3

†fŠ‡MvwjK Avwe®‹vi I A_©‰bwZK AMÖMwZ

AvaywbK BD‡iv‡ci BwZnv‡m †fŠ‡MvwjK Avwe®‹vi Avi GKwU AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq|
ga¨ hy‡Mi †kl w`‡K awbK I ewYK †kªYxi weKv‡ki GKwU ch©v‡q gnv‡`‡ki evB‡i
f‚LÛ †LvuRvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv †`Lv †`q, G‡Z GK w`‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq KvuPvgvj I †jvKej
msMÖn, m¤ú‡`i Avni‡Yi gva¨‡g cyuwRi mÂqb I mÂvPjb NUv‡bv nq| †fŠ‡MvwjK
Avwe®‹vi BD‡iv‡ci m¤§y‡L †mB m¤¢vebvi m¤¢viB Ly‡j †`q| Kxfv‡e GB Avwe®‹vimg~n
msNwUZ n‡qwQj G m¤ú‡K© GKwU aviYv eZ©gvb BDwb‡Ui cvVmg~‡n †`Iqv n‡q‡Q|

G BDwb‡Ui cvV¸‡jv n‡”Q -

 cvV - 1 : †fŠ‡MvwjK Avwe®‹v‡ii KviY
 cvV - 2 : †fŠ‡MvwjK Avwe®‹vi
 cvV - 3 : †fŠ‡MvwjK Avwe®‹v‡ii djvdj
 cvV - 4 : K…wl I wk퇶‡Î AMÖMwZ
Gm Gm GBP Gj

cvV - 1

†fŠ‡MvwjK Avwe®‹v‡ii KviY

GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb -
 †lvok kZvãxi c~‡e© wewfbœ mf¨Zvi Ges †`‡k †`‡k wK m¤úK© wQj ‡m m¤ú‡K©
Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb;
 †fŠ‡MvwjK Avwe®‹v‡ii d‡j †lvok kZvãx‡Z wewfbœ mf¨Zv Ges †`‡ki g‡a¨ †h
bZzb m¤úK© ¯’vwcZ n‡jv †m m¤ú‡K© aviYv jvf Ki‡eb;
 †fŠ‡MvwjK Avwe®‹v‡i †Kb BD‡ivc †bZ…Z¡ w`j †m m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb;
 mgy`ªhvÎvi †h me cÖ‡qvRbxq hš¿cvwZ Avwe¯‹„Z n‡qwQj †m m¤ú‡K© mg¨K aviYv
jvf Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

Kv‡ji weeZ©‡b c„w_exi wewfbœ A‡j wewfbœ mf¨Zv M‡o D‡V| BD‡iv‡c `uvwo‡q wQ‡jv
wLª÷vb mf¨Zv ev wLª÷vb RMZ| DËi Avwd«Kv ev cwðg Gwkqvq wQj Bmjvwg mf¨Zvi
jxjvf‚wg, `~i cÖv‡P¨ wQj ˆPwbK mf¨Zv Avi mxgvnxb AvUjvw›UK I cÖkvšÍ gnvmvMi Øviv
wew”Qbœ Av‡gwiKv ev `~icÖZx‡P¨ M‡o D‡VwQ‡jv gvqv, AvR‡UK Ges BbKv‡`i Øviv
mycÖvPxb mf¨Zv| wKš‘ gRvi e¨vcvi wQj K‡qKwU mf¨Zvi m‡½ mvgvb¨ cvi¯úwiK
†hvMv‡hvM _vK‡jI †lvok kZvãx ch©šÍ AwaKvsk mf¨Zv wQj Avjv`v I wew”Qbœ|
Av‡gwiKv wQj mevi Aj‡¶¨, mvnviv giæf‚wgi `w¶‡Y Avwd«Kv m¤ú‡K© wQj LyeB Kg
Z_¨ Rvbv wQj| `~icÖvP¨ †_‡K wKQy cY¨ BD‡iv‡c cÖ‡ek Ki‡Zv, µz‡m‡Wi mgq mvgvb¨
mg‡qi Rb¨ cwðg Gwkqvi m‡½ BD‡iv‡ci wKQy †hvMv‡hvM cÖwZwôZ n‡qwQj| H
ch©šBÍ | wb‡R‡`i‡K wb‡q e¨¯Í GB mg¯Í Rb‡Mvwô †lvok kZvãx ch©šÍ wb‡R‡`i ag©,
ms¯‹…wZ Ges HwZn¨ wb‡q Avjv`vfv‡e M‡o D‡V‡Q| wKš‘ BD‡iv‡ci †bZ…‡Z¡ cÖvq cÂvk
eQ‡ii Kg mg‡q GB cvi¯úwiK wew”QbœZv Kj¤^vm, g¨vMwMjvb, fv‡¯‹v-Wv-Mvgvi g‡Zv
K‡qKRb bvwe‡Ki †fŠ‡MvwjK Avwe¯‹vi c„w_exUv‡K e`‡j w`‡qwQj| GB me †fŠ‡MvwjK
Avwe¯‹vi c„w_exi wewfbœ gvbe‡Mvôx Ges mf¨Zvi g‡a¨ GK bZzb †hvMm~‡Îi eÜb G‡b
wQ‡jv| BD‡iv‡ci KZ©„Z¡ cÖwZwôZ n‡jv mviv c„w_exi Dci|

†fŠ‡MvwjK Avwe®‹vi ïaygvÎ c„w_exUv‡K †QvU K‡iB Avbj bv, hyMvšÍKvix A_©‰bwZK m¤úK©I
¯’vcb Ki‡jv †`‡k †`‡k| BD‡iv‡ci m‡½ ewntwe‡k¦i wecyj m¤¢v‡ii evwYR¨ ïiæ n‡jv,
bZzb bZzb cY¨ BD‡iv‡c Avm‡Z jvM‡jv, Avi BD‡ivcxq cY¨ µgvš^‡q Hme †`‡k
idZvwb ïiæ n‡jv| BD‡iv‡ci e¨emvi †K›`ª GZw`b a‡i wQj f‚ga¨mvMixq AÂj, GLb
Zv cwiewZ©Z n‡q DËi AvUjvw›U‡K m‡i †M‡jv| µ‡gB BD‡ivcxq †`kmg~‡ni g‡a¨
Jcwb‡ewkK cÖwZ‡hvwMZv ïiæ nq Ges BD‡ivcxq †`kmg~n Gwkqv, Avwd«Kvq Ges j¨vwUb
Av‡gwiKvi †`kmg~n‡K civwRZ K‡i mvgªvR¨ev‡`i k„•L‡j Ave× K‡i| `vm e¨emv ïiæ
nq| wek¦e¨vcx evwY‡R¨i Kvi‡Y hLb BD‡ivc DËi DËi mg„w×i c‡_ GwM‡q PjwQ‡jv
ZLb evwYwR¨K msMV‡bi KvVv‡gvi g‡a¨I cwieZ©b Av‡m| AvaywbK e¨vsK e¨e¯’v,

BDwbU - 3 c„ôv - 44
 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

Bbmy¨‡iÝ, R‡q›U †Kv¤úvwbi Avwe©fve m~Pbv K‡i, Avi GiB c_ a‡i ïiæ nq AvaywbK
cyuwRev‡`i|

†fŠ‡MvwjK Avwe¯‹v‡ii KviY mg~n

G‡Zvw`b ch©šÍ hv nq wb A_©¨vr c„w_exUv‡K GKwU my‡Zvi gvjvq Muv_vi cÖ‡Póv †Kb ïiæ
n‡jv? G m¤ú‡K© HwZnvwmK‡`i g‡a¨ weZK© Av‡Q| GK`j HwZnvwmK g‡b K‡ib †i‡bmuvB
†fŠ‡MvwjK Avwe®‹v‡ii eo KviY| Zv‡`i e³e¨ n‡jv- †i‡bmuvi Kvi‡Y gvby‡li g‡b
AbymwÜrmv Ges Z¥wek¦v‡mi Rb¥ nq| ARvbv A‡`Lv‡K Rq Kivi Rb¨ DØy× K‡i‡Q|
Zvuiv e‡j _v‡Kb ‡fŠ‡MvwjK Avwe®‹viK Kj¤^vm wQ‡jb cÖL¨vZ †i‡bmuv‡mi wPÎ wkíx
wjIbv‡`v© wfwÝi mgmvgwqK| wKš‘ A‡bK HwZnvwmK Gg‡Zi we‡ivwaZv K‡i‡Qb|
mgv‡jvPK‡`i g‡Z †i‡bmuv‡mi gZv`‡k© wek¦vmxiv a‡iB wb‡q‡Qb AbymwÜrmv, ARvbv‡K
Rvbvi AvMÖn ga¨hyMx‡`i g‡a¨ wQj bv| Zv‡`i g‡Z ga¨ hyMxq gvby‡li g‡a¨ AvZ¥wek¦vm
Ges A‡`Lv‡K †`Lvi Zxeª AvKl©Y wQj| †i‡bmuvq cš’xiv `vwe K‡ib A‡bK bvweK hviv
cZz©Mvj I †¯ú †¯‡bi †_‡K wek¦R‡q †ei n‡qwQ‡jb Zv‡`i Rb¥ wQ‡jv BZvjx‡Z|
wKš‘ Zvuiv GK_v jywK‡q hvb †h Kj¤^v‡mi g‡Zv A‡bK BZvjxq bvweK Avm‡j †R‡bvqvi
Awaevmx| wKš‘ BZvwjq †i‡bmuv ‡R‡bvqvi Ask MÖnY Lye KgB| BZvjxq †i‡bmuvi mgq
AwR©Z wKQy †fŠ‡MvwjK Ávb wbtm‡›`‡n †fŠ‡MvwjK Awfhv‡b mnvqZv K‡iwQ‡jv,
wKš‘ †i‡bmuvB †fŠ‡MvwjK Avwe®‹v‡ii Rb¥ w`‡q‡Q GUv mgv‡jvPKiv gvb‡Z ivwR bb|
Zvu‡`i g‡Z ga¨hy‡Mi M‡f© †fŠ‡MvwjK Awfhv‡bi cÖ¯‘wZ ïiæ n‡q‡Q|

(K) evwYwR¨K KviY

†ewki fvM HwZnvwmK g‡b K‡ib †h †fŠ‡MvwjK Avwe®‹v‡ii mePvB‡Z eo KviY
evwYwR¨K myweav Av`v‡qi Rb¨ BD‡iv‡ci cÖ‡Póvi g‡a¨ wbwnZ wQ‡jv| c„w_exi cvuPwU
gnv‡`‡ki wfZi BD‡ivc mePvB‡Z †QvU, ¯^vfvweKfv‡e eû c‡Y¨i Rb¨ BD‡ivc‡K wbf©i
Ki‡Z n‡Zv Ab¨ gnv‡`‡ki Dci| BD‡iv‡c A‡bK wRwbm Drcbœ n‡Zv †hgb Lv`¨ kl¨ ,
†fov, Miæ, nvumgyiMx, kvKmewR hv RbM‡Yi Lvevi †RvMv‡bi Rb¨ h‡_ó wQj| GQvov
wbg©vY mvgMÖx wn‡m‡e cÖPzi KvV, cv_i, Kqjv, †jvnv, Zvgv, wUb BZ¨vw`I cÖPzi BD‡iv‡c
cvIqv †h‡Zv| GZ`m‡Ë¡I BD‡ivc‡K A‡bK cÖ‡qvRbxq `ª‡e¨i Rb¨ Ab¨ gnv‡`‡ki
Ici cÖvPxb Kvj †_‡KB Øvi¯’ n‡Z nw”Qj| wKš‘ wKQy wKQy mvgMÖx BD‡iv‡c GK`g Drcbœ
n‡Zv bv, †hgb wKQy cÖKvi KvV, Zzjv, wPwb BZ¨vw`| wKQy wKQy `ªe¨ BD‡iv‡c Drcbœ n‡jI
G¸wji ch©vß mieivn wQj bv| wmé, ¯^Y©, iæcv, g~j¨evb cv_i Dc‡i D‡jøwLZ A‡bK
¸wj mvgMÖxi Rb¨ Gwkqvi Ici wbf©ikxj wQj| Z‡e †h wRwbmwUi Rb¨ BD‡ivc
mePvB‡Z †ewk Gwkqvi Ici wbf©ikxj wQj Zv n‡jv gkjv| †MvjgwiP, `viæwPwb, Av`v,
gwiP,Rqdj, je½, ïaygvÎ MÖx®§gÛjxq `w¶Y c~e©-Gwkqvq Rb¥vq| BD‡ivc G¸‡jv
Avgv‡`i †`‡ki g‡Zv my¯^v`y Levi ˆZwi Rb¨ Zv wKš‘ bq| ZLb BD‡iv‡c wiwd«Rv‡iUi
Avwe®‹…Z nq wb, gvsm msi¶‡Yi Rb¨ gkjvi cÖ‡qvRb wQj, ZLb jeb w`‡q gvsm
msi¶Y Kiv n‡Zv, wKš‘ Zv A‡b‡KB cQ›` Ki‡Zv bv|

AvaywbK BD‡iv‡ci BwZnvm c„ôv - 45

Gm Gm GBP Gj

cÂ`k kZvãx ch©šÍ `w¶Y c~e© Gwkqv †_‡K gkjv, Pxb †_‡K wmé, fviZ †_‡K Zzjv I
i‡Zœi Pvwn`v G¸‡jvi mieiv‡ni Zzjbvq †e‡o hvw”Qj| cÂ`k kZvãx‡Z cÖvP¨ †_‡K
`ªe¨ mvgMÖxi Avg`vwb mieiv‡n K‡qKwU Kvi‡Y AwbwðZ n‡q c‡o| wKQy wKQy `ªe¨ cïi
wc‡V K‡i weivU c_ cvwo w`‡q BD‡iv‡c †cŠuQvZ, wKQy cY¨ Avie‡`i †QvU Rvnv‡R K‡i
†jvwnZ mvM‡i †cuŠQZ, Zvici Zv ¯’jc‡_ f‚ga¨mvM‡i †cuŠQvZ, †mLvb †_‡K H-me cY¨
Avevi Rvnv‡R K‡i BD‡iv‡c cvVv‡bv n‡Zv| Pxb †_‡K BD‡iv‡c cY¨ †cŠQ‡Z cÖvq wZb
eQ‡ii g‡Zv mgq jvMZ| Zvici Avie, †fwbkxq Ges †R‡bvqvi ga¨mË¡ †fvMx‡`i
Kvi‡Y `ªe¨vw`i `vg †ewk coZ| wØZxqZ: f‚ga¨ mvM‡ii c~e©vÂj GKv`k kZvãx †_‡K
Zw‚K© gymjgvb‡`i wbqš¿‡Y Avm‡Z _v‡K| BD‡ivcMvgx mg¯Í evwYR¨ GB me GjvKv w`‡q
Zv‡`i MšÍ‡e¨ †cŠQvZ| Z‚wK©iv Gme c‡Y¨i Dci U¨v· Av‡ivc Kiv‡Z c‡Y¨i `vg †e‡o
†h‡Z jvMj| BD‡ivcxq A‡bK e¨emvqx fq †c‡Z jvM‡jb †h ZzK©xiv PvB‡j Zv‡`i
wbqš¿Yvaxb GjvKvq evwYR¨ c_ G‡Kev‡i eÜ K‡i BD‡ivcxq evwY‡R¨ wech©q NUv‡Z
cv‡i| BD‡ivcxq ewYK‡`i Avk¼v m‡Z¨ cwiYZ nIqvi m¤¢vebv †`Lv w`j hLb 1453
mv‡j ZzwK©‡`i nv‡Z Kb÷vbwU‡bvc‡ji cZb n‡jv| †h‡nZz `~icÖv‡P¨i `ª‡e¨i Pvwn`v
†e‡oB P‡jwQ‡jv Avi †m Abyhvqx mieivn AwbwðZ Ges Ach©vß n‡q cowQ‡jv, ZvB
cwðg BD‡iv‡ci †`k we‡kl K‡i cyZ©wMR Ges †¯úb †`kxq ewYKiv PvBwQj BD‡ivcxq
Pvwn`vi Drm g~‡j cÖ‡ek K‡i BZvjxq I Avie ga¨mË¡‡fvMx ewYK‡`i ev` w`‡q Ges
ZzwK©‡`i wbqš¿Y Gwo‡q wKfv‡e mivmwi evwYR¨ Ki‡Z cv‡i| ¯’j c‡_ Pxb I fvi‡Z
†cuŠQv wec` m¼zj †Kbbv ga¨ Gwkqvi Aw¯’kxj Ges `v½vnv½vgvc~Y© AÂj AwZµg Kiv
mnRmva¨ wQ‡jv bv| ZvQvov †ij Avwe®‹v‡ii c~‡e© †bŠc‡_B gvjvgvj Avbv †bIqv Kiv
A‡c¶vK…Z m¯Ív wQj|

(L) RvZxq ivRv‡`i ¯^cœ

ïaygvÎ e¨emvqx‡`i g‡b `~icÖv‡P¨i m‡½ mivmwi evwY‡R¨i K_v g‡b nw”Qj bv, wLªóvb
RMr †f‡½ †h me RvZxq ivRviv we‡kl K‡i cwðg BD‡ivc kw³kvjx n‡q D‡VwQ‡jb
ZvivI Pvw”Q‡jb D”P gybvdv cÖ`vb Ki‡Z cv‡i Ggb bZzb bZzb evwYR¨ c_ Avwe®‹…Z
nDK| GBme ivRv hvRK‡`i Ges f‚¯^vgx‡`i Zzjbvq kw³kvjx n‡Z Pvw”Q‡jb, Avi G
Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb wQj m¤ú‡`i ¯^Y© I †iv‡c¨i cÖPzi gRy`, hw` ivóªxq †KvlvMv‡i _v‡K Zvn‡j
ivóª mvgwiK Ges †bŠkw³‡Z ejxqvb n‡Z cv‡i| cZz©Mv‡ji ivRv †hgbwU fviZe‡l©
Avmvi c_ LyuRwQ‡jb Ges fvi‡Z Avmvi c_ cvIqvi ci `~i cÖv‡P¨i evwYwR¨K Dci
GKQÎ AwaKvi ev g‡bv‡cvwj Kv‡qg K‡iwQ‡jb| †¯ú‡bi ivRv Av‡gwiKv gnv‡`‡ki
Dci evwYR¨ KZ©„Z¡ ¯’vcb Ki‡Z †P‡qwQ‡jb †hb †¯úbxq ivRZš¿ kw³kvjx nq| Avevi
BD‡iv‡ci Ab¨ kw³kvjx ivRviv we‡kl K‡i WvP, divwm Ges Bs‡iR mgªvUiv cZ©ywMR
Ges †¯úbxq GKQÎ evwYR¨ AwaKvi †f‡½ wb‡R‡`i AwaKvi cÖwZôv Kivi Rb¨ Zv‡`i
†`‡ki bvweK Ges e¨emvqx‡`i‡K DrmvwnZ K‡iwQ‡jb| GBfv‡e bZzb bZzb evwYR¨ c_
Ges ARvbv †`k BD‡iv‡ci bR‡i Avm‡Z _v‡K| bZzb †`k Avwe®‹vi Ges Zvi Ici
KZ©„Z¡ cÖwZôv BD‡ivcxq RvZxqZvi ¯§viK wPý wn‡m‡e cwiMwYZ n‡Z jvMj|

BDwbU - 3 c„ôv - 46
 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

ag©xq KviY
evwYwR¨K myweav Ges †`k‡K kw³kvjx Kivi wPšÍvq hLb e¨emvqx Ges ivRviv we‡fvi,
ZLb Avi GK `j †jvK wfbœ GKwU Kvi‡Y BD‡iv‡ci evB‡i Zv‡`i cÖfve we¯Ív‡i m‡Pó
wQj| Giv n‡”Qb ag©¸iæ, †cvc, wekc Ges Pv‡P©i m‡½ hy³ Ab¨vb¨ hvRKiv| wLª÷a‡g©i
QvqvZ‡j ¯’vb †`Iqvi Rb¨, evB‡e‡ji evYx Gwkqv Avwd«Kvq Ges j¨vwUb Av‡gwiKvq
Qwo‡q †`Iqvi Rb¨ BD‡ivcxq hvhKiv gwiqv n‡q D‡VwQ‡jv| wLª÷vb ag© eiveiB GKwU
wgkbvwi ev cÖPviKvgx ag©| Øv`k †_‡K cÂ`k kZvãx ch©šÍ hvRKiv µz‡m‡Wi †hv×v‡`i
mv‡_ wgwjZ n‡q Bmjvg †_‡K wbKU cÖvP¨‡K wQwb‡q Avbvi cÖvYcY †Póv Pvwj‡q hvw”Qj|
cÂ`k kZvãx‡Z BD‡ivc‡K wLª÷vb evwb‡q mg¯Í wLª÷vb wgkbvwiiv µ‡g µ‡g Gwkqv
Ges Avwd«Kvi w`‡K bRi w`w”Q‡jv| e¨emvqxiv †Zv GB kZvãx‡ZB GB me A‡j
evwYR¨ `Lj Ki‡Z Pvw”Qj| d‡j e¨emvqx Ges wgkbvwiiv GKwÎZ n‡q Zv‡`i D‡Ïk¨
mva‡bi Rb¨ c„w_exgq P‡l †eov‡Z jvMj| Ab¨ K_vq a‡g©i cÖ‡qvRb Ges e¨emvi `vwe
GKwÎZ nq †lvok kZvãx‡Z wek¦ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi wecøex Aa¨v‡qi m~Pbv Kij| †hme
ˆ¯^ikvmKiv e¨emvqx Ges bvweK‡`i‡K Awfhv‡b †ei nIqvi Rb¨ mvnvh¨ m‡nv‡hvwMZv
KiwQ‡jb Zviv e¨emv evwYR¨ Øviv m¤ú` jv‡fi mv‡_ mv‡_ ag©cÖPv‡ii AvKvs¶vI
KiwQ‡jb|

†fŠ‡MvwjK Ávb
e¨emv ev ag©cÖPv‡ii AvKvs¶v n‡jI w`wM¦Rq m¤¢e nq bv, †fŠ‡MvwjK Ávb Ges w`K
wbY©qK hš¿cvwZi DbœwZ Qvov †`k Avwe®‹v‡ii `ytmvnwmKZv Kvh©Kix n‡Z cv‡i bv| G
iKg Ávb ga¨hy‡Mi †kl fvM †_‡K BD‡ivcxqiv wb‡R‡`i AwfÁZv Ges wewfbœ RvwZ|
we‡kl K‡i Avie ewYK‡`i KvQ †_‡K msMÖn KiwQ‡jv| ·qv`k kZ‡K wLª÷vb
K‡qKRb `~Z‡K †cvc ga¨ Gwkqvi g‡½vj Lvub†`i `iev‡i †cÖiY K‡iwQ‡jb| †fwb‡mi
†cv‡jv cwiev‡ii wZb fvB Pxb †`‡k wM‡qwQ‡jb| G‡`i GKRb gv‡K©v †cv‡jv KzejvB
Lvui `iev‡i `xN© m‡Z‡iv eQi KvwU‡qwQ‡jb| Av‡iK Rb Drmvnx ag© hvRK, gw›U-Kiwe‡bv
cÖ_‡g g‡½vj‡`i m‡½ wKQyw`b KvwU‡q c‡i fvi‡Zi gv`ªv‡R GKwU wL÷vb wgkb cÖwZôv
K‡i me©‡k‡l Pxb cvwo w`‡q wcwKs-G emevm ïiæ K‡ib| †cvc 1307 mv‡j Zvu‡K
Px‡bi ivRavbxi AvK© we‡klÁ wn‡m‡e wb‡qvM `vb K‡ib| c‡i Zvui c_ a‡i K‡qKRb
BUvjxq e¨emvqx `~icÖv‡P¨ P‡j Av‡mb| †d¬v‡i‡Ýi GK e¨emvqx “A Merchants’ hand
book” bvgK GK MÖ‡š’ c~e© I cwð‡gi mKj evwYwR¨K iv¯Ívi Bw½Z w`‡q‡Qb| GKRb
†fwbwmqvb e¨emvqx Zvui MÖš’ “Secrets of the Faithful Crusuder”-G Zuvi †`Lv K‡qKwU
Gkxq kn‡ii eY©bv w`‡q‡Qb| ·qv`k Ges PZ©y`k kZvãx‡Z BD‡ivcxq‡`i Gme cÖ‡Póv
¶Y¯’vqx n‡j cieZ©x Kv‡ji Rb¨ G¸wj m~`yi cÖmvix f‚wgKv †i‡LwQ‡jv| Zv‡`i ågY
e„ËvšÍ ¸‡jv‡Z Pxb I fviZ m¤ú‡K© wPËvKl©K eY©bv i‡q‡Q| †hgb gv‡K©v †cv‡jvi ågY
bvgK MÖ‡š’ Pxb, evg©v I Rvcvb m¤ú‡K© weeiY i‡q‡Q| D‡jøL¨, KzejvB Lvu gv‡K©v
†cv‡jv‡K Zvui `~Z wnmv‡e Rvcvb I evg©vmn wewfbœ †`‡k †cÖiY K‡iwQ‡jb | Gme ågY
Kvwnbx¸‡jv‡Z me mgq mwZ¨ K_v wjwLZ n‡q‡Q GgbwU bq| ågYKvixiv wj‡L‡Qb
Gwkqv‡Z Zviv Ggb †jvK †`‡L‡Qb hv‡`i GKwU gvÎ cv i‡q‡Q, Kv‡iv gv_vi g‡a¨ P¶z,

AvaywbK BD‡iv‡ci BwZnvm c„ôv - 47

Gm Gm GBP Gj

Avevi Kv‡iv gv_v †bB, Zv‡`i gyLUv ey‡Ki gv‡S| GgbI eY©bv i‡q‡Q †hLv‡b ejv
n‡q‡Q Gwkqv‡Z GKai‡bi †jvK evm K‡i hv‡`i gv_v KzKz‡ii gv_vi g‡Zv| Zv‡`i
Avbv Kvco m¤ú‡K© ågYKvixiv wj‡L‡Qb GK ai‡Yi Mv‡Q dz‡ji g‡Zv Rb¥v‡bv †g‡li
ckg †_‡K G¸‡jv cÖ¯‘Z| †m hvB ‡nvK, Zv‡`i ågY Kvwnbx cvV K‡i BD‡ivcxq
bvwK‡`i g‡a¨ cÖvP¨ †`k¸‡jv‡Z we‡kl K‡i K¨vw_‡Z (Px‡bi Aci bvg) †cŠQvi AvMÖn
evo‡Z _v‡K| Rvbv hvq cZ©©yMv‡ji hyeivR bvweK †nbix gv‡K©v †cv‡jvi ågY cvV K‡i
Gwkqvi m‡½ †hvMv‡hvM ¯’vc‡bi Drmvnx n‡q wQ‡jb| fv‡¯‹v-Wv-MvgvÕi wbK‡U Õgv‡K©v
†cv‡jvi ågY-KvwnbxÕ wU wQj| gv‡K©v‡cv‡jvi eY©bvg‡Zv cÖvP¨‡`kxq gwYgy³vi fvÛvi
BD‡ivcxq bvweK‡`i Kíbv Av‡›`vwjZ Ki‡Z _v‡K| hw` BD‡ivcxqiv ¯’jc‡_ wbivc‡`
†mLv‡b bv †cuŠQ‡Z bv cv‡i Z‡e Zv‡`i‡K Aek¨B Rjc‡_ fviZ gnvmvMixq A‡j ev
K¨vw_‡Z †cuŠQy‡Z n‡e|

w`K wbY©‡qi Ávb I hš¿cvwZ

GKKv‡j wek¦vm Kiv n‡Zv c„w_exUv mgZj Ges GKwU †cø‡Ui g‡Zv †MvjvKvi| c„w_exi
Dci hw` †KD cwiågY K‡i GK mgq †m wKbviv w`‡q c‡o hv‡e| ga¨hy‡M f~‡Mvj
m¤ú‡K© bZzb bZzb Ávb evovi mv‡_ mv‡_ gvbyl Avi Gme KíKvwnbx wek¦vm KiwQ‡jv
bv| eis we‡klÁiv µ‡g g‡b Ki‡Z _v‡K ‡h c„w_ex e„ËvKvi Ges A¶‡iLvi Dci
Nyi‡Q| GUv ejv n‡Z jvM‡jv †h fviZxq ØxccyÄ AvUjvw›U‡Ki cwðg DcK‚‡j Aew¯’Z|
myZivs BD‡ivc †_‡K Rvnv‡R K‡i †mvRv cwð‡g †M‡jB c~e© Gwkqvq †cŠQv‡bv hv‡e|
GKB m‡½ GI wek¦vm Kiv n‡Zv †h fviZxq ØxccyÄ Ges Px‡b Avmvi ¶z`ªZi mgy`ª c_Uv
cvIqv hv‡e BD‡iv‡ci DËi c~e© A_ev AvwdKvi `w¶Y w`K eivei| cÂ`k kZvãx‡Z
BD‡iv‡ci bvwe‡Ki †bŠPvjbv m¤ú‡K© h‡_ó Ávb AR©b Ki‡Z †c‡iwQ‡jb| BUvwji
bvwe‡Kiv ·qv`k kZvãx †_‡K K¤úv‡mi e¨envi ïiæ K‡ib| aªæeZvivi D”PZv gvcvi
Rb¨ Avie‡`i Avwe®‹…Z G¨v‡óªj¨ve bvgK GK cÖKvi h‡š¿i mvnv‡h¨ BD‡ivcxqiv wbi¶
‡iLv †_‡K †KŠwYK `~iZ¡ (A¶vsk) gvc‡Zv|

†bŠc‡_i PvU© I g¨v‡ci e¨vcK cÖPjb ïiæ nq| gnvmgy‡`ª Av‡Mi g‡Zv bvweKiv nvwi‡q
hvIqvi m¤¢vebv ZLbI wQj| wKš‘ G mg‡q Zvuiv mvn‡mi m‡½ Awfhv‡b †ei n‡Z cviZ,
†Kbbv nvwi‡q †M‡jI Zvuiv Rvb‡Zb †h gnvDËvj mvM‡i Zv‡`i Ae¯’vb †Kv_vq|
†fŠ‡MvwjK Ávb Avi bvwe‡Ki h‡š¿i Dci mvn‡m fi K‡i BD‡ivcxq bvweKiv †MŠie
Avi fv‡M¨i †jv‡f AvUjvw›U‡Ki Avwd«Kvi DcK‚‡j wK¤^v ARvbv mgy‡`ªi ey‡K Zix
fvmvj| Avi GB fv‡eB c„w_exUvI AvaywbK RM‡Z cÖ‡ek Kij|

BDwbU - 3 c„ôv - 48
 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

mvims‡¶c
†lvok kZvãx‡Z BD‡iv‡ci †bZ…‡Z¡ †fŠ‡MvwjK Avwe®‹v‡ii d‡j c„w_exi †PnvivUvB cvj‡U
†M‡jv| Av‡M †hLv‡b GK mf¨Zv Av‡iK mf¨Zv ev GK †`k Av‡iK †`k m¤ú‡K© Lye GKUv
Rvb‡Zv bv Zvi Aemvb n‡q mf¨Zv I †`k mg~n Lye KvQvKvwQ G‡m †M‡jv| GB Avwe®‹v‡ii
d‡j BD‡ivcxq ¶gZv I wbqš¿‡Yi Aaxb n‡q coj mviv c„w_ex| g~jZ: evwYwR¨K myweav jv‡fi
Rb¨ we‡kl K‡i cÖvP¨ †`kmg~n †_‡K gkjv, wmé, g~j¨evb cv_i, Zzjv mn‡R I m¯Ívq †bIqvi
Rb¨ cÖ‡Póvi gv‡SB †fŠ‡MvwjK Avwe®‹v‡ii ïiæ| c‡i evwYR¨ Qvov ag©xq KviY, ivRv‡`i
Awfjvm BZ¨vw` Kvi‡Y BD‡ivcxqiv mviv c„w_ex‡Z Qwo‡q c‡o| †fŠ‡MvwjK Ávb Ges
bvweK‡`i Rb¨ wewfbœ hš¿cvwZi Avwe¯‹vi †fŠ‡MvwjK Avwe®‹vi‡K mnvqZv K‡i‡Q|

AvaywbK BD‡iv‡ci BwZnvm c„ôv - 49

Gm Gm GBP Gj

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb

ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ
1| †fŠ‡MvwjK Avwe®‹v‡ii cÖ‡Póv ïiæ nq -
(K) GKv`k kZvãx‡Z (L) Øv`k kZvãx‡Z
(M) ·qv`k kZvãx‡Z (N) †lvok kZvãx‡Z

(2) gkjv cvIqv †h‡Zv -

(K) Av‡gwiKvq (L) Px‡b
(M) Avi‡e (N) `w¶Y-c~e© Gwkqvq

(3) BD‡ivcxq‡`i gkjvi cÖ‡qvRb wQj -

(K) gvsm my¯^v`y Ki‡Z (L) gvsm msi¶Y Ki‡Z
(M) bvbv Lvevi ˆZwi Ki‡Z (N) Jla evbv‡Z

(4) gv‡K©v †cv‡jv †Kvb †`‡ki bvMwiK wQ‡jb -

(K) Px‡bi (L) †fwb‡mi
(M) fvi‡Zi (N) Bsj¨v‡Ûi

iPbv g~jK cÖkœ

1| BD‡ivcxq †fŠ‡MvwjK Avwe®‹vi wcQ‡b †h me evwYwR¨K KviY wQj Zv Av‡jvPbv
Kiæb|
2| †h me †fŠ‡MvwjK Ávb e„w× I mgy`ª hvÎvi cÖ‡qvRbxq hš¿cvwZ Avwe®‹v‡ii Kvi‡Y
†fŠMwjK Avwe¯‹vi mnR n‡qwQ‡jv †m m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

ˆbe¨©w³K cÖ‡kœi DËi

1| (L), 2| (N), 3| (L), 4| (L)

msw¶ß cÖkœ
1| †fŠ‡MvwjK Avwe¯‹vi m¤ú‡K© †i‡bmuvm gZev` mwVK bq †Kb?
2| ag©xq KviY Kxfv‡e †fŠ‡MvwjK Avwe®‹v‡i‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i‡Q|

mnvqK MÖš’vejx
1 Edward Mcnall Burns, Robert E. Lerners, Standish Meacham, Western
Civilizations : Their History and Culture. (New York : Norton, 1980)
2 Carlton. I.H. Hayes, Modern Europe to 1870 (New York : Macmillan,
1958).

BDwbU - 3 c„ôv - 50
 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

gvbwPÎ

AvaywbK BD‡iv‡ci BwZnvm c„ôv - 51

Gm Gm GBP Gj

cvV - 2
†fŠ‡MvwjK Avwe®‹vi
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb Rvbv‡Z cvi‡eb -
 BD‡ivcxq‡`i wewfbœ †`‡k hvIqvi Rjc_ Avwe®‹v‡ii Kvwnbx Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
 cZ©ywMR bvweK fv‡¯‹vWvMvgv fvi‡Z Avmvi c_ wKfv‡e Avwe¯‹vi Kij †m m¤ú‡K©
Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
 Kj¤^vm wK K‡i fvi‡Z Avmvi c_ Avwe®‹vi Ki‡Z wM‡q Av‡gwiKv Avwe®‹vi Ki‡jb
†m m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
 †¯úbxqiv fvi‡Z Avmvi iv¯Ív bv †c‡jI, wKš‘ Av‡gwiKv Avwe®‹vi Zv‡`i †m `ytL‡K
Kxfv‡e fzwj‡q w`‡jv †m m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|

BD‡ivc hLb wØMweR‡q †ei nq ZLb ivR‰bwZK w`K †_‡K Zv‡`i wQj KiæY Ae¯’v|
Zv‡`i kÎÆ ZzwK© gymjgvb‡`i AvNv‡Z BD‡ivcxq †`k¸‡jv wQj ch©y`¯‘, Zv‡`i Aw¯ÍZ¡
wQj ûgwKi m¤§yLxb| 1453 mv‡j ZzwK© myjZvb wØZxq gynv¤§`‡`i nv‡Z Kb÷vw›U‡bvc‡ji
cZb nq| mvwe©qv ZzwK©‡`i `L‡j hvq 1459 mv‡j, Avj‡ewbqv GKB fvM¨ eiY K‡i
1470 mv‡j| cwðg BD‡ivcxq‡`i Pig `yt¯^cœ ïiæ nq hLb ZzwK©iv 1480 wLª÷v‡ã
BZvwj‡Z c`vc©Y K‡i| BZvwjq kni IUiv‡›Uv Zv‡`i `L‡j Av‡m| 1481 wLª÷v‡ã
myjZvb wØZxq gvngy‡`i g„Z¨y n‡j ZwzK©iv BZvwj Z¨vM K‡i| wKš‘ BD‡ivcxqiv Avk¼vq
`yj‡Z _v‡K GB †f‡e †h ZzwK©iv Avevi AµgY Ki‡e| †cvc wØZxq wcqvm ZzwK©‡`i
weiæ‡× cÖwZ‡iva MVb Ki‡Z wM‡q `yt‡L e‡j D‡VwQ‡jb ÕÕAvwg †Kv‡bv Avkvi Av‡jv
†`L‡Z cvw”QbvÕÕ| GKw`‡K BD‡ivc hLb ïayB AÜKvi †`LwQ‡jv ZLb Ab¨w`‡K
BD‡iv‡ci Avkvi Av‡jv R¡‡j D‡VwQ‡jv| wKQy `ytmvnmx cZ©ywMR Ges †¯úbxq bvweK
DËvj AvUjvw›UK mvMi cvwo ‡`qv kyiæ K‡i| Zv‡`i Avwe®‹vi kxNªB BD‡ivc‡K we‡k¦i
cÖfz evbvevi iv¯Ív ˆZwi K‡i w`‡jv|

cZz©wMR‡`i Avwe®‹vi
†fŠ‡MvwjK Avwe®‹v‡ii c‡_ cZ©ywMRiv wQj c_ cÖ`k©K| BD‡iv‡ci `w¶Y cwðg †KvYvq
Ges AvUjvw›UK gnvmvM‡i Aew¯’Z cZ©yMv‡ji wKQy wKQy mvgyw`ªK Awfhvb Av‡M †_‡KB
cwiPvwjZ nw”Qj| GK mgq wReªvëvi cÖYvjx AwZµg K‡i †¯úbxq gymwjg‡`i m‡½ hy‡×
wjß nq| Zviv Av‡iv `w¶‡Y †bŠhvb Pvwj‡q AMÖmi nIqvi K_v fvewQ‡jv| cy‡iv Avwd«Kv
gnv‡`k m¤ú‡K© Zv‡`i Ávb wQj LyeB mxwgZ| wKš‘ Zviv aviYv K‡iwQj †h gnv‡`kwU
wekvj I wec`m¼zj| ZviciI Zviv fveZ Avwd«Kvi cwðg DcK‚j a‡i `w¶‡Y wKQy`~i
AMÖmi n‡j gnv‡`kwUi me©`w¶‡Yi we›`ywU AwZµg K‡i Zvici c~e© w`‡K RvnvR Pvwj‡q
†M‡j Zviv Zv‡`i ¯^‡cœi fviZ I Px‡b †cuuŠQv‡bv hv‡e, GBfv‡e Zviv BZvwjq bMix¸‡jv
Ges gymwjg evwYR¨ en‡ii Dci wbf©ikxjZvi nvZ †_‡K i¶v cv‡e| PZ©y`k kZvãxi

BDwbU - 3 c„ôv - 52
 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

ga¨fv‡e Zviv AvUjvw›UK Øxc gv‡`Biv (Madeira) I Av‡Rv‡im (Azores) `Lj K‡i
Ges g` I wPwbi e¨emv K‡i cÖPzi jvfevb nq|

cZ©ywMR‡`i fvi‡Z Ges Px‡b Avmvi ¯^cœ‡K whwb ev¯Í‡e iæcvwqZ Kivi †Póv K‡ib wZwb
n‡”Qb cZ©ywMR hyeivR †nbwi †bwf‡MUi (1394-1460 wLª:)| †bwf‡MUi gv‡b n‡”Qb
†bŠcwieªvRK| wKš‘ †nbwi †Zgb wKQy wQ‡jb bv| wKš‘ Zvui ü`q gb Ry‡o wQ‡jv cÖPwjZ
†fŠ‡MvwjK ZË¡¸‡jv cix¶v-wbix¶v Kiv| Zvui D‡Ïk¨ wQj wKfv‡e wLª÷vb ag©‡K Qwo‡q
†`qv hvq Ges Zvui †`‡ki mxgvbv I m¤ú` evov‡bv †h‡Z cv‡i| wZwb bvweK‡`i Rb¨
GKUv ¯‹zj Ly‡j wQ‡jb Ges †mLv‡b R‡ov K‡iwQ‡jb `¶ I cÖwZfvevb bvweK Ges
f‚‡Mvjwe`‡`i| GB ¯‹zj †_‡K wZwb eQ‡ii ci eQi a‡i e¨emvqx, ag©cÖPviK I
†hv×v‡`i w`‡q A‡bK †bŠAwfhvb †cÖiY K‡iwQ‡jb| †nbwii mgq cZ©ywMR RvnvR¸‡jv
cwðg Avwd«Kvi DcK‚j a‡i `w¶‡Yi w`‡K AMÖmi n‡Z _v‡K| cZ©ywMR bvwe‡Kiv
µgvMZ DaŸ©gyLx Mig‡K D‡c¶v K‡i wKQy `yM© I evwYR¨ NuvwU ¯’vcb Ki‡Z mg_©
n‡qwQ‡jv| wK cÖPÛ Mig Avi wec`m¼zj Awfhv‡b Zviv †ewi‡qwQ‡jv cÂ`k kZvãxi
ga¨fv‡Mi GKwU weeiY †_‡K Zv wKQyUv Abygvb Kiv hvq| GB eY©bvq wjLv i‡q‡Q
ÒK‡qK eQ‡ii im`cÎ fwZ© K‡i PviUv RvnvR iIqvbv nq| wZb eQi ci GKwU RvnvR
wd‡i Av‡m| H Rvnv‡Ri AwaKvsk bvweKB gviv hvq| hviv †eu‡P wQ‡jv Zv‡`i‡K gvbyl
e‡j g‡bB n‡Zv bv| Zv‡`i gvsm I Pzj L‡m c‡o| nv‡Zi I cv‡qi Av½y‡j bL wQj
bv| Zv‡`i gv_vi †KvV‡i †PvL Xz‡K c‡o‡Q Ges Zviv KzPKz‡P Kv‡jv n‡q wM‡qwQ‡jv|
Zviv ‡h cÖPÛ Mi‡gi K_v ejwQ‡jv †m Abyhvqx RvnvR I bvweK‡`i cy‡o hvIqv †_‡K
i¶v cvIqvB wQj Avðvh©RbK| Zviv Av‡iv ejwQj Zviv ‡Kv‡bv evwo ev gvwUi †`Lv
cvw”Qj bv| GK mgq Zv‡`i c‡¶ Avi RvnvR Pvjv‡bv m¤¢e wQj bv, †Kbbv Zviv hZB
G¸w”Q‡jv ZZB Mig evowQ‡jv Avi mgy`ª DËvj nw”Q‡jv| Zv‡`i g‡b nw”Qj Zv‡`i Ab¨
†h RvnvR ¸‡jv eû`~i ch©šÍ AMÖmi n‡q‡Q Zv Avi wd‡i Avm‡e bv|ÕÕ GiKg fqven
weeiY covi ciI bvweKiv bZzb bZzb Awfhv‡b †ei nw”Qj| †nbwii RxeÏkvq cZ©ywMR
bvweKiv Avwd«Kvi cwðg DcK‚‡ji DËivs‡ki A‡a©‡K Awfhvb m¤úbœ K‡iwQj Ges
†Mvì †Kv÷ (eZ©gvb Nvbv) I `vm e¨emvi Dci wbqš¿Y cÖwZôv K‡iwQ‡jv|

1477 wLª÷v‡ã Bartholomew Diaz bv‡g GK cZ©ywMR bvweK Avwd«Kvi me© `w¶‡Yi
we›`y‡Z †cuŠQv‡Z †c‡iwQ‡jb| wZwb hLb ILv‡b †cuŠ‡Qb ZLb cÖPÛ S‡oi Ke‡j
c‡ob| ZvB H ¯’v‡bi bvg w`‡qwQ‡jb ÒS‡oi AšÍixcÕÕ| cZ©yMv‡ji ivRv wØZxq Rb Gi
g‡a¨ Avkvi Av‡jv †`L‡Z cvb Ges Gi bvg iv‡Lb ÒDËgvkv AšÍixcÕÕ| ivRv Rb Av‡iv
wKQy cwiKíbv K‡ib †hb DËgvkv AšÍixc n‡q cZ©ywMRiv fvi‡Zi w`‡K iv¯Ív Lyu‡R cvq|

ivRv R‡bi DËivwaKvix ivRv cÖ_g g¨vby‡q‡ji AvbyK‚‡j¨ fv‡¯‹v-Wv-Mvgv bvgK GK

bvweK 1497 wLª÷v‡ã GK Awfhv‡b †ei nb| w`qv‡Ri c_ a‡i wZwb DËgvkv AšÍixc
AwZµg K‡ib, Zvici wZwb AviI `w¶‡Y AMÖmi n‡q c~e© Avwd«Kvi †Kwbqvq †cuŠ‡Qb|
GLv‡b GK Avie bvweK Zvu‡K fviZ gnvmvMi AwZµg K‡i fvi‡Z †cuŠQy‡Z mnvqZv
K‡ib| 1498 mv‡ji †g gv‡m fv‡¯‹v-Wv-Mvgv fvi‡Zi KvwjK‡U c`vc©Y K‡ib Ges

AvaywbK BD‡iv‡ci BwZnvm c„ôv - 53

Gm Gm GBP Gj

BD‡ivc †_‡K `~i cÖvP¨ ch©šÍ †cuŠQvi bZzb iv¯Ív Avwe®‹vi‡K ¯§iYxq K‡i ivLvi Rb¨
GKwU gv‡e©j cv_‡ii ¯§iwYKv ˆZwi K‡ib| `yB eQi ci Wv-Mvgv cZz©Mv‡j †diZ hvb,
wKš‘ BwZg‡a¨ Zvui en‡ii A‡a©K RvnvR nvwi‡q‡Qb, †jvKR‡bi wZbfv‡Mi GKfvM gviv
†M‡Q| wKš‘ Awfhv‡b A_© hZ LiP n‡qwQj Zvi lvU¸Y †ewk A_© cvIqv hvq Rvnv‡R
K‡i fviZ †_‡K Avbv `viæwPwb I gwiP cZ©yMv‡ji evRv‡i wewµ K‡i| ivR¨ g¨vby‡qj
fv‡¯‹v-Wv Mvgvi G Avwe®‹vi‡K `ªæZ Kv‡R jvMv‡jb| 1400 mv‡ji ci †_‡K cZ©ywMR
evwYR¨ RvnvR wbqwgZfv‡e fvi‡Z Avmv hvIqv ïiæ K‡i| cZ©ywMR e¨emvqx‡`i m‡½
wLª÷vb ag©cÖPviKivI mv_x nq| fvi‡Zi †Mvqvq cÖ_g cZ©ywMR wgkbvwi Av¯Ívbv M‡o
I‡V| kxNªB cZ©ywMRiv wmsnj, mygvÎv, Rvfv Ges gkjvi Øx‡c Zv‡`i evwYR¨ KzwV wbg©vY
K‡i| 1417 mv‡j Zviv Px‡bi K¨v›U‡b Dcw¯’Z nq Ges 1542 wLª÷v‡ã Rvcv‡b cÖ‡ek
K‡i|

†¯úbxq‡`i Avwe®‹vi
wWqv‡Ri Avwe®‹v‡ii ci cZ©ywMRiv Gwkqvq hvIqvi iv¯Ív wbqš¿Y Ki‡e GUv †f‡e
cZ©yMv‡ji cÖwZ›Øx †¯úbxqiv cwðg †_‡K Ab¨ iv¯Ív †ei Kiv hvq wK bv Zv wb‡q wPšÍv
ïiæ K‡i| BZvjxq †R‡bvqvi Awaevmx Kj¤^vm G e¨vcv‡i GK cwiKíbv †ck K‡ib|
Zvui aviYv wQj AvUjvw›U‡Ki Ici cwð‡g †bŠhvb Pvwj‡q †M‡j wZwb fviZ Ges Px‡b
†cuŠQv‡Z cvi‡eb| Zvui cwiKíbvi Rb¨ wZwb cZ©yMv‡ji ivRv wØZxq R‡bi Avw_©K
mnvqZv Pvb| wKš‘ cZ©ywMRiv ZLb Avwd«Kv AwZµg K‡i fvi‡Z †cuŠQvi iv¯Ív wb‡q
we‡fvi wQ‡jv| Kj¤^vm ZLb †¯ú‡bi ivRvi wbKU mvnv‡h¨i nvZ evovb| Kvw¯Í‡ji ivYx
Bmv‡ejv Ges Zvi ¯^vgx AvivM‡bi dvw`©bv›` GB mgq †¯ú‡bi ivRZš¿‡K kw³kvjx K‡i
†¯ú‡b gymjgvb‡`i k³ Ae¯’vb MÖvbvWv ‡_‡K weZvo‡b e¨¯Í wQ‡jb| ZviciI Zviv
Kj¤^v‡mi mnvqZvq GwM‡q Av‡mb| 1492 wLª÷v‡ãi AvM÷ gv‡m †¯úbxq e›`i cv‡jvm
†_‡K wZbwU ¶z`ª RvnvR, mvZvwk Rb bvweK Ges K¨vw_i ivRvi Rb¨ GKwU wPwV wb‡q
iIqvbv nb| mßv‡ni ci mßvn a‡i wZwb cwðg w`‡K hvw”Q‡jb, GK mgq Zvi m½x
bvwe‡Kiv wei³ n‡q we‡`ªvn K‡i e‡m, wKš‘ ZeyI Kj¤^vm Zvi cwiKíbv wb‡q GKvMÖ
wPË| Ae‡k‡l 12 A‡±vei 1492 wLª÷v‡ã Kj¤^v‡mi RvnvR gvwU‡Z †bvOi Kij| wZwb
Kíbv Ki‡Z cv‡ibwb Zvi Avwe®‹…Z ¯’vbwUi bvg evnvgv, fviZ I Pxb †_‡K nvRvi nvRvi
gvBj `~‡i| Zvui aviY wQ‡jv wZwb Gwkqvi DcK‚‡ji †Kv_vI †cuŠ‡Q‡Qb| Gici wZbevi
Kj¤^vm Zvui Avwe®‹…Z ¯’v‡b, e¨emvqx, ag© cÖPviK I Dcwb‡ekKvix‡`i‡K wb‡q
G‡mwQ‡jb| ¯^Y©, gkjv A_ev wm‡éi †Kv‡bv mÜvb Zviv †c‡jb bv| †h A™¢zZ gvby‡li
m‡½ wZwb wg‡k‡Qb Avm‡j Zviv wQj Avw`g K¨vwie, mymf¨ fviZxq wK¤^v Pxbv bq|
ZviciI Kj¤^vm Zv‡`i‡K BwÛqvb ev fviZxq ej‡Zb| Avi GB fv‡e Av‡gwiKvi
Avw`g Awaevmxiv BwÛqvb bv‡g AwfwnZ n‡Z _v‡K|

mwZ¨ ej‡Z †M‡j GUv ejv hv‡e bv ‡h Kj¤^vm Av‡gwiKv Avwe®‹vi K‡i‡Qb| †Kbbv
we‡klÁiv GLb GKgZ †h cwðg †Mvjv‡a© BD‡ivcxq‡`i g‡a¨ cÖ_g cv †i‡LwQj
fvBwKsiv| GK nvRvi wLª÷v‡ã Zviv eZ©gvb wbDdvDÛj¨vÛ, jeªvWvi Ges m¤¢eZ wbD
Bsj¨v‡Û RvnvR Pvwj‡q †cŠ‡QwQ‡jb| wØZxqZ Kj¤^vm Av‡gwiKv Avwe®‹vi K‡ib wb,

BDwbU - 3 c„ôv - 54
 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

KviY wZwb wb‡RI Rvb‡Zb bv wZwb wK Avwe®‹vi K‡i‡Qb| GB aviYv wb‡q wZwb gviv
hvb †h Zvui Avwe®‹…Z GjvKv Gwkqvi wbKUeZ©x AÂj| wKš‘ GiciI Kj¤^v‡mi K…wZZ¡
†Kv‡bvfv‡eB èvb nIqvi bq| Av‡gwiKvq fvBwKs‡`i Dcw¯’wZ BD‡iv‡c kZ kZ eQi
a‡i AeÁv ev fz‡j hvIqv n‡q‡Q| Avi Kj¤^vm hw`I Zvui Avwe®‹v‡ii cwiPq cvb wb,
wKš‘ kxNªB Zvui c_ a‡i A‡bK bvweK Awfhvb K‡i eyS‡Z cv‡ib Zvui Avwe®‹vi wK
wQ‡jv| Kj¤^vm Gwkqvi gkjv mv‡_ K‡i wb‡q Av‡mbwb e‡U, wKš‘ mvgvb¨ cwigvb ¯^Y©
Ges `yÕGKRb Avw`g Awaevmx a‡i G‡bwQ‡jb| G¸‡jv cÖgvY K‡i GjvKvwUi Ici
KZ©„Z¡ cÖwZôv Ki‡Z cvi‡j cÖPzi m¤ú‡`i AwaKvix Ges `vm e¨emvi GKUv Drm Lyu‡R
cvIqv hv‡e| Bmv‡ejv Ges dvw`©bv‡›`i mnvqZvq Av‡iv K‡qKwU Awfhvb cwiPvwjZ nq
H m¤¢vebv‡K mvg‡b †i‡L| kxNªB Av‡gwiKvi g~j f‚LÛ Ges Øxcmg~n Avwe®‹…Z nq|
hw`I Kj¤^vm Avg„Zz¨ gvb‡Z ivwR wQ‡jb bv| ZviciI 1500 mvj bvMv` mevi Kv‡Q
cÖwZfvZ nq †h GKUv bZzb c„w_ex Avwe®‹…Z n‡q‡Q| 1503 mv‡j Av‡gwi‡Mv †fmcywP
bv‡g GK BZvjxq bvweK GKwU wPwV‡Z `vwe K‡ib †h wZwb GK bZzb c„w_ex Avwe®‹vi
K‡i‡Qb| Avm‡j wZwb wQ‡jb †gwWwm e¨v¼ cwiev‡ii GKRb G‡R›U| †¯úb I cZ©yMv‡j
wZwb gv‡S gv‡S mí mg‡qi Rb¨ _vK‡Zb| Pvi eQi ci GK Rvg©vb Aa¨vcK f~‡Mvj
welqK GK wbe‡Ü cÖ¯Ívebv K‡ib †h bZzb Avwe®‹…Z c„w_exi PZz_© fvM‡K Av‡gwiKv ejv
DwPZ, †Kbbv Av‡gwi‡Mv GUv Avwe®‹vi K‡i‡Qb| Avi GB fv‡e AvUjvw›U‡Ki Aci
cv‡oi f‚fvM GKRb wg_¨v `vweKvixi bvg Abymv‡i Av‡gwiKv wPi¯’vqx n‡q c‡o| 1500
kZvãx bvMv` bZzb wek¦ Avwe®‹…Z nIqvq †¯úbxq kvmKiv hZUv Lywk nIqvi K_v Z‡ZvUv
n‡jb bv| Zvuiv †bŠAwfhv‡b cÖPzi wewb‡qvM K‡i‡Qb| BD‡ivc Avi Gwkqvi ga¨eZ©x hw`
GKUv weivU f‚wgi Ae¯’vb nq Zvn‡j †¯úb Zvi kÎÆ cZ©yMv‡ji m‡½ gkjvi
cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq wKQy‡ZB †c‡i DV‡e bv| Avi Gw`‡K hLb 1510 mv‡j fv‡¯‹v by‡qwR wW
evj‡evqv cvbvgv Øx‡ci (is this mus) `vuwo‡q Avwe®‹vi Ki‡jb Ges `vwe Ki‡jb †h
BD‡ivc †_‡K c~e© Gwkqvq †h‡Z n‡j GKUv bq eis `yÔ`y‡Uv gnvmvMi (AvUjvw›UK I
cÖkvšÍ gnvmvMi) cvwo w`‡Z n‡e| ZLb Zv‡`i gb Av‡iv Lvivc n‡q †M‡jv| fv‡¯‹v
by‡qwR †W evj‡evqv (vasco Nuuez de Balboa) GiciI Bmv‡ejv I dvw`©bv‡›`i †`ŠwnÎ
ivRv Pvj©m 1519 wLª÷v‡ã g¨v‡Mjøvb‡K (Magellan) wb‡qvM K‡ib †h `w¶Y Av‡gwiKv
Ny‡i Gwkqvq †cŠQv hvq wKbv Zv †`Lvi Rb¨| g¨v‡Mjøvb wek¦vm Ki‡Zb Avwd«Kvi me©
`w¶Y we›`ywU wWqvR Ges Wv Mvgv †hgb AwZµg Ki‡Z †c‡iwQ‡jb wZwbI †Zgwb `w¶Y
Av‡gwiKvi †K›`ªwU Nyi‡Z cvi‡eb| 1519 wLª÷v‡ã wZwb AvUjvw›UK AwZµg K‡ib, c‡i
`w¶Y Av‡gwiKv Ny‡i Zvi bvg enbKvix cÖYvjx AwZµg K‡ib| Zvici wZwb wZ‡qiv
†Wj dz‡q †Mv (Tierra de Fuego) †_‡K cÖkvšÍ gnvmvMi AwZµg K‡i beŸB w`b ci
cÖkvšÍ gnvmvMixq Øxc ¸qv‡g Dcw¯’Z nb| †mLvb †_‡K Av‡iv mvZw`‡bi Awfhvb
Pvwj‡q Zvi bvg †`qv ØxccyÄ †m›U jvRiv‡m (St. Lazrus) Dcw¯’Z nb| GB Øxccy‡Äi
cieZ©x bvg nq wdwjcvBb| g¨v‡Mjøvb (Magellan) ¯’vbxq Awaevmx‡`i m‡½ hy‡× wbnZ
nb| wKš‘ Zvui GKwU RvnvR cZ©ywMR‡`i Avwe®‹…Z iv¯Ívq fviZ gnvmvMi Ges DËgvkv
AšÍixc Ny‡i 1522 wLª÷v‡ã †¯ú‡b †cuŠ‡Q| GB cÖ_g Rvnv‡R K‡i c„w_ex cwiµgvi
N‡U|

AvaywbK BD‡iv‡ci BwZnvm c„ôv - 55

Gm Gm GBP Gj

ga¨ Av‡gwiKv I KbKzBmUv‡Wvi AwfhvbKvix (conquistadores)

hw`I †¯úbxq‡`i †Pv‡L Gwkqvq †cuŠQvi Rb¨ Av‡gwiKv wQj GKwU cÖwZeÜK, µ‡gB
Zviv eyS‡Z cvij bZzb wek¦ m¤ú‡` cwic~Y©| Kj¤^vm mvgvb¨ wKQy ¯^Y© wb‡q G‡mwQ‡jb,
Gi m‡½ ¸R‡ei mswgkª‡Y †¯ú‡b GKUv aviYv R‡b¥ †h †mLv‡b cÖPzi ¯^Y© Av‡Q| wKQy
`ytmvnmx †¯úbxq e¨w³MZ D‡`¨v‡M ¯^‡Y©i †jv‡f Awfhvb ïiæ K‡i Ges Q‡je‡j Kíbvi
AZxZ ¯^Y© n¯ÍMZ K‡i| 1519 †_‡K 1521 mv‡j ch©šÍ nvibv‡`v K‡Z©R (Hernado
Cortes) bvgK GKRb KbKzB¯Ív‡`vi (†¯úbxq fvlvq Conquistadores gv‡b
AwfhvbKvix) QqkZ †jvK, mvZUv Kvgvb Ges †ZiwU †Nvov wb‡q AvR‡ZK mvgªvR¨
†gw·‡Kv AvµgY K‡i| AvR‡UKiv Kvgvb ev †Nvov BwZc~‡e© †`‡L wb| †Nvov †`‡L Zviv
fq †c‡q hvq| Zviv g‡b K‡iwQj †Nvovi PvjK Ges †Nvov GK m‡½ GK A™¢zZ Rš‘|
GK wgwjqb AvR‡UK Lye mn‡R civwRZ nq Ges K‡Z©R Zv‡`i Rgv‡bv mg¯Í m¤ú`
jyÉb K‡i wb‡q hvq| 1533 wLª÷v‡ã Av‡iK KbKzBmUv‡Wvi d«vwÝm‡Kv wcRv‡iv
(Francisco Pizarro) gvÎ GKkZ Avwk Rb †hv×v w`‡q BbKv‡`i mvgªvR¨ AvµgY K‡i
†ciæ AwaKvi K‡i †bq| e›`x BbKv-ivRv †¯úbxq‡`i‡K Zv‡`i Pvwn`v g‡Zv ¯^Y© w`‡Z
ivwR nq| ¯^Y© †bIqvi ci Zviv ivRv‡K nZ¨v K‡i Ges Av‡iv ¯^Y© cvIqvi Rb¨
BbKv‡`i‡K `vm evbv‡Z ïiæ K‡i| GB `yB KbKzB¯Ív‡`vi ïaygvÎ Kvgvb I †Nvvovi
Kvi‡Y Rqx nq wb, Zv‡`i mvnm, wek¦vmNvZKZv I b„ksmZv Zv‡`i‡K Rq G‡b
w`‡qwQ‡jv| Ges Gi Av‡‡M GZ Aí †jvK G‡Zv evav wecwË AwZµg K‡i G‡Zv wekvj
GjvKv `Lj K‡i wb Ges G†Zv b…ksmZv I ee©iZvI cÖ`k©b K‡i wb|

K‡Z©R, wcRv‡iv I Ab¨vb¨ KbKzB¯Ív‡`viMY Zv‡`i wb‡R‡`i ¯^v‡_© Awfhvb Pvwj‡qwQ‡jv,

†¯ú‡bi Rb¨ bq| Zviv RvbZ wK K‡i jyÉb Ki‡Z nq, Drcv`b K‡i m¤ú` AvniY Kiv
Zviv RvbZ bv| †lvok kZvãxi ga¨ fv‡M †¯ú‡bi ivRv ga¨ Ges `w¶Y Av‡gwiKvi
(eªvwRj ev‡`, IUv wQj cZ©ywMR‡`i Dcwb‡ek) Dci KZ©„Z¡ cÖwZôv K‡ib| GLv‡b g~j¨evb
avZe `ªe¨ jyÉb bq eis Lwb †_‡K D‡Ëvjb K‡i Zv Zviv †¯ú‡b cvPvi Ki‡Z ïiæ K‡i|
¯^Y© hw`I mevi Aviva¨ wQj, wKš‘ †¯úbxqiv Gi mÜvb KgB †c‡q‡Q| ¯’vbxq mf¨Zvi
Avg‡j ¯^Y© cÖPzi D‡ËvwjZ n‡qwQj| kxNªB †¯úbxqiv eyS‡Z cvi‡jv ewjwfqv Ges
†gw·‡Kv GjvKvq Zviv c„w_exi me©e„nr †ivc¨ Lwbi Dci e‡m Av‡Q| Av‡iv †Rvi K‡i
kªg Av`vq Ges c~‡e©i Zzjbvq DbœZZi cÖhyw³ e¨envi K‡i Zviv GZ †ivc¨ D‡Ëvjb
K‡iwQj †h ¯^Y© bv cvIqvi †kvK Zviv fzj‡Z †c‡iwQ‡jv| †Mv-gwn‡li Ges B¶zi Lvgvi
cÖwZôv K‡iI Zviv cÖPzi jvfevb nq|

†lvok kZvãxi ga¨ fvM mg‡q BD‡ivcxqiv c„w_exi AvKvi, cÖK…wZ, mgy`ª, eo eo gnv‡`k
¸‡jvi Ae¯’vb Ges Avwd«Kv I Av‡gwiKvq hvIqvi `y‡Uv iv¯Ív BZ¨vw` m¤ú‡K© mg¨K aviYv
jvf K‡i| BD‡ivcxq evwY‡R¨ ˆecøweK cwieZ©b G‡jv| f‚ga¨mvM‡ii cwie‡Z©
AvUjvw›UK GLb cwðgv †`k¸‡jvi AšÍ©‡`kxq mgy‡`ª cwiYZ n‡jv|

BDwbU - 3 c„ôv - 56
 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

mvims‡¶c
fviZ I Px‡bi gkjv, ¯^Y©, wmé BZ¨vw`i mÜv‡b BD‡ivcxq‡`i †fŠ‡MvwjK Awfhvb ïiæ nq|
AmsL¨ bvweK cÖPÛ ˆah©, mvnm, eyw× Ges g„Zz¨ fq‡K D‡c¶v K‡i gnvmgy‡`ªi †bŠKvq cvj
Zz‡j‡Q| w`qvR, fv‡¯‹v `v Mvgv, Kj¤^vm, g¨v‡Rjøvb cÖgyL bvweK‡`i cÖ‡Póvq ïay Gwkqvq Avmvi
c_B Avwe®‹…Z nq wb, BD‡ivc bZzb GK we‡k¦i mÜvb jvf K‡i‡Q| GLvbKvi m¤ú` I KZ©„Z¡
µ‡gB BD‡ivc‡K mviv c„w_exi wbqš¿‡Ki Avm‡b ewm‡q‡Q|

AvaywbK BD‡iv‡ci BwZnvm c„ôv - 57

Gm Gm GBP Gj

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb

ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ
1| DËgvkv AšÍixc Avwe®‹vi K‡ib
(K) †nbwi †bwf‡MUi (L) K‡Z©R
(M) Kj¤^vm (N) w`qvR

2| fv‡¯‹v `v Mvgv KvwjK‡U †cuŠQvb

(K) 1498 mv‡j (L) 1598 mv‡j
(M) 1698 mv‡j (N) 1798 mv‡j

3| †¯úbxqiv Drmvnx wQj

(K) Av‡gwiKvq †cuŠQv‡bvi Rb¨ (L) Rvcv‡b †cuŠQv‡bvi Rb¨
(M) fvi‡Z †cuŠQv‡bvi Rb¨ (N) j¨vwUb Av‡gwiKvq †cuŠQv‡bvi Rb¨|

4| Kj¤^vm ÕÕBwÛqvbÕÕ bvg w`‡qwQ‡jb

(K) Av‡gwiKvi Avw` Awaevmx‡`i (L) fviZxq‡`i
(M) Pxbv‡`i (N) Avie‡`i

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1| Kj¤^vm Kx fv‡e Av‡gwiKv Avwe®‹vi K‡ib
2| Av‡gwiKv Avwe®‹vi Kxfv‡e †¯úbxq‡`i‡K fvi‡Z bv †cuŠQv‡bvi `ytL fzwj‡q w`‡qwQ‡jv

ˆbe¨©w³K cÖ‡kœi DËi

1| (N), 2| (K), 3| (M), 4| (K)|

msw¶ß cÖkœ
1| †fŠ‡MvwjK Avwe®‹v‡i g¨vMwMjv‡bi Ae`vb g~j¨vqb Kiæb|
2| KbKzB¯Ív‡`viMY wKfv‡e m¤ú`kvjx n‡qwQ‡jb eY©bv Kiæb|

BDwbU - 3 c„ôv - 58
 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cvV - 3

†fŠ‡MvwjK Avwe®‹v‡ii djvdj

GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb -
 BD‡ivc wefv‡e †fŠ‡MvwjK Avwe®‹v‡ii Øviv A_©‰bwZK fv‡e jvfevb n‡Z _v‡K Zv
Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb;
 †fŠ‡MvwjK Avwe®‹vi wKfv‡e bZzb K‡i `vm e¨emvi cÖPjb ïiæ Kij Zv Rvb‡Z
cvi‡eb;
 †fŠ‡MvwjK Avwe®‹vi Kxfv‡e wek¦e¨vcx Jcwb‡ekev‡`i m~Pbv K‡i Zv Rvb‡Z
cvi‡eb;
 evwYR¨ev` wK Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb;
 Kxfv‡e e¨v¼, exgv I R‡q›U óK †Kv¤úvwbi ïiæ Zv Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb;
 †fŠ‡MvwjK Avwe®‹v‡ii d‡j BD‡iv‡ci GKvKxK‡Z¡i cwimgvwß NUj| mgy`ªc‡_
BD‡iv‡ci m‡½ `~icÖvP¨ Ges Av‡gwiKvi m‡½ †hvMv‡hvM cÖwZwôZ n‡jv| A_©‰bwZK I
e¨emvwqK †h cwieZ©b BD‡ivc cÖZ¨¶ Ki‡jv Zv‡K HwZnvwm‡Kiv e‡j‡Qb “evwYwR¨K
wecøeÕÕ|

evwYwR¨K †K‡›`ªi cwieZ©b

†fŠ‡MvwjK Avwe®‹v‡ii c~‡e©-BD‡iv‡ci mvgyw`ªK evwYR¨ wQj fzga¨mvMi †Kw›`ªK| GLb
Zv cwiewZ©Z n‡q AvUjvw›UK gnvmvMixq AÂj‡Kw›`ªK n‡q D‡V| GwU M‡o I‡V bZzb
bZzb e¨emvi cÖvY‡K›`ª wnmv‡e| BZvjxq kni †fwbm I †R‡bvqv `~icÖv‡P¨i m‡½ evwY‡R¨
Zvi c~e© cÖvavb¨ eRvq ivL‡Z cvi‡jv bv `y‡Uv Kvi‡Y| cÖ_gZ: Z‚wK© gymjgvb‡`i KZ…©‡Z¡
f‚ga¨mvM‡ii c_ gymjgvb‡`i Aax‡b Avm‡j `~icÖv‡P¨i m‡½ †fwbm I †R‡bvqvi
†hvMv‡hvM cÖvq eÜ n‡q hvq| wØZxqZ: cZ©ywMR Ges †¯úbxq‡`i Avwe®‹Z DËgvkv
AšÍixc n‡q fvi‡Z †cuŠQvi iv¯Ív Avwe®‹…Z nIqvq BZvjxq kni¸‡jv Zxeª cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi
gy‡L c‡o| GLb Ab¨vb¨ BD‡ivcxq ewYKiv †fwbm I †R‡bvqvq bv wM‡q c‡Y¨i Rb¨
wjmeb I †mwf‡j †h‡Z ïiæ Kij| Aek¨ cZ©yMvj I †¯ú‡bi evwYwR¨K cÖvavb¨ †ewk
w`b iBj bv, µ‡gB nj¨vÛ I d«vÝ BD‡ivcxq evwY‡R¨ KZ©„Z¡ cÖwZôv Kij|

L) bZzb bZzb cY¨ I k‡m¨i cÖPjb

gkjv Avi wmé Avbvi cÖ‡qvR‡b BD‡ivc hLb fvi‡Z Avmvi c_ LyRu‡Z ïiæ K‡i ZLb
†fŠ‡MvwjK Avwe®‹v‡ii ïiæ| `yN©Ubvµ‡g Zviv fvi‡Z bv G‡m Av‡gwiKvq †cuŠ‡Q hvq|
Kvjµ‡g BD‡iv‡ci Kv‡Q Av‡gwiKvi Avwe®‹vi Gwkqvq Avmvi c_ †_‡K A‡bK
¸iæZ¡c~Y© I m~`~icÖmvix n‡q I‡V| Av‡gwiKvq Ggb wKQy K…wlRcY¨ wQj hv †Kv‡bv w`b
BD‡ivc †`‡L wb| †hgb ZvgvK, fzÆv, U‡g‡Uv, †MvjAvjy, ev`vg, ivevi BZ¨vw`|
BD‡iv‡c Mwie gvby‡li Lvevi wn‡m‡e Avjy I f‚Æv Lye RbwcÖq n‡q D‡V| BD‡ivcxqiv

AvaywbK BD‡iv‡ci BwZnvm c„ôv - 59

Gm Gm GBP Gj

GK ai‡bi †Ljvi ej †`L‡jv hv gvwU‡Z c‡o jvwd‡q I‡V| BD‡ivcxq‡`i †Ljvi ej

wQj KvV I Pvgovi ˆZwi| Av‡gwiKvb ej¸‡jv wQj ivev‡ii ˆZwi| ivevi BD‡ivcxq‡`i
wbKU wQj ARvbv| Aek¨ BD‡ivcxqiv GB Avwe®‹vi‡K Kv‡R jvMv‡Z cvij wZbkZ
eQi ci| A_©vr Dbwesk kZvãx‡Z IqvUvi cÖæd Kvco I Ry‡Zv evbv‡Z Zviv e¨vcK
nv‡i ivevi e¨envi ïiæ Kij| BD‡ivcxqiv Zv‡`i †`k †_‡K wb‡q Av‡gwiKvq †Nvov,
Mvav, ïKi, †fov, nuvmgyiMx, †jey, Kgjv, Kjv, RjcvB B¶z BZ¨vw`i cÖPjb K‡i|
Av‡gwiKvqG¸‡jv GK mgq AwZwi³ Drcv`b n‡q BD‡iv‡c idZvwb n‡Z _v‡K|

`~icvP¨ †_‡K Avbv gkjv I wmé Av‡M BD‡ivcxq abxivB e¨envi KiZ| wKš‘ m¯Ív
nIqvq A‡b‡K Gme e¨envi ïiæ Kij| fviZ †_‡K DbœZ gv‡bi KvcoI BD‡iv‡c
Avm‡Z ïiæ Kij, Avi BD‡ivcxq‡`i cwi‡aq †cvkvK c~‡e©i Zzjbvq j¤^v I we¯Í…Z nIqv
ïiæ Ki‡jv| c~e©vÂj †_‡K bvbv myMÜx BD‡iv‡c cÖ‡ek Ki‡jv| Gme myMÜx
BD‡ivcxqiv Zv‡`i Kvc‡o, kix‡i, Pz‡j gvLZ †hb kix‡ii `yM©Ü `~i nq| †Kbbv
BD‡ivcxq AwfRvZivI gv‡m GKevi ev `yev‡ii †ewk †Mvmj KiZ bv| evwY‡R¨ eo eo
RvnvR e¨env‡ii cÖPjb ïiæ n‡j Rvnv‡R cÖPzi RvqMv cÖvqB Lvwj _vKZ| cÖPwjZ cY¨-
mvgMÖx QvovI Gme RvqMv cwic~Y© K‡i Zviv A‡bK bZzb bZzb wRwbm BD‡iv‡c wb‡q
G‡jv| Pxb †_‡K Pv, c~e© Avwd«Kv †_‡K Kwd BZ¨vw`|

M) Dcwb‡ek ¯’vcb
†fŠ‡MvwjK Avwe®‹vi wek¦e¨vcx BD‡ivcxq Dcwb‡ek ¯’vc‡bi m~Pbv K‡i| BD‡ivcxq
Awfhv‡bi gy‡L †Mv‡Î †Mv‡Î wef³ Av‡gwiKvi ¯’vbxq Awaevmxiv GKwÎZ n‡Z
cvi‡jvbv| Zv‡`i A¯¿k¯¿-I BD‡ivcxq‡`i Zzjbvq wQj AbybœZ Ges AwZ cyivZb| d‡j
BD‡ivcxiv Zv‡`i‡K civf‚Z K‡i mn‡RB Zv‡`i RvqMv `Lj K‡i †bq| BD‡ivcxq
Avwac‡Z¨i Rb¨ Av‡gwiKvi RbMY‡K Acwimxg g~j¨ w`‡Z n‡q‡Q| hw`I mwVK wnmve
cvIqv KwVb ZeyI wnmcvwbIjv Øx‡c 1492 Lªxóv‡ã ¯’vbxq RbM‡Yi AvbygvwbK msL¨v
wQj 250,000 Rb, Zv K‡qKeQi ci 1538 wLª÷v‡ã `uvovq gvÎ-500†Z| †¯úbxq
kvm‡bi GKk eQ‡i †gw·‡Kvi RbmsL¨v 20 kZvsk K‡g hvq| Aek¨ BD‡ivcxq‡`i
K‡Vvi `gb bxwZB RbmsL¨v K‡g hvevi GKgvÎ KviY bq| BD‡ivcxqiv A‡bK bZzb
†ivM †hgb, ¸wUemšÍ, nvg BZ¨vw`i RxevYy Av‡gwiKvq wb‡q Av‡m hv ¯’vbxq †jvK‡`i
c‡¶ cÖwZ‡iva Kiv m¤¢e nq wb| gnvgvix AvKv‡i GB me †ivM AmsL¨ gvby‡li Rxeb
†K‡o †bq| wKš‘ AmsL¨ wbiciva †jv‡Ki Rxeb cÖ`xc wb‡f †M‡Q `Lj`vi‡`i wb`©q
†kvl‡Yi Kvi‡Y| kªwgK‡`i GZ K‡Vvi cwikªg Ki‡Z Zviv eva¨ K‡i‡Q †h A‡b‡K
K¬vwšÍ‡Z Ges h‡Zœi Afv‡e gviv †M‡Q| I‡qó BwÛ‡Ri K¨vwiexq‡`i‡K †¯úbxq
Dcwb‡ekKvixiv GZ b„ksmfv‡e ‡kvlY K‡i †h cy‡iv RvwZ wbwðý n‡q †M‡Q| Gwkqvq
Dcwb‡ek ¯’vcb Ki‡Z G‡m wfbœ cwiw¯’wZi †gvKvwejv Ki‡Z nq Gwkqvi kvmKiv
kw³kvjx wQ‡jb, Zv‡`i †mbvevwnbx mymsMwVZ I DbœZZi A¯¿k‡¯¿ i AwaKvix| ZvB
GLv‡b BD‡ivcxqiv Av‡gwiKvb‡`i †hfv‡e mivmwi hy× K‡i civwRZ K‡iwQj †mfv‡e
Gwk‡qv‡`i civwRZ Kivi Avkv K‡i wb| Gwkqvq cÖ_‡g Zviv evwY‡R¨i bv‡g NvwU ¯’vcb
K‡i| hLb µgvš^‡q wb‡R‡`i‡K Zviv kw³kvjx †eva Ki‡Z ïiæ Kij ZLb Zviv Av‡¯Í

BDwbU - 3 c„ôv - 60
 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

Av‡¯Í wewfbœ GjvKv `Lj Ki‡jv| KL‡bv KL‡bv Zviv K‡Kvb ¯’vbxq kvm‡Ki m‡½ GB
g‡g© Pzw³ Ki‡jv †h BD‡ivcxqiv H kvmK‡K Zvi kÎÆi weiæ‡× mvnvh¨ Ki‡e, wewbg‡q
Zv‡`i‡K wKQy RvqMv †Q‡o †`‡e|

Dcwb‡ek ¯’vcb Ki‡Z wM‡q cwðg BD‡ivcxq †`k cZ©yMvj, †¯úb, †b`vij¨vÛm, d«vÝ I
Bsj¨vÛ cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq wjß nq| Dcwb‡ek wb‡q d«vÝ I Bsj¨vÛ K‡qK kZvãx a‡i
kÎÆZv Ges i³¶qx hy‡× wjß nq|

N) `vm e¨emv
†lvok kZvãx‡Z BD‡iv‡c `vm cÖ_v Pvjy bv _vK‡jI cZ©zwMRiv Ges †¯úbxqiv hLb
Avwd«Kvq Ges Gwkqvq hvq ZLb Zviv †`L‡Z cvq H mg¯Í mgv‡R `vm cÖ_vi †ek
cÖPjb i‡q‡Q| Av‡gwiKvq cZ©yMxR Ges †¯úbxq Dcwb‡ekKvix‡`i msL¨v wQ‡jv Kg,
ZvQvov we¯Í…Y© GjvKvq Zviv Qwo‡q wQwU‡q wQj| eb-R½j cwi®‹vi K‡i wekvj cvnvo
wWw½‡q iv¯ÍvNvU, BgviZ wbg©vY, gvwU Lyu‡o ¯^Y© †ivc¨ D‡Ëvjb BZ¨vw`i Rb¨ Zv‡`i
Av‡gwiKvi AvenvIqvq KvR Kivi Dc‡hvMx cÖPzi m¯Ív kªwg‡Ki cÖ‡qvRb wQj| GB fv‡e
µxZ`vm cÖ_vq Zviv Rwo‡q c‡o, Avi I‡qó BwÛR, †gw·‡Kv, †ciæ Ges eªvwR‡ji
RbMY‡K a‡i Zviv `vm evwb‡q K‡Vvi cwikª‡g eva¨ Ki‡Z _v‡K| GK mgq wLª÷vb
wgkbvix‡`i Pv‡c Ges gvbeZvev`x‡`i †Póvq Av‡gwiKvb BwÛqvb‡`i‡K `vm evbv‡bvi
cÖ‡Póv eÜ nq| 1517 wLª÷v‡ã weL¨vZ wgkbvwi wekc Bartolome de las Casas
Aby‡iv‡a †¯ú‡bi ivRv Avwd«Kv †_‡K `vm‡`i‡K Av‡gwiKvq Avb‡Z ïiæ K‡ib| Zvui
hyw³ wQj Av‡gwiKvb BwÛqvb‡`i Zzjbvq Avwd«Kvbiv kª‡gi Rb¨ A‡bK †ewk Dchy³|
cZ©ywMR‡`i KZ©„‡Z¡ Avwd«Kvb µxZ`vm‡`i‡K Av‡gwiKvq cvVv‡bvi ‡cQ‡b m¯Ívq kªg
cvIqv QvovI Zviv G‡`i‡K Lªxóvb a‡g© `x¶v w`‡Z cvi‡e Ggb GKwU KviYI KvR
K‡iwQ‡jv| 1517 Lªxóv‡ã †¯ú‡bi ivRv Zvi Aaxb¯’ †b`vij¨v‡Ûi GKRb‡K eQ‡i
4,000 wb‡MÖv‡K I‡qó BwÛ‡R †cÖiY Kivi GKwU AbygwZ cÎ cÖ`vb K‡ib| H e¨w³
c‡i H AbygwZcÎ †R‡bvqvi GK e¨emvqxi Kv‡Q wewµ K‡i †`b| e¨emvqxiv
cZz©wMR‡`i †_‡K `vm wK‡b wb‡q Av‡gwiKvq cvVv‡Zv| GBfv‡e cZ©ywMR‡`i Aaxb
Avwd«Kvb GjvKv †_‡K †¯úbxq KZ©„Z¡vaxb Av‡gwiKvq `vm cvVv‡bvi e¨emv wbqwgZ fv‡e
ïiæ nq|

Av‡gwiKvq e‡ov Lvgv‡ii msL¨v evovi mv‡_ mv‡_ `vm e¨emvi cwigvbI evo‡Z _v‡K|
GK wnmve g‡Z Aóv`k kZvãx‡Z eQ‡i M‡o 75,000 †_‡K 90,000 nvRvi `vm‡K
AvUjvw›UK cvwo w`‡q Av‡gwiKvq †bqv n‡qwQ‡jv| e¨emvqxiv mvaviYZ: Kvco, avZe
`ªe¨, e›`yK BZ¨vw`i wewbg‡q `vm‡`i‡K wK‡b wb‡Zv|

O) evwYR¨ev`
†fŠ‡MvwjK Avwe®‹v‡ii d‡j BD‡iv‡ci ivóªbxwZ‡Z GK A_©‰bwZK gZev‡`i cÖfve m~wPZ
n‡jv| evwYK ev` ev gv‡K©›UvwjRg bv‡gi GB gZev‡`i gv‡b n‡jv miKvi iv‡óªi ¯^v‡_©
A_©bxwZ‡K we‡kl K‡i e¨emv I wk¶v‡K Ggb fv‡e wbqš¿Y Ki‡e †hb †`k

AvaywbK BD‡iv‡ci BwZnvm c„ôv - 61

Gm Gm GBP Gj

¯^qsm¤ú~Y©Zv jvf Ki‡Z cv‡i| †fŠ‡MvwjK Avwe®‹vi BD‡ivcxq †`k¸‡jvi mvg‡b

mxgvnxb m¤ú‡`i Øvi Ly‡j w`‡jv, cÖ‡Z¨K ivRv PvB‡jb Zvi †`k I RbMY G my‡hvM
†_‡K KZUv jvfevb n‡Z cv‡i| gZev`wU bZzb †Kv‡bv gZev` bq| †lvok kZvãxi
c~‡e© bMi miKvi Zvi bvMwiK‡`i A_©‰bwZK Kg©KvÛ wbqš¿Y Ges ZË¡eavb KiZ,
e¨emvqx‡`i wMÛ Ges KvwiMi‡`i wM‡ìi gva¨‡gGB wbqš¿Y eRvq ivLv n‡Zv|
wKš‘ †lvok kZ‡Ki gv‡K©›Uv wjR‡gi cÖfv‡e Gi we¯Í…wZ kni †_‡K ivóª miKv‡ii nv‡Z
P‡j hvq, ¯’vbxq wM‡Ûi cwie‡Z© ivRv GLb A_©‰bwZK Kg©KvÛ wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z _v‡K|
†hgb cZ©yMv‡ji ivRv `~i cÖv‡P¨i e¨emvi GK”QÎ AvwacZ¨ ev g‡bvcwj Kv‡qg K‡ib
wjme‡bi DcKv‡ii Rb¨ bq, eis cy‡iv cZ©ywMR RvwZi DbœwZ Ges mg„w×i Rb¨| Ab¨vb¨
ivRv‡`i GKB iKg D‡Ïk¨ wQj, ZvivI PvBwQ‡jb Zv‡`i bvweKiv Ges e¨emvqxiv
cZ©ywMR Ges †¯úbxq‡`i g‡bvcwj †f‡½ †`‡ki Rb¨ cÖPzi m¤ú‡`i e¨e¯’v KiæK|

ewYKev‡`i KZ¸wj ˆewkó¨ wQj| cÖ_gZ: GB gZev` g~j¨evb avZe c`v_© Rgv ivLvi
Dci we‡kl †Rvi w`‡Zv| g‡b Kiv n‡Zv GKUv †`‡ki hZ †ewk ¯^Y© I †iŠc¨ _vK‡e
†`kwU ZZ †ewk kw³kvjx n‡e| wØZxqZ: †Kv‡bv †`k hw` g~j¨evb avZe `ª‡e¨i
AwaKvix bv nq evwY‡R¨i gva¨‡g Zv Zv‡`i‡K msMÖn Ki‡Z n‡e| H †`k‡K Avg`vwbi
Zzjbvq cÖPzi idZvwb Ki‡Z n‡e hv‡Z K‡i we‡`kxiv ¯^Y© iv‡R¨i gva¨‡g Zv cwi‡kva
K‡i| Avg`vwb Kiv n‡e ïay gvÎ Ggb `ªe¨ hv †`‡k Drcbœ nq bv, Avg`vwbi ci H
¸‡jv‡K c‡Y¨ iæcvšÍwiZ K‡i Avevi idZvbx Kiv n‡e| Z…ZxqZ: cÖ‡Z¨K ‡`k
KuvPvgv‡ji e¨vcv‡i ¯^qsm¤ú~Y© nIqv DwPZ, Zv bv n‡j Zv‡K Dcwb‡ek ¯’vc‡bi w`‡K
hvIqv DwPZ †hb cÖwZØw›Ø †`‡ki Zzjbvq H †`k g~‡j¨i w`K †_‡K myweavRbK fv‡e
Ae¯’vb K‡i| Dcwb‡ek _vKvi Av‡iv GKUv jvf n‡jv H¸‡jv cÖ¯‘Z `ª‡e¨i Aeva evRvi
n‡e| PZz_©Z: Dcwb‡ek¸wj‡K wbivcËv w`‡Z n‡e, cÖ‡qvR‡b kw³kvjx †bŠeni MVb K‡i
we‡`kx‡`i hv‡Z evRvi ev KuvPvgv‡ji Drm evbv‡Z bv cv‡i Zvi Rb¨ evuav w`‡Z n‡e|
Dcwb‡ek ¸‡jv‡Z Ggb Drcv`‡b hvIqv DwPZ n‡e bv hv‡Z K‡i g~j‡`‡ki KviLvbv ev
evRvi ¶wZMÖ¯Í nq|

gv‡K©›UvBjwR‡gi cÖfv‡e Bsj¨vÛ Zvi KvuPv Dj idZvwb eÜ K‡i w`‡qwQ‡jv †hb

Bsj¨v‡Ûi wbR¯^ Dj wkí weKwkZ nq| †¯úb I cZ©yMvj Zv‡`i mvgªv‡R¨ we‡`kx
ewYK‡`i cÖ‡ek ev evwYR¨ wb‡la Kivi †Póv K‡iwQ‡jv|

†fŠ‡MvwjK Avwe®‹vi Ges wek¦e¨vcx evwY‡R¨i cÖmv‡ii d‡j evwYwR¨K mnvqZvcÖ`vbKvix

cÖwZôv‡bi †hgb e¨vsK, R‡q›U óK †Kv¤úvwb, BÝy¨‡iÝ BZ¨vw`i weKvk N‡U| e¨vs‡Ki
Aw¯ÍZ¡ ga¨hy‡MI _vK‡jI wMR©v my`‡K N„Yv Kivq G e¨emvUv g~jZ: Bû`x‡`i nv‡Z wQj|
wKš‘ ga¨hy‡Mi †k‡li w`‡K e¨emv-evwY‡R¨i we¯Ívi jvf Kivq wLª÷vb‡`i g‡a¨ e¨vsK
e¨emv Pvjy nq| Z‡e Zv‡`i g‡a¨ cÖ_g e¨vsK M‡o D‡V cvwievwiK ch©v‡q| PZz©`k I
cÂ`k kZvãx‡Z †d¬v‡i‡Ýi †gwWwm cwievi Ges Rvg©vwbi AMgev‡M©i dvMvi cwievi
D‡jøL‡hvM¨ e¨vsKvi wnmv‡e Avwe©f‚Z nq| c‡i BD‡iv‡ci wewfbœ kn‡i Av‡iv e¨vsK
cÖwZwôZ n‡jv| GLb nj¨v‡Ûi kni G¨vgóviWv‡gi GKRb e¨emvqx e¨vsK Ae

BDwbU - 3 c„ôv - 62
 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

G¨vgóviWv‡gi UvKv Rgv w`‡q Bill of Exchange Bmy¨ Kwi‡q wb‡jv| c‡i †m †fwb‡mi
e¨emvqx †_‡K gvjvgvj µq Kij| †fwb‡mi e¨emvqx Bill of Exchange wbR¯^ e¨vs‡K
Rgv w`‡q Zvi cÖvc¨ UvKv DwV‡q wb‡Z cvij| e¨vsK `ywU c‡i wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨
mn‡hvwMZvi gva¨‡g Zv‡`i †jb‡`b wgwU‡q wb‡jv| cÖ_‡g GB e¨e¯’v BZvwj‡Z ïiæ nq
Ges Zv µ‡g Ab¨ †`‡k Qwo‡q coj|

Av‡gwiKvi m‡½ evwY‡R¨i we¯Í…wZ NUvq Av‡gwiKv †_‡K AvMZ g~j¨evb avZzi mieivn
BD‡iv‡c †e‡o hvq| wKš‘ ZviciI Pvwn`v mieiv‡ni m‡½ Zvj wgjv‡Z cviwQ‡jv bv|
d‡j e¨vsK¸‡jv †PK (Cheque) e¨e¯’vi cÖeZ©b Kij| e¨vs‡Ki Rgv A‡_©i wecix‡Z
GKRb e¨emvqx †PK Bmy¨ Ki‡Z cvi‡Zv| Ab¨ e¨emvqx UvKvi g‡Zv g~j¨ w`‡q Zv MÖnY
K‡i †jb†`b KiZ| G e¨e¯’v Pvjy nIqvq bM` A_© †jb‡`‡bi cwie‡Z© †PK e¨e¯’vq
evwYR¨ cÖmvwiZ n‡jv|

`~i‡`‡k e¨emvq-evwYR¨ Pvwj‡q †h‡Z cÖ‡qvRb coj cÖPzi cyuwR, hv GKRb e¨emvqxi
c‡¶ cÖvqB †RvMvo Kiv m¤¢e n‡Zv bv| GLb Avwef©~Z n‡jv R‡q›U óK †Kv¤úvwb| Gi
gva¨‡g AmsL¨ †jv‡Ki KvQ †_‡K ¶z`ª UvKvi †kqv‡ii gva¨‡g wekvj cyuwR msM„nxZ
nIqv ïiæ n‡jv| hviv †Kv¤úvwbi †kqvi wKb‡Zv Zviv †Kv¤úvwbi Kv‡R Ask MÖnY
Ki‡Zv, A_ev Ki‡Zv bv| †KD bv Ki‡jI †m e¨emvi †hŠ_gvwjK Ges wewb‡qvMK…Z
†kqv‡ii Abycv‡Z jf¨vsk †fvM Ki‡Zv| †Kvb gvwjK Zvi †kqvi cY¨ `ª‡e¨i g‡Zv
n¯ÍvšÍi Kivi AwaKvix wQj|

exgvi e¨enviI e¨emv cÖmv‡ii m‡½ m‡½ ïiæ n‡jv| mvaviYZ: exgvi w¯’wZKvj wQj
wbw`©ó mg‡qi Rb¨| †hgb GKwU RvnvR mvdj¨RbKfv‡e MšÍ‡e¨ †cuŠQvi mgqKvj
e¨vcx| RvnvR Qvov gvjvgvj, Rxeb BZ¨vw`i DciI µ‡gB exgvi cÖPjb ïiæ nq|

mvims‡¶c
†fŠ‡MvwjK Avwe®‹vi †h evwYR¨ wecøe e‡q Avb‡jv Zvi djvdj we‡k¦i Rb¨ wQj my`yicÖmvix|
BD‡iv‡c evwYR¨ †K›`ª ¯’vwcZ n‡j, bZzb evwY‡R¨ kni weKwkZ n‡jv, e¨emv‡q mnvqZvKvix
KZ¸wj cÖwZôvb †hgb e¨vsK, R‡q›U óK †Kv¤úvwb, exgvi Avwef©ve NU‡jv, wewfbœ †`k †_‡K
bZzb cY¨ BD‡iv‡c cÖ‡ek Kivq BD‡ivcxq‡`i cÖPzi jvf I Rxe‡bi ¯^v”Q›`¨ †e‡o †M‡jv|
wKš‘ †fŠ‡MvwjK Avwe®‹vi Gwkqv, Avwd«Kv I Av‡gwiKvi RbM‡Yi Rb¨ AÜKviv”Qbœ fwelr wb‡q
G‡jv| ¶gZvai BD‡ivcxqiv Gme GjvKvi AbybœZ RbM‡Yi ïay f‚wgB Z¥mvr Ki‡jv bv, eis
Zv‡`i‡K `vm evwb‡q †`kvšÍixZ K‡i Zviv Zv‡`i gybvdvi cwigvb Av‡iv evwo‡q Zz‡jwQ‡jv|

AvaywbK BD‡iv‡ci BwZnvm c„ôv - 63

Gm Gm GBP Gj

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb

ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ
1| evwYwR¨K c_ cwieZ©‡bi d‡j ¶wZMÖ¯’ n‡jv -
(K) f‚ga¨mvMixq GjvKv¸‡jv (L) AvUjvw›UK gnvmvMixq GjvKv¸‡jv
(M) cÖkvšÍ gnvmvMixq GjvKv¸‡jv (N) fviZ gnvmvMixq GjvKv¸‡jv|

2| ivevi Avwe®‹v‡ii ci BD‡ivcxqiv Zv e¨vcKfv‡e e¨envi ïiæ K‡i -

(K) mß`k kZvãx‡Z (L) Aóv`k kZvãx‡Z
(M) Dbwesk kZvãx‡Z (N) wesk kZvãx‡Z

3| BD‡ivcxqiv †h `ywU †ivM Av‡gwiKvq wb‡q hvq Zv n‡jv -

(K) ¸wUemšÍ I nvg (L) K‡jiv I Rj emšÍ
(M) UvBd‡qW I Bbd¬y‡qÄv (N) Avgkv I D`ivgq|

4| BD‡ivcxqiv †Kvb GjvKvi RbMY‡K mn‡R civwRZ Ki‡Z cv‡i bvB -

(K) Av‡gwiKv (L) Avwd«Kv
(M) A‡óªwjqv (N) Gwkqv|

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1| ewYKev` ev gv‡K©›UvwjRg m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiæb
2| †fŠ‡MvwjK Avwe®‹vi Kxfv‡e e¨v¼, R‡q›U óK †Kv¤úvwb weKv‡k mnvqZv K‡i‡Q Zv
Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

ˆbe©¨w³K cÖ‡kœi DËi

1| (K), 2| (M), 3| (K), 4| (L)|

msw¶ß cÖkœ
1| `~icÖv‡P¨i m‡½ e¨emvwqK †hvMv‡hvM cÖwZwôZ nIqvq BD‡ivc Kxfv‡e jvfevb
n‡qwQ‡jv?
2| BD‡ivcxq Avwac‡Z¨ Av‡gwiKv I Avwd«Kvi RbM‡Yi Dci Kx ai‡bi cÖfve we¯Ívi
K‡i wQ‡jv?

BDwbU - 3 c„ôv - 64
 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cvV - 4
K…wl I wk퇶‡Î AMÖMwZ
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb -
 †fŠ‡MvwjK Avwe®‹vi Kxfv‡e BD‡ivcxq K…wl I wkí‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i †m m¤ú‡K©
Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb;
 K…wl‡Z Kx K‡i cuywRev`x e¨e¯’vi m~ÎcvZ n‡jv Ges Rwg‡Z †eóbx cÖ_v GKwU
Av‡›`vjb wn‡m‡e `uvov‡jv †m m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ aviYv cv‡eb;
 cÖvPxb wMÛ e¨e¯’v †f‡½ Kxfv‡e wk‡í Drcv`b e¨e¯’vq bZzb cwieZ©b G‡jv †m
m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|

†fŠ‡MvwjK Avwe®‹v‡ii d‡j †h evwYR¨ wecøe msMwVZ nj Zvi e¨vcK cÖfve coj
ZrKvjxb Drcv`b e¨e¯’vq| BD‡ivc GLb wb‡Ri Rb¨B bq eis cy‡iv we‡k¦i Rb¨
Drcv`b Ki‡Z jvMj| we‡k¦i wewfbœ A‡ji KvuPvgvj BD‡iv‡ci evRv‡i cÖ‡ek Kij|
GB †cÖ¶vc‡U mbvZbx K…wl I wkí e¨e¯’vcbvq cwieZ©b †`Lv w`‡jv|

K) cuywRev`x K…wle¨e¯’vi Rb¥

K…wle¨e¯’vcbv GK ai‡bi cyuwRev`x bxwZ Øviv cwiPvwjZ nIqv ïiæ Ki‡jv| BD‡iv‡c
¯^qsm¤ú~Y© K…wl e¨e¯’vi cwie‡Z© evRvi Dc‡hvMx K…wl e¨e¯’vi weKv‡ki m~Pbv n‡jv|
mn‡R cyuwRev` ej‡Z Ggb GK cÖwµqv eySv‡bv nq †hLv‡b Drcv`b, e›Ub Ges wewbg‡q
mwÂZ m¤ú‡`i e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g gvwj‡Ki mevwa©K jvf _v‡K| ga¨hyMxq g¨vbi cÖ_vq
Drcv`b wQj g¨vb‡ii †jvKR‡bi cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx| I‡`i Pvwn`vi meUzKz Lv`¨kl¨,
Kvco-†Pvco, ˆZRmcÎ BZ¨vw` g¨vb‡iB Drcvw`Z n‡Zv| hv wKQy Drcv`b Kiv n‡Zv
Zvi meUzKz e¨envi Kiv n‡Zv| DØ„Ë wewµ ev Rgv K‡i fwel‡Z Kv‡R jvMv‡bvi wPšÍv
Kiv n‡Zv bv| Drcv`b Kiv n‡Zv mevi wm×všÍ I AskMÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g, jvf‡K N„Yvi
†Pv‡L †`Lv n‡Zv| wKš‘ GLb hLb e¨emv-evwY‡R¨i weKvk NU‡j, Ôe¨emvi cÖ‡qvR‡b
Drcv`b e¨e¯’vi cwieZ©b NUjÕ jv‡fi Rb¨ GLb K…wlR Drcv`b Kiv ïiæ n‡jv|
Rwg`vi GLb f‚wg`vm I K…lK‡`i †_‡K e¨w³MZ †mev ev `ª‡e¨i AvKv‡i cÖvc¨ †bIqvi
cwie‡Z© A‡_©i AvKv‡i Zv PvB‡Z jvM‡jv| Rwg`vi Zvi KZ©„Z¡vaxb Lvgvi‡K Av‡iv
jvfRbK Kivi Rb¨ Lvgv‡ii †`Lv ‡kvbvi fvi Kg©KZ©v Kg©Pvixi `vwq‡Z¡ b¨¯Í Kij Ges
wb‡R kn‡i emevm K‡i e¨emv evwY‡R¨ g‡bvwb‡ek Ki‡jv| Lvgv‡ii Kg©KZ©v-
Kg©Pvix‡`i‡K wb‡`©k †`Iqv n‡jv Zviv †hb hZ †ewk m¤¢e K…lK‡`i KvQ †_‡K Ki
Av`vq K‡i| GB e¨e¯’vi d‡j K…l‡Ki `y`©kv †e‡o †M‡jv| cÖ_gZ: Zviv Zv‡`i hv wKQy
¯^vaxbZv wQj Zv nvwi‡q ciwbf©ikxj K…wl kªwg‡K cwiYZ n‡jv| wØZxqZ: Rwg`vi kn‡i
emevm Kivi d‡j Rwg cyuwRev`x bxwZ‡Z ev jv‡fi Rb¨ Pvlevm nIqvi d‡j Ges
Kg©KZ©v-Kg©Pvix‡`i wbh©vZ‡b Pvlxi Rxe‡b †h `ytL-Kó †b‡g Av‡m Zv Rwg`vi mP‡¶
†`L‡Z cviwQ‡jv bv| Rwg`vi I Pvlxi g‡a¨ †h wcZ…er m¤úK© wQj ïay ZvB †f‡½ †M‡jv

AvaywbK BD‡iv‡ci BwZnvm c„ôv - 65

Gm Gm GBP Gj

bv, Rwg`vi Pvlxi RxebhvÎvi gv‡bi g‡a¨ c~‡e© hv Zdvr wQj GLb Zv Av‡iv we¯Í…Z
n‡jv| abx Rwg`vi AviI abx n‡jv, Mwie Pvlx Av‡iv Mwie n‡jv| Z‡e GB e¨e¯’vq
Drcv`b †h evoj Zv wbm‡›`n|

L) †eóbx cÖ_vi Av‡›`vjb (Enclosure Movement)

cÖ_‡g Bsj¨v‡Û Ges c‡i BD‡iv‡ci Ab¨vb¨ †`‡k K…wl Rwg‡Z GK ai‡bi †eóbx †`qvi
cÖ_v Pvjy nq Ges c‡i Zv GKUv Av‡›`vj‡b cwiYZ nq| GB Av‡›`vjb ev Gb‡K¬vRvi
gyf‡g‡›Ui m~Pbv nq `~i †`‡k Bsj¨v‡Ûi †fov †_‡K AvniY Kiv D‡ji Pvwn`v e„w×i
Kvi‡Y| ga¨hy‡M GKUv g¨vb‡i Rwg Pvifv‡e wef³ wQj, wZbwU‡Z Mg I evwj© †ivcb
Kiv n‡Zv| PZz_©wU Lvwj ivLv n‡Zv, Kgb j¨vÛ (Common Land) ev GRgvwj Rwg e‡j
cwiwPZ GB f‚LÛ mevi Rb¨ Db¥y³ wQj| GLv‡b MÖv‡gi mevB Zv‡`i Miæ †fov PivZ|
D‡ji Pvwn`v e„w× cvIqvq Rwg`vi Rwg L¨wj ivLv‡K AcPq g‡b Ki‡Z jvM‡jv|
Rwg`vi GB Kgb j¨v‡Ûi Pvicv‡k †eov w`‡q †fov cvj‡bi Rb¨ wbw`©ó K‡i w`‡jv|
K…wlKvR Kiv †_‡K †fovcvjb mnRZi wQj| †jvKe‡ji cÖ‡qvRb Kg n‡Zv, m‡e©vcwi
Gi †_‡K AvqI wQj cÖPzi| µ‡gB gybvdvi †jv‡f Rwg`vi k‡l¨i Avevw` Rwg‡K †eóbx
w`‡Z ïiæ Kij Ges Ae¯’vbiZ K…lK‡`i‡K DrLvZ ïiæ Ki‡jv| Bsj¨v‡Ûi cvj©v‡g›U
cÖ_‡g †eówb Av‡›`vjb†K evuav †`qvi †Póv Kij c‡i, GB cvjv©‡g›UB †eóbx
Av‡›`vj‡bi eo mg_©K n‡q DVj| Rwg‡Z †eóbx _vK‡j †ek wKQy myweav cvIqv †hZ|
`jåó Miæ †fovi AvµgY †_‡KB GUv Lvgv‡ii dmj‡K i¶v Kij bv, Rwg`vi‡K Zvi
gvwjKvbvaxb Rwg m¤ú‡K©I my¯úó avibv w`j| cieZ©x mg‡q GB cÖ_v Pvl c×wZ I
wewfbœ dmj Pvl m¤ú‡K© cix¶v wbix¶vi my‡hvM w`j| Bsj¨v‡Û GK mgq †h K…wl wecøe
msMwVZ n‡jv Zvi wcQ‡b †eóbx Av‡›`vjb eo f‚wgKv iv‡L| Z‡e †eóbx ev Gb‡K¬vRvi
Av‡›`vjb mvaviY Pvlxi Rb¨ `y`©kv e‡q wb‡q G‡jv| g¨v‡bvwiqvj e¨e¯’vq dm‡ji Rb¨
wba©vwiZ Rwg‡Z wK dmj ev †Kv‡bv Rwg‡Z Zv dj‡e Zvi wm×všÍ †bIqv n‡Zv
†hŠ_fv‡e| GLb K…lK GB wm×všÍ †bIqvi AwaKvi nviv‡jv| cÖ_vMZfv‡e cÖ‡Z¨K Pvlx
GgbwK cÖvwšÍK Pvlxi GRgvwj ev Kgb Rwgi Dci AwaKvi wQj, †mLv‡b †m Miæ Piv‡Zv,
gvQ aiZ ev cÖ‡qvRbxq KvV msMÖn KiZ| GB GK ai‡bi mvgvwRK ¯^vaxbZv hv †m me
mgq †fvM KiZ Zv bZzb e¨e¯’vq †m nviv‡jv| cÖvwšÍK Pvlx (cottagers) ev webv ¯^‡Z¡
Rwgi AwaKvixiv (squatters) GLb f‚wgnxb K…l‡K cwiYZ n‡jv|

M) bZzb k‡l¨i Avev`

Av‡gwiKv n‡Z AvMZ `y‡Uv bZzb kl¨ Avjy I f‚Æv BD‡iv‡ci K…wl‡Z wb‡q G‡jv e¨vcK
ˆewPΨ| BD‡iv‡c RbmsL¨v evowQ‡jv, Avi Lv‡`¨i Pvwn`v µgvš^‡q DaŸ©Mvgx nw”Qj|
GLb Avjy Ges f‚Æv Lv`¨ ZvwjKvq hy³ n‡q Mixe gvby‡li cywó Pvwn`v †RvMvb w`‡Z ïiæ
Ki‡jv| †h‡nZz f‚Æv †iv`ª D¾¦j Ges ïK‡bv AvenvIqvq fv‡jv Rb¥vq ZvB BZvwj I
`w¶Y-c~e©-BD‡iv‡c Gi Avev` Qwo‡q coj| GKwU mvaviY k‡l¨i †gvPvq †hLv‡b PviwU
`vbv _v‡K, f‚Ævi GKwU †gvPvq AvwkwU `vbv ch©šÍ djb †`q| Ôhv`yi kl¨Õ wnmv‡e f‚Æv
Pvlxi †Mvjv fwi‡q w`‡jv| AvjyI Ôhv`yiÕ dmj wnmv‡e ¯^xK…wZ †cj| †hLv‡b Ab¨ dmj
n‡Z Pvqbv Ggb evjyKvgq gvwU A_ev wfRv gvwU‡Z Avjy fv‡jv nq| Gdm‡ji Av‡iv

BDwbU - 3 c„ôv - 66
 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

myweav GB †h Aí Rwg‡Z GwU Pvl Kiv hvq| cÖ_‡g BD‡iv‡c A‡b‡K Avjy‡K Lv`¨
wnmv‡e MÖnY Ki‡Z A¯^xK…wZ Rvbvq| A‡b‡Ki AvcwË †h GUvi D‡jøL evB‡e‡j †bB|
Kv‡iv Kv‡iv g‡a¨ Kzms¯‹vi wQj †h GUv Kzó‡ivM Qovq| GiciI µgvš^‡q Avjy RbwcÖq
Lv`¨ wnmv‡e Qwo‡q c‡o|

wkí †¶‡Î AMÖMwZ

(K) wMì e¨e¯’vi cÖvavb¨ †jvc

e¨emv-evwY‡R¨i DbœwZi d‡j cb¨ Drcv`b e¨e¯’vcbvq e¨vcK cwieZ©b G‡jv| ga¨hy‡M
wewfbœ c‡Y¨i Drcv`b wbqš¿Y KiZ wewfbœ †ckvi KvwiMi‡`i msMVb wMì| wMì c‡Y¨i
Drcv`b I e›U‡bi me w`K wbqš¿Y KiZ| wMì `ª‡e¨i g~j¨ wba©viY KiZ, †Kvb m`m¨
H wba©vwiZ g~j¨ †_‡K Kg `v‡g cY¨ wewµ K‡i Ab¨ m`m¨‡K Amyweavq †dj‡Q wKbv Zv
†`Lvïbv Ki‡Zv| msMVbwU m`m¨‡`i Kv‡Ri mgq wba©viY K‡i w`‡Zv| wbw`©ó mg‡qi
AwZwi³ KvR K‡i †ewk e¨emv wQj wbwl×| GKUv c‡Y¨i wM‡ì KZRb wk¶vbexk
_vK‡e ZvI wMì wVK K‡i w`‡Zv| Gi D‡Ïk¨ wQj m`m¨‡`i Rb¨ h‡_ó Kv‡Ri wbðqZv
weavb| wM‡ìi m`m¨ n‡Z cvi‡Zv ïay gvóvi µvdUm‡gb (master craftsman) ev I¯Ív`
KvwiMi| GKRb KvwiMi hLb `¶Zvi Pig ch©v‡q DV‡Z cvi‡Zb ZLbB Zv‡K I¯Ív`
KvwiMi ejv n‡Zv| I¯Ív` KvwiMi wb‡R KvuPvgvj msMÖn Ki‡Zv, G¸‡jv‡K wb‡Ri
cwievi ev Zvi Aaxb gRyi Ges wk¶vbwe‡ki kªg‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q c‡Y¨ iƒcvšÍwiZ K‡i
wb‡Ri Avw½bvq wewµ Ki‡Zv| wM‡ìi wbqš¿‡Yi evB‡i I¯Ív` KvwiM‡ii Drcv`b Kiv
wQj Am¤¢e| wKš‘ †fŠ‡MvwjK Avwe®‹v‡ii d‡j e¨emv evwY‡R¨i e¨vcK DbœwZ nIqvq
c‡Y¨i Pvwn`v evo‡Z jvM‡jv| wMì ¸wj mvivwe‡k¦i Pvwn`v c~i‡Yi Rb¨ cY¨ Drcv`b
Ges we‡k¦i wewfbœ ¯’vb †_‡K cÖevwnZ KuvPvgv‡ji †gvKvwejvq wQj LyeB Amnvq| wM‡ìi
evB‡i A‡bK KvwiMi GLb Drcv`b ïiæ Ki‡jv| wM‡ìi AvIZv ewn©f‚Z KvwiMiiv
wb‡R‡`i ¯^vaxbZv‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q m¤ú`kvjx n‡Z jvM‡jv| A‡bK wM‡ìi gRyi
(journeyman) Ges wk¶vbexk I¯Ív` KvwiMi nIqvi ¯^cœ ev` w`‡q fvovq LvUv gRy‡i
iæcvšÍwiZ nq| wKQy wKQy wMì Aw¯ÍZ¡ i¶vi Rb¨ cÖ‡ekvwaKvi wd ev cÖ‡e‡ki †hvM¨Zv‡K
evwo‡q w`‡q wb‡R‡`i ¯^vZš¿ evwo‡q †Zv‡j| gRyi I wk¶vbexk‡`i‡K †ewk K‡i †kvlY
K‡i Ges wekvj evRv‡ii Pvwn`v wgwU‡q m¤ú`kvjx n‡Z _v‡K|

(L) cywUs AvDU ev Af¨šÍixY Drcv`b e¨e¯’v (putting out or Domestic system)
bZzb hy‡Mi Pvwn`vi †cÖ¶vc‡U wMì e¨e¯’vi Drcv`b I e›U‡bi Dci Av‡ivwcZ wbqš¿Y
Gwo‡q bZyb Drcv`b e¨e¯’v BD‡iv‡c RvqMv K‡i wb‡jv| GB e¨e¯’v‡K cywUs AvDU ev
Af¨šÍixY Drcv`b e¨e¯’v ejv nq| GB e¨e¯’vi Aax‡b GKRb D‡`¨v³v Zvi LvUv‡bv
cyuwRi m‡e©v”P gybvdvi Rb¨ KvuPvgvj †hgb, Zzjv ev kb (flax) eyb‡bi Rb¨ MÖvgxY
KvwiMi I kªwgK‡`i mieivn KiZ| Gi Rb¨ KvwiMi I kªwgK‡`i‡K gRywi †`Iqv
n‡Zv| eyb‡bi KvR n‡q †M‡j D‡`¨v³v eybb Kiv myZv MÖvgxY ZvuZx‡`i‡K Kvco
evbv‡bvi Rb¨ w`‡Zv| Kvco ˆZwi n‡j D‡Ïv³v H¸‡jv iO ev wWRvBb Kivi Rb¨ i‡Oi
ev wWRvB‡bi KvwiMi‡`i‡K w`‡Zv| Drcv`‡bi cÖ‡Z¨KwU ch©v‡q kª‡gi wfwˇZ gRywi

AvaywbK BD‡iv‡ci BwZnvm c„ôv - 67

Gm Gm GBP Gj

wba©vwiZ n‡Zv| cY¨ wewµi Rb¨ ˆZwi nIqvi ci D‡Ïv³v G¸wj cvBKvwi we‡µZv ev
wbR¯^ †`vKv‡b Zvi LiP cyuwl‡q jv‡f wewµ Ki‡Zv| ·qv`k `k‡K BZvwj‡Z GB cÖ_v
ïiæ nq, c‡i ivB‡bi DcZ¨Kv Qvwo‡q Flanders (divmx AÂj) Ges Bswjk P¨v‡bj
AwZµg K‡i Bsj¨v‡Û cÖ‡ek K‡i|

Drcv`b c×wZi GB bZzb e¨e¯’v KZ¸wj Kvi‡Y RbwcÖq n‡q D‡V| D‡`¨v³v GB
e¨e¯’vi d‡j Av‡Mi †P‡q eo GjvKvq Zvi cY¨ `ªe¨ Qwo‡q w`‡Z cvi‡Zv| ZvQvov
D‡`¨v³v f‚wg †_‡K DrLvZ nIqv Pvlx, f‚wg`vm I Zv‡`i ¯¿x‡`i‡K m¯Ívq Kv‡R jvMv‡Z
cvi‡Zv| wM‡Ûi g‡Zv ïaygvÎ `¶ I cÖwk¶YcÖvß kªwgK‡`i Kv‡R jvMv‡bvi cÖwZeÜKZv
†_‡K D‡`¨v³v i¶v †c‡jv| Z`cywi GB e¨e¯’vq D‡`¨v³vi cyuwR †ekx wewb‡qvM nIqvq
Drcbœ `ªe¨ Rwg‡q myweavRbK `v‡g wewµ Kivi my‡hvM †c‡jv| GQvov D‡`¨v³v hš¿cvwZ
wK‡b cyuwRi UvKv AvUK ivLvi Sv‡gjv †_‡K i¶v †c‡jv, †Kbbv GB e¨e¯’vq
kªwgK‡`i‡K wbR Li‡P cÖ‡qvRbxq hš¿cvwZ †RvMvo Ki‡Z n‡Zv|

MÖvg¨ kªwgKiv G e¨e¯’v‡K `vwi`ª¨ we‡gvP‡bi Dcvq wn‡m‡e ¯^vMZ Rvbv‡jv| AR¤§v, Liv
BZ¨vw` Kvi‡Y dmj bó n‡q †M‡j Pvlx c~‡e©i g‡Zv bv †L‡q givi fq †_‡K i¶v
†c‡jv| GB e¨e¯’vq kªwg‡Ki Kv‡Ri m‡½ m‡½ Zvi cwiev‡ii Ab¨ m`m¨‡`iI Kv‡Ri
ms¯’vb n‡jv| †hgb Kvco eyb‡bi Kv‡R †QvÆ wkïwUI wb‡qvwRZ n‡Z cvi‡jv| AwZwi³
Av‡qi evB‡i cvwievwiK Drcv`b e¨e¯’vq Av‡iv wKQy myweav wQ‡jv| GLb MÖv‡gi kªwgK
Zvi mg‡qi g~j¨evb e¨envi Ki‡Z cvi‡jv| A_©vr dmj eybv ev dmj †Zvjvi mgq
kªwg‡Ki K…wlKvR †e‡o †M‡j †m ZLb KviLvbvi KvR ev` w`‡q K…wl‡Z cy‡ivcywi bRi
w`‡Z cvi‡Zv|

cvwievwiK Drcv`b e¨e¯’vq †ek wKQy AmyweavI wQ‡jv| Av‡jv evZvmnxb Mixe kªwg‡Ki
Ni KviLvbvi Kv‡Ri Rb¨ cÖvqB Dchy³ wQj bv| A‡bK mgq †h N‡i kªwgK _vKZ †m
N‡i Drcv`bKvix Zvi hš¿cvwZ miÄvgvw` ivL‡Zv| Av‡iKUv Amyweav n‡jv AbwfÁ
D‡`¨v³vi nv‡Z kªwgK cÖvqB wRw¤§ n‡q _vK‡Zv| gv‡S gv‡S evRv‡ii Pvwn`v eyS‡Z bv
†c‡i AbwfÁ D‡`¨v³v eybbKvix Ges ZvuZx‡`i‡K cÖPzi AW©vi w`‡Zv| wKš‘ Pvwn`v c‡o
†M‡j Zv‡`i KvR evwZj K‡i w`‡Zv|

bZzb GB Drcv`b e¨e¯’vcbvq cyuwR Ges kª‡gi g‡a¨ †h cv_©K¨ wQj Zv Av‡iv my¯úó
n‡q DV‡jv| µgvš^‡q kª‡gi Dci cyuwRi AvwacZ¨ cÖwZwôZ n‡Z jvM‡jv| `¶ KvwiMi
I wk¶vbexk kªwg‡Ki g‡a¨ †h GKUv gvbweK m¤úK© wQj Zv ¶xY n‡q †M‡jv|

BDwbU - 3 c„ôv - 68
 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

mvims‡¶c
†fŠ‡MvwjK Avwe®‹v‡ii c_ †e‡q †h evwYR¨ wecøe msMwVZ n‡jv, Zvi m‡½ Zvj wgjv‡Z wM‡q
K…wl Ges wk‡íi Drcv`b e¨e¯’vI cwiewZ©Z n‡q †M‡jv| AwaK jv‡fi Rb¨ K…wl I cY¨ `ªe¨
Drcvw`Z n‡Z jvM‡jv| K…wl‡Z g¨vbi e¨e¯’v †f‡½ Rwg †eóbx Av‡›`vj‡bi ïiæ nq| wk‡í wMì
e¨e¯’vi cÖvavb¨ jyß n‡q N‡ivqv Drcv`b c×wZi m„wó n‡jv| GB me cwieZ©‡b BD‡iv‡ci
Drcv`b eû¸Y †e‡o †M‡jv Ges gvby‡li Rxe‡b ¯^v”Q›`¨ e„w× †c‡jv| wKš‘ G‡Z mvaviY K…lK
I wkí gRyi‡`i Rxeb Lye myLKi n‡jv bv|

AvaywbK BD‡iv‡ci BwZnvm c„ôv - 69

Gm Gm GBP Gj

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb

ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ
1| g¨vbi e¨e¯’vq Drcv`b wQj
(K) †ewk jv‡fi Rb¨ (L) Aí jv‡fi Rb¨
(M) Pvwn`vi Zzjbvq †ewk Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ (N) Pvwn`v Abyhvqx

2| †eóbx cÖ_vi Av‡›`vjb ïiæ nq|

(K) D‡ji Pvwn`vi Rb¨ (L) Miæ QvM‡ji nvZ †_‡K dmj i¶vi Rb¨
(M) fv‡jv †m‡Pi Rb¨ (N) K…wlR Drcv`b evov‡bvi Rb¨

3| wMÛ wbqš¿Y Ki‡Zv

(K) c‡Y¨i Drcv`b I e›Ub (L) kªwg‡Ki PvKzix
(M) kªwg‡Ki †eZb (N) wk¶vbywek‡`i †Uªwbs|

4| cvwievwiK Drcv`b e¨e¯’vq

(K) Drcv`b n‡Zv I¯Ív` KvwiM‡ii evwo‡Z (L) kªwg‡Ki evwo‡Z
(M) KviLvbvi gvwjZ‡Ki evwo‡Z (N) †`vKvb`v‡ii evwo‡Z

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1| K…wl‡Z cyuwRev` ej‡Z wK eySvq?
2| cvwievwiK Drcv`b e¨e¯’vq D‡`¨v³v Ges kªwg‡Ki wK myweav wQj?

ˆbe¨w³K cÖ‡kœi DËi

1| (N), 2| (K), 3| (K), 4| (L)|

BDwbU - 3 c„ôv - 70
 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

msw¶ß cÖkœ
1. †eóbx cÖ_vi Av‡›`vjb †Kb weKwkZ n‡jv Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
2. wMì e¨e¯’vi cÖavb¨ bó †Kb n‡jv Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

mnvqK MÖš’vejx
Walter Wallbank, Civilization past and Present. (Southern California, 1956).

AvaywbK BD‡iv‡ci BwZnvm c„ôv - 71