COMMUNITY

HEALTH
NURSING 2 AREYES
MIDTERM
PERIOD
 CHAPTER 1 TOPICS
Community Health Care Development Process
a. Approaches to community development
b. Community Organizing
c. Principles of Community Organizing
d. Phases of Community Organizing
e. HRDP-COPAR Model as a strategy for community development
f. Phases of COPAR
g. Critical Activities
 Intended Learning Outcomes
1. Identify approaches in community development
2. Describe community organizing
3. Differentiate the phases of community organizing
4. Discuss and relate significance of HRDP-COPAR in the community
5. Differentiate the phases of COPAR
6. Identify significant strategies under each phase
 COMMUNITY HEALTH CARE DEVELOPMENT
Introduction
Alma Ata Declaration (1978) stressed two concerns in addressing
community health needs and problems:
1. Need for integrated approach in solving health problems
2. Need for enhanced capability for greater participation and
involvement of the people in health efforts including policy-making and
influencing decisions

CHN interventions must focus on providing health-related interventions

to improve the health status of the population and enhancing the
capability of the community to manage its own health
COMMUNITY HEALTH CARE DEVELOPMENT
Approaches to development:
1. Welfare Approach
• assumes that poverty is God-given and that poverty is destined.
• believes that poverty is caused by bad luck
COMMUNITY HEALTH CARE DEVELOPMENT
Approaches to development:
2. Modernization Approach
• when the community began to accept and utilize technology and
industrialization
• assumes that development can be attained by abandoning the
traditional methods/practices and adopt the technology of
industrial countries
• poverty is due to lack of education, resources and technology
COMMUNITY HEALTH CARE DEVELOPMENT
Approaches to development:
3. Transformatory/Participatory Approach
• focused on empowering the poor and oppressed sectors of society
so that they can pursue a just and human society
• poverty is not God-given: rather it is rooted in the historical past
and is maintained by the oppressive structures in the society.
THE HEALTH RESOURCES
DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM
(HRDP) & COMMUNITY
ORGANIZING
PARTICIPATORY ACTION
RESEARCH (COPAR)
MODEL
 HEALTH RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM (HRDP)
Definition:
• a model for establishing & implementing effective, sustainable &
participatory PHC programs in DDU communities
• it entails development & mobilization of students & faculty of
paramedical institutions, & enrichment of health oriented curriculum
& reorienting the health education of future health workers to be
more responsive & relevant to the current community health needs
• Program initiated by the Population center Foundation as its
contribution to the development of alternative health care system in
the Philippines.
• Based on a belief that potential health manpower exists in the form
of students, faculty, and hospital/clinic staff who can be mobilized
to work with people to act on their own health problem.
• A model for PHC
 COMMUNITY ORGANIZING
Definition:
• A continuous and sustained process of educating the people to
understand and develop their critical awareness of their existing
conditions, working with people collectively and efficiently on
their immediate and long term problems, and mobilizing the
people to develop the capability and readiness to respond and
take action on their immediate needs toward solving their long-
term problems (Health education, Organization, Mobilization)
• A promising tool for achieving the PHC goals of self-reliance
and self-determination
 COMMUNITY ORGANIZING
Definition:
• a process whereby the community members develop the
capability to assess their health needs and problems, plan and
implement actions to solve these problems, put up and sustain
organizational structures which will support and monitor
implementation of health initiatives by the people.
• a process by which the people organize themselves to 'take
charge' of their situation and thus develop a sense of being a
community together
 COMMUNITY ORGANIZING
Objectives:
1. To make people aware of the social realities toward the
development of local initiative and strengthening people's
capabilities
2. To form structures that upholds the people’s basic interests
3. To initiate responsible actions to address the community
health and social problems
 COMMUNITY ORGANIZING
Importance:
1. It provides the people with an opportunity to get involved and
identify the common health problems of their community.
2. It guides the community to decision-making towards self-
reliance.

End goal: Community Development

- An organized effort of people to improve the conditions of
community life and the capacity of the people for participation,
self-direction and integrated efforts in the community affairs
COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION (CO) PROCESS/PHASES
Differences

Maglaya Jimenez Cuevas

1. Preparatory 1. Pre entry 1. Community
Phase 2. Entry analysis
2. Organizational 3. Community 2. Design and
Phase Diagnosis initiation
3. Educational and 4. Organizational 3. Implementation
Training Phase 5. Action 4. Program
4. Inter-sectoral 6. Sustenance and maintenance-
Collaboration strengthening consolidation
Phase 7. Turn over 5. Dissemination-
5. Phase out reassessment
COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION PHASES (by Maglaya)
1. PREPARATORY PHASE
A. Area selection – needs assistance
B. Community profiling – provides an overview of demographic
char, H related services and practices. Initial database
C. Entry in the community and integration with the people.
-rapport; values, beliefs, cultural practices
COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION PHASES (by Maglaya)
2. ORGANIZATIONAL PHASE
A. Social preparation
- integration paves the way for the nurse to be introduced into the community
and signals the beginning
- knowing the community better (conditions)
- deepens and strengthens ties
B. Spotting and developing potential leaders
- comes to know who among them have deep concern and understanding of
the community
- trusted and respected members of the community
- provide opportunities to demonstrate leadership skills to test commitment to
community’s well-being
- not necessarily highly-educated or belonging to affluent family
- can identify, understand and articulate community’s problems
- can influence
- has desire for change
COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION PHASES (by Maglaya)
2. ORGANIZATIONAL PHASE
C. Core group formation
- Identified leaders who will lay foundation of a strong people’s organization
- Represents different sectors
- Nurse/organizer: assists reps in forming core groups in respective sectors;
facilitates skills development
- Serves as training ground for developing PL’s in:
>democratic and collective leadership
>planning and assuming tasks
>handling and resolving group conflicts
>critical thinking and decision-making
COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION PHASES (by Maglaya)
2. ORGANIZATIONAL PHASE
D. Setting-up the community organization
- The people are ready to form a community wide organization
- Organization will facilitate wider participation and collective action on
community problems
- Nurse makes sure that there is maximum participation and control in all
activities.
- Organizational structure should be kept simple and committees should be
formed to address specific problems such as in health care.
- Working committees, one of which is health committee
COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION PHASES (by Maglaya)
3. EDUCATION AND TRAINING PHASE
- To strengthen the organization and develop capabilities to attend to the
community’s basic heath care needs. Activities:

A. Conducting community diagnosis

- to come up with a profile of local health situation that will serve as
basis for programs and services to be delivered to the community
- nurse assists in developing plan/s and actual conduct of community
diagnosis; helps to identify, analyze and understand the implications of
the data that they have collected
COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION PHASES (by Maglaya)
3. EDUCATION AND TRAINING PHASE
B. Training of CHWs
- community decides on the roles of the CHWs and the competencies and
qualities to possess
- people will decide who will be trained CHWs based on roles to fulfill
- facilitate training needs anlysis (TNA) to determine the level of health skills
and knowledge the trainees possess
-> results will be basis for health skills training curriculum which will focus
on required competencies
COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION PHASES (by Maglaya)
3. EDUCATION AND TRAINING PHASE
C. Health services and mobilization
- organization takes the lead in undertaking activities that will solve the
problems
- helps to strengthen the group and builds their confidence
- teach people to prioritize problems to be addressed
D. Leadership formation
- It takes a continuous process to create leaders
-engage leaders to actual organizational activities
- Opportunities in mastering necessary skills
- Nurse will be able to assess the specific training and practical needs
COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION PHASES (by Maglaya)
4. INTERSECTORAL COLLABORATION PHASE
- As the organization develops, needs will also grow
- Resources need to be sourced externally
- Assistance and support through collaboration
- The nurse is in the best position to facilitate and coordinate to articulate
the community’s need for support and assistance
COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION PHASES (by Maglaya)
5. PHASE OUT
- As the organization and the community assumes greater responsibility in
managing health care needs, the nurse gradually prepares the turnover of
work
- Develops a plan for monitoring and subsequent follow-up of the
organizations activities until the community is ready for full
disengagement and phase out
FIVE STAGES OF ORGANIZING:
A COMMUNITY HEALTH
PROMOTION MODEL
FIVE STAGES OF ORGANIZING
1. COMMUNITY ANALYSIS
• the process of assessing and defining needs, opportunities, and
resources involved in initiating community health action program.
• COMPONENTS:
- A demographic, social and economic profile of the community
derived from secondary data.
- Health risk profile.
- Health/ Wellness outcomes profile
- Survey of current health promotion programs.
- Studies conducted in certain target groups
FIVE STAGES OF ORGANIZING
1. COMMUNITY ANALYSIS
• STEPS:
1.Define the community
2.Collect data.
3. Assess community capacity
4.Assess community barriers.
5.Assess readiness for change.
6.Synthesize data and set priorities.
FIVE STAGES OF ORGANIZING
2. DESIGN AND INITIATION
• Establish a core planning group and select a local organizer.
-5-8 members; role of organizer is vital to program success. Good listener,
critical thinker and decisive
• Choose an organizational structure
- leadership board or council – existing local leaders working for a
common cause
- coalition
- “lead” or official agency – single agency responsible for activities
- grass- roots – informal structures in the community
- citizen panels – group of citizens (5-10) to form partnership with
govt.
- networks and consortia- networks develop because of certain
concerns.
FIVE STAGES OF ORGANIZING
2. DESIGN AND INITIATION
• Identify select and recruit organizational members. – should
represent diff. sectors
• Define the organization mission and goals. – WH questions
• Clarify roles and responsibilities of people involved in the
organization. – proper delegation to avoid overlapping of job
descriptions and for smooth working rel.
• Provide training and recognition. – recognize accomplishments
and individual contribution to the success; boost the morale of
members
FIVE STAGES OF ORGANIZING
3. IMPLEMENTATION
• Generate broad citizen participation
• Develop a sequential work plan..
• Use comprehensive, integrated strategies.
• Integrate community values into the programs, materials and
messages.
FIVE STAGES OF ORGANIZING
4. PROGRAM MAINTENANCE-CONSOLIDATION
• Integrate intervention activities into community networks.
• Establish a positive organizational culture.
• Establish an ongoing recruitment plan.
• Disseminate results.
FIVE STAGES OF ORGANIZING
5. DISSEMINATION-REASSESSMENT
• Update the community analysis.
• Assess effectiveness of interventions/programs.
• Chart future directories and modifications.
• Summarize and disseminate results.
 PARTICIPATORY ACTION RESEARCH (PAR)
Definition:
• An investigation of the problems and issues concerning the life and
environment of the underprivileged in society by way of a research
collaboration with the underprivileged, whose representatives
participate in the actual research process as equal partners in
studying their own problem
• Conceived as an innovation over the traditional research approach.
Unlike PR. traditional research considers people as objects of research
rather than active collaborators of change and development.
Whereas, the traditional research caters only to the interest of the
academes and development agencies, veers away from dependence
of the outside researchers
 PARTICIPATORY ACTION RESEARCH (PAR)
Central Element: Participation – active process whereby the
expected beneficiaries of the research are the main actors in the
research process
STRATEGIES
• Strengthening the integration of PHC, COPAR, Adult teaching learning
concepts, strategies & methodologies in the health science curricula.
• Systematization of the student’s exposure program.
• Development of CHO which can sustain health development program.
• Community-capability building through leadership & health skills
trainings.
• Provision of health services by the faculty, students & the trained BHW
COMMUNITY ORGANIZING PARTICIPATORY ACTION RESEARCH
(COPAR)
Definition:
• A social development approach that aims to transform the apathetic,
individualistic, voiceless poor into dynamic, participatory & politically
responsive community
• A collective, participatory, transformative, liberative, sustained &
systematic process of building people’s organizations by mobilizing &
enhancing the capabilities & resources of the people for the resolution of
their issues & concerns towards affecting change to their existing
oppressive & exploitative conditions (1994 National Rural Conference)
• a process by which a community identifies its needs and objectives,
develops confidence to take action in respect to them and in doing so,
extends and develops cooperative and collaborative attitudes and
practices in the community. (Ross 1967)
COMMUNITY ORGANIZING PARTICIPATORY ACTION RESEARCH
(COPAR)
Objectives:
• To make people aware of social realities toward the
development of local initiative, optimal use of human, technical
& material resources & strengthening of people’s capabilities.
• To form structures that uphold the people’s basic interest as
oppressed, deprived sections of the community, & as a people
bound by the interest to serve the people.
• To initiate responsible actions intended to address holistically
the various community health & social problems.
COMMUNITY ORGANIZING PARTICIPATORY ACTION RESEARCH
(COPAR)
Importance:
• Important tool for community development and people
empowerment and helps community workers to generate
community participation in development activities.
• Prepares people to eventually take over the management of a
development program in the future.
• Maximizes community participation & involvement &
community resources are mobilized for community services.
COMMUNITY ORGANIZING PARTICIPATORY ACTION RESEARCH
(COPAR)
Principles:
1. People, especially the most oppressed, exploited & deprived sectors are
open to change, have the capacity to change & are able to bring about
change.
2. COPAR should be based on the interests of the poorest sectors of
society.
3. COPAR should lead to a self-reliant community & society.
COMMUNITY ORGANIZING PARTICIPATORY ACTION RESEARCH
(COPAR)
Processes/Methods Used in COPAR:
1. Progressive Cycle of Action-Reflection-Action Session (ARAS)
• begins with small, local, concrete issues identified by the people & the evaluation &
reflection of the action taken by them

2. Consciousness-raising through experiential learning

• is central to the COPAR process because it places emphasis on learning that
emerges from concrete action that enriches succeeding actions

3. Participatory & mass-based

primarily directed toward the mobilization of the poor, the powerless & oppressed
sector of the community

4. Group-centered & not leader oriented

• leaders are identified, emerge & tested through action rather than appointed or
selected by some external force.
COMMUNITY ORGANIZING PARTICIPATORY ACTION RESEARCH
(COPAR)
Critical Steps/Activities in COPAR:
1. INTEGRATION – health workers become one with the people to:
• Immerse himself in the poor community
• Understand deeply the culture, economy, leaders, history, rhythms & lifestyle in the
community.

Methods of Integration
• Participation in direct production activities of the people.
• Conduct house-to-house visits.
• Participation in social activities like birthday, fiesta, wakes, weddings, seasonal rituals,
benefit dances, etc.
• Conversing with people where they usually gather such as in stores, water wells, washing
streams or in church yards.
• Helping out in household chores
COMMUNITY ORGANIZING PARTICIPATORY ACTION RESEARCH
(COPAR)
Critical Steps/Activities in COPAR:
2. SOCIAL INVESTIGATION – Community study
• a systematic process of collecting, collating, analyzing data to draw a clear picture of the
community.
Pointers in conducting Social Investigation:
• Use of survey questionnaire is discouraged.
• Community leaders can be trained to initially assist the community workers/CO in doing
SI.
• > Data can be more effectively & efficiently collected through informal methods (house-
to-house visit, participating in conversation)
• > Secondary data should be thoroughly examined because much of the information
might already be available.
• SI is facilitated if the CO is properly integrated & has acquired the trust of the people.
• Confirmation & validation of community data should be done regularly
COMMUNITY ORGANIZING PARTICIPATORY ACTION RESEARCH
(COPAR)
Critical Steps/Activities in COPAR:
3. TENTATIVE PROGRAM PLANNING
• CO to choose one issue to work on in order to begin organizing the people

4. GROUNDWORK
• Going around & motivating the people on a one-on-one basis to do something on the
issue that has been chosen

5. THE MEETING
• People collectively ratify what they have already decided individually.
• it gives people the collective power & confidence
• problems & issues are discussed
COMMUNITY ORGANIZING PARTICIPATORY ACTION RESEARCH
(COPAR)
Critical Steps/Activities in COPAR:
6. ROLE PLAY
• To act out the meeting that will take place between the leaders of the people & the
government representative
• a way of training the people to participate what will happen & prepare themselves for
such eventually

7. MOBILIZATION/ACTION
• actual experience of people
• carrying out the plans & activities

8. EVALUATION
• People review step 1-7 to determine whether they were successful or not in their
objectives
COMMUNITY ORGANIZING PARTICIPATORY ACTION RESEARCH
(COPAR)
Critical Steps/Activities in COPAR:
9. REFLECTION
• dealing with deeper ongoing concern to look at the positive side
• CO is trying to build an organization
• it gives people time to reflect on the reality of life compared to the ideal

10. ORGANIZATION
• the people’s organization is the result of many successive & similar
actions of the people
• a final organizational structure is set-up with elected officers &
supporting members.
COMMUNITY ORGANIZING PARTICIPATION ACTION RESEARCH
PHASES:
I. PRE-ENTRY PHASE
• initial, simplest phase of the organizing process in terms of actual outputs,
activities & strategies.
• CO looks for communities to serve or to help
• takes 1-2 months to complete

2 main activities:
• Selection of Project Site
• Identification of Host Family/Staff House
COMMUNITY ORGANIZING PARTICIPATION ACTION RESEARCH
Process:
I. PRE-ENTRY PHASE
CRITERIA FOR SITE SELECTION:
• It must have a population of 100-200 families.
• The area is relatively socio-economically depressed
• It must have a relative concentration of poor people.
• There is no strong resistance from the community.
• There must be no serious peace and order problem.
• There must be no similar group or organization holding the same program
COMMUNITY ORGANIZING PARTICIPATION ACTION RESEARCH
Process:
I. PRE-ENTRY PHASE
Other activities:
• Train faculty and students in COPAR
• Formulate plan for institutionalizing COPAR
• Revise/enrich curriculum and immersion program
• Coordinate participants of other departments
• Formulate criteria and guidelines for site selection
• Do initial networking with local government
• Conduct preliminary social investigation (PSI)
• Make long list/short list of potential communities
COMMUNITY ORGANIZING PARTICIPATION ACTION RESEARCH
Process:
I. PRE-ENTRY PHASE
Other activities:
• Do ocular survey of short-listed communities
• Interview barangay officials, leaders, and key informants
• Choose sites/community for the immersion programs
• Coordinate with local government/NGOs for assistance
• Develop community profiles for secondary data
• Develop survey tools
• Pay courtesy call to community leaders
• Choose foster families based on guidelines
COMMUNITY ORGANIZING PARTICIPATION ACTION RESEARCH
Process:
II. ENTRY PHASE
• Most crucial phase
• Also called Social Preparation phase for it allows the community to be actively
involved in the entire implementation of the program.
• Success will depend on:
1. how much the project implementors have integrated with the community
people.
2. their understanding of the place & events
3. their willingness & readiness to commit oneself towards the program.
COMMUNITY ORGANIZING PARTICIPATION ACTION RESEARCH
Process:
II. ENTRY PHASE
ACTIVITIES:
1. Integrate with community residents
- Integration is the process of establishing rapport with the people in a continuing effort
to imbibe the community life by living with them & undergoing the same experience,
sharing their hopes, aspirations & hardships towards building mutual trust &
cooperation.
2. Conduct Deepening Social Investigation (DSI)
*Social Investigation
- is the systematic process of collecting, collating & analyzing data to draw a clear
picture of the community
- an investigation was already made at the beginning phase of organizing but an in-
depth investigation is needed to better view how the community & its people perform in
general
COMMUNITY ORGANIZING PARTICIPATION ACTION RESEARCH
Process:
II. ENTRY PHASE
ACTIVITIES:
3. Dissemination information/sensitize community residents on the program &
PHC.
- information campaign can be done in small group discussions, house-to-house
visit, in informal social gatherings.
- side by side with the organization campaign is the delivery of basic health
services, done simultaneously
COMMUNITY ORGANIZING PARTICIPATION ACTION RESEARCH
Process:
II. ENTRY PHASE
ACTIVITIES:
4. Formulate criteria for selection of Core Group Member
- people themselves will formulate criteria
- core group members are selected by the community residents during the assembly.
- Sample of criteria:
a. they must be respected members of the community
b. they must belong to the poor sector in the community.
c. they must be responsible, committed individuals, willing to work for social change &
transformation
d. they must be willing to learn.
e. they must possess a good communication skills & able to express himself to others in a
group
COMMUNITY ORGANIZING PARTICIPATION ACTION RESEARCH
Process:
II. ENTRY PHASE
ACTIVITIES:
5. Define roles & function of the core group members
Roles & Functions:
a. Social preparation of the community for health & development work.
b. Organizing a community research team for the conduct of community assessment diagnosis.
c. Setting up the CHO & facilitate the identification of potential CHW.
d. Scrutinizing & mobilizing the community to act on their own & participate in the delivery of
essential health services.
Note: 1. Core group is not a permanent group.
2. Number of members has no limit as long as the member is willing to fulfill the function.
3. Some can be elected to become CHWs.
4. Selection of members should be well represented from all sectors
COMMUNITY ORGANIZING PARTICIPATION ACTION RESEARCH
Process:
II. ENTRY PHASE
ACTIVITIES:
6. Deliver essential basic health services

7. Continue Social Investigation

- SI is a continuous process

8. Conduct team building activities/sensitization/informal education among CGM

9. Presentation of baseline survey results to community

COMMUNITY ORGANIZING PARTICIPATION ACTION RESEARCH
Process:
II. ENTRY PHASE
ACTIVITIES:
10. Conduct Self-awareness Leadership Training (SALT) among the CGM/potential leaders
- for the growth & development of the community
- conduct training during the most convenient time of the people

11. Consult community to organize CHO

CHO – is charged with the management of relevant & appropriate health programs
- ensure the collective participation in decision-making, planning, implementation & evaluation of
community project
- establish a network of linkages/network for mobilizing external support
- generate resources for maintaining & sustaining health programs or activities
- raising the community’s consciousness in health & other broader issues
- mobilizing the people to act on their health problems & issues affecting them.
- they are being elected
COMMUNITY ORGANIZING PARTICIPATION ACTION RESEARCH
Process:
III. COMMUNITY STUDY/DIAGNOSIS
- Research
ACTIVITIES:
a. Selection of research team
b. Train community research team
Community Research Team – is a small adhoc body composed of residents selected by
the community to look into the causes of problems; train on data collection methods &
techniques, development of data collection tools & training on capability-building
c. Planning for the actual gathering of data
d. Data gathering
e. Training on data validation -includes data tabulation & preliminary analysis of data
f. Community validation
g. Presentation of the study & recommendation
COMMUNITY ORGANIZING PARTICIPATION ACTION RESEARCH
Process:
IV. COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION AND CAPABILITY-BUILDING
PHASE/ORGANIZATION BUILDING PHASE
- signals the start of community self-management because it entails the formation of
more formal structures & the inclusion of more formal procedures of planning,
implementing, & evaluating community-wide activities.

ACTIVITIES:
• Community meetings to draw up guidelines for the organization of the CHO.
• Election of CHO officers
• Development of management systems & procedures
• Team building
• Working out legal requirements for the establishments of CHO.
• Organization of working committees/task group
• Training of CHO officers & community leaders
COMMUNITY ORGANIZING PARTICIPATION ACTION RESEARCH
Process:
V. COMMUNITY ACTION PHASE
ACTIVITIES:
• Organization & training of CHWs.
• Setting-up of linkages/network referral system
• Initial identification & implementation of resource mobilization schemes
COMMUNITY ORGANIZING PARTICIPATION ACTION RESEARCH
Process:
VI. SUSTENANCE AND STRENGTHENING PHASE
- the community can already stand on its own.
- people can sustain the program even without the help of project implementors.
- trained leaders & workers take the over-all management of the program.

ACTIVITIES:
• Formulation & ratification of constitution & by-laws
• Identification & development of secondary leaders.
• Setting-up & institutionalization of financing scheme
• Assess/re-plan community health programs.
• Formalizing & institutionalization of linkages, networks & referral system
• Development & implementation of viable management systems & procedures,
committees, continuing education, training of leaders, CHWs & community residents
COMMUNITY ORGANIZING PARTICIPATION ACTION RESEARCH
Process:
VII. PHASE OUT
- When the healthcare workers leave the community to stand alone.
- The organizations should be ready to sustain the test of the community itself.
- This phase could mean that a program is already community-managed

ACTIVITIES:
• Leaving the immersion site
• Documentation
COMMUNITY ORGANIZING PARTICIPATION ACTION RESEARCH
Process (4 PHASES):
I. PRE-ENTRY
- the preparatory phase of the HRDP-COPAR process
- simplest phase in terms of actual outputs and strategies
- it takes only 1 to 2 months to complete
- done usually at the institutional level
- students participation is minimal
COMMUNITY ORGANIZING PARTICIPATION ACTION RESEARCH
Process (4 PHASES):
I. PRE-ENTRY
Site Selection
- entails the sequential implementation of sub-activities to ensure that the project sites
will be responsive to whatever health and development interventions initiated
- important in determining the working relationship as well as the need for the project

Criteria in Site Selection

1. Depressed, poor community
2. Inaccessibility or inadequacy of health services
3. Poor health status of the community
4. With no serious peace and order problem
5. No strong resistance from the community regarding the model utilized
6. No similar agencies or programs currently in the community
COMMUNITY ORGANIZING PARTICIPATION ACTION RESEARCH
Process (4 PHASES):
I. PRE-ENTRY
Preliminary Social Investigation
- initial gathering of data about potential sites, focusing on the data
necessary to determine the site that best conforms with the criteria set
*Social Investigation- a systematic and scientific process of collecting,
collating, synthesizing and analyzing data to draw a clear picture of the
community
COMMUNITY ORGANIZING PARTICIPATION ACTION RESEARCH
Process (4 PHASES):
I. PRE-ENTRY
Guidelines for Choosing the Final barangay
1. Conduct of ocular survey
2. Conduct of informal interviews with key persons and informants
3. Assess whether our services are in fact needed in the area
4. Validate the secondary collected

Criteria in Choosing Host Family

• Should be strategically located in the barangay
• Should belong to the majority of the group in the community (poor sector)
• Should be respected by both the formal and informal leaders
• Should have a house where neighbors, especially the poor are welcome
• No member of the host family will be displaced
COMMUNITY ORGANIZING PARTICIPATION ACTION RESEARCH
Process (4 PHASES):
II. ENTRY
- sometimes called the social preparation phase
- crucial in determining which strategies for organizing would suit best the
community
- lays the foundation of the organizing work as well as determines the relationship
of the people to the organizers
COMMUNITY ORGANIZING PARTICIPATION ACTION RESEARCH
Process (4 PHASES):
II. ENTRY
Guidelines for Entry in the Community
1. Recognize the role of the authorities
2. Appearance, speech, behavior and lifestyle should be in keeping with those of
the community residents
3. Avoid passing expectations off the community residents
COMMUNITY ORGANIZING PARTICIPATION ACTION RESEARCH
Process (4 PHASES):
II. ENTRY
Integration with the Community
• Integration – the process of establishing rapport with the people in a continuing effort
to imbibe community life by living with them and undergoing the same experience,
sharing their hopes, aspirations and hardships towards building mutual trust and
cooperation (Ferrer, 1982).

Methods of Integration
a. Participation in direct production activities
b. Participation in social activities
c. Conversing with people where they usually gather
d. Doing household chores

• Delivery of basic health services

COMMUNITY ORGANIZING PARTICIPATION ACTION RESEARCH
Process (4 PHASES):
II. ENTRY
Identification of Potential Leaders or Core Group Formation
- a process of selecting and training the core group which is considered critical in
community organizing
• Potential leaders – considered the future CO’s and possible partners in the
management and in the delivery of basic health services

• Core Group – group of individuals who possess leadership potentials to be

formed/ organized into a cohesive working group
COMMUNITY ORGANIZING PARTICIPATION ACTION RESEARCH
Process (4 PHASES):
III. ORGANIZATIONAL-BUILDING PHASE
- begins when the community starts to study their own problems
- usually starts with the formation of research team
- phase where the community leaders develop their full potential as leaders of the
community
- characterized by the formation of working groups and the capability building
activities provided by the team.
COMMUNITY ORGANIZING PARTICIPATION ACTION RESEARCH
Process (4 PHASES):
IV. SUSTENANCE AND STRENGTHENING PHASE
- Consolation and expansion
- Networking and establishing
- Implementation of livelihood projects
- Developing secondary leaders
- Training of CHO for monitoring and implementing of community health program.
- Identification of secondary leaders
- Linkaging and networking.
- Conduct of mobilization on health and development concerns.
- Implementation of livelihood projects.
COMMUNITY ORGANIZING PARTICIPATION ACTION RESEARCH
HRDP-COPAR STAFF
• Project Director – School Head
• Project Manager – Dean
• Community Organizer
• Coordinator of Student Community Immersion
• Health Services Coordinator
• Training Coordinator
• Financial Officer
• Bookkeeper
• Secretary