CHAPTER

BLOOD AND BODY DEFENSES

6

SECTION I FEATURES OF THE BLOOD

Blood is essential to life. Blood circulates through our body and delivers essential
substances like oxygen and nutrients to the body’s cells. It also transports metabolic
thay thế
waste products away from those same cells. There is no substitute for blood. It cannot
chế tạo
be made or manufactured. Generous blood donors are the only source of blood for
sự truyền máu
patients in need of a blood transfusion. vận chuyển
nhớt
The blood is the sticky red fluid circulating in our veins and arteries. Its main
thực phẩm
functions are: transport of oxygen, carbon dioxide, foodstuffs and hormones, defense
against infections, and regulation of pH and temperature.

PARTS OF THE BLOOD

ly tâm
The blood is a connective tissue. When blood is centrifuged, it separates into its two
huyết tương
major components: plasma and cells. The fluid matrix is called the plasma and the three
tiếu cầu
types of cells are erythrocytes, leukocytes and thrombocytes.
Plasma is the fluid portion of the blood. It is yellowish in color and contains seven
classes of substances: water, salts, proteins, carbohydrates, wastes,
tan
gases and hormones.
cấu thành lơ lửng
Water constitutes 91 percent of plasma. Other materials are dissolved or suspended in
this water. Plasma takes part in transport of water and nutrients to the body’s tissues.
The main job of plasma is to provide a solution to carry nutrients, hormones, and blood
cells through the blood vessels.

BLOOD CELLS thể tích

Erythrocytes or red blood cells (RBC) represent 40-45% of your blood volume.
They are generated from the bone marrow at a rate of four to five billion per hour. They
hình đĩa hai mặt lõm
have a lifecycle of about 120 days in the body. Red blood cells are discoid, biconcave
non-nucleated cells. They contain the red pigment and protein called haemoglobin. The
milimet khối
human blood comprises 4.4 to 5 million red blood cells per cubic millimetre.
Erythrocytes carry oxygen from the lung capillaries to the body cells and carbon dioxide
in the opposite direction. Oxygen combined with haemoglobin gives the blood dark
bluish red colour.

103
 White blood cells are also called leukocytes. They circulate in the body in blood
vessels and the lymphatic vessels that parallel the veins and arteries. White blood cells
(WBC) are ameboid, nucleated cells. They are larger than erythrocytes. Their number is
about 8,000 per cubic millimetre. Although white blood cells (leukocytes) only account
for about 1% of the blood, they are very important. White blood cells are essential for
good health and protection against illness and disease. Like red blood cells, they are
constantly being generated from the bone marrow. They flow through the bloodstream
and attack foreign bodies, like viruses and bacteria. They can even leave the
bloodstream to extend the fight into tissue.
tuần tra mầm bệnh
White blood cells are on constant patrol and looking for pathogens. When they find
a target, they begin to multiply and send signals out to other cell types to do the same.
White blood cells are stored in different places in the body, which are referred to as
cơ quan bạch huyết tuyến ức
lymphoid organs. These include the thymus - a gland between the lungs and just below
lách
the neck, the spleen - an organ sitting in the upper left of the abdomen that filters the
blood, bone marrow found in the center of the bones which also produces red blood
cells and lymph nodes- small glands positioned throughout the body and linked by
lymphatic vessels.
There are two main types of leukocyte: phagocytes and lymphocytes.
- Phagocytes are cells that surround and absorb pathogens and break them down,
bạch cầu trung tính
effectively eating them. There are several types, including neutrophils - the most
bạch cầu đơn nhân
common type of phagocytes - tending to attack bacteria, monocytes - the largest type
đại thực bào
having several roles, macrophages patrolling for pathogens and also removing dead and
dying cells, and mast cells doing many jobs, including helping to heal wounds and
defend against pathogens.
- Lymphocytes help the body to remember previous invaders and recognize them
if they come back to attack again. The two kinds of lymphocytes are B lymphocytes and
T lymphocytes. Lymphocytes start out in the bone marrow and either stay there and
mature into B cells, or they leave for the thymus gland, where they mature into T cells.
B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes have separate functions: B lymphocytes are like the
tìm kiếm
body's military intelligence system, seeking out their targets and sending defenses to
lock onto them. T cells are like the soldiers, destroying the invaders that the intelligence
system has identified.
Thrombocytes (blood platelets) are the smallest cells in the blood. They are non-
nucleated and discoid in shape. The blood contains approximately 300,000
thrombocytes per cubic millimetre. Platelets control bleeding. They are mainly
concerned with blood coagulation or blood clotting. Wherever a wound occurs, the
blood vessel will send out a signal. Platelets receive that signal and travel to the area
xúc tu
and transform into their “active” formation, growing long tentacles to make contact with
the vessel and form clusters to plug the wound until it heals.

104
 Lymph is a liquid which consists of blood plasma, leukocytes and protein. The
function of lymph is similar to that of blood. It circulates among the body tissues
carrying oxygen and food. It also collects the waste materials from the cells.

EXERCISE A. Answer the following questions.

1. What kind of tissue is the blood?
…………………………………………………………………………………………
The blood is a connective tissue

…………………………………………………………………………………………
2. What are the main components of the blood?
…………………………………………………………………………………………
Blood separates into its twomajor components: plasma and cells

…………………………………………………………………………………………
3. What does plasma consist of?
are mainly
………………………………………………………………………………………… concerned
Plasma consist of contains seven classes with blood coagulation or blood clotting.
of substances: water, salts, proteins, carbohydrates, wastes, gases and hormones.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
4. What does plasma take part in?
…………………………………………………………………………………………
Plasma takes part in transport of water and nutrients to the body’s tissues.

…………………………………………………………………………………………
5. What is the shape of erythrocytes?
…………………………………………………………………………………………
Red blood cells are discoid, biconcave
non-nucleated cells
…………………………………………………………………………………………
6. What is the quantity of erythrocytes per cubic millimeter of the human blood?
…………………………………………………………………………………………
The
human blood comprises 4.4 to 5 million red blood cells per cubic millimetre
…………………………………………………………………………………………
7. What is the function of erythrocytes?
…………………………………………………………………………………………
Erythrocytes carry oxygen from the lung capillaries to the body cells and carbon dioxide
in the opposite direction.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
8. What gives the blood its colour?
…………………………………………………………………………………………
Oxygen combined with haemoglobin gives the blood dark
bluish red colour.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
9. What is the function of leukocytes?
…………………………………………………………………………………………
Leukocytes are essential for
good health and protection against illness and disease
…………………………………………………………………………………………
10. What are thrombocytes concerned with?
…………………………………………………………………………………………
Thrombocytes are mainly
concerned with blood coagulation or blood clotting.
…………………………………………………………………………………………

105
EXERCISE B. Choose the word or phrase that best completes each sentence or
choose the best answer to each question.
1.What is the liquid portion of blood?
A. phagocytes B. platelets
C. matrix D. plasma
2. Microorganisms that invade the body may be ingested by _________.
A. antibodies B. leukocytes
C. red blood cells D. stem cells
3. Oxygen is primarily transported by ___________.
A. platelets B. white blood cells
C. red blood cells D. plasma
4. Carbon dioxide is primarily transported by __________.
A. plasma and erythrocytes B. erythrocytes and platelets
C. plasma and leukocytes D. platelets and plasma
5. What are the functions of blood?
A. transportation B. protection
C. regulation D. All of the above
6. What does lymph contain?
A. plasma and three types of blood cells B. groups of leukocytes
C. plasma, erythrocytes and leukocytes D. plasma, leukocytes and protein
7. Which one does not belong to granulocytes?
A. eosinophils B. lymphocytes
C. basophils D. neutrophils
8. Blood is actually considered to be a tissue because it contains many different types of
cells that are __________to do particular jobs.
A. organized B. arranged
C. attached D. classified
9. Which blood cell can be described as being a biconcave disc?
A. erythrocytes B. thrombocytes
C. leukocytes D. monocytes
10. Which of these cell types should not be grouped with the others?
A. neutrophils B. lymphocytes
C. basophils D. eosinophils

EXERCISE C. Cover the preceding text and complete the cloze passage below.
The blood is the (1) _________
sticky red fluid circulating in our veins and arteries. Its main
functions are: (2) _________
transport of oxygen, carbon dioxide, foodstuffs and hormones,
(3)_________
defense against infections, and (4) _________
regulation of pH and temperature. The blood
is a connective tissue. There are four primary constituents in the blood. They are: the

106
fluid (5) _________
matrix (*) called the plasma and three types of cells, namely, erythrocytes,
leukocytes, and thrombocytes. Plasma is (6) _________
yellowish and contains seven classes of
substances: water, salts, proteins, carbohydrates, wastes, gases and hormones. Water
constitutes 91percent of plasma. Other materials are (7) _________
dissolved or suspended in this
water. Plasma takes (8) _________
part in transport of some substances.

EXERCISE D. Determine the meaning of the following vocabulary as used in the

information on the blood cells.
1. erythrocytes
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
2. haemoglobin
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
3. leukocytes
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
4. granulocytes
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
5. agranulocytes
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
6. lymphocytes
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
7. immune system
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
8. antibodies
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
9. thrombocytes
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
10. blood coagulation
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………

107
EXERCISE E. Choose the best answer for each gap in the following passage.
Just about everyone knows that we can't live (1) _________ blood. And that the
blood in our bodies is (2) _________ by the heart through a network of arteries and
veins. But beyond those blood basics, what do you know about that red stuff beneath
your skin?
Blood is essential for good health (3) _________ the body depends on a steady supply
of fuel and oxygen to (4) _________ its billions of cells. Even the heart couldn't survive
without blood flowing through the vessels (5) _________ bring nourishment to its
muscular walls. Blood also carries carbon dioxide and other waste materials to the
lungs, kidneys, and digestive system; from there they are (6) _________ from the body.
Without blood, we couldn't (7) _________ warm or cool off, we couldn't fight
infections, and we couldn't get (8) _________ of our own waste products.
1. A. with B. without C. no D. never
2. A. be pumped B. being pumped C. pumping D. pumped
3. A. if B. although C. because D. when
4. A. reach B. go C. come D. All are correct.
5. A. who B. whose C. where D. which
6. A. recovered B. removed C. replaced D. released
7. A. become B. make C. keep D. seem
8. A. rid B. away C. out D. ban

EXERCISE F. Identify the error in the underlined words or phrases below.

1. The two basis types of leukocytes are phagocytes and lymphocytes.
A B basic C D
2. Phagocytes are a key component with the innate immune system.
A B C of D
3. Lymphocytes are cells that allow the body to remember and recognize previous
A B C
invaders and help the body destroys them.
D destroy
4. A number of different cells is considered phagocytes.
A B C are D
5. The most common type is the neutrophil, which primarily fighting bacteria.
A B C D fights
6. If doctors are worried about a bacterial infection, they might order a blood test to
A B
see if a patient has an increased number of neutrophils triggered by the infected.
C D
infection

108
 responds
7. Other types of phagocytes have their own jobs to make sure that the body respond
A B
appropriately to a specific type of invader.
C D
8. White blood cells are the cells of the immune system that are involved in protect
A B protecting
the body against both infectious disease and foreign invaders.
C D
9. Leukocytes are found throughout the body, include the blood and lymphatic
A B C D
system. from
10. All white blood cells have nuclei, which distinguishes them into the other blood
A B C D
cells, the anucleated red blood cells (RBCs) and platelets.

EXERCISE G. Complete the following sentences with the words in the box.
granulocytes defensive leukocytes ingest agranulocytes

1. There are two main groups of __________:

leukocytes the granulocytes (granular leukocytes)
which have granules in their cytoplasm and agranulocytes (non-granular leukocytes)
which have no granules in their cytoplasm.
2. __________
Granulocytes are basophils, eosinophils and neutrophils.
3. __________
Agranulocytes are lymphocytes and monocytes.
4. In general, leukocytes form the __________
defensive mechanism of the body; they are part of
the immune system.
5. They __________
ingest bacteria and produce antibodies against pathogenic organisms.

Figure 6.1 Parts of the blood

Source: Anatomy and Physiology for English Language Learners

109
 SECTION II BODY DEFENSES

INFECTIOUS DISEASES
Disease is a change in a person’s health caused by a microorganism, living thing
that is too small to see without a microscope. Common diseases throughout the world
bệnh sốt rét
include AIDS, malaria, and hepatitis. Microorganisms that cause diseases are called
tgian ngắn động vật nguyên sinh
pathogens. Microorganisms are minute organisms, such as protozoa, bacteria, and
viruses. Some microorganisms cause disease such as viruses and bacteria. A virus is a
ký sinh
disease-causing agent. Viruses are parasitic by nature. Composed of nucleic acids and
proteins, they can replicate (reproduce) themselves only in a host organism, eventually
interrupting and sometimes even destroying the normal cell function of their host.
Virology is the study of viruses.
nhầy
Viruses often invade the human body via mucous membranes, which are not
protected by an outer layer of skin or epidermis. Diagnostic tests to detect and identify
viruses include direct detection, serology, and virus isolation (indirect isolation).
sởi thủy đậu
Common communicable diseases such as measles, mumps, and chickenpox are the
quai bị

result of viral infection, as is HIV. Immunization against viral infection is available for
many, but not all, viruses. A great deal of time, effort, and money go into research on
viruses each year in the world in an attempt to eradicate known viruses and prevent the
occurrence of new ones. diệt trừ

Some bacteria are also disease-causing. The major difference between a virus and a
bacterium is that a virus cannot multiply without invading a host cell, whereas a
bacterium is a one-celled microorganism that is capable of reproducing itself. While
chủng vi khuẩn
some strains of bacteria are harmful, others are actually helpful and necessary to the
health of the body. Very often the respiratory disease tuberculosis is referred to as a
viral infection but it is not – it is a bacterial disease. Bacterial infections can frequently
be treated with antibiotics, while viruses cannot.

HOW AN IMMUNE RESPONSE WORKS

The immune system protects the body from harmful influences from the
environment and is essential for survival. The immune system is spread throughout the
body and involves many types of cells, organs, proteins, and tissues. Without an
immune system, a human being would be just as exposed to the harmful influences of
pathogens or other substances from the outside environment, or as exposed to changes
harmful to health happening inside of the body. The main function of the body's
immune system is:
- Neutralizing pathogens like bacteria, viruses, parasites or fungi that have entered
the body, and removing them from the body

110
 - Recognizing and neutralizing harmful substances from the environment
- Fighting against the body's own cells that have changed due to an illness, for
example cancerous cells...
The immune system needs to be able to tell self from non-self. It does this by
detecting proteins that are found on the surface of all cells. It learns to ignore its own or
self proteins at an early stage.
kháng nguyên
An antigen is any substance that can spark an immune response. In many cases, an
antigen is a bacterium, fungus, virus, toxin, or foreign body. But it can also be one of
bị lỗi
our own cells that is faulty or dead. Initially, a range of cell types works together to
recognize the antigen as an invader.
The role of B lymphocytes
máy phát hiện kháng thể
Once B lymphocytes spot the antigen (antibody generators), they begin to secrete
antibodies which are special proteins locking on to specific antigens. Each B cell makes
one specific antibody. For instance, one might make an antibody against the bacteria
viêm phổi
that cause pneumonia, and another might recognize the common cold virus. Antibodies
lock onto the antigen, but they do not kill it, only mark it for death. The killing is the job
of other cells, such as phagocytes. Antibodies are part of a large family of chemicals
called immunoglobulins, which play many roles in the immune response:
- Immunoglobulin G (IgG) marks microbes so other cells can recognize and deal
with them.
- IgM is expert at killing bacteria.
kết tụ
- IgA congregates in fluids, such as tears and saliva, where it protects gateways
into the body.
- IgE protects against parasites and is also to blame for allergies.
- IgD stays bound to B lymphocytes, helping them to start the immune response.
The role of T lymphocytes
There are distinct types of T lymphocytes:
- Helper T cells (T Helper cells or Th cells) — they coordinate the immune
response. Some communicate with other cells, and some stimulate B cells to
produce more antibodies. Others attract more T cells or cell-eating phagocytes.
- Killer T cells (cytotoxic T lymphocytes) — as the name suggests, these T cells attack
other cells. They are particularly useful for fighting viruses. They work by recognizing small
parts of the virus on the outside of infected cells and destroy the infected cells.

IMMUNITY
Everyone's immune system is different but, as a general rule, it becomes stronger
during adulthood as, by this time, we have been exposed to more pathogens and developed
more immunity. Humans have three types of immunity: innate, adaptive, and passive.
111
 Innate Immunity
Everyone is born with innate or natural immunity, a type of general protection.
Innate immunity works both ways. Many of the germs that affect other species don't
ngược lại
harm humans and vice versa. For example, the viruses that cause leukemia in cats or
bệnh sốt ho của chó
distemper in dogs don't affect humans whereas the virus that causes HIV/AIDS doesn't
make cats or dogs sick.
Innate immunity also includes the external barriers of the body, like the skin and
mucous membranes like those that line the nose, throat, and gastrointestinal tract, which
are the first line of defense in preventing diseases from entering the body. If this outer
defensive wall is broken (as through a cut), the skin attempts to heal the break quickly
and special immune cells on the skin attack invading germs.
Adaptive Immunity
The second kind of protection is adaptive or active immunity, which develops
throughout our lives. Adaptive immunity involves the lymphocytes and develops as
people are exposed to diseases or immunized against diseases through vaccination.
Passive Immunity
Passive immunity is "borrowed" from another source and it lasts for a short time.
nhau thai
For instance, a baby receives antibodies from the mother through the placenta before
birth and in breast milk following birth. This passive immunity protects the baby from
some infections during the early years of their life.
Immune system disorders
Because the immune system is so complex, there are many potential ways in which
it can go wrong. Types of immune disorder fall into three categories:
- Immunodeficiencies
These arise when one or more parts of the immune system do not function.
Immunodeficiencies can be caused in a number of ways, including age, obesity, and
suy dinh dưỡng
alcoholism. In developing countries, malnutrition is a common cause. AIDS is an
example of an acquired immunodeficiency. In some cases, immunodeficiencies can be
inherited, for instance, in chronic granulomatous disease where phagocytes do not
function properly.
- Autoimmunity
In autoimmune conditions, the immune system mistakenly targets healthy cells,
viễn cảnh
rather than foreign pathogens or faulty cells. In this scenario, they cannot distinguish
self from non-self. Autoimmune diseases include celiac disease, type 1 diabetes,
rheumatoid arthritis, and Graves' disease.
- Hypersensitivity

112
 With hypersensitivity, the immune system overreacts in a way that damages healthy
sốc phản vệ chất gây dị ứng
tissue. An example is anaphylactic shock where the body responds to an allergen so
strongly that it can be life-threatening.

LYMPHATIC ORGANS
Our bodies have a network of lymph vessels and lymph nodes. This network is a
part of the body’s immune system. It collects fluid, waste material, and other things like
viruses and bacteria that are in the body tissues, outside the bloodstream.
Lymph vessels carry the clear watery fluid called lymph. It carries oxygen and
other nutrients to the cells, and carries away waste products like carbon dioxide (CO2)
thải ra
that flow out of the cells. Lymph fluid also contains white blood cells, which help fight
thoát nước
infections. Lymph fluid would build up and cause swelling if it were not drained in
sưng

some way. That’s the role of the lymph vessels. Lymph vessels draw up the lymph fluid
from around the cells to send it towards the chest. There, lymph fluid collects into a
large vessel that drains into a blood vessel near the heart. Before emptying into a blood
vessel, these lymphatic vessels pass through one or more lymph nodes.
The lymph nodes are kidney-bean-shaped organs that contain phagocytes. Lymph
cụm, đám háng
nodes are found throughout the body, often in large clusters in the armpit and groin
regions of the body. As lymphatic fluid passes through the lymphatic vessels and lymph
nodes, the phagocytes seek out and destroy any foreign microorganisms and molecules
that might be carried in the lymphatic fluid. These same phagocytes may also wander
đi lang thang
into the immediate
lách
area around the lymph nodes seeking out microorganisms.
The spleen is a lymphatic organ that can be found on the left side of the abdominal
màng ngăn
cavity, just beneath the diaphragm and near the stomach. The spleen makes
lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells.
The thymus is another lymphatic organ that in the chest behind the breastbone and
plays a role in helping T lymphocytes grow and multiply. The thymus is composed of
giống hệt nhau
two identical lobes. The thymus is largest and most active during the neonatal and pre-
teo lại tuyến ức
adolescent periods. By the early teens, the thymus begins to atrophy and thymic stroma
phần còn lại, dư
is mostly replaced by adipose tissue. Nevertheless, residual T lymphopoiesis continues
throughout adult life.
amidan
The tonsils are part of the body's defense system. Because of their location at the
vòm miệng
throat and palate, they have a kind of guardian function. This position allows them to
trap germs like viruses or bacteria that could enter the body through the mouth or the
nose. Because they come into contact with germs especially soon after they enter
through the mouth or the nose, they help to activate the immune system early. The
tonsils also play a role in helping the immune system to remember different types of
microorganisms, so you will be immune to them the next time they invade. The tonsils

113
 2 amidan vòm họng hạch vòm họng
include the following types: two palatine tonsils (tonsilla palatina), the adenoids
(tonsilla pharyngealis) and one lingual tonsil (tonsilla lingualis).
amidan ngôn ngữ

EXERCISE A. Match the terms on the left with their definitions on the right.
yết hầu
1. microorganism H A. collect microorganisms passing through the pharynx
2. phagocytes I B. recycles iron from old blood cells
3. lymphatic vessels C C. carry lymph fluid
4. spleen B D. helps T cells to mature
5. thymus D E. bean-shaped organ that contains phagocytes
6. tonsils F F. contains several organs which play a role in fighting disease
7. lymph A G. destroy the body's own cells that have themselves been
taken over by viruses or become cancerous.
8. lymphatic system J H. may exist in its single-celled form or in a colony of cells
9. T lymphocytes G I. cells that protect the body by ingesting harmful foreign
particles, bacteria, and dead or dying cells.
10. lymph node E J. clear watery fluid

EXERCISE B. Choose the correct words or phrases to complete the following

sentences.
1. The first lines of defense are the innate / adaptive defenses.
2. Erythrocytes / Leukocytes help with body defenses.
3. Innate / Adaptive defenses are very specific and only work after you’re exposed to
the pathogen.
4. Viruses / Bacteria are cells and can reproduce by themselves.
5. The B cells / T cells are lymphocytes that produce antibodies.
6. Lymph nodes / vessels remove excess water from tissues.
7. The thymus helps T cell / B cells to mature.
8. The thymus / spleen lies just beneath the sternum.
9. Spleen / Thymus filters the blood, removing old blood cells, microorganisms, and
toxins.
10. HIV destroys B cells / T cells.

EXERCISE C. Decide if the following statements are true (T) or false (F).
1. __________
T
Disease is caused by microorganisms.
2. __________
T Viruses and bacteria are microorganisms.
under the microscope
3. __________ You can see microorganisms with your naked eye.
F

4. __________
T Infections can occur when microorganisms enter your body.
5. __________
T The respiratory disease tuberculosis is a bacterial disease.
6. __________
F Viruses and bacteria are only found on dirty things.

114
7. __________
F Viruses can reproduce without any help from other cells.
bacterial
8. __________
F Viral infections can frequently be treated with antibiotics.
9. __________
T A bacterium is considered to be alive.
10. __________ A bacterium contains a nucleus. without nucleus
F

EXERCISE D. Put the words in the correct order to form a sentence.

1. system is everyone's immune different.
2. all to invaders born with some humans are level of immunity.
3. attack systems will foreign from day invaders human immune one.
4. is incredibly the immune system complicated for our and utterly vital survival.
5. systems and cell types work several different in perfect synchrony throughout the
body to fight and clear up off pathogens dead cells.

EXERCISE E. Complete the following passage with the appropriate forms of the
words in brackets.
The immune system is (1. MAKE) __________ made up of a network of cells, tissues, and
organs that work together to protect the body. One of the important cells involved are
white blood cells, also called leukocytes, which come in two (2. BASIS) __________ basic

types that combine to seek out and (3. DESTRUCTION) __________ destroy disease-causing
organisms or substances.
Leukocytes are produced or (4. STORE) __________ stored in many locations in the body,
(5. INCLUDE) __________ the thymus, spleen, and bone marrow. For this reason,
including
vón cục
they're called the lymphoid organs. There are also clumps of lymphoid tissue throughout
the body, (6. PRIMARY) __________
primarily as lymph nodes, that house the leukocytes.
The leukocytes circulate through the body between the organs and nodes via
(7. LYMPH) __________
lymphatic vessels and blood vessels. In this way, the immune system
giảm sát
works in a (8. COORDINATE) __________ coordinated manner to monitor the body for germs or
substances that might cause problems.
The two basic types of leukocytes are: phagocytes, cells that chew up (9. INVADE)
__________
invading organisms and lymphocytes, cells that allow the body to remember and
recognize previous (10. INVADE) __________ invaders and help the body destroy them.

Figure 6.2 A virus and a bacterium

Source: Anatomy and Physiology for
English Language Learners

115
 SECTION III DISORDERS OF THE BLOOD

There are many types of disorders affecting the blood. The most common disorder
thiếu máu
of the blood is anaemia, which means deficiency of haemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying
pigment of the red blood cells. If you have too few or abnormal red blood cells, or your
hemoglobin is abnormal or low, the cells in your body will not get enough oxygen.
sự mệt mỏi
Symptoms of anemia - like fatigue - occur because organs aren't getting what they need
tái nhợt
to function properly. The patient feels weak, looks pale, may suffer headaches and slight
fever. There are many types of anemia. All are very different in their causes and
treatments. Iron-deficiency anemia, the most common type, is very treatable with diet
changes and iron supplements. Some forms of anemia - like the anemia that develops
during pregnancy- are even considered normal. However, some types of anemia may
present lifelong health problems.
Leukaemia is cancer-like disease of white blood cells. It is characterized by an
uncontrolled multiplication or accumulation of white blood cells in the bone marrow,
which replace normal marrow cells. There is a multiplication of white blood cells in
such organs as the liver, spleen and lymph nodes. Leukaemic white blood cells multiply
but they do not reach the stage at which they can defend infections. The body gradually
loses its ability to fight infections. This is accompanied by anaemia and blood clotting.
Other disorders affecting the blood are: leukocytosis which is an increase in the number
of white cells in the blood, leukopenia which means a lower than normal number of
white blood cells, thrombocytosis - an increased number of platelets in the blood,
thrombocytopenia - an abnormal decreased number of platelets in the blood, and
huyết khối huyết khối
thrombosis - formation of a thrombus.
Hemophilia is a rare disorder in which your blood doesn't clot normally because it
lacks sufficient blood-clotting proteins (clotting factors). If you have hemophilia, you
may bleed for a longer time after an injury than you would if your blood clotted
normally. Small cuts usually aren't much of a problem. The greater health concern is
deep bleeding inside your body, especially in your knees, ankles and elbows. That
internal bleeding can damage your organs and tissues, and may be life-threatening.
Hemophilia is an inherited (genetic) disorder. Treatment includes regular replacement
of the specific clotting factor that is reduced.

EXERCISE A. Decide whether the following statements about “Anemia” are True
(T), False (F) or Not Given (NG).
disorder/condition
1. _____
FALSE Anemia is a disease that develops when your blood lacks enough healthy red

blood cells or hemoglobin.

2. _____
F Fever cannot be found in a patient with anemia. slight fever

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3. _____
F There are only two types of anemia. many types
4. _____
NG Women and people with chronic diseases are at increased risk of anemia.
5. _____
T Iron-deficiency anemia can be treated by diet changes and iron supplements.

EXERCISE B. Complete the following paragraph about “Leukemia” with the

correct forms of the words in the brackets.
Leukemia is cancer-like disease of white blood cells. It is (1. CHARACTERISTIC)
____________
characterized by an uncontrolled multiplication or (2. ACCUMULATE)
____________
accumulation of white blood cells in the bone marrow, which replace normal marrow
cells. There (3. BE) ____________
is a multiplication of white blood cells in such organs
as the liver, spleen and lymph nodes. Leukaemic white blood cells
(4. MULTIPLICATION) ____________
multiply but they do not reach the stage at which they
can (5. DEFENSIVE) ____________ defend infections. The body (6. GRADUAL)
____________
gradually loses its ability to fight infections. This is accompanied by anaemia and
blood clotting. Other disorders (7. AFFECT) ____________
affecting the blood are: leukocytosis
which is an increase in the number of white cells in the blood, leukopenia which means
a lower than (8. NORMALITY) ____________ normal number of white blood cells,
thrombocytosis - an increased number of platelets in the blood, thrombocytopenia - an
(9. NORMALITY) ____________
abnormal decreased number of platelets in the blood, and
thrombosis - (10. FORM) ____________
formation of a thrombus.

EXERCISE C. Complete the following passage about “Hemophilia” with the

words given.
because bleeding clotting common
cuts due to external increased
inherit inherited injury internal
longer rare reduced short

Hemophilia is a (1) _____________

rare disorder in which your blood doesn't clot normally
(2) _____________
because it lacks sufficient blood-clotting proteins (clotting factors). If you
have hemophilia, you may bleed for a (3) _____________
longer time after an injury than you
would if your blood clotted normally. Small (4) _____________
cuts usually aren't much of
a problem. The greater health concern is deep (5) _____________
bleeding inside your body,
especially in your knees, ankles and elbows. That (6) _____________
internal bleeding can
damage your organs and tissues, and may be life-threatening. Hemophilia is an
(7) _____________
inherited or genetic disorder. Treatment includes regular replacement of the
specific clotting factor that is (8) _____________.
reduced

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EXERCISE D. Determine the meaning of the following vocabulary as used in the
information on the blood disorders.
1. leukaemia
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
2. multiplication
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
3. accumulation
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
4. bone marrow
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
5. leukocytosis
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
6. leukopenia
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
7. thrombocytosis
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
8. thrombocytopenia
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
9. thrombosis
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
10. thrombus
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………

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 SECTION IV FURTHER PRACTICE

PERNICIOUS ANAEMIA
Pernicious anaemia is a condition in which there is (A) atrophy of the gastric
mucosa with consequent failure of (B) intrinsic factor production and vitamin B12
malabsorption. The (C) onset is (D) insidious with progressively increasing symptoms
of anaemia. Patients are sometimes said to have a lemon-yellow colour owing to a
combination of (E) pallor and (F) mild (G) jaundice caused by excessive
(H) breakdown of haemoglobin because of ineffective red cell production in the (I) bone
marrow. A red sore tongue (glossitis) is sometimes present. Patients present with
(J) symmetrical (K) paraesthesiae in the fingers and toes, early loss of (L) vibration
sense, and (M) progressive weakness and (N) ataxia. The spleen may be (O) palpable.

EXERCISE A. Match one of the definitions below (1-15) with one of the italic
words or phrases (A-O) in the above paragraph.
1. ability to feel vibration
2. an abnormal sensation, typically tingling or pricking
3. beginning
4. bilirubinaemia
5. can be felt with the hand
6. congenital, innate
7. continuing to develop
8. division into smaller parts
9. each side the same
10. lack of colour
11. slight
12. slowly developing
13. soft tissue in the cavity of bones
14. the loss of full control of bodily movements
15. wasting away

EXERCISE B. Match each of the following terms with its definition.

1. leukocytosis A. an increased number of platelets
2. leukopenia B. an abnormal decreased number of platelets
3. thrombocytosis C. an increase in the number of white cells
4. thrombocytopenia D. formation of a thrombus
5. thrombosis E. a lower than normal number of white blood cells

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EXERCISE C. Put the words in the correct order to form a sentence.
1. condition in which the Anemia is a medical low in normal red blood is blood cells.
2. one of the anemias vitamin B-12 Pernicious anemia is deficiency.
3. is a condition rare Pernicious anemia.
4. Today, the is relatively easy to disease treat or supplements with B-12 injections.
5. However, untreated if left, can severe complications lead vitamin B-12 deficiency to.

WORD BANK
agranulocyte granulocyte monocytes
anaemia haemoglobin neutrophils
basophils immune system platelet
blood clot leukaemia thrombocyte
coagulation leukocyte thrombocytopenia
defence leukocytosis thrombocytosis
eosinophils leukopenia thrombosis
erythrocyte lymphocytes thrombus

SOURCES FOR THE READING PASSAGES

CHAPTER 6
BLOOD AND BODY DEFENSES
https://www.britannica.com/science/blood-biochemistry
https://www.coursehero.com/file/14802484/Blood-Lymph-Imm/
https://www.differencebetween.com/difference-between-lymph-and-vs-blood/
http://www.hematology.org/Patients/Anemia/
https://www.healthline.com/health/blood-cell-disorders
https://www.medicinenet.com/anemia/article.htm
https://www.webmd.com/cancer/lymphoma/understanding-leukemia-basics#1
https://www.leukaemia.org.au/disease-information/leukaemias/
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hemophilia/symptoms-causes

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