WELDING & NDT SERVICES ASNT NDT LEVEL II ULTRASONIC TESTING MODEL QUESTION BANK PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS127. A 20 mm plate is scanned by selecting a probe of 70° so that the beam hits the fusion zone perpendicular for maximum reflection from unfused surface. What is groove angle to meet this condition? Op = 70° 8 2 (90 — 6) =2% (90-70) =40° 128. In immersing testing a scanner is moving at 300 mm/s, and the effective diameter of a focused beam on the area of interest is 10 mm and 10% overlap between the scan is to be ensured. The number of hits inside the specimen shall be 4 for total decay of pulse. Find the minimum PRR. N=4 Der = 10 mm S=300 mm/s PRRmin=N S / Derr = 4 «300 /10 120 Hz 129, An aluminum dise is scanned by immersion testing, The water path is 60 mm and a strong reflection is found from a discontinuity, and arrived after 89.2 j1s in pulse echo system of scanning, Assume the velocity of sound in water is 1.48 mm/us, and in aluminum is 6.32 mm/us. What is the depth of the defect from water-aluminum interface from the entry surface? W=60mm teiscornii 89.2/2 = 44.6 ps (travel time between probe and the defect) d=? t1= Time for acoustic wave to travel water path = W/ Vi, waer = 60 /1.48 = 40.5 ps t2= Time for acoustic wave to travel between water-aluminum interface and the defect = taiscontnty ~ th = (44.6 - 40.5) =4.1 ps Depth of the defect = t2 * Vi, aluminum =4.1x 632 =25.9 mm111. In a through transmission technique using 2 MHz probe the echo was set to 80% of FSH on a material of 100 mm thick. The attenuation coefficient of the testing material consideration is 20 dB/m. If the material is tested with pulse echo technique with the same frequency and diameter probe, what would be the height of the first back wall echo in terms of FSH? d= 100 mm Hy = 80% of FSH. H)=? A=20dB/m =20 dB/ 1000 mm = 0.02 dB/ mm = 0.02 x 100 =24B/ 100 mm 4B = 20 log (Hi / H2) log (Hy / Hz) = dB /20 = 2/20 =01 (Hi / H2) = antilog (0.1) = 1.26 He = Hy / 1.26 = 80/1.26 = 63.5% = 60% of FSH 112. A steel plate with thickness of 25 mm is immersed in water and the water path distance is 20 mm, What would be percentage of reflection observed on the CRT after the sound returns to the transducer after hitting the back wall surface, assuming the incident acoustic intensity on front wall of steel-water interface (first interface) is 100 % of FSH? Incident sound intensity at water-steel interface is 100%, R% at water-steel or water-steel interface = 88% ‘T% at water-steel or water-steel interface ~ 12% ‘T% from the front wall of steel = 12% R% from the back wall of steel = 12% x 0.8 = 9.6% R% from back wall reaching immersion probe = 9.6% x 0.12 15%227. A 4 MHz shear wave probe having 60° angle is used for testing steel plate (Vr, copper = 2.26 mim/qs, Vs, sexi= 3.23 mm/s ), the angle and the frequency of this probe in copper will be 6: =60° 2 =? V; =3.23 mm/ps V2 = 2.26 mm/ps sin @ = sin ®, (Vo/ Vi) = sin 60 (2.26/ 3.23) = 0.566 82 = sin” (0.566) = 38,3°=38° 229, The acoustic impedance for brass is (v= 4.43 x 10° cm /s, density = 8.42 g/ cm’): v =4.43 x 10° cm/s p=8.42 g/cm? Za? Z=pyv 42 x 4.43 x.10° .7 * 10° g/eme/s 230. First critical angle for perspex and steel interface (Vi, perspex = 2.73 mm/s and Vi, sei = 5.90 mm/s) would be: Vit =2.73 mm/ps Vi2 = 5.90 mm/ps es et: Gis, eri = Sin” (Vi.a/ Via) (0.273/ 0.590) = 278° 246. The near field of a round 0.5 in. diameter contact L-wave transducer being used on a steel test part (Vi, seei= 5.90 mmv/us ) operating at 6 MHz is: v= 5.90 mm/ps f=6 MHz D=0.5 in, =0.5 x 2.54% 10=13 mm N=D' f/ (4v) = (13) « 6/ (4 x 5.9) = 43 mm=4.4cm49. An ultrasonic longitudinal wave travels in aluminum with a velocity of 6.35 mm/s and has a frequency of 1 MHz. The wavelength of this ultrasonic wave v= 6.35 mm/s f=1 MHz hawt =6.35/1 = 6.35 mm 53. When inspecting aluminum block by the immersion method using water for a couplant, the following information is known. Velocity of sound in water = 1.48 mm/s, velocity of longitudinal waves in aluminum = 6,32 mm/s and angle of incidence = 5°. The angle of refraction for longitudinal wave is approximately: 0, =5° =? Vi, water 1.49 x 10° m/s Vi. aluminum = 6.32 * 10° m/s sin 02. sin 0) *[ Vi, euminum / Vi, water] = sin 5° x [ 6.32/ 1.48] =037 6:=sin"' (0.37) =21,7° = 22° 55. Since the velocity of sound in aluminum is approximately 245000 in/s, it takes how long for sound to travel through 25 mm (1 in.) of aluminum? v = 245000 in/s d=l1in. tf v=d/t dw |/ 245000 = 4%10%s 4s2, Ifa probe frequency with 2 MHz and 10 mm diameter is used, find the wave length in steel for longitudinal wave testing. (Vi, sci = 5.9 mm/s ) v =5.9 mm/ps {=2MHz n=? Revit =5.9/2 = 3mm 31. The reflected pulse reaching the immersion transducer from the back surface of a 3 inch aluminum (Al) plate standing in a tank of water to of the energy pulse, which was transmitted from the transducer. (Zatuminum 07 ® WOR kB/em?/s, Zwater= 1.5 x 10° kg/em?/s) Z, =17* 10° kg/em*/s Z= 1.5 * 10° kg/em’/s R= (21-2) / i+ Zr)? = (17-157 / (17 +159 = 0.702 = 70.2% = 70% T% = 100% —R% = 100-70 = 30% T% from the front wall of Al= 30% R% from the back wall of Al= 30% x 0.7 = 21% R % reaching the immersion transducer from the back wall of Al = 21% x 0.3 = 6.1%464. In TOFD calculate the depth of a defect given the following information: Tx probe delay = 7.8 us (Pulse-echo measured) Rx probe delay = 6.2 us (Pulse-echo measured) PCS = 59.6mm Bottom Tip Signal: 30 us Material Velocity: 5960 m/s Longitudinal, 3230 m/s Transverse, 3010 m/s Surface. PCS = 59.6 mm ta =30 ps Vi=5.96 mm/ps t= (7.8 + 6.2/2) =7 ps d=? S = “APCS = 59.6/2= 29.8 mm [Vi /2) (ta = tp)? - $?]'? = [ (5.96/29 (30 - 7)? - 29.87"? = 614mm 507. A bar with 200 mm diameter and 1m long is rotated at a speed of 120 RPM. If a 10mm diameter probe is used and an overlap of 20% iStequired between successive scan paths, what is the time taken to scan the entire bar? D=10mm Scanwverian=20% RPM = 120 L=1m=1000 mm RPS = RPM/60 = 120/60 — Dx (Scan overlap% / 100) =10- 10x (20/ 100) mm trcan-pipe = L/ (RPS Deer) = 1000/ (2 x 8) = 625s =63s259. The incidence angle of 12° in water would produce refracted angle of longitudinal wave in steel: 6, = 12° ® Vi = 1.48 mm/ps V2 = 5.90 mm/s sin 6: =sin @, (V2/ V1) = sin 12 (5.90/ 1.48) = 0.829 @ = sin (0.829) = 56° 273. In an immersion testing the effective diameter of a focused beam on the area of interest is 4 mm and the scanner speed is 600 mm/s. The number of hits inside the specimen shall be 5 for total decay of pulse. Find the minimum PRR required for testing. N=5 Dy=4mm S= 600 mm/s PRRoin =? PRRamin=N S/ Dy = 5% 600 /4 = 750 289. What would be the percentage of transmitted energy into steel if oil is introduced between the probe and steel? (Z sic: 45 x 10° kg/em*/s, Z oii = 1.50 x 10° kg/em*/s) Z, =45 x 10° kg/em?/s Za= 1.5 «10° kg/em?/s R= @i-By/ Qi+Zy = (45-1.5)/ (45 + 1.5) = 0.875 R%=R x100% = 0.875 « 100 = 87.5% T% = 100% —R% = (100 - 87.5)% 2.5%149. A pipe with outside diameter 10.4 in. and thickness 1.5 in. is to be tested with angle probe in circumferential direction. The approximate angle which will ensure complete coverage OD = 104 in, p=? ID =OD-2T = 104 - 2x15 =74 in, sin B= ID/OD = 74/104 =0.711 B= sin! (0.711) = 45.49 = 45° 150. What is the minimum water path required for a-6 in. block of steel to be tested by immersion testing with 0.75 in. diameter probe? (Vi, seai=-5.9.mm/s, Vi, water = 1.48 mm/s) T =6 in. Wo=? Wein = 0.25 in, + T/ (Vi, materiat /M is water ) = 0.25 + 6) (5.9/ 1.48) = 025+ 6/4 = 1.75 in. 151, In the far field of a probe a 2 mm diameter FBH gives a 25% of FSH echo. At the same metal path a 4 mm diameter FBH (Flat Bottom Hole) in the same material will give an echo whose height will be H, = 25% of FSH. H2=? D Hy/Fa = @y)*/ xP . Ha =H xl / OY =25x47/ 2? = 100 % of FSH460. A steel plate size 6.2 m 1.8 m 0.1m is scanned using 25 mm diameter normal probe and overlap between scan is 20%. Minimum number of hits required is 15. Calculate the inspection time if scanning speed is 400 mm/s. D=25mm S= 400 mm/s Scan Overlap = 20% N=15 A=62mx18m tran ™ ? = 6.2 «10° « 1.8 x 10° = 11.16 « 10° mm? Deg=D— D x (Scan overlap% / 100) =25— 25 x (20/ 100) = 20mm tecan-plate = A/ (Derr S) = 11.16 x 10% (20 x 400) = 13955 = 1395/60 = 23.25 min. 461. Assume that the minimum PRR is needed'foreontact test of a given steel plate is 240 Hz. How much volume would be covered under test if the PRR is set-at 120 Hz? PRRoin = 240 Hz PRRse = 120 Hz Veen =2 Vest = (PRRset / PRRain) * 100 = (120/240) x 100 = 50% 463. In TOFD calculate the Probe Centre Separation (PCS) to focus at a 15 mm depth using a pair of 70° probes. D= 15mm 0 = 70° PCS =? PCS =4/3 D Tan = 4/3 «15 *Tan70 =82.4mm99. The back wall echo from 100 mm job is adjusted to 80% of FSH. The probe is placed on a 200 mm thick job and back wall was found to be 60% of FSH. The attenuation factor of the material dB/m. The equipment is used in pulse echo A-scan mode. Hi = 80% of FSH H2 = 60% of FSH di = 100 mm d2= 200 mm = 200-100 = 100 mm A= [1/ (2 d)] 20 log (Hi / H2) = [I/ (2 * 100)] 20 tog (80/ 60) = 0.0125 dB/mm 0.0125 «10 12.5 dB/m 12 dB/m 100. A FBH located from the transducer at a distarice of 40 mm produced echo height 80% of FSH. From the same size of FBH located at 80 mm proilticed some height in CRT and then it was adjusted to 80% of FSH. How much dB should have been addedito achieve this? Hy = 80% of FSH H2 (initial ht.) =? dB =? (if H2 =80% of FSH) di = 40mm dz = 80mm Hy / Hz = (dz)? /(4,? Hz = Hi (di)? / (2? = 80 x40? /80? =20% of FSH. dB = 20 log (Hi / H2) = 20 log (80/ 20) =12130. In an immersion testing the effective diameter of a focused beam’on the area of interest is 8 mm and PRR is 375 Hz, The number of hits inside the specimen shall be 4 for total decay of pulse. Find the scanner speed. N=4 Der= 8mm PRR = 375 Hz s=2 S= PRR Deg/ N = 375 x 8/ 4) = 750 mm/s 144, In a water immersion test, ultrasonic energy is transmitted into steel at an incident angle of 14°, What is the angle of the refracted shear wave within the material? (Vr, sei 3.23 mm/s, Vi, water = 1.48 mm/s) 6, = 14° & =? V; = 1.48 mm/s V2 = 3.23 mm/ps sin @ =sin ® (V2/ V1) sin 14° (3.23 /1.48) = 0.52 62= sin (0.52) =31° 145. If a probe frequency with 2 MHz and 8 mm diameter is used, what is the minimum length of the defect would be detected in steel for longitudinal wave testing? (Vj, stei = 5.9 mm/jis) v=5.9 mm/s116. The depth of a vertical crack in a double V joint is at 15 mm and the thickness of the scanning surface plate is 30 mm. The probe used is 45° in tandem arrangement, The probes gap from their exit point would be: T=30mm d=15 mm 4s° dre dr,x=2 tan0 (T-d) =2* tan 45 x (30-15) = 30mm 117. In an immersion examination of 10 mm steel plate (Vi = 5.90 mm/s; Vr = 3.23 mm/s) with the probe tilt of 15°. Calculate the angle of refraction of transverse wave in steel? (Vt, water = 1.48 mm/s) 0, =15° O Vi = 1.48 mm/ps Va sin ®2 = sin 8 (V2/Vi) =sin 15 (3.23 / 1.48) 119. A change in the beam angle is noticed while calibrating a 45 degree probe using IIW block. The change was found to be + 2°. What would be change in the incident angle in Lucite (perspex) wedge? (V1, perspex 2.73 mm/s and Vr, seel= 3.23 mm/s ) =? @ = 2° Vi = 2.73 mm/s V2 = 3.23 mm/us sin; = sin @ (Vi/ V2) = sin 2 (2.73 /3.23) = 0.0295 01 = sin (0.0295) =1.69° = 1.7°122. The attenuation coefficient for a particular UT system on a certain material is 20 dB/m. If the echo from FBH is set to 75% of FSH, for a metal path of 50 mm in pulse echo system, what would be echo height for 100 mm metal path in the same system of testing? Hy = 75% of FSH. H2=? di) = 50 mm dz = 100 mm 2 - di= 50 mm dB = 20 dB/m = 20 dB/ 1000 mm. = 0.02 dB/ mm 0.02 x 2 x 50 =24B/ 100mm B= 20 log (Hi / Ha) log (Hi / Ha) = (Hi / Ha) = antilog (0.2) = 1.26 Ha = Hi/ 1.26 =75/ 1.26 = 59.5% = 60% 125. In an immersion testing of an aluminum dise with 100 mm thick is scanned by immersion testing and rotated at 60 RPM. Minimum number of hits is 5. The effective diameter of probe including the prescribed over lap is 10 mm. What is the minimum Pulse Repetition Rate (PRR) to be set? d= 100mm N=S Der= 10 mm RPM =60 PRR=? S = xd (RPM/60) * 100 (60 / 60) =314 mm/s PRRnin=N S/ Derr 5314/10 57 Hz76. A 50 mm steel plate requires immersion examination with focusing at the center. 25 mm minimum water path distance requires for the examination. What will be the radius of curvature required on the Plexiglass shoe? (VL, pala = 2.73 mm/s, Vi, water= 1-48 mm/s) W =25 mm R=? T=50mm DDF = Center of steel plate =T/2 = 50/2 =25 mm 1= Vis plexiglas Vi, war = 2.73/ 1.48 =184 =18 Vi sicet/ Vi, water = 5.9/ 1.48 =4 £ = W +[DDF * (Vi,materat/ Vi, wate) =25+[25%4] = 125 mm R=f [(n-1)/n] = 125 [(1.8- 1)/ 1.8] =55.5 mm 77. When inspecting aluminum plate by using the 45° shear wave probe, if change in probe angle is 2° and what would be change in angle of incidence of shear wave in aluminum? (Vr, sea = 3.23 mm/s, V 1, suminm= 3-13 mmn/js). 6) =2° =? V; =3.23 mm/s Vo = 3.13 mm/s sin @ = sin; (V2/ V1) =sin2 (3.13/3.23) = 0.034 @) = sin (0.034) =1,95°‘59. The resonant frequency of a 20 mm (0.79 in.) thick plate of naval brass (v = 4.43 mm/s) is: v= 4.43 mm/s T=20mm f=? f=v/QT) =4.43/ (2 « 20) = 0.111 MHz 69. An aluminum disc with diameter of 1000 mm is scanned by immersion testing and rotated at 15 RPM. What is the optimum PRR to be set so that the defect do not run past before it reaches the probe? Minimum number of hits is 5. The effective diameter of probe including the prescribed over lap is S mm. d= 1000 mm N=5 Der = 5mm RPM=15 Speed of test part = xd (RPM/ 60) = xx 1000 (157/60) =785 mm/s. PRR=N S/ Der = (5 * 785)/5 = 785 Hz 73. What will be the probe separation distance for a tandem technique for the examination of 50 mm thick weld (double V joint) root using 45° probe? T= 50mm e=45° dra=? d= Root of double V joint = T/2 = 50/2 =25 mm dy,n=2 tan@ (T-d) = 2x tan 45 x (50-25) =50mm113. A 100 mm solid stee! shaft is to be scanned by immersing the shaft in water. It is desired to cover at least 6.7 mm depth from the periphery. How much off-set distance from the centre of the shaft for normal beam probe is required? (VL, water= 1.48 mnvps, Vr, sext= 3.23 mm/s) OD = 100mm t=6.7 mm ID (to scan) = OD ~ (2 * t) = 100-(2* 6.7) = 86.6 mm ID/OD = 86.6/100 = 0.866 = sin" (0,866) = 60° = angle of diffracted shear wave in steel d = (sing) (OD/2) = (VL wate! V 1, mia!) (sin @) (OD /2) = (1.48/3.23) (sin 60) (100 /2) = 19.8 mm = 20mm 115. The pulser excited the erystal with 300 V to generate acoustic vibration of certain frequency. After attenuation the crystal received'back mechanical-energy and the voltage generated was 0.1 V. This loss is equal to AaB. Hi =300V He=0.1V dB=? 4B = 20 log (Hi / Ha) = 20 log (300/ 0.1) = 69.5 =70102. The attenuation coefficient for structural steel at 2 MEZz is 8 dB/m. For this condition a sample of 100 mm thickness was tested using a pulse echo instrument. The first back wall echo was adjusted to 80% of FSH. What would be the height of the second back wall echo? d= 100mm Hi = 80% of FSH. H2=? A=8dB/m = 8 dB/ 1000 mm 810? dB/ mm A =[1/ (2 4)} 20 log (Hi / Ha) log (Hi / H2) = A 2d /20 = Ad/i0 =8x 107 x 100/10 = 0.08 (Hi / Ha) = antilog (0.08) =12 Ha = My/ 1.2 =80/1.2 = 66.5% = 66% 103. A 1000 mm diameter (OD) 150 mm thick forged block is to be tested using 45° angle beam by moving the probe on the circumference for possible cracks propagating radially towards centre from the rim. What is the maximum thickness that can be inspected|from test surface? OD = 1000 mm o=45° t=? = OD x(I-sin@)/2 1000 x (1- sin 45) /2 = 150 mm336. First critical angle at water-aluminum interface will be (Vt, alumisun= 6.32 mm/is, Vi, water = 1.48 mm/s): Via = 1.48 mm/us Via = 632 mm/s Sis.est =? 1s, cit = sin! (Vi/ V2) = sin’! (1.48/ 6.32) = 13.54° = 13.5° 454. A tubular product is tested by AUT. The tube is rotated at 400 RPM If beam diameter is 10 mm and overlap between scan is 50%. Calculate maximum length of the tube that can be tested per min. D=10mm RPM = 400 Scan Overlap = 50% Leet rate, max =? Des=D— [D (Scan overlap% /100)1 0- [ 10 x (50/ 100)) =5mm Lustrate,max= RPM Derr =400 «5 =2000 mm /min. = 2000/1000 =2 m/min. 456. A steel bar with 200 mm thick is scanned by UT. Minimum number of hits required is 10, What is the maximum PRR to avoid the ghost echo? (VL, seet= 5.9 mm/ps ) T=200 mm N=10 Vi, seet = 5.9 mm/ps PRRmnax =? =5.9 «10° mm/s PRRaax = v/(2 TN) = 5.9 x 106/( 2x 200* 10) = 1475 Hz521. The reflected pulse reaching the immersion transducer from the back surface of a 2 inch fiberglass composite material standing in a tank of water is equal to of the energy pulse which ‘was transmitted from the transducer. (Zrteglass = 6.0 * 10° ke/em?/s, Zwarer Z; = 6 10° kg/em’/s Za= 1.5 * 10° kg/em’/s R= (Zi-2:)°/ (i+ BP = 6-15") 6 +157 =0.36 = 0.36 « 100=36% T% = 100%-R% = 100-36 = 64% T % from the front wall. of composite =.64% R% from the back wall of Al= 64% x26 ma R% reaching the immersion ‘transducer from the back wall of Als=e23% * 0.64 Eitu7% .5 * 10° kg/em?/s) 522. Calculate the sound path for the examination of root of 25 mm thick plate by using a 60° probe. T=25 mm 0=60° a S = T/cos® 25/ cos 60 = 25/05 =50mm87. An immersion examination requires 10% overlap while using 10 mm diameter focused probe with focusing size of 3 mm diameter. What shall be the maximum linear probe shift required to satisfy the examination requirements? D=3mm Scan Overlap = 10% Des = D— D x (Scan overlap% / 100) =3~- 3(10/100)) = 2.7mm Maximum linear probe shift required = 2.7 mm 89, A 4 MHz normal probe was used in a 10 mm thick titanium plate and if the first back wall echo appeared at 80% of FSH, second back wall echo appeared at 50% of FSH. The attenuation on the plate is Hy = 80% of FSH H> = 50% of FSH d=10mm A=? A=[1/ (2 d)] 20 log Hi / He =[1/ (2 = 10)] 20 tog (80/ 50) = 0.2 dB/mm248. A change in echo amplitude from 80 percent of full screen height (FSH) to 20 percent FSH is a change of: H, = 80% of FSH. Hz = 20% of FSH dB=? dB = 20 log (Hz / Hi) = 20 log (20/ 80) =-12 254. The full angle beam spread for 2.25 MHz and 13 mm (1/2 in.) diameter transducer longitudinal wave probe in brass is: (Vi, pass = 3.83 mm/s): v=3.83 mm/us f=2.25 MHz D=13mm o=? hawt = 3.83 /2.25 = 1.7mm sin @/2 =1.2 (Q/D) 1.2 (1.7/13) 0.157 6/2 = sin’ (0.157) =9 @=0/2x2 =9x2 = 18° 256. The percentage reflection of sound energy in the case of compressional Wave (Zatuminum = 17 10° kg/cm?/s , Zwater= 1.5 10° kg/em?/s) at water-aluminum interface is: Z = 17 10° kg/em’/s Za= 1.5 * 10° kg/em?/s R= (@i-Z)'/ (Zi+Z2P 17-15) / (17 + 1.57 = 0.702 R%=R x100% = 0.702 x 100 = 70.2% = 70%83. The signal from 2 mm diameter FBH was kept at 80% of full screen height. The 1 mm diameter FBH with the same equipment setting will produce signal with % of full screen height? Hi Ha= 80% FBH Di= 1mm D= Hi/H2 = (Di? / (D2? Hi = Hz (Di)? /(D2? = 80x 17/2? = 20% 84. In an immersion examination of 15 mm titanium plate (Vz = 6.10 mm/s; Vr = 3.12 mmv/s) with the probe tilt of 10°, what angle and mode of ultrasonic beam will produce in the plate? (V1, water = 1.48 mm/us) 6) =10° 2 =? Vi = 1.48 mm/ps V2 = 0:0 mm/us sin 02 =sin 0) (V2/Vi) =sin 10 (6.1/ 1.48) =0.716 02 = sin (0.716) =45,7° 45° 86, Calculate the sound path (first Leg) for the weld examination of 30 mm thick plate with the region of interest is at %4 of plate thickness by using a 60° probe. Depth of interest = D = 2/3 rd of plate thickness 20/ [eos 60] = 20/05 40 mm$23. Ifa shear wave probe having 45° angle while testing steel plate (Vr, copper= 2.26 mm/s, Vr, seel= 3.23 mm/ps ), the angle of this probe in copper plate will be: 1 = 453° = Vi = 3.23 mm/ps Vo = 2.26 mm/s jin 1 (V2/ Vi) =sin 45 (2.26 / 3.23) = 0.495 62 = sin" (0.495) =30° ial was noted with sound path of 3.2 in. (81.3 mm) using a 70° transducer on a 0.75 in. (19.1 mm) thick steel! welded specimen. What is the depth of tlie discontinuity? = 70° S=40 un T=19.1mm First leg path =t/cos @ 9.1 10.342 5.8 mm. Since the sound path (81.3 mm) is greater than 55:6%im but less than 111.2 mm or twice the length of the first leg sound path, the indicatiomissin the second leg, d=2T-[Sx Cos 0] =2 x 19.1 -[ 81.3 x Cos 70) = 10.4 mm90. In an immersion testing of steel plate the 5 MHz probe was tilted at 19° and the comer echo was noted at 4.67 us from the water-steel interface. What is the thickness of the plate? 1=4.67 ps T=? 6 =19° ® =? V; =1.48 mm/ps Vo = 3.23 mm/us sin 2 =sin 0 (V2/ Vi) =sin 19 (3.23/ 1.48) =071 82 = sin" (0.71) =45.3°= 45° S=vxt/2 = 3.23 x 4.67/2 =7.5 mm T=S Cos@ 1.5 Cos 45 7.5 «0.707 5.3mm 96. In a testing of 10 mm steel plate with a 20 MHz and 6 mm diameter normal probe, a signal was noted at 1.67 1s from the test surface. What is the depth of the discontinuity? (V1, steet= 5.9 mm/s) 9 mm/ps t= 1.67 ps. d=? S=v x v2 = 0.59 « 1.67/2 =4.9 mm329. If a shear wave probe having 33.4° angle while testing brass plate (Vr, wass = 2.05 mm/s, V1, see =3.23 mavs ), the angle of this probe in steel will be: 1 = 34,39 & =? Vi = 2.05 mm/ps V2 = 3.23 mm/ys in 33.4 (3.23/ 2.05) = 0.866 62 = sin’ (0,866) =60° 334, Second critical angle for perspex and steel interface would be (V1, pespex= 2.73 mm/s and Vr, steet= 3.23 mm/ps): Vii = 2.73 mm/ps Vr2 = 9:92urann/ey Gand ert =? 20d, crt = Sin (Vi/ V2) = sin" (2.73/ 3.23) = 57.6° 335. If Plate thickness = 25.4 mm, pulse-echioy*fOR"bGEK wall echo straight beam measured elapsed time = 8.6 ys. What is the most likely material? (Vi. m= 5.9 mnt/js) $=25.4mm Material =? S=vt2 v=2S/t =2% 25/86 =5.9 mm/ ps = velocity of steel108. A 100 mm OD and 15 mm thick steel tube is to be scanned by generating shear wave in the tube, for its full volume by placing the job in immersion testing. The angle of incidence in water is: (V1, water= 1.48 mm/us and Vr, seei= 3.23 mm/s ) OD = 100mm T=15mm ID=OD-(2 T)- = 100-(2 x 15) =70 mm sin @= ID / OD. ~~ = 70/ 100 =0.70 0= sin" (0.7) = 44.4° = 45° = angle of diffracted shear wave in steel 8 @ = 45° V; = 1.48 mm/ps V2 = 3.234nm/jis sin ® =sin ® (Vi/ V2) = sin 45 (1.48/3.23) = 0.324 6, = sin” (0.323) =18.9°457. Minimum number of hits required is 4. What is the maximum allowable axial speed for a probe with effective diameter of 102 mm and PRR of 800 Hz? Der = 102 mm PRR = 800 Hz S= PRR Det/ N = 800 x 102/4 = 20400 mm/s = 20400/ 10° =20.4 m/s 458. Assuming that Minimum 2 pulses are required to trigger the alarm in AUT. What would be scanning speed to detect 0.5 mm size defect while using 4 MHz probe, 10 mm beam diameter with PRR of 0.5 kHz? Deca = 10 mm. PRR =0.5 kHz = 500 x 1000 = 500 Hz S= PRR Dteam/ N = 500 x 10/2 = 2500 mm/s = 2500/1000 =2.5 m/s79. In a water immersion test, what is off-set distance is needed to produce 45° shear wave for testing of 200 mm outer diameter steel tube? (Vr, seei= 3.23 mm/s, Vi, war = 1,48 mm/ps ) OD =200 mm o=45° d=? 4 = (sin) (OD/2) = (VL, water/ V1, material) (Sin ®) (OD /2) = (1.48 /3.23) (sin 45) (20/2) =324mm 80. When inspecting a 200 mm thick steel block by using 10 mm diameter 4 MHz normal probe, what would be beam diameter at 100 mm depth from surface of the block? (Vi, swi= 5.9 mm/s ) v =5.9 mm/ps f=4 MHz D=10mm Due =? hawt 5.9/4 Smm sin @/2 =1.2 2/D =12 *15/10 =0.18 0/2 = sin"! (0.18) 0.42 Dya = 2 d tan (0/2) =2 x 100 x tan (10.4) =36.6 mm97. An examination revealed an indication at 5.5 1s, while testing with 45° angle beam probe on 50 mm thick steel weld specimen. What is the depth of the discontinuity? (Vr, sea = 3.23 mm/s ) 6 =45° 1.5 ps Vr, eet 3.23 mm/s S=v x t/2 .23 x 5.5/2 =8.8mm d =S Cos =88 x Cos 45 =6.2mm =6mm 98. In an immersion testing of a 25 mm steel plate the half beam divergence was noted in the specimen as 5°. The water path was noted as 100 mm for the 15 MHz immersion probe. What is the beam diameter on the surface of specimen? on=s° d= 100 mm Da #2 Dye = 2 d tana =2 100 * tans =17.5 mm104. A 2 mm diameter FBH showed 60 % of FSH located at 25 mm. A 4 mm diameter FBH located at 50 mm would show an indication at of FSH. Hi = 60% of FSH. Ho=? dy = 25mm d2 = 50mm Di = 2mm D2 = 4mm Hi/ He = ((d2)? (Di?) /( i? (D2?) Ha = [ Hi (di)? (D2?) /[ es? (Di?) = [60 (25)? (4)? ] /[ (50)? (2)?] = 60% of FSH 107. By positioning the probe on 25 mm radius of V2 block the fourth echo found to be on the 10th division on Cathode Ray Tube (CRT). The range of the equipment is The range of the equipment up to = 23+ 79%#75# 75 = 25themm The range of the equipment = v -z>umm152. The beam width (diameter) at the depth of 75 mm in a thick aluminum disk (v = 6.32 mm/ps ) with a 10 mm diameter and 2 MHz probe is v= 632 mm/s f=2MHz d=75 mm hawt = 6.32/2 =3.16mm sin /2 =1.2 (4/D) =1.2 (6.16/10) =0.38 0/2 = sin” (0.38) =22.3° Dye = 2 d tan (02) = 2x 75 x tan 22.3, 1.5 mm 215. Calculate the frequency for a wave length’ofils'mm. if v= 6 mm/ps. A= 1.5mm f=? v=6mm/ps fav/h =6/15 =4 MHz459. What is the maximum PRR is needed for immersion testing of aluminum with 80 mm thick using longitudinal wave? The water path is 10 mm. Minimum number of hits required is 15. (V1, aumioun = 6.32 mms, Vi, water= = 1.48 mm/tis) T)=80mm N=15 W=10mm PRRmnex = ‘Vi, aluminum = 6.32 mm/ps = 6.32 « 10° mm/s Tayea= W /(Vi,atumioum / Vi, seater ) = 10/(6.32/ 1.48) =23 mm Total Thickness = T = T1+Taieq =80 mm +2.3 mm 82.3 mm PRRmax =v /(2 T N) = 6.32 « 10/ (2 x 82.3x 151 = 2560 Hz508. The first critical angle at a water-plexiglass interface will be: Vin = 1.48 mm/ps Via = 2.73 mm/ps Ots, cnt = sin"! (Vi,/ Vi2) in"! (1.48/ 2.73) =32.8° = 33° 512, The incident angle needed in immersion testing to develop a 60° shear wave in plexiglass is: (VL, wate 48 mm/ps, Vr, plexiglass = 1.43 mm/s ) & ® = 60° Vi =1.48 mm/s V2 = 1.43 mm/us sin 6: =sin @ (Vi/ V2) in 60 (1.48/ 1.43) = 0.896 sin" (0.896) 3.79 = 64°