FAULT ANALYSIS USING Z-BUS

Contents:
Algorithm
Flowchart
Examples

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 Fault Analysis Using Z-Bus Matrix

Step-I: Draw the prefault per phase network(Positive sequence network)

• Each Machine represented by a constant voltage source behind proper reactance.
• Transmission line reactance are represented in p.u on a common base MVA
• Assume 3-φ fault at bus q with Zf.

Prefault Bus Voltages

It is obtained from power flow solution
𝑉10
𝑉20
Initial bus voltages Vbus0 = ⋮0
𝑉𝑞
⋮
𝑉𝑁0

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 Step 2: Obtain Zbus matrix using bus building algorithm

Assume one node as

reference node and s.c all
the voltage sources

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 Step 3:
The prefault currents are negligible

𝑉𝑞0
Fault current= Zqq =diagonal element
𝑍𝑞𝑞 +𝑍𝑓

Step 4: Obtain the Thevenin’s networkby inserting the Thevenin’s voltage source V q0 in series
with Z f and calculate change in bus voltage.

The current entering in every bus is zero except at fault bus.

I1=I2=……….=IN=0 except Iq
Iq =-If
𝐼1 0
𝐼2 0
⋮ ⋮
Ibus= 𝐼 = −𝐼
𝑞 𝑓
⋮ ⋮
𝐼𝑁 0
Ibus(F)=Ybus.ΔVbus solving, ΔVbus =Zbus .I bus(F)

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 Change in bus voltage
𝛥𝑉1 𝑍11 𝑍12 ⋯ 𝑍1𝑞 … 𝑍1𝑁 0
𝛥𝑉2 𝑍12 𝑍22 … 𝑍2𝑞 … 𝑧2𝑁 0
⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮
= 𝛥𝑉 = 𝑍 𝑍𝑞2 … … 𝑍𝑞𝑛 = −𝐼
𝑞 𝑞1 𝑍𝑞𝑞 𝑓
⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮
⋮
𝛥𝑉𝑁 𝑍𝑁1 𝑍𝑁2 … … 𝑍𝑁𝑁 0
𝑍𝑁𝑄
Step 5:
Post fault bus voltages are obtained by superposition of the prefault bus voltages and the change in
the bus voltages.
Vbus(f)=Vbus0+ ΔVbus
𝑓 𝑍11 𝑍12 ⋯ 𝑍1𝑞 … 𝑍1𝑁 0
𝑉1 𝑉10
𝑍12 𝑍22 … 𝑍2𝑞 … 𝑧2𝑁 0
⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮
𝑉𝑞𝑓 = 𝑉𝑞0 + 𝑍 𝑍𝑞2 … … 𝑍𝑞𝑛 −𝐼𝑓
𝑞1 𝑍𝑞𝑞
⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮
⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮
𝑉𝑁𝑓 𝑉𝑁0 𝑍𝑁2 … …
𝑍𝑁1 𝑍𝑁𝑄 𝑍𝑁𝑁 0
𝑓 𝑓 𝑓 𝑓
𝑉1 = 𝑉01 -𝑍1𝑞 𝐼𝑓 𝑉2 = 𝑉02 -𝑍2𝑞 𝐼𝑓 …… 𝑉𝑞 = 𝑉0𝑞 -𝑍𝑞𝑞 𝐼𝑓 ……𝑉𝑁 = 𝑉0𝑁 -𝑍𝑁𝑞 𝐼𝑓
In General,

= -
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 Bus Voltages during the fault,
𝑓 0 𝑉0𝑞 𝑓 𝑍𝑓
𝑉𝑖 = 𝑉𝑖 -𝑍𝑖𝑞 i q 𝑉𝑞 = 𝑉0𝑞 i=q
𝑍𝑞𝑞 +𝑍𝑓 𝑍𝑞𝑞 +𝑍 𝑓

If the short circuit is solid or bolted Fault,

𝑉0𝑞
Fault current If =
𝑍𝑞𝑞

𝑓
𝑉𝑞 = 0
𝑓 0 𝑍𝑖𝑞
𝑉𝑖 = 𝑉𝑖 - 𝑉0𝑞 ; i q
𝑍𝑞𝑞

Step 6: Post Fault Line Currents.

𝑓 𝑓
𝑓 𝑉𝑖 −𝑉𝑗
Post fault line current 𝐼𝑖𝑗 =
𝑍𝑖𝑗𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠

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 FLOWCHART

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Kongunadu College Of Engineering & Technology Fault Analysis Using Z -bus Prepared By,
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 EXAMPLE
1. It is Proposed to conduct fault analysis on two alternative configurations of the 4-
bus system. A Symmetrical fault occurs at bus 4 for the system shown in figure.
Determine the fault current using Thevenin equivalent circuit.

G1,G2 : 100 MVA, 20kV, X+=15%

Transformer : 100MVA, 20/345kV, Xleakage=8%
L1,L2 : X+=15% on a base of 100MVA

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 Step1: Draw the reactance diagram:

Step 2: Form Z-bus using bus building algorithm

𝑗0.15 𝑗0.15 𝑗0.15 𝑗0.15 𝑗0.15

𝑗0.15 𝑗0.24 𝑗0.24 𝑗0.24 𝑗0.24
𝑍𝑏𝑢𝑠 = 𝑗0.15 𝑗0.24 𝑗0.29 𝑗0.29 𝑗0.29
𝑗0.15 𝑗0.24 𝑗0.29 𝑗0.38 𝑗0.38
𝑗0.15 𝑗0.24 𝑗0.29 𝑗0.38 𝑗0.53
Eliminate node 5 using reduction techniques,

𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑍 𝑗 (𝑛 +1 ) 𝑍 𝑖(𝑛 +1)

𝑍𝑖𝑗 = 𝑍𝑖𝑗 -
𝑍 𝑛 +1 (𝑛 +1)

𝑗0.1075 𝑗0.172 𝑗0.068 𝑗0.0424

𝑗0.172 𝑗0.13 𝑗0.108 𝑗0.068
𝑍𝑏𝑢𝑠 =
𝑗0.068 𝑗0.108 𝑗0.36 𝑗0.082
𝑗0.0424 𝑗0.13 𝑗0.082 𝑗1.075

Step3: Fault current,

𝑉𝑞0 1 0
Fault current (𝐼𝑓 )=𝑍 = = 9.3 −900 p.u
𝑞𝑞 +𝑍 𝑓 𝑗 0.1075

Actual current = P. U Value * Base Current

100
=9.3* = 26.85kAmps
3∗20

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 1. A synchronous generator and motor each rating 30MVA, 11kV having 20%
subtransient reactance are connected through transformer and a line as shown in
fig. The transformers are rated 30MVA, 11/66kV and 66/11kV with leakage
reactance of 10% each. The line has a reactance of 10% on a base of 30MVA,
66kV. The motor is drawing 20MW at 0.8p.f leading and a terminal voltage of
10.65kV when a symmetrical three phase fault occurs at the terminals of motor.
Find the subtransient current in the motor and Generator.(13)

Reactance diagram:

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 Terminal voltage=10.6kV
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 10.6
Prefault voltage 𝑉𝑝𝑢 = = = 0.9636 00
𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 11

Motor is drawing 15MW at 0.8p.f leading

𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑀𝑊 20
Load in p.u= = =0.833 p.u
𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑀𝑉𝐴 ∗𝑝𝑓 30∗0.8

𝑀𝑉𝐴 𝑖𝑛 𝑝 .𝑢 0.8333
Prefault current, 𝐼 0 = 𝐾𝑉 𝑖𝑛 𝑝.𝑢 0.9636
= 0.865 36.87°

𝑍𝑡ℎ = j0.1428 p.u

𝑉 𝑡ℎ
Fault current 𝐼𝑓 = = -j6.745 p.u
𝑍 𝑡ℎ

30
Base current= = 1.5746kA
3∗11

Actual fault current= 6.745*1.5746 = 10.62KA

′′ ′′
𝐼𝐺𝑓 = -j1.9272 p.u 𝐼𝑚𝑓 = -j4.818 p.u

𝐼𝑔′′ = 0.692 – j1.408 p.u

′′
𝐼𝑚 = 0.692 – j5.337 p.u

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 References:
1. Hadi Saadat, ‘Power System Analysis’, Tata McGraw Hill Education Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi,
21st reprint, 2010.
2. Kundur P., ‘Power System Stability and Control, Tata McGraw Hill Education Pvt. Ltd., New
Delhi, 10th reprint, 2010.
3. Pai M A, ‘Computer Techniques in Power System Analysis’, Tata Mc Graw-Hill Publishing
Company Ltd., New Delhi, Second Edition, 2007.
4. J. Duncan Glover, Mulukutla S. Sarma, Thomas J. Overbye, ‘ Power System Analysis &
Design’, Cengage Learning, Fifth Edition, 2012.
5. Olle. I. Elgerd, ‘Electric Energy Systems Theory – An Introduction’, Tata McGraw Hill
Publishing Company Limited, New Delhi, Second Edition, 2012.
6. C.A.Gross, “Power System Analysis,” Wiley India, 2011.

7. M.Jeraldin Ahila “Power System Analysis”, Lakshmi Publications, Chennai, Eleventh Edition
2017.
8. Web Resources

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