Introduction to Science

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Week 6: Lesson 1
Introduction

During this week, you will learn how to:

• Distinguish between classes of hydrocarbons.
• Determine the molecular and structural formulas of hydrocarbons.
• Draw the skeletal and condensed structural formulas of hydrocarbons.
• Demonstrate knowledge of the nomenclature of hydrocarbons.
 The mole

Fe + S ----> FeS
• In this reaction, every atom of iron (Fe) will react with a single atom of sulphur (S) to form
iron sulphide (FeS). However, what the equation does not tell us, is the quantities or the
amount of each substance that is involved

• It is important to know exactly how many particles (e.g. atoms or molecules) are in a sample
of a substance, or what quantity of a substance is needed for a chemical reaction to take
place

• The amount of substance is so important in chemistry that it is given its own name, which is
the mole
Avogadro’s Number

• In a lab, we cannot work with individual

molecules. They are too small.
• One mole (abbreviated: mol) is the
amount of particles found in exactly 12
g of C-12.
• 6.02 × 1023 atoms or molecules is the
number of particles in one mole.
The mole

• Definition =The mole (abbreviation “mol”) is the SI (Standard International) unit for
“amount of substance”

• The mole is a counting unit just like hours or days. We can easily count one second or
one minute or one hour If we want bigger units of time, we refer to days, months and
years. Even longer time periods are centuries and millennia

• The mole is even bigger than these numbers. The mole is 602 204 500 000 000 000
000 000 or 6, 022 × 1023 particles. This is a very big number! We call this number
Avogadro’s number

• Avogadro’s number = The number of particles in a mole, equal to 6, 022 × 1023

The mole

• We use Avogadro’s number and the mole in chemistry to help us quantify what
happens in a chemical reaction

• The mole is a very special number. If we measure 12,0 g of carbon ,we have one
mole or 6, 022 × 1023 carbon atoms

• 63, 5 g of copper is one mole of copper or 6, 022 × 1023 copper atoms.

• In fact, if we measure the relative atomic mass of any element on the periodic
table, we have one mole of that element
Molar mass
• Definition = Molar mass (Mm) is the mass of 1 mole of a chemical substance. The
unit for molar mass is grams per mole or g·mol−1

• You will remember that when the mass, in grams, of an element is equal to its
relative atomic mass, the sample contains one mole of that element. This mass is
called the molar mass of that element

• It is worth remembering the following: On the periodic table, the relative atomic
mass that is shown can be interpreted in two ways.

1. The mass (in grams) of a single, average atom of that element relative to the
mass of an atom of carbon.
2. The average atomic mass of all the isotopes of that element. This use is the
relative atomic mass.
3. The mass of one mole of the element. This third use is the molar mass of the
element.
Molar mass

Element Relative atomic Molar mass (g · Mass of one mole

mass (u) mol−1) of
the element (g)
Magnesium 24, 3 24, 3 24, 3
Lithium 6, 94 6, 94 6, 94
Oxygen 16, 0 16, 0 16, 0
Nitrogen 14, 0 14, 0 14, 0
Iron 55, 8 55, 8 55, 8

The relationship between relative atomic mass,

molar mass and the mass of one mole for a
number of elements
MOLAR MASS TO AVOGADRO’s

• One mole of atoms, ions, or molecules contains

Avogadro’s number of those particles.
• The number of atoms of an element in a mole is the
subscript in a formula (number of atoms of that
element in the formula) times Avogadro’s number.
Formula mass

• Formula mass = is the sum of the atomic masses/weight of the

elements in its chemical formula.

• This is the quantitative significance of a formula.

• For an element like sodium, Na, the formula weight is the atomic
weight (23.0 u).

• For an ionic compound, use the empirical formula.

• The formula weight of sulfuric acid, H2SO4,

would be
2(AW of H) + 1(AW of S) + 4(AW of O)
2(1.0 u) + 32.1 u + 4(16.0 u)
FW (H2SO4) = 98.1 u
Molecular weight

If the substance is a molecule, the formula weight is also

called its molecular weight.

A molecular weight is the sum of the atomic mass/weights

of the atoms in a molecule.

For glucose, which has a molecular formula of C6H12O6,

the molecular weight is
6(AW of C) + 12(AW of H) + 6(AW of O)
6(12.0 u) + 12(1.0 u) + 6(16.0 u)
MW (C6H12O6) = 180.0 u
Formula mass

• For eg. the formula mass of Oxygen (O2)

= 15.999 g/mol. + 15.999g/mol
= 31.998g/mol

• Common formula mass (refer to the list of compounds):

a) CO2
b) H2O
c) H2SO4
d) H2SO3
e) CaCO3
f) HNO3
Quiz

a) Determine the number of SO4 molecules in 1 mole of H2SO4

b) Determine the number of oxygen ions in 1 mole of H2SO3
c) Determine the number of hydrogen molecules in 3 moles
of H2CO3
d) Determine the number of Ca particles in 1 mole of CaCO3
Calculating moles and mass
1. We can calculate molar mass as follows:
molar mass (Mm) = mass (g)/mole (mol)

2. This can be rearranged to give the number of moles:

n = m/Mm

3. Remember that when you use the equation n = m/M, the mass is always in grams (g) and
molar mass is in grams per mol (g · mol−1). Always write the units next to any number
you use in a formula or sum

4. So far, we have only discussed moles, mass and molar mass in relation to elements. But
what happens if we are dealing with a compound? Do the same concepts and rules apply?
The answer is yes. However, you need to remember that all your calculations will apply to
the whole compound
Converting amounts

• Moles provide a bridge from the molecular scale to the

real-world scale.
• Using equalities, we can convert from mass to atoms
or from atoms to mass.
• How many atoms in 3 g of copper (Cu)?
• 3 g Cu x (1 mol Cu/63.5 g Cu) x
(6.02 x 1023 atoms/1 mol Cu) = 3 x 1022 atoms
 Activity
1. Calculate the number of moles of iron in a 111.7 g sample.

2. You have a sample that contains 5.00 moles of zinc.

2.2 What is the mass of the zinc in the sample?
2.1 How many atoms of zinc are in the sample?

3. Calculate the number of moles and atoms in each of the following samples:
3.1 21.62 g of boron (B)
3.2 54.94 g of manganese (Mn)
3.3 100.3 g of mercury (Hg)
3.4 50.2 g of barium (Ba)
3.5 40.8 g of lead (Pb)
Get your notepad, pen and calculator ready, and start picking your brain.

Question 1:
1. How many grams would 8.1 x1021 molecules of sucrose (C12H22O11) weigh?
2. How many moles are in 53.8 g of magnesium chloride?
3. How many units are in 0.845 moles of NaNO3?
4. How many molecules are in 50.0 g of calcium sulphide?
5. How many atoms are in a 2.0 kg pot of gold?
6. Determine the mass of 3.045 x1024 H2O-molecules.
7. Determine the number of moles of oxygen in 2.456 g H2SO4.
8. Calculate how many atoms are present in 100.0 g CuSO4.5H2O.
9. Calculate the number of moles of sodium in 14.132 g of Na3PO4
10. Calculate the mass (in g) of nitrogen in 50.0 g NH4NO3.
Question 2:
Determine the numbers of moles of BaCO3 which contain
1.5 moles of oxygen atoms is
(a) 0.5
(b) 1
(c) 3
(d) 6.02 x 1023

The modern atomic weight scale is based on

(a) C12
(b) O16
(c) H113
(d) C

Calculate the total number of protons in 10 g of calcium

carbonate is (N0 = 6.023 x 1023)
(a) 1.5057 x 1024
(b) 2.0478 x 1024
(c) 3.0115 x 1024
(d) 4.0956 x 1024
Question 3:

The purest form of carbon is prepared by decomposing pure sugar

C12H22O11. What is the maximum number of grams of carbon
that could be obtained from 1.00 kg of sugar?

Question 4:

Epson salts, a strong laxative used in veterinary medicine, is a

hydrate, which means that a certain number of water molecules
are included in the solid structure. The formula for Epson salts can
be written as MgSO4·xH2O, where x indicates the number of
moles of H2O per mole of MgSO4. If the molar mass of the
hydrated compound is 246.40 g/mol, calculate the whole number
value of x and rewrite the chemical formula of Epson salt to
include the number of hydration waters