up, managing and growth their
enterprises /www.lilo.org/ women entre z.pdf)

7
 1.2 Statement of the Problem

Obviously women have different important roles in house hold,

business, political and social issues women owned or managed
business have significant economic power as well as being a major
economic instrument for sustainable development. In most of
developing countries women entrepreneurs’ activity face wide range
of constraints.

The major constraints including the legal and regulatory

environment, financial business information, business premises (at
affordable rents), the acquisition of skills and managerial expertise,
access to appropriate technology and in some cases discriminatory
regulatory practice. Gender equality a prerequisite for he promotion
of women opportunity and participated in business activities all
sectors.

The information about this issues from micro and small enterprises
of worabe Town office; there is no enough investigation before this
time on women entrepreneur’s activities. For this reason the
researcher investigate on this area.

This study will try to evaluate the above problems and others
related problems that will be taken as challenging factors of women
entrepreneurs in worabe Town.

Based on the purpose we will try to answer the following questions

 What are the challenging factors of women entrepreneurs

in worabe Town?

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  What are the roles of women entrepreneurs in economic
development in worabe Town?

 What will be the future prospects of women

entrepreneurs in worabe Town?

 Are women entrepreneurs very different from their male

counter parts in worabe Town?

1.3 Objective of the study

1.3.1 General objective

 The main objective of the study is to examine the challenging

& prospects of women entrepreneurs in worabe town.

1.3.2 Specific Objective

 To determine the challenging factors of women

entrepreneurs

 To describe the role of women entrepreneur in economic

development

 To explain the future prospects of women entrepreneurs

 To determine the difference between women and men

entrepreneurs their interims of participation.

1.4 Scope of the study

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It is difficult to conduct this study in widely range because it
consumes high cost, and difficult to get relatively accurate
information regarding to the study. Due to this reason the scope of
the study is limited to prospect and challenges of women
entrepreneur in worabe town only. The study will be conducted
within seven months from November to May.

1.5 Limitation of the study

Due to time and budget constraint the study will conduct on

prospects and challenges of women entrepreneurs only in worabe
town and it is limit to business other than the informal ones where
they are engage. Due to situational constrains the respondents will
only be limited to one town of south region, Ethiopia. A wider scope
would have preferable to conduct the study.

1.6 Significance of the study

This study will contribute the following significances for both

researcher and women. For researcher, it will serve as the
fulfillment for the degree of Bachelor of Arts in management and
also as initial experience in research work. It will serve as a base
line for other researcher, who wants to conduct study on similar
area. It encourages further research on gender equality in Ethiopia.
And the other big significance of this research will be for women,
from this study women can understand their weak side and can
avoid this weak side and continues their participation in business
activities. The research will add value to an existing body of

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knowledge on women’s entrepreneurship development projects and
programs.

1.7 Organization of the paper

This study will be provide inherent and ordered flow of procedures
to problem of findings. Accordingly, we organize it in to three
chapters. The first chapter was about introduction part of paper
which comprises the back ground of the study, back ground of the
organization, statement of the problem, researcher equation and
objective of the study sentence of the study and the scope of the
study, Limitation of the study and organization paper.

The second chapter was introduced the review of the related

literature. In third chapter the researcher methodology was studied.

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 CHAPTER TWO

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2. INTRODUCTION

The word entrepreneurs originated in 17th century from French

word “Entrepreneur” which means, to undertake” The entrepreneur
is the one who under takes to organize, manage, and assume the
risk of the business. In recent years entrepreneurs have being doing
so many things that it is necessary to broaden these definitions.
Today an entrepreneur is an innovation or developer who recognizes
and site opportunities; convert those opportunities in to workable or
marketable ideas, adds value through time, efforts, money or skills
assumes the risks of competitive market place to implement these
ideas and realities the rewards from these efforts.

Entrepreneurship is the process of creating something new with

value by devoting the necessary time and efforts, assuming the
accompanying financial, psychic and social risks and receiving
resulting rewards of monetary personal satisfaction and
independence.

2.1 Women in Entrepreneurial Activities from gender

perspectives.

An essential approach tends to contribute to assumption that

unitary set of women’s ways of doing business can be identified.

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This not only obscures important distinctions and in equalities, but
leads to unfortunate assertions. “Woman lines,, accessing feminist”
offering new hope for corporatism ( O’Brien, 1998).

The Business development Bank, (1999) found significant

differences between men’s and women’s business goals, for men
financial goals is a primary objective. Although there are variations
many women emphasize that their primary goals in starting a
business are not financial.

In more recent studied women continues to emphasize flexibility as

a primary motivator for business start up along with other person
reasons need for more challenges independence, passion for a
particular idea, and desire for greater fulfillment and meaning in
their work (Business Development Bank, 1999).

Women also represent the fastest growing group of home based

business owners, entering five time more than men Reasons appear
to include low start-up cost, a perceived significant increase in
personal productivities working at home, and the fact that personal
skill that may not market able to on outside company can be used
to start a business from home (Fiorito, 1998).

Self actualization is the most important reason given by women in

surveys of (Valdez, 1998). Found business ownership attracts
women accountants as available avenue to achieve career success,
gain control of their peers, create their own work environments, and
ensure their advancement is truly based on merit all dimensions

13
that women perceived to be less available to them when employed
in someone else enterprise. Many women business owners quit
leadership position in larger organizations, at home supporting the
possibility of systematic organizational power imbalances perhaps
gender corporate cultures (sharp, 1999).

Compare women’s processing of starting a business to pregnancy,

birth, and child –up for women is a very personal end ever of
nurturing a private dream, meant wined with issues of identity and
personal relationship (yaccato and Jubinvill, 1998).

Business starts of women must be assessed in terms of particular

contexts and conditions. Their motives and approaches must be
examined carefully against their own goals and standards. Although
there are continuing calls for further studies comparing women to
men business owner (Fasci and Valdez, 1998).

As (More and Buttner, 1997) assert, research still tend to measure

women according to the traditional models of business ownership
created by the men who react to the environment, and do whatever
it takes to brings the venture fruition.

(Sexton and Bowman, 1990) found that in comparison to men

women have higher willingness to accept change and greater need
for autonomy while having lower energy levels and risk-taking
proposition.

Women business developing certain characteristics according to the

circumstances of business challenges they experience. Women’s

14
start up motives and enterprise goals are unique. Their reasons for
entering business appear to depend partly on ‘push’ factors such as
gendered discrimination they encounter in jobs, and partly on ‘pull’
factors such as seeking greater fulfillment, accomplishment and
control in their work. All of these dimensions appear to vary
according to different women’s position in terms of socio-economic
condition, race, geographic location, former education, experience
and community of networks.

Careful research prohibiting relationships among these dimensions

would be help full for three reasons: First, they may help illuminate
the differentials that potential women leaders encountered in
existing work place organizations and per hers suggest changes to
work conditions that might keep women from leaving.

Second, careful analysis of their objectives may help trace the

contours of alternate models of enterprise development emerging
under the leader ship of at least some women.

Finally, understanding these desires drawing increasing numbers of

different women in to leader ships small business owners may open
spaces for analyzing the changing nature of work and of women’s
expectations and need a related to work in on increasing
technology, globalized economy.

More recent study of networking has concluded that woman are as

active as men entrepreneurs in net working to obtain assistance,

15
and as successful as men in obtaining high quality assistance
including resource (Aldrich and Dubini, 1997).

2.2. The difference between women and men entrepreneurs.

Research shows that women entrepreneurs are not different from

men entrepreneurs. For example, both are motivated by the desire
to achieve and to attain personal in dependence. In many cases
both have been influenced by frustration or dissatisfactions with
their former occupation and by desire to changes their personal
circumstances. Both rely heavily on personal assets and saving to
start their firm. Both are goal oriented, are enthusiastic and
energetic, and find strong support for their efforts from their secuse
and close friends.

The value of both groups are also similar, with the desires for power
and economic pay offending to head the list Much of the existing
literature takes a greater pain in pointing out the correction
between the roses and status or women in specifics society and
problems the fact as female business and other entrepreneurial
activities owners. As Tyler (1980) phrased the situation as follows
“Women are no different than men in the entrepreneurial drive and
their desire for economic independence and personal self fulfillment
that a business ownership can bring. However, there is a catch it
tends to be more difficult to women than for men to like out his
drivers”.

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It suggested that women entrepreneurs face certain obstacles that
are common to women entrepreneurs in general challenges such as
lack of capital sufficient in entrepreneurial activities, managerial
skills, technical training, best experience, other economical and
lack of technological advancement. However, these problems may
back up by additional factors which have an impact of women
more. The major constraints faced by women entrepreneurs to start
and other any kind of entrepreneurial activities are the cumulative
main station varies characteristics in terms of economic, social,
cultural and political environment of the country as well as in the
town’s women entrepreneurs.

2.3 Profiles of women entrepreneurs

Ethiopian women played a traditional role of Mother and house wife

activities in both rural and urban areas of the country. However,
their work has never been limited to the house hold and family only
(Mulume-betmitiku, 1995).

Women have a second class status within the family as well as in

the society to have unlimited access to economic resource and not
much emphasis has been given for their productivities. The
economic capacity of an entity is restated the access, control and
ability to exploit production inputs which are land, personal
property, infrastructure property educational opportunity including
knowledge and information for women who are engaged in different
types of entrepreneurial activities, these women entrepreneurs have
various attribution and hence Face different obstacles based on the

17
two criteria are attachment to entrepreneurial idea( business
growth oriented and limited growth) and acceptance of converted
roles (traditional and non-traditional).

2.4 The role of women entrepreneurs in the economy

The women entrepreneurs are the catalyst that plays a crucial role
in the developing country economy the following are some of the
contribution of the women entrepreneurs.

2.4.1 Creation of job opportunity

The hard work of the women entrepreneur often result in the

formation of small business that opens job opportunities to many
others in addition to the women entrepreneurs them self.

2.4.2 Increase in per capital output and income

Entrepreneurial business activities result in increased income for

the entrepreneurs, hire employees and other related business. The
supply of goods and services in the economy will also be increased,
eventually leads to an increase in perceptual output and income in
the economy.

2.4.3 Generation of Foreign currency Entrepreneurs

That is in the export business they will generate the significant

amount of foreign currency to their home country. This situation in
direct contributes to the development of free country economy by
making more foreign currency available for increased volume of
imports.

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 2.4.4 Better utilization of resources:

some entrepreneurs become success full by inventing method and

process that enables the production of goods out of the resource
that been ignored and labeled as “useless” such initiative lead to
improved use of neglecting resources and conversation of the one or
ready in use.

2.4.5 Improvement of business policies and procedure

Entrepreneurs create business that involve new transactions which

do not fit in to the existing business regulatory system and that
requires the development of new business system, low rules and
policies such business investigation their vision of existing business
policies and procedures and lead to the development of a new ones
which ultimately result better and safer business environment.

2.4 .6 Better production methods and better products

Women entrepreneurs often introduce better production methods in

terms of processing speed, quality output, energy consumption etc.
improved production method in turn result in better goods and
services the improvement may be in terms of price, quality,
location, case of use, packaging effectiveness of the produce.

2.4.7 Identification of business opportunity

Markets Entrepreneurs’ always map eyes open to identify and

exploit market opportunities once they devote them service to
satisfy the market gap. However the reality is that, entrepreneurs

19
hardly succeed in meting all the market demand and meet the rest
of the markets needs.

2.4.8 Conservation of natural resources some women become

successful entrepreneur because they managed to invent
production methods that consumed less energy and raw materials
such as technology result conservation of natural resources.

2.4.9 Abolition of monopoly and enhancement of competition

Entrepreneur often bring an end to monopolists that have existed

for long .such entrepreneurs discover the key knowledge that has
endured a monopoly similar, supplying substitutes goods and
service, they faster keener competition in many market, which
naturally results in lower price for customers.

2.4.10 Business opportunity for women suppliers

Entrepreneurs’ needs to acquires in puts such as employee and raw
materials to produces goods and services in most cases the
entrepreneurs will not able to supply these inputs for their own
business. Therefore, these resources supplied by other for
suppliers.

2.5. Challenging factors of women entrepreneurs

2.5.1 Cultural norms and Attitudes of society

The society’s attitude hinders directly or indirectly women

entrepreneurial activities in business sectors and others sectors.
The society holds a low esteem for women business and other

20
entrepreneurial activities and they perceive that she is attributed
low value not only by men but also is attributed themselves. This
perception of women’s tasks in the society and community as up
productive and in discrediting their efforts and works is critical
factory in under taking the female labor force. In fact, in very long
period of time women have been involved in a business sectors and
other sectors. However, these women have been hidden role in
business or under paid or operate small enterprises of out of home.
One of the most various barriers to the women’s is that, values
abilities and roles of women at work are often kept inside.

According to the (H. pongen, 1987) male and females domination

in country greater constraints duty resistance, discriminations and
other related cases. Women frequently rely on social support
networks to get them through tough times. These networks provide
positive reinforcement and emotional support, which encourages
women to take on new challenges. When women have access to
supportive networks, they are more likely to pursue entrepreneurial
opportunities. For example, Amy Thompson, who is trying to
empower women through health and wellbeing, is one of the famous
women entrepreneurs providing social and emotional support to
individuals.

2.5.2 Financial factors: Women are usually found in very small

enterprises and small loans which are viewed as up profitable by
the bank and financial institutions, since high administrative costs
are associated. Women have the difficulty in acquiring the major

21
and critical resource. Most frequently, women entrepreneurs do not
have an easy access to credit or they don’t have access in obtaining
bank loans due to several factors. The financial institution is not
responsive to women owned business due to size and nature of
business organization.

Generally, the assumption is that financial institutions do not give

credit to business persons who are not involved in the high level
capital in order for business to sort and grow gradually there must
be the availability of substation amount of investment since low
investment will usually lead to small revenue (c.vonderwees and
H.Ronili, 1987)

2.5.3 Legal Aspects

Some laws hinder women access and ownership of key resources

consequentially women do no hold property in their own name.
Immovable property is usually registered in the father’s, brothers
and husbands. Such property title, there for cannot use as
collateral security, when applying credit from financial institutions.
Many laws do not provide women with legal status of their own
there by react them to depend on their husband etc. Generally,
women do not have a property which is used as pledge security
required to set business.

2.5.4 Socio-Economies and political conditions

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In order to set up a business is necessary to have an infrastructure
development measure that is study of available capital roads
transportation electric, standard of health, education.
Communication, sufficient technical and informal supports. In
order to set up a business, it should be the necessary infrastructure
available which constitutes the empowered the local potential to get
though strong development. These factors have remains impact on
the long term prospects of entrepreneurial potential in the women of
the country which are more affected due to women status in the
social community.

2.5.5 Work/home role conflict

The growth of women-owned business is reflection of the changes

society. The concepts of dual income families and professional
women in the work place are expanding notions. However, this
societal change also poses critical problems for women
entrepreneurs. A tension exist in the form of inter role conflict, in
which the pressure from the entrepreneurial role and the home
maker become incompatible. A numbers of variable have been
identified that affect the role conflict for time pressures of
entrepreneurial venture bear heavily on the level of conflicts. In
additions families size can affects the tension due to the demand of
younger children the degree of family support for the women in her
venture, also may affect the tension level her thus the role conflicts.

2.5.6 Changing preparation

23
Most women entrepreneurs of the 1980’s had little formal
preparations. For business career money worked at a job felt they
were under paid and could do work better than their employer and
broke away of star their own enterprise. Other pondered business of
own, save their money and finally decide to take the plunge. For
most the new venture was learning experience dealing with bankers
drawing up business plans, hiring & firing personal and expansion
decision were all matters learned through firsthand experience.
Today major changes in women entrepreneurs prepare to start their
own venture are occurring. More formal training, greater economic
opportunities and changing social norm are influences the
entrepreneurial environment. The women entrepreneurs of this
decade are quite different from their counterparts of one or two
decades earlier.

2.5.7. Fear of failure and risk

Business always includes risk and hence the fear of failure restricts
them to enter the field. Factors such as lack of education, lack of
financial support, lack of training, all these reduces the ability of
risk taking to women entrepreneur.

2.5.8 Lack of training

Many women take part in the training programmes without an

entrepreneurial bent of mind. Therefore, they will not be able to get
the fruit of such programmes.

2.5.9. Competition

24
 Women entrepreneur do not have a concrete organization set up to
acquire enough money for canvassing and advertisement. Therefore,
they have to face a stiff competition while marketing their products
within organized market and with their male counterparts.

2.5.10. Struggle to overcome in the male dominated industry

It is quite difficult to overcome the dominance of male

entrepreneurs. To get self confidence and self reputation women
has to work hard. Women are treated as subordinate to husbands
and men, considered weaker to shoulder the responsibility of
entrepreneur.

CHAPTER 3

3.0 Research design Methodology

3.1. Description of the study area

Worabe Town is located on the main road from Addis Ababa to

Hosanna 172 KM apart from Addis Ababa to the south and 160 KM
far from Hawassa city. It is boarded on the south by Dalocha
woreda, on the north by Wulbareg woreda, on the west by Alicho
woreda and on the east by silte woreda.
Worabe is a town in south central Ethiopia. Official sources locate
this town in the silte zone of the southern nations, nationalities and
peoples region.
Based on the 2007 census conducted by the central statistical
agency of Ethiopia (CSA), silte zone has a total population of
750,398, of whom 364,108 are men and 386,290 women, 78,525 or
6.28% are urban inhabitants.

3.2. Research design

In this study the researcher will use descriptive type of

research design method. The goal of descriptive research is to

25
 offer the researchers profile or to describe relevant aspect of
the phenomenon of interest from individual, organization and
industry oriented perspective. The objective of descriptive
research is 'to portray an accurate profile of person, events or
situations'(Robson 2002:59).Reason for the use of descriptive
type of research descriptive type of research answer the
question like what, when and who.

It also describe the state of affairs or state of nature as it

exists at present and describes easily and filling that was
related to women entrepreneurs and related problems.

3.3 Method of Data Collection

The researcher will use both primarily and secondary data

sources to collect the required data. The primary data will be
gathering by giving out questionnaires, interviews and
observation. Furthermore, secondary data will extensively
utilize throughout the study. Secondary data from different
books(published and unpublished ) internet and other related
entrepreneurs materials will be used to make the investigation
somewhat complete valid and reliable.

3.4. Population of the study

The target population of the study will include all women

entrepreneurs in worabe town.

3.5. Sample size

26
The sample will consists randomly selected women entrepreneur in
worabe town. From the total population, the research will select 80
of them as sample by using judgmental sampling technique
because, the population to be studied is difficult to locate or some
members are thorough to be better (more knowledgeable, and more
willing) than others.

3.6. Sample technique

The researcher will use non probability sampling

techniques .Specifically judgment sampling technique. This will
obtain the required data by taking that sample units which are
readily available through choosing sampling item depending upon
the judgment of the researcher and picked only those who best
meet the purpose of study. The researcher must decide which
components of the population should be represented in the sample.

3.7. Method of Data Analysis

Data analysis is a process of converting raw data into information

Which is useful for decision making by users and researchers. It

Will be analyzed by using descriptive data analysis.

The data gathering by questionnaires in support of interview and

observations will be analyzing by using tables and percentages. The
researcher (investigator) will try to make it compatible, consistent,
valid, reliable, and justifiable to make a good road towards solving
the problems initially mention in the paper.

27
 3.8. TIME AND BUDGET BREAK DOWN

A time budget it is all about estimating and collecting time to high

priority tasks. And a budget is the estimated schedule of income
and expenditures based on the activities of a research project or
program within a specific time frame.

3.8.1. TIME SCHEDULE

no Activities months
Nov dec jan feb mar apr
1 Title selection Xx
2 Proposal draft Xx
3 Proposal xx
submission
4 Data collection xx
and interpretation
5 Data processing xx
and analysis
6 Report writing and xx
presentation

3.8.2. BUDGET SCHEDULE

no Activity Unit Unit cost Total cost

1 Paper Half package 350
2 Pen 2 25 50
3 Telephone card 1 100 100
4 Transportation - - 300
cost
5 Flash memory 1 500 500
6 Print 45PAGES 3 130
7 Internet 2GB 100
8 Binding 3 30 90

28
 REFERENCE

 Hodgetts, Richard M Kurakto, Donald F. “Entrepreneurship: A

contemporary approach” fourth edition, the Dryden press,
1998.

 WWW.own .Ethiopia org/form-Wes study pdf

 Brush, c, (1999). Review of “Women entrepreneurs: moving

beyond the glass ceiling “Academy of management review.

 WWW/lo.org/ Women entrepreneur pdf/

 Bowen, D.D and Hisrich, R.D. 1986, the female

entrepreneurs. Acaver development perspective.

 Haily G/tinsab (2003) Entrepreneur ship and small business

management, Mekele University.

 Entrepreneurs guide: starting and growing business in

pennsylvania2002

 Essentials of entrepreneurs and small business management

3rd floor paterno, 2004.

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