SCHEME OF WORK GRADE XII

LEARNING CONTENTS AND STUDENTS' LEARNING OUTCOMES Grade XII

Contents: Students' Learning Outcomes
PART-5(ELECTRICITY AND R U Ap. An. E C
MAGNETISM) Students will be able to:
UNIT-12(ELECTROSTATICS)
 State Coulomb’s law and explain that force between
Force between charges in two point charges is reduced in a medium other
different media than free space using Coulomb’s law. *
 Recognize that positive and negative parts of the
atoms/molecules of a dielectric separate and
produce their own reverse electric force which
Polarization of dielectric reduces external force. *
 Describe the concept of an electric field as an
Electric field example of a field of force. *
 Define electric field strength as force per unit
positive charge and solve problems and analyse
information using E = F/q. *
 Derive the expression E = l/4πεo q/r2 for the
magnitude of the electric field at a distance ‘r’ from
a point charge ‘q’ and solve problems involving the
use of the expression . E = l/4πεo q/r2 *
Electric flux  Define and explain electric flux. *
 Describe electric flux through a surface enclosing a
charge. *
Gauss’s law and its
applications  State and explain Gauss’s law. *

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  Derive the expression for electric field produced by
a hollow spherical charged conductor at a point
inside and outside the conductor. *
 describe and draw the electric field due to an
infinite size sheet of charge. *
 Describe and draw the electric field between two
infinite size oppositely charged parallel plates. *
Electric potential Energy and  define electric potential energy between two point
Electric Potential charges and solve potential energy problems. *
 Define electric potential as electric potential energy
per unit charge or work done in moving unit positive
charge from infinity to reference point.(Absolute
electric potential) (V=W/q) *
 Derive the expression for electric Potential by a
hollow spherical charged conductor at a point inside
and outside the conductor. *
 find the final velocity of charged particle when it
falls through a given electric potential difference.
Using relation qV=1/2 mv2 *
 Express elecltric field as rate of change of potential
with respect to position. (i.e E=-ΔV/Δr) *
 Solve problems about E = V/d. *
 Outline a method for detemination of charge of
electron. *
Science, Technology and Society Connections
describe the principle of inkjet printers and Photostat
copier as an application of electrostatic phenomenon. *

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 describe the applications of Gauss’s law to find the electric
force due to various charge configurations *
UNIT-13(CAPACITORS)
 define capacitance and show a graphical relation
between charge stored and electric potential
Capacitors acquired. *
 Use graph to determine capacity of capacitor and
energy stored. *

 Solve problems using above derived relation. *

 Derive the relation for capacitance of parallel plate
capacitor both for vaccuum and dielectric medium
Parallel Plate capacitor between the plates. *
 Explain Effect of electric polarization of dielectric on
Capacitance of capacitor. *
 Solve problems using formula for capacitors in series
Combinations of capacitors and in parallel. *
 Define oiled paper capacitor , mylar capacitor,
Practical Capacitor electrolytic capcitor , variable capacitor. *

 Explain Safe working voltage of capacitor. *

 Derive a relation for energy stored in electric field
Energy stored in a capacitor per unit volume. *
Investigation Skills/Laboratory Work

 Draw graphs of charging and discharging of a

capacitor through a resistor. *

CURRICULUM FOR PHYSICS GRADES IX- XII 76

Science, Technology and Society Connections
 List the use of capacitors in various household
appliances such as in flash gun of camera,
refrigerator, electric fan, rectification circuit etc. *
UNIT-14(CURRENT ELECTRICITY)
Electric Current  Desribe Current as rate of flow of charge. (I=q/t) *
 Describe examples of currnet as flow of electrons in
metal, flow of positive and negative ions in gases
and liquids. *
 Show that current flowing through a metal may be
considered as motion of charged particle in a metal
and arrive at relation I=nevA *
 Define emf (E=W/q) and identify different sources of
emf such as electrochemical cells, photovoltaic cell
Sources of emf and electric generators. *
 Recognize that all sources of emf have some internal
resistance. *
 Define electric potential difference of an electric
Electric Potential Difference energy consuming device (V=W/q) *
 State and explain relation between potential
difference and electric current (Ohm's Law: V=IR) for
a conductor. *
 Explain resistance as opposition to charge carriers
moving through a metal, gas or liquid. *
 Derive a formula for power dissipation in resistors
when a current flows through them from the
Power dissipation in resistors definition of electric potential. *

CURRICULUM FOR PHYSICS GRADES IX- XII 77

  Explain the internal resistance of sources and its
consequences for external circuits and conclude the
condition for maximum power transfer. *
Resistivity and its dependence  Define resistivity and explain its dependence upon
upon temperature temperature. *

 Solve problems using relation: α=(Rt-Ro)/Rot *

 Recognize that Ohm's Law (V=IR) is the law for a
DC Circuits branch. *
 Recognize that Kirchhoff's Current rule is the rule is
law of conservation of charge for a node , and
Kirchhoff's Voltage rule is the rule is the law of
conservation of energy for a loop *
 Apply Kirchhoff's voltage rule to find the relation for
the resistances connected in series. *
 Use a series combination of resistors as potential
divider/slide wire potentiometer. *
 Apply Kirchhoff's current rule to derive a relation for
resistances in parallel. *
 Use Wheatstone bridge to determine unknown
resistance. *
 Explain how a given galvanometer can be converted
into voltmeter or ammeter of a specified range. *
Investigation Skills/Laboratory Work
indicate the value of resistance by reading colour code on
it. *
determine resistance of wire by slide wire bridge. *

CURRICULUM FOR PHYSICS GRADES IX- XII 78

  Determine resistance of voltmeter by drawing graph
between R and I/V. *
 Determine resistance of voltmeter by discharging a
capacitor through it. *
 Analyze the variation of resistance of thermistor
with temperature. *
 Determine internal resistance and emf of a cell using
potentiometer. *
 Compare e.m.fs of two cells using potentiometer. *
 Determine the e.m.f. And internal resistance of a
cell by plotting v against i graph. *
 Investigate the relationship between current passing
through a tungsten filament lamp and the potential
applied across it. *
Science, Technology and Society Connections
 Describe the use of electrocardiograph (E.C.G.),
electroencephalograph (E.E.G) instruments to study
heart and brain disorders. *
 Explain that the inspectors can easily check the
reliability of a concrete bridge with carbon fibres as
the fibre conduct electricity. *
 Identify the function of thermistor in fire alarms and
thermostats that control temperature. *
 Identify the use of platinum resistance thermometer
as standard thermometer for temperatures
between -185oc to 630oc. *

CURRICULUM FOR PHYSICS GRADES IX- XII 79

  Identify the use of thermoelectric thermometer as a
standard thermometer to measure temperatures
between 630oc and 1063oc. *
 Describe thermocouple and its function. *
 Explain variation of thermoelectric e.m.f. With
temperature. *
UNIT-15(ELECTROMAGTEISM)
 State ampere's law and use its simple form to
determine the magnetic field around a straight
Ampere's Law current carrying conductor. *
 Use right hand rule to determine the direction of
magnetic field around a straight current carrying
conductor. *
 Describe a solenoid and use Ampere's Law to
determine the magnetic field inside a long current
carrying solenoid. *
 Use right hand rule to determine the direction of
magnetic field inside long current carrying solenoid. *

Magnetic force on a current-  Explain that a force might act on a current-carrying

carrying conductor conductor placed in a magnetic field. *
 Investigate the factors affecting the force on a
current carrying conductor in a magnetic field and
compose a relation F=BILsinθ *
 Define magnetic induction (B) using the relation
F=BILsinθ *
 Solve problems involving the use of F = BIL sin θ. *

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Force on a moving charged  Using the relation F=ilbsinθ, Derive the formula for
particle in a uniform magnetic force on moving charged particle in a uniform
field magentic field. *
 Using the relation F=qvb sinθ, determine the radius
of path of charged particle when projected
perpendicularly in uniform magnetic field *
 Describe a method to measure the e/m of an
electron by applying electric field and magnetic field
Charge to mass ratio on a beam of electrons. *
 Predict the turning effect on a current carrying coil
in a magnetic field and use this principle to
Torque on a current carrying understand the construction and working of a
coil in a magnetic field galvanometer. *
 Describe the concept of magnetic flux (Ø) as scalar
product of magnetic field (B) and area (A) using the
Magnetic flux relation ØB = B┴ A=B.A. *
 Define magnetic flux density and its units. *
Investigation Skills/Laboratory Work
 Construct a simple electromagnet and investigate
the factors which influence the strength of an
electromagnet. *
 Convert a galvanometer into voltmeter of range
zero to 3 V. *
 Interpret and illustrate on the basis of experimental
data, the magnetic field produced by a current
flowing in a coil is stronger than a straight
conductor. *
 Examine the motion of electrons in an electric field
using a Cathode Ray tube. *

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  Examine the motion of electrons in a magnetic field
using a Cathode Ray tube. *
Science, Technology and Society Connections
 Explain the following: *
(a)magnets are often fitted to the doors of refrigerators and
cupboards
(b)a crane in a steelworks is fitted with a large
electromagnet
(c)wheat flour is usually passed near a magnet before being
packed
(d)a steel ship becomes magnetized as it is constructed
 Explain how magnetic effect of a current has been
put to the service of mankind in domestic life and in
industry e.g. *
 Bullet train, an electromagnetic door lock, a circuit
breaker, computers, credit cards
 Analyse information and use available evidence to
assess the impact of medical application of physics
on society (e.g. Identify the function of the
electromagnetic field produced in the medical
equipments) *
 Explain magnetic resonance image(MRI) scans can
be used to *
(a)detect cancerous tissues.
(b)wheat flour is usually passed near a magnet
before being packed
(c)a steel ship becomes magnetized as it is
constructed

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 (d)distinguish between gray and white matter in the
brain.
UNIT-16(ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTIONS)
 Define of magnetic flux (Ø) as scalar product of
magnetic field (B) and area (A) using the relation ØB
Magnetic flux = B┴ A=B.A. and write its SI unit. *
 Illustrate the instants when magnetic flux passing
through is maximum or minimum. *
 State Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction,
Faraday’s law indicating factors affecting the induced emf. *
 State Lenz’s law to predict the direction of an
induced current and relate to the principle of
Lenz’s law conservation of energy. *
 Apply Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction
and Lenz’s law to solve problems. *
 Explain the production of eddy currents and identify
Eddy currents their magnetic and heating effects. *
 Explain the need for laminated iron cores in electric
motors, generators and transformers. *
Mutual inductance and Self  Define mutual inductance (M) and self-inductance
Inductance (L), and their unit henry. *
 Find the formula for energy stored in inductor and
Energy stored in an inductor describe energy density of magnetic field. *
 Explain what is meant by motional emf. Given a rod
or wire moving through a magnetic field in a simple
way, compute the potential difference across its
Motional emf ends. (E=-vBLsinθ) *

CURRICULUM FOR PHYSICS GRADES IX- XII 83

  Describe the main components of an A.C generator
and explain how it works and derive the relation
A.C. Generator (E=nωabsinθ) *
 Describe the construction of a transformer and
Transformer explain how it works. *

 Identify the relationship between the ratio of the

number of turns in the primary and secondary coils
and the ratio of primary to secondary voltages. *
 Describe how set-up and step-down transformers
can be used to ensure efficient transfer of electricity
along cables. *
Investigation Skills/Laboratory Work
 Perform an investigation to predict and verify the
effect on an electric current generated when: *
(a)the distance between the coil and magnet is
varied.
(b)the strength of the magnet is varied.
 Demonstrate electromagnetic induction by a
permanent magnet, coil and demonstration
galvanometer.
 Conduct a demonstration of step-up and step-down
transformer by dissectible transformer.
 Demonstrate an improvised electric motor. *
 Demonstrate the action of an induction coil by
producing spark. *

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  Gather information and choose equipment to
investigate “multiplier “ effect (a small magnetic
field created by current carrying loops of wire
(wrapped around a piece of iron core lead to a large
observed magnetic field). *
Science, Technology and Society Connections
 Analyze and present information to explain how
induction heating is used in furnaces to provide
oxygen free heating environment. *
 Identify how eddy currents have been utilized in
electromagnetic braking. *
 Analyze the earthquake detecting instrument –
seismometer as a good example of an application of
electromagnetic induction and explain *
 (A)any movement or vibration of the rock on which
the seismometer rests (buried in a protective case)
results in relative motion between the magnet and
the coil (suspended by a spring from the frame.
(b)the emf induced in the coil is directly proportional
to the displacement associated with the
earthquake.
 Describe the use of step-down and step-up
transformers for the electric supply from power
station to houses and electric appliances at home. *
 Search and analyze information to identify how
transmission lines are: *
(a)Insulated from supporting structure.

CURRICULUM FOR PHYSICS GRADES IX- XII 85

 (b)Protected from lightning strikes.
 Explain that induction coil is a form of mutual
inductor widely used to generate the high voltage
sparks needed to ignite the petrol-air mixture in car
and motorbike engines. *
 Explain in a car the wind screen wipers are usually
driven by one and the engine is started by another. *
PART-6 (A.C Circuits)

UNIT-17 (ALTERNATING CURRENT)

 Represent a sinusoidally alternating voltage by an
Alternating emf equation of the form E = Eo sin ωt. *
 Describe the flow of Alternating Current in a closed
circuit containing components such as Resistor ,
capacitor or inductor. (I=Iosin(ωt+ϕ) *
 Describe the terms time period, frequency,
Instantaneous, peak and rms instantaneous peak value and root mean square
values of AC value of an alternating current and voltage. *

Phase, phase lag and phase  Describe the phase of A.C and how phase lags and
lead in AC leads in A.C Circuits. *

 Explain the flow of A.C through resistors , capacitors

A.C Circuits and inductors. *
 Discuss Phase lead or lag of current produced when
an alternating voltage is applied to a capacitor or
inductor using phasor diagram *

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  Describe impedance as vector summation of
resistances and reactances, in cases of RC, RL and
RLC circuits. *
 Construct phasor diagrams and carry out
calculations on circuits including resistive and
reactive components in series. *
 Solve the problems using the formula of A.C Power
and realize the importance of power factor. *
 Realize that impedance of A.C circuits may be
frequency dependent and explain resonance in an
A.C circuit and carry out calculations using the
Resonant Circuits. resonant frequency formula. *
Maxwell’s equations and  Describe the qualitative treatment of Maxwell’s
electromagnetic waves equations and explain the production of
(descriptive treatment) electromagnetic waves. *

 Explain electromagnetic spectrum (ranging from

radio waves to γ-rays). *
 Describe that the information can be transmitted by
radio waves. *
 Identify that the microwaves of a certain frequency
cause heating when absorbed by water and cause
burns when absorbed by body tissues. *
 Describe that ultra violet radiation can be produced
by special lamps and that prolonged exposure to the
Sun may cause skin cancer from ultra violet
radiation. *

Investigation Skills/Laboratory Work

CURRICULUM FOR PHYSICS GRADES IX- XII 87

  Determine the relation between current and
capacitance when different capacitors are used in
AC circuit using series and parallel combinations. *
 Measure DC and AC voltages by a CRO. *
 Determine the impedance of RL circuit at 50Hz and
hence find inductance. *
 Determine the impedance of RC circuit at 50Hz and
hence find capacitance. *

Science, Technology and Society Connections

 Apply the use of infra red waves in radiant heaters,
optical fibre commutations and for the remote
control of TV sets and VCR’s. *
 Describe the effect of ozone layer depletion. *
 Illustrate the principle of metal detectors used for
security checks. *
 State the principle of electro-cardiograph in medical
diagnostic. *
 Describe the importance of oscillator circuit as
broadcaster of radiowaves. *
 Describe the principle of resonance in tuning
circuits of a radio. *
 Explain why transmission from some country TV
channels are polarized at right angle to city
channels. *

CURRICULUM FOR PHYSICS GRADES IX- XII 88

  Realize that resonant circuits are main parts of
metal detectors. *

PART-7(SOLID STATE PHYSICS)

UNIT-18(PHYSICS OF SOLIDS)
 Distinguish between the structure of crystalline,
Classification of solids amorphous and polymeric solids. *
Electrical properties of solids  Describe the idea about energy bands in solids. *


Classify insulators, conductors, and semiconductors
on the basis of energy bands. *
 Distinguish between dia, para and Ferro magnetic
Magnetic properties of solids materials. *
 Describe the concepts of magnetic domains in a
material. *
 Discuss how magnetic induction varies with
magnetizing current in ferromagnetic sample and
hence describe hysteresis loop. *
 Infer from hysteresis loop, hard and soft
ferromagnetic substances. * *
 Realize that area of the hysteresis loop represents
the energy loss per unit volume per cycle of
magnetizing current. *
Science, Technology and Society Connections
 Describe the applications of superconductors in
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), magnetic
levitation trains, powerful but small electric motors
and faster computer chips. *

CURRICULUM FOR PHYSICS GRADES IX- XII 89

  Identify the importance of hysteresis loop to select
materials for their use to make them temporary
magnets or permanent magnets. *
 Describe the function and use of LED, Photodiode
and Photo voltaic cell. *
 Analyze that the modern world is the world of
digital electronics. *
 Analyze that the computers are the forefront of
electronic technology. *
 Realize that electronics is shifting low-tech electrical
appliances to high-tech electronic appliances. *
 Analyze behaviour of superconductors and their
potential uses. *
UNIT-19(ELECTRONICS)
Intrinsic and extrinsic  Distinguish between intrinsic and extrinsic
semiconductors semiconductors. *
 Explain on the basis of presence of holes and free
electrons the distinction between P & N type
Semiconductors. *
 Describe PN junction and explain how electrons and
PN Junction and its forward holes flow across a junction during forward and
and reversed biased states reverse biased conditions. *

 Discuss the current voltage behavious of PN junction

in forward and reverse biased conditions. *
 Describe half and full wave rectifiers and bridge
Half and full wave rectification rectifiers. *

CURRICULUM FOR PHYSICS GRADES IX- XII 90

Transistor and its
characteristics  Distinguish PNP & NPN transistors. *
 Describe the operations of transistors. *
 Deduce current equation and apply it to solve
problems on transistors. *
Transistor as an amplifier (C-E  Explain the use of transistors as a switch and an
configuration) amplifier. *
Investigation Skills/Laboratory Work
 Draw characteristics of semiconductor diode and
calculate forward and reverse current resistances. *
 Study the half and full waver rectification by
semiconductor diodes by displaying on C.R.O. *
 Use multimeter to (i) identify base of transistor (ii)
distinguish between NPN and PNP transistor (iii) see
the unidirectional flow of current in case of diode
and a led.
 (to check whether a given electric component e.g.
Diode or transistor is in working order. *
 Demonstrate the amplification action of a transistor
graphically by CRO *

PART-8(MODERN PHYSICS)
UNIT-20(DAWN OF MODERN PHYSICS)
 Distinguish between inertial and non-inertial frames
Special theory of relativity of reference. *
 Describe the significance of Einstein’s assumption of
the constancy of the speed of light. *

CURRICULUM FOR PHYSICS GRADES IX- XII 91

  Explain qualitatively and quantitatively the *
consequence of special relativity in relation to:
 (a)length contraction
 (b)time dilation
 (c)mass increase
 (d)the equivalence between mass and energy
 Describe the phenomenon of photoelectric effect on
Photoelectric effect the basis of Einstein's Explanation. *
 Solve problems and analyse information using: E =
hf and c = f λ. *
 Describe Photo voltaic cell as an application of
Photoelectric effect. *
Compton’s effect  Describe Compton Effect qualitatively. *
Pair production and pair  Explain the phenomena of pair production and pair
annihilation annihilation. *

 Understand that E2+B2 is proportional to chances of

Wave nature of particles detection of photon.(wave particle duality) *
 Understand that electric and magnetic fields are
wave functions of photon. *
 Derive E2=P2c2+mo2c4 using the formula for mass
increase. *
 Use E=hf and E=pc to derive p=h/λ for photon *
 Understand how de-Broglie generalized p=h/λ to
electron. *

CURRICULUM FOR PHYSICS GRADES IX- XII 92

  Describe the confirmation of de Broglie’s proposal
by Davisson and Germer experiment in which the
diffraction of electrons by the surface layers of a
crystal lattice was observed. *
 Understand that like photon, electron also has wave
function whose square gives chances of detection of
electron. *
 Explain how the very short wavelength of electrons,
and the ability to use electrons and magnetic fields
to focus them, allows electron microscope to
Electron microscope achieve very high resolution. *
 State uncertainty principle and discuss with the help
Uncertainty Principle of example. *
Bohr's Model of Hydrogen  State Three Postulates of Bohr's model of hydrogen
Atom atom. *
 Understand that energy is discrete in Hydrogen
atom and define atomic shells. *
 Explain Inner shell transition and characteristic X-
X-Rays rays. *
 Analyze the process of X-ray Production. *
 Explain Bremsstrahlung/Continuous X-rays. *
LASER  Define LASER. *
 Describe induced absorption, spontaneous
emission, induced/stimulated emission. *
 Understand Population Inversion and LASER Action. *
 Understand working of He-Ne LASER. *
Investigation Skills/Laboratory Work

CURRICULUM FOR PHYSICS GRADES IX- XII 93

  Investigate the variation of electric current with
intensity of incident light on a photocell. *
 Determine Planck’s constant using internal potential
barrier of different light emitting diodes. *
Science, Technology and Society Connections
 Predict the motion of an object relative to a
different frame of reference e.g. dropping a ball in a
moving vehicle observed from the vehicle and by a
person standing on the side walk. *
 Identify the role of special theory of relativity in
global positioning, NAVSTAR system. *
 Summarize the use of solar cell and photoelectric
cell in our daily life. *
 Search and describe the role of electron microscope
to study the micro structures and properties of
matter. *
 Describe Uses of X-rays in medical science and
industry. *
 Describe Uses of LASER. *
UNIT-21(NUCLEAR PHYSICS)
 Describe a simple model for the atom to include
Composition of atomic nuclei protons, neutrons and electrons. *
 Determine the number of protons, neutrons and
nucleons it contains for the specification of a
nucleus in the form Az X. *
 Define the terms unified mass scale. *

CURRICULUM FOR PHYSICS GRADES IX- XII 94

  Explain that an element can exist in various isotopic
Isotopes forms each with a different number of neutrons. *
 Explain the use of mass spectrograph to
demonstrate the existence of isotopes and to
Mass spectrograph measure their relative abundance. *
Mass defect and binding  Define mass defect and calculate binding energy
energy using Einstein’s equation. *
 Illustrate graphically the variation of binding energy
per nucleon with the mass number. *
 Explain the relevance of binding energy per nucleon
to nuclear fusion and to nuclear fission. *
 Identify that some nuclei are unstable, give out
Radioactivity (properties of α, radiation to get rid of excess energy and are said to
β and γ rays) be radioactive. * *
 Understand that Electrostatic repulsive force is long
range and Strong Nuclear attractive force is short
range. *
 Explain when no. of Neucleons increases and size of
nucleus increases, then for some neucleons strong
nuclear attractive force becomes negligible as
compared to Electrostatic repulsive force. Hence
nucleus becomes unstable. *
 Describe that an element may change into another
element when radioactivity occurs. *
 Identify the spontaneous and random nature of
nuclear decay. *

 Describe the term half life and solve problems using

Half life and rate of decay the equation λ=0.693/T1/2 *

CURRICULUM FOR PHYSICS GRADES IX- XII 95

Interaction of nuclear  Describe the interaction of alpha, beta, gamma rays
radiation with matter with matter, Their penetration and range. *
Radiation detectors (GM
counter and solid state  Describe the use of Geiger Muller counter and solid
detector) state detectors to detect the radiations. *
 Explain that atomic number and mass number
Nuclear reactions conserve in nuclear reaction. *
 Determine the release of energy from different
nuclear reactions. *
 Describe energy and mass conservation in simple
reactions and in radioactive decay. *
Nuclear fission (fission chain
reaction)  Describe the phenomena of nuclear fission. *
 Describe the fission chain reaction. *
 Describe the function of various components of a
Nuclear reactors: nuclear reactor. *
Nuclear fusion (nuclear
reaction in the Sun)  Describe the phenomena of nuclear fusion. *
 Describe nuclear fusion reactions in sun and other
stars. *
Basic forces of nature  Describe the basic forces of nature. *
Elementary particles and
particle classification (hadrons,  Describe the building blocks of matter including
leptons and quarks) hadrons, leptons and quarks. *
Investigation Skills/Laboratory Work
 Simulate the radioactive decay of nuclei using a set
of at least 100 dice and measure the simulated half
life of the nuclei. *

CURRICULUM FOR PHYSICS GRADES IX- XII 96

  Draw the characteristics curve of a Geiger Muller
tube.
 Determine the amount of background radiation in
your surroundings and identify their possible
sources. *
 Set up a G.M. point tube and show the detection of
Alpha particles with the help of CRO and determine
the count rate using a scalar unit. *
Science, Technology and Society Connections
 Explain the basic principle of nuclear reactor. *
 Describe and discuss the function of the principle
components of a water moderated power reactor
(core, fuel, rods, moderator, control rods, heat
exchange, safety rods and shielding). *
 Explain why the uranium fuel needs to be enriched. *
 Compare the amount of energy released in a fission
reaction with the (given) energy released in a
chemical reaction. *
 Describe how the conditions in the interiors of the
Sun and other stars allow nuclear fusion to take
place and hence, how nuclear fusion is their main
energy conversion process. *
 Show an awareness about nuclear radiation
exposure and biological effects of radiation. *
 Describe the term dosimeter. *
 Describe the use of radiations for medical diagnosis
and therapy. *

CURRICULUM FOR PHYSICS GRADES IX- XII 97

  Explain the importance of limiting exposure to
ionizing radiation. *
 Describe the examples of the use of radioactive
tracers in medical diagnosis, agriculture and
industry. *
 Assess Biological and medical uses of radiations
(radiation therapy, diagnosis of diseases, tracers
techniques) *

CURRICULUM FOR PHYSICS GRADES IX- XII 98