Practicing

geography
ECZ geography Paper 1 questions with
answers from 2009 to 2017

William Muchimba
Foreword
Just as the name suggests, practicing geography is
intended to help geography learners’ acquaint
themselves with geography questions and how to answer
geography questions. The book is a two part series
containing volume 1 and volume 2. Volume 1 contains
Examination Council of Zambia geography paper one
questions from 2009 to 2017.

The book provides answers with comments on the

answers given. In some instances diagrams have been
used to illustrates points been forwarded. The quality of
this work speaks for itself. Even though it a large
document, it is easy to use since it has a clickable table
of contents. The author is passionate geographer and
environmentalist.

Chris Mazuba Hachibe

Contents
Foreword....................................................................................... 2
Introduction................................................................................... 4
2009 Geography Paper One Questions ........................................... 5
Answers to 2009 Geography Paper One ....................................... 18
2010 Geography Paper One Questions ......................................... 27
2011 geography paper ................................................................. 30
2011 geography paper ................................................................. 32
Answers to 2010 Geography Paper One ....................................... 38
2011 Geography Paper One ......................................................... 47
Answers to 2011 Geography Paper One ....................................... 58
2012 Geography Paper One Questions ......................................... 67
Answers to 2012 Geography Paper One ....................................... 81
2013 Geography Paper One Questions ......................................... 88
Answers to 2013 Geography Paper One Questions ..................... 100
2014 geography paper one questions .......................................... 110
2014 Answers in geography paper one ....................................... 123
2015 Geography Paper One Questions ....................................... 130
Answers to 2015 Geography Paper One questions...................... 140
2016 Geography Paper One Questions ....................................... 147
Answers 2016 Geography paper one specimen ........................... 157
2017 Geography Paper One Questions ....................................... 165
Answers to 2017 Geography Paper One Question ...................... 175
Introduction
The ECZ geography paper one is a multiple choice based
assessment containing 50 questions. The paper is divided
into three sections. The first section has 12 questions
based on map reading skills. The second section covers
questions from 14 to 32; it is based on elements of
physical geography. The last section covers questions
from 33 to 50. It is based on elements of human
geography at the global scale.

Geography paper one exam will require the learner to do

more than remember the geography concept learned in
class but to synthesis those concepts and apply them.
Time to time, learners will be required to perform
various calculations and do deductions from diagrams or
tables. Learners are expected to families themselves with
maps i.e. know the distribution of human and culture
features on global, continental and local scale.
2009 Geography
Paper One
Questions
Answers to
2009
Geography
Paper One
13. D. Time is calculated from the longitude note that
longitudes are either East or west.

14. A. Variations in the length of days track the

overhead of the sun. The overhead of the sun occurs at
the place or latitude where the sun’s rays are hitting the
surface of that place at the zenith (90 degrees) angle at
noon (12:00 hours). The sun is overhead at the Tropic of
Capricorn on 21 or 22 December. This is known as
Winter solstice. Beyond the Arctic Circle (661/2oN) the
sun never rises and there is darkness for the whole day
while beyond the Antarctic Circle (66.5OS), the sun
never set.

After the Winter Solstice, the length of days begins to

decrease in the Southern Hemisphere while increasing in
the Northern until the Vernal equinox on 21 or 22 March
when there is equal days and equal night everywhere.
After the Vernal equinox, length of days continues to
decrease in the Southern Hemisphere, now this time,
nights are longer than night. In the Northern Hemisphere
length of days continue to increase, now this time, days
are longer than nights. The longest day duration in the
northern hemisphere and the shortest in the southern
hemisphere is reached on Summer Solstice which falls
on 21st June. Beyond the Arctic Circle, the sun never
sets while beyond Antarctic Circle the sun never rises.

After 21st June the length of days begins to now increase

in the Southern Hemisphere while decreasing in the
Northern Hemisphere until the Autumnal equinox on
23rd September when everywhere there the equal length
of day and night. After the Autumnal equinox the length
of days continues to decrease in the northern
hemisphere, this time, days are now shorter than nights.
In the southern hemisphere, the length of days continues
to increase, this time, days are longer than nights. The
longest day period in the southern hemisphere and
shortest day period in the northern hemisphere occurs on
Winter Solstice. These changes are cyclic.

15. A. Biotic weathering causes chemical as large

animals urinate and leaves feces on rocks. Also tiny
insect secrete acids on rock.
16. B. Potholes are common the youth stage of the river.
The youth stage is the zone of origin of sediments as
there is active erosion. As the gradient of the river
reduces, the river begins depositing courser materials
like sand followed by fine load like clay and silt.

17. A. The shaded region shows the Fold Mountains

which are the Andes in South America, the Rockies in
North America, and the Himalayas in Asia. Fold
Mountains are formed by folding and thus Figure A
shows the process of folding.

18. A. Earthquakes through secondary and primary

waves destroys building, set fires and is associated with
landslides.

19. A. Chemical weathering is in one major way caused

acid action.

20. B. Geysers are fountains of supper heated water

which is the evidence of hot rock beneath.

21. C. To determine wind direction, a wind vane spins

and points in the direction from which the wind is
coming and generally has two parts, or ends: one that is
usually shaped like an arrow and turns into the wind and
one end that is wider so that it catches the breeze. The
arrow will point to the direction the wind is blowing
from so if it is pointing to the east, it means the wind is
coming from the east. Additionally, wind direction is
where the wind is blowing from. Therefore a west wind
is blowing from the west. As the wind vane shown on
the figure wind is from the south west represented by C.

22. A. an Anemometer is placed on the open space not

in the Stevenson Screen.

23. C. Wind barbs are used on weather maps to represent

both wind direction and speed. Wind barbs comprise of
three parts: a dot, a staff and flags or feathers. The
orientation of the staff part of a wind barb shows wind
direction. The staff is represented by C on the question.

24. A. Coal industries release gases like carbon mono

oxide which deplete the Ozone.

25. D. Sclerophyll biomes receive rain in winter but their

summers are warm and dry. D is off course a sclerophyll.
26. A. It is not correct that the rain gauge need to firmly
fastened because from time to time water to be poured
into the measuring cylinder.

27. C. Both the Savanna and tropical rainforest

experience convectional rainfall.

28. C. The Savanna climate receives annual rainfall

500mm to 1500 mm and much rains is received in the
summer.

29. C. One way in which natural vegetation adapt to the

savanna climate is by withstanding long drought.

30. B. There is plenty of water in the rainforest biomes

thus trees do not compete for water.

31. B. X represent the Andes Mountains and Y while

represent the Himalayas Mountains.

32. B. Medical improvements lowered the death rates for

the developing nations while birth rates stayed high.
Thus, there was a natural increase.
31. B. China is the most populous nation in the world,
even though India is projected to surpass china in the
coming years.

34. A.

35 D. Quick transport is the not essential in cultivation.

Also flat land is quite not essential as Terrence’s are
created in hilly. Check the picture below:

36. C

37 A.

38. A
39. B. Dairy due to the fact that the milk shed demand
that milk be located close range to the market. Even
though new technology has increased the radius of the
milk shed.

40. B

41. B. Low lands have high pressure which in turn is

associated high velocity winds which is required to turn
the turbines.

42. B.

43. A

44. B. Fossil fuels comes ancient organic remains like

marine, vegetated and animal remains of which these
turn either to coal or petroleum. Natural gas is itself
derived from petroleum. Thus, geothermal is not a fossil
fuel.

45. B. Cleveland is renowned for oil mining and not

coal or iron ore

46. D
47. D

48 A

49. C.

50 A.
 2010
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2011 geography paper
2011 geography paper
Answers to
2010
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13. A: on 21st March all places on earth have earth
days and equal night.
14. C: The angle at which the sunlight strikes the
Earth at a particular time and place is referred to
as the angle of insolation (sometimes the term
altitude is used which means the angle of an
object above the horizon). The location on the
Earth where the Sun is directly overhead at solar
noon is known as the subsolar point. For
example, at the summer solstice, June 21 or 22,
the Sun’s rays hit the Earth most directly along
the Tropic of Cancer (23.5o N), The altitude of
the Sun at solar noon can also be calculated with
the following simple equation:
Sun Angle = 90 - Zenith Angle
 Working
First we must determine the latitude were the sun
is overhead, since we have been given the date, it
is easy figure out that it latitude 23.5 degrees
north.
The next step is for us to find the Zenith angle.
Note that only latitudes are used here. Now,
since 23.5 degrees north and 48 degrees North
are in same hemispheres, we subtract the two
latitude i.e. (48- 23.5 = 24.5)
Now filling our formula
Sun Angle = 90 - Zenith Angle
= 90 – 24.5
= 65.5 degrees

15. B. Landslides are commonly associated with

earthquakes, even though an earthquake can also
trigger an avalanche.
16. A. Weathering is the breaking down or
weakening of rock due their exposure to the
atmosphere.
17. A
18. C
19. D. Interlocking spurs mostly occur in the upper
stage of the river where vertical erosion is the
main work of the river.
20. A. Active volcanoes occur at the destructive
boundaries as result of heat generated by the
collision of continental crust and ocean crust.
21. C
22. C. Residual mountains are formed as a result of
erosion of an existing elevated area. Recall that
denudation is the general lowering of the
landscape through weathering, erosion and
depositions.
23. B.
24. D. The figure shown a land breeze. A land breeze
is a local nighttime and early morning wind that
occurs along coasts and blows offshore (from the
land out to sea). It arises at sunset when the sea
surface is warmer than the adjacent land due to
the land having a lower heat capacity and cooling
off faster. It then continues into the early
 morning hours until the heating of the day
begins. The rising air through evaporation creates
a low pressure A. check the diagram below

25. B.
26. B. From the diagram 35 % is reflected back to
space while 14 % is absolved by the atmosphere,
thus about 51 % will reach the earth. Add 35 %
and 14 % then subtract from 100.
27. D. S experiences a Mediterranean climate which
has off-shore winds in summer and on-shore
winters in winter.
28. C
29. D
30. C. Hot deserts receives low rain which less than
25cm. there have large diurnal range, they do
have prevailing winds and humidity is not low all
year round.
31. A
32. C
33. A. From the diagram we can approximate 1.7
billion thus from the answers given 2 billion is
the closest to correct the collect answer. Also
note that current projection is that by 2025 there
will be about 1.5 billion people in Africa.
34. A population increase result into low health
standard due high demand of health facilities. In
 turn patient to doctor ratio increases, drugs may
run out etc.
35. D. About 1 billion people live in the deserts due
to the mineral like oil found in huge reserves
there.
36. A
37. A.
38. B. Starch crops like Cassava, millets, yam,
cucurbits are commonly grown under shifting
cultivation.
39. A. Milky is a perishable product no wonder is
dairy has to be located within the milk shed (the
area or radius of which milk can be supplied to
the market without going bad.
40. B. India is the second largest producer of tea
behind China. From the list given is the largest.
41. A: the stages in cocoa processing are shown
below
42. D. The shaded regions are the major of the world
which receives very little rain, but sugar requires
plenty of water.
43. B
44. A. Oil is contained in the anticlines as shown
below.

45. B.
46. D.
47. B
48. A
49. C. Pig iron is an intermediate product of the iron
industry, also known as crude iron, which is
obtained by smelting iron ore in a blast furnace
50. B.
 2011
Geography
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2011
Geography
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13. C. Recall that a longitude is an angle created by
joining the centre of the centre, the prime
meridian and a given point. From the diagram 60
degrees west is created by ROW
14. D.
15. A.
16. B
17. A. check the anatomy of a volcano below:

18. C. A distributory is a small river channel which

is slit from the main channel. A lagoon is a
stretch of water that is more or less enclosed and
 often shallow, protected from the open sea by a
spit, tombolo, bay-mouth bar, or other kind.
19. D. A dormant is said to be sleeping because has
the potential of erupting even though it has not
erupted in the last 10000 years.
20. B. Floodplains are result of fluvial activities
rather than tectonic activities.
21. C. Continent has the mineral composition rich in
aluminum and silicon no wonder it is sometimes
called the sial.
22. C. As the river floods, it deposits sediments and
alluvium (clay, silt, sand, gravel, or other
unconsolidated rock and) which piles up as
mounds along the river’s edge which known as
natural levees. Natural levees may block a
tributary from joining the main channel, hence
the tributary may run parallel to the consequent
stream before joining it, and such streams are
referred to as deferred streams.
23. A
24. D
25. D
26. B. The information summary about the wind at a
particular location is map diagram known as a
wind rose.
27. D
28. B
29. D. Annual range is calculated by maximum
mean temperature subtracted by minimum mean
temperature. The Maximum mean temperature is
15.5 degrees Celsius while the minimum mean
temperature is -50 degrees Celsius. Thus annual
range = 15.5- (-50= 65.5
30. C. The annual precipitation from the graph in the
question
(18+15+23+48+97=114+86+58+41+28+20)
=624 mm this is in the range of Savanna which
receives annual precipitation of between 500 mm
and 1500 mm. 624 mm is also in the range of the
Mediterranean climate whose annual
precipitation is the range between 350 mm and
900 mm. checking mean annual temperature
 yields 17 degrees Celsius. Recall the mean
temperature is calculated by adding the
maximum temperature and the minimum
temperature then dividing the answer by 2. The
annual mean temperature fall under the range of
the Mediterranean climate this is between 15 and
17 degrees Celsius. The savanna climate has the
annual mean temperature that ranges between
18°C and 25°C in winter and in summer 25–
30°C.
31. A
32. D
33. A
34. C. A population with a narrow base usually
represents MEDC like Spain.
35. C
36. D
37. B. sugarcane is used in all the above even though
strictly speaking maize can also be used in the all
the above but rarely used in confectionary
products.
38. C.
39. B. Rice requires level surface to enable the fields
to be flooded at least during the growing period.
Similarly wheat is commonly grown under
mechanized agriculture system which also
requires flat land.
40. C
41. B
42. C
43. D. Nuclear energy provides almost 20% of
world’s electricity. The United States is the
leading producer of nuclear energy of which 19.5
percentage of it energy share comes from this
source. The other top producing countries of
nuclear energy are France (77% of its total
energy share), Russia (18.1%), China (2.9) and
South Korea (30.4%). Japan does not make it on
the top five producers of nucleur that from the
question should be given the lowest figure.
44. D. Peat is a precursor of coal
45. C. Many coal derivatives are produced indirectly
by the destructive distillation of coal. The
destructive distillation process takes place in the
 absence of oxygen (within an airtight oven) that
prevents the coal from burning. The remaining
material, coke, is nearly pure carbon. It is the
most widely used coal derivative and is burned
by mills to change ore into pure iron that is
needed to make steel. Some of the gases
produced during the distillation process can be
refined to form ammonia, coal tar, and light oil.
Manufacturer's can use these products to make a
variety of other products. The main derivatives of
coal through the distillation process are coke,
gas, tar, light oil and chemicals. Medicine is
derived from the tar acids such as salicylic acid,
nitro phenol and picric acid. Some medicines are
also obtained from benzol which comes from
light oil.
46. D. The top producers of natural gas are USA,
Iran, Russia, Quatar, Canada respectively.
47. A check the map below
48. A
49. C. The iron is usually found in the form of
magnetite (Fe 3O4, 72.4% Fe), hematite (Fe2O3,
69.9% Fe), goethite (FeO (OH), 62.9% Fe),
limonite (FeO(OH)·n(H2O), 55% Fe) or siderite
(FeCO3, 48.2% Fe).
50. A
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13. D. the distance between two successive latitude
which lies on the same longitude is 111km. since
Cape Town and lies on the same longitude. Can
need to find the difference in latitude between the
two cities. Since the two cities are different
hemispheres, when need to add 33ºN and 47 ºS
which yields 80º. We now multiply 80 by 111
which yields 8880 km.
14. A. when the sun is overhead in the north
hemisphere, places in the southern hemisphere
experiences shorter days.
15. D. Tension is the pulling force which causes two
blocks to move away from each other. The
resulting g feature is the valley in the middle.
16. A
17. C
18. D. River terrace, bench or step that extends along
the side of a valley and represents a former level
of the valley floor. A terrace results from any
hydrological or climatic shift that causes renewed
downcutting. It generally has a flat top made up
of sedimentary deposits and a steep for edge, and
 it may be the remains of an old floodplain, cut
through by the river and left standing above the
present floodplain level.
19. A. The description of this event suits a tsunami.
Tsunamis mostly caused by volcanic eruption,
earthquakes or an underwater landslide which
occur in the oceans.
20. D
21. C. 2 represent the asthenosphere which is in the
molten state.
22. B. The tilting of the objects shown was the
consequence of creep which is slow movement of
weathered materials.
23. A. To calculate relative humidity first find the
difference between the wet bulb and the dry bulb
temperature reading and using a relative humidity
chart. The difference between is then matched to
humidity chart. From the question the difference
between dry bulb and wet bulb is 5 degrees,
matching 5 degrees with 35 (the wet bulb
reading), results 68 percent.
24. A
25. D. The shaded regions represent hot deserts of
the world which receives about 250mm of rain.
26. B.
27. C. A tornado is a rapidly rotating column of air
that is in contact with both the surface of the
Earth and a cumulonimbus cloud or, in rare
cases, the base of a cumulus cloud.
28. C. Hot desert have large diurnal range of
temperature and annual precipitation about 250
mm.
29. C. Annual range is calculated by Max T- Min T
From the question the Max T is 10 º C and the
Min T is -40 º C. Thus Max T- Min T=10-(-40)
=50
30. D. when humidity is high, little evaporation takes
place due to large presences of moist in the air
31. B
32. B. some plants in the savanna such grasses can
remain dormant throughout the dry season, to aid
water conservation, which therefore enables them
to survive.
33. D
34. C. Most developed countries had slowed their
birth rates in the 1990s. even though the USA is
developed is a developed national it has not yet
shown trend of birth rates decline like most
European countries due to the huge influx of
emigrants.
35. B. Under population describes a country or
region when it could support a much larger
population than it has.
36. C
37. C. shifting cultivation is almost entirely by
subsistence farmers
38. A
39. C. Plantation rarely produces staple food, no
wonder they are not good for food security.
40. C
41. D
42. A. The middle has the largest oil reserves in the
world.
43. C
44. C
45. A. The primary purpose of the Akosombo Dam
was to provide electricity for the aluminium
industry. Check out the map below

46. A
47. D. Mining in Japan is minimal because Japan
does not possess many on-shore mineral
resources. ... There are small deposits of coal, oil,
iron and minerals in the Japanese archipelago.
Japan is scarce in critical natural resources and
has been heavily dependent on imported energy
and raw materials.
48. B. Limestone is also used to remove impurities
from the blast furnace when making iron.
49. A
50. C. An entrepreneur would probably choose C
because of the proximity or closeness to the
entire major requirement in the iron and steel
industry.
 2013
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13. C.
14. D. The longitude for which time is 12 00 hours
when local time at prime meridian is 16: 00 hours
must be in the west of the of prime meridian. The
difference in time is 4 hours (16-12=4), we must
now convert hours into longitude; recall that one
hour is equivalent to 15 degrees. Thus we
multiply 4 by 15 which give 60 degrees.
15. A. volcanism produces fertile soils known as
andisols overtime. Note volcanism may also
bring valuable to the surface, but mining of such
minerals may not necessary be a long term.
However, for soil to form its takes thousands to
millions of years.
16. B. Rivers transport material in four ways:
Solution - minerals are dissolved in the water and
carried along in solution. This typically occurs in
areas where the underlying bedrock is limestone.
Suspension - fine light material is carried along
in the water. Saltation - small pebbles and stones
 are bounced along the river bed. Traction - large
boulders and rocks are rolled along the river bed.
Thus, from the diagram in the question saltation
is represented by B. also check the diagram
below:

17. B A seismograph, or seismometer, is an

instrument used to detect and record earthquakes.
18. B. The shaded region area the Sahel region which
is semi-desert. This region is prone drought, thus
drought have even caused the drying of Lake to
more 90% of its original size.
19. A. The diagram shows a rock weathering by
unloading. Unloading is the release of pressure
from igneous rocks which form at depth in the
crust when they are uplifted or when the
immense weight of the overburden rock above
them is removed. Unloading causes rocks to
expand in response to the pressure release and are
broken into smaller slabs. When rocks crack by
slipping in horizontal or concentric shells it is
termed as exfoliation. Igneous are mostly
crystalline (made up of interlocking crystals),
textured rocks and usually very hard to break.
Thus, from the options given one characteristics
of igneous rocks is that they are hard resistant
rocks.
20. C
21. A. Folding is the bend of rock layers in response
to the forces of compression occurring in rocks.
22. B check the diagram below
23. C. Daily range is the difference between the
maximum temperature and the minimum
temperature of a particular day.
24. D. Minimum temperature is recorded by alcohol
thermometer in which the meniscus drags a metal
index to the lowest temperature then leaves it as
the column rises when temperatures increase.
25. B. The air is close to saturation when humidity is
very high, thus 80 percent is the highest reading
for RH given in the question.
26. D. Difference in latitude results in large
difference in temperature.
27. A. On a weather map areas with equal air
pressure are connected by isobars.
28. A. Frontal rain is common in the areas where
mid- latitudes (Region on Earth located between
the latitudes 23°26'22" and 66°33'39" north, and
23°26'22" and 66°33'39" south) lies due to the
meeting of the sub- tropical and polar air masses.
Explanation: The area in mid- latitude
experiences a frontal or depressed rainfall. The
colder and denser mass of air is pushed down by
the warm and moist air mass by cooling down.
From the options given only Alaska lies in the
mid-latitude. From the options given, only
Alaska is the mid-latitudes.
29. C. Greenheart is one of the tree species
commonly in the rainforests. Note that the
rainforest fits the description high temperature
and heavy rain throughout the year.
30. A. From the data given the mean annual
temperature is 16.5 degrees (calculated by adding
 the maxi mean and the mini mean temperatures,
then dividing the answer by 2). This annual
temperature mean fits that of the Mediterranean
climate is also called as sclerophyll. The annual
precipitation received
(15+8+18+48+78+84+89+66+43+31+18+10) =
508 is in the range of the annual precipitation
received in the Mediterranean climate which
ranges from 350mm to 900mm. thus one
characteristics of the natural vegetation in the
Mediterranean biome is that they evergreen green
and scrubs.
31. D
32. B
33. B. Note Western Europe is densely populated as
it one of the population cluster of the world.
Europe is having low birth rates too. Q represents
South East and South Africa is another
population cluster, unlikely Europe some parts of
this region are still having high population
growth like India.
34. C. Germany has the fertility of 1.50 births per
woman, Italy has the fertility of 1.35 births per
woman, Somalia has the fertility of 6.27 births
per woman, and USA has the fertility of a 1.80
births per woman. LEDC in many case have
higher fertility rates than MEDC.
35. D
36. A. The Amazon basin contains thick jungles
which are barely populated by forest
communities. Most Brazilians live close to the
Atlantic Ocean on the east coast of Brazil.
37. C.
38. C. In South Asia and South East Asia which is
the most densely populated region in the world
has the majority of its habitants live in rural areas
engaged in intensive rice cultivation.
39. D
40. A. Livestock rearing is perhaps the biggest
threats to the rainforest accounting to more than
73 percent of deforestation and releasing
Methane (CH4) is the powerful greenhouse. In
Amazon where livestock rearing is happening,
 the tropical forest is seriously endangered to
transform into the Savanna.
41. A. The Ivory Coast and Ghana are by far the two
largest producers of cocoa: together they
cultivate more than half of the world´s cocoa.
42. C
43. B
44. A
45. D
46. D. A modern blast furnace (BF) is refractory
lined to protect the furnace shell from the high
temperatures and abrasive materials inside the
furnace. The refractory lining is cooled to further
enhance the protection against the dispatch of
excess heat that can destroy the refractory lining.
47. A. check the diagram below
48. D
49. C. Cast iron is made from pig iron, which is the
product of melting iron ore in a blast furnace.
Wrought Iron a tough malleable form of iron
suitable for forging or rolling rather than casting,
obtained by puddling pig iron while molten.
50. A.
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13. A. When crossing an international date line, the
day changes, since Alaska is in west of Asia
where the day is 30th December, Alaska must be
on 29th December.
14. C. The angle at which the sunlight strikes the
Earth at a particular time and place is referred to
as the angle of insolation (sometimes the term
altitude is used which means the angle of an
object above the horizon). The location on the
Earth where the Sun is directly overhead at solar
noon is known as the subsolar point. For
example, at the summer solstice, June 21 or 22,
the Sun’s rays hit the Earth most directly along
the Tropic of Cancer (23.5o N), The altitude of
the Sun at solar noon can also be calculated with
the following simple equation:
Sun Angle = 90 - Zenith Angle

Working

First we must determine the latitude were the sun

is overhead, since we have been given the date, it
 is easy figure out that it latitude 23.5 degrees
north.
The next step is for us to find the Zenith angle.
Note that only latitudes are used here. Now,
since 23.5 degrees north and 48 degrees North
are in same hemispheres, we subtract the two
latitude i.e. (48- 23.5 = 24.5)
Now filling our formula
Sun Angle = 90 - Zenith Angle
= 90 – 24.5
= 65.5 degrees
15. D. Finest sediments are found in plain course, as
the river lose its energy to transport or carry
sediments it begins by deposits large sediments,
followed by smaller ones, since the plain course
it found close to end of the river’s journey, the
finest sediments are thus, the main materials
deposited by the river.
16. A.
17. A
18. A
19. D. limestone is very venerable to water thus;
solution is very active in limestone areas.
20. D
21. C. Percolation is absorption of water by the earth
surface. This is represented by later Y. Runoff is
the surface movements of precipitated water via
sheet wash (unchannelled), rills (tiny channels)
and gullies (larger channels) downhill to rivers or
other lake water bodies. This is represented by
later X.
22. C. Viscous lava does not flow a long distance
before solidifying. Fluid lava flows for longer
distances before solidifying. Viscous lava is
responsible for creating tall landscapes like
mountains while fluid is responsible for the
creation of plateau or long elongated mountains.
23. A. a cyclone is low pressure which flows out
ward in a counterclockwise direction in the
Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the
Southern Hemisphere. Anticyclones is a high
pressure system in which blows inward In winds
blow in a clockwise direction the northern
 hemisphere and anticlockwise direction in
southern hemisphere. From the diagrams it can
be clearly be seen that A fits the above
descriptions.
24. D. When the wet bulb and dry bulb thermometer
reading have the same reading, it means that the
air is saturated, and there is thus high likelihood
of precipitation.
25. Question not complete
26. B
27. C. The towns represent Mediterranean climate
which have dry summer and wet winters.
28. B
29. A. explain check question 27.
30. D
31. D
32. A
33. C. The population pyramid with narrow base
represents a low fertility rates. Low fertility rates
goes along with low mortality rates.
34. D
35. C
36. A
37. C
38. A. Maize is grown mostly in regions having
annual rainfall between 60 cm to 110 cm. But it
is also grown in areas having rainfall of about 40
cm. Maize is grown in temperatures between
18°C and 27°C during the day and around 14°C
during the night.
39. C. To find the percentage of land under irrigation
divide area under irrigation by cultivated area
then multiply by 100. This calculation for each
country will show that Japan has the largest
percentage of the irrigated area of about 55
percentages.
40. A
41. C. Sisal usages like making sags, bags, have been
overtaken by petroleum products like PVC.
42. A
43. A
44. B. Oil has been historically the world’s most
used energy source accounting for approximately
39% of the global energy consumption.
45. A petroleum is trapped at anticline
46. B
47. A
48. B Haematite and Limonite are types of iron ore
while anthracite and lignite are grades of coal
49. B
50. B. coal was the energy source was used to fuel
industries at the beginning of the industrial
revolution and not hydro-electricity.
 2015
Geography
Paper One
Questions
`
Answers to
2015
Geography
Paper One
questions
13. D. All places on earth including 23.5 ºN have
equal days and equal night on equinox. Equinox
occurs on 21st March and 23rd September.
14. D
15. D
16. B. Hydrolysis is the wearing of rock at a
molecular level involving HO ions.
17. D
18. C. Head erosion is responsible for joining two
basins. This trend is common in the youth stage
of the river.
19. A
20. C. Water that has percolated into the ground and
become trapped within pores, cracks, and fissures
referred to as groundwater. Groundwater is
contained in the saturated zone and in the
unsaturated zone. The unsaturated zone,
immediately below the land surface, contains
water and air in the open spaces, or pores. The
saturated zone is a region within groundwater in
which all the pores and rock fractures are filled
 with Water. The water table is the depth which
marks the beginning of the saturated zone.
21. D
22. D. The troposphere is the lowest and densest part
of the atmosphere. The current composition of
the troposphere was the result of volcanism.
23. C. Recall that isotherms connect places with
equal temperature. A is the on the isotherm with
25 degrees Celsius.
24. A
25. A (check the diagram below)
26. D (already in some questions)
27. D. The gravity causes the upper layers of
atmosphere to exert force on the lower ones due
to their weight. This causes the air to compress
and hence the air become dense at the lower level
(closer to surface) while in comparison the air at
heights( far from surface) is rarer or thinner.
28. C
29. B. From the diagram in the question A and D
represents the Mediterranean climate which has
dry summers and wet winters. C represents the
tropical rainforest which receives rain all year
round. Thus, B which represent the summer
which receives rain in summer and has the dry
winters.
30. C. The leeward side typically has a dry, warm
climate. This is because by the time air rises up
the windward side and reaches the summit, it has
already stripped of the majority of its moisture.
Air is caused to rise by the slopes.
31. B. This climatography has the annual rainfall
which is less than 250mm, and has large
temperature; this fitly represents the hot desert.
32. A
33. C (already explained in other questions)
34. B
35. A
36. C. just check the graph
37. B
38. D. Rice requires more water than wheat, no
wonder it is usually grown in very wet region in
south Asia.
39. D. Terrace farming is a method of farming
whereby “steps” known as terraces are built onto
the slopes of hills and mountains. When it rains,
instead of rain carrying away the soil nutrients
and plants down the slope, they flow to the next
terrace.
40. A. Prolonged planting of the same crop type
leads to depletion of specific nutrients in the soil.
Each crop type has a different nutrient interaction
with the soil, they each release and absorb
 different types of nutrients. Because of this, crop
rotation increases soil fertility by controlling
deficient or excess nutrients because it
replenishes nutrients that are not available or
absorbing nutrients that are in abundance.
41. D
42. B. Cover crops are crops grown between the
regular crops like corn, soybean and wheat. Hay
cannot be grown along other crops thus, it not a
cover crop.
43. B. from the options given in the question Canada
is the largest producer of HEP, in the world it is
the third largest producer of HEP following
China and Brazil.
44. A
45. D
46. C
47. A. Cobalt is added to high speed steels to
improve hot hardness
48. C
49. C
50. B. Whilst the Iron and steel industries have
undergone lot of changes in their location factors,
the access of raw materials still remains very
important.
 2016
Geography
Paper One
Questions
 Answers
2016
Geography
paper one
specimen
13. A. To calculate the time difference between
Greenwich and a said Longitude.
Step 1: Find the difference between the two given
Longitudes.
Step 2: multifunction the difference by
If it is on west of Greenwich median than
subtract the calculated time from actual time of
GMT and if it is on east than add.
Working
The difference in longitude between Greenwich
and Sidney is 151 degrees.
Then divide 151 by 15 which yield. 10. 06
Recall that time calculation is based on hourly
time zones, thus, ignore the decimals. Thus the
difference in time between Greenwich and
Sydney is just hours
We now add 10 hours to 03:00 pm or 15:00
hours, which gives 01: 00 am. Note: AM stands
in short for Ante Meridiem, de latin name for
“Before Midday” or “Before Noon”. PM stands
 in short for Post Meridiem, de latin name for
“After Midday” or “After Noon”.
Note the answers given, demand that we use
minutes, but this is not correct, because there no
time zones based on minutes. But still the answer
closest to the correct is 01:04 am

14. B
15. B.
16. A. Composite volcanoes, also called
stratovolcanoes, are cone-shaped volcanoes built
from many layers of lava, pumice, ash, and
tephra. Because they are built of layers of viscous
material, rather than fluid lava, composite
volcanoes tend to form tall peaks rather than
rounded cones. It also true that the composite
volcanoes are made of acid lava, however, this is
not always the case, since others might be ash,
rock and pyroclastic flows.
17. A
18. A
19. A. the lower of Rivers are ideal sites for human
habitation because of their fertile floodplains,
easy access to the ocean, and abundant land.
20. B
21. C. C is correct; because this result when an
intrusion of magma is made horizontally along
the bedding planes of sedimentary rocks.
22. C
23. C
24. A. A dot on the weather map represents rain, the
more the heavy the rain. The empty circle
represents absence of cloud. This description will
fit a calm weather.
25. B. The diagram shows an anticyclone since wind
is moving outward. Anticyclones are associated
with calm or dry weather.
26. D. Greenhouse gas, any gas that has the property
of absorbing infrared radiation (net heat energy)
emitted from Earth's surface and reradiating it
back to Earth's surface.
27. C. A tornado is a violent rotating column of air
extending from a thunderstorm to the ground.
28. C. Annual range is calculated by the minimum
reached temperature subtract the minimum
reached temperature (Max T – Min T). From the
graph the Max T is 32 º C while the Min T is 25 º
C. Thus, Max T –Min T= 32-25= 7
29. D. The wettest months from the graph were, the
second (275 mm), third (300 mm) and 12th (275
mm) months. Adding the three months yields 850
mm.
30. A
31. A. The rainforest biome are very diverse, thus,
finding lumbering in the same area is quite
difficult.
32. D. The narrow shaped population is a
representation of low fertility rates.
33. A. The broad base shaped population usually
tends to have short life expectancy.
34. B. Intensive rice cultivation is practiced in South
Asia where the majority of the people live in
rural area.
35. C
36. A. Most work in rice cultivation is done by hands
and water buffaloes, although recently small
tractors have been introduced.
37. C
38. B
39. A
40. D. The cocoa farming is best developed in
regions having about 27°C of average annual
temperature.
41. A. cereals are starch foods barley, corn, wheat,
millet, rice, oats, sorghum, and maize.
42. A
43. B. A wasting asset is an item that irreversibly
declines in value over time, contrarily, HEP is
renewable resource.
44. C
45. A. Check the diagram below.
46. D check the diagram below
47. C. Japan is the largest producer of iron and steel
from the list given; at world level it is second
from China.
48. C. the Ural region has deposits of coal and iron
ores like magnetite. The probable material taken
from some else is limestone.
49. A. Hematite is one of the most abundant minerals
on Earth's surface and in the shallow crust. It is
an iron oxide with a chemical composition of
Fe2O3. It is a common rock-forming mineral
found in sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous
rocks at locations throughout the world.
 2017
Geography
Paper One
Questions
Answers to
2017
Geography
Paper One
Question
13. A. The Earth has a tilt of 23.5 degrees relative to
the "ecliptic plane" (the imaginary surface
formed by it's almost-circular path around the
sun). Earth’s tilted axis causes the seasons.
Throughout the year, different parts of Earth
receive the Sun’s most direct rays. So, when the
North Pole tilts toward the Sun, it’s summer in
the Northern Hemisphere. And when the South
Pole tilts toward the Sun, its winter in the
Northern Hemisphere. Many people believe that
Earth is closer to the sun in the summer and that
is why it is hotter. And, likewise, they think Earth
is farthest from the sun in the winter. Although
this idea makes sense, it is incorrect.
14. C. (see explanation on past similar questions)
15. A
16. B. Deferred stream (or deferred tributary) The
presence of natural levees makes it difficult for a
tributary to join the main stream. The tributary
run parallel to the main river for a distance before
joining it. The tributary is a deferred stream. The
 confluence is a deferred junction (or deferred
confluence)
17. D
18. B. A large accumulation of sediment deposited at
the mouth of a river where it discharges into the
sea (or a lake). Deltas are formed as a result of
the decrease in load-carrying capacity following
the deceleration of river water on entering the
comparatively static sea (or lake). Fine clay
material, normally carried in suspension, is also
deposited since the very small particles coagulate
and sink in the presence of saline water. For the
sediment to accumulate the amount of material
deposited by the river must exceed that removed
by coastal erosional processes.
19. C
20. B
21. B
22. D. A lava spine is magma in solid form, rising
from a lava dome. It may be in the form of a
column, or a slab or other shape.
The lava spine picture below is at the summit
of Snaefellsjokull, a Volcano in Iceland.
23. B. The Beaufort scale is an empirical measure
that relates wind speed to observed conditions at
sea or on land. Its full name is the Beaufort wind
force scale.
24. D. Annual range is the difference between the
highest monthly temperature and lowest monthly
temperature given by the formular AR= Max T-
Min T. From the question, the Max T 15.5 º
while the Min T is -50. Thus AR=Max T-Min
T= 15.5- (-50) =65.5
25. D. Greenhouse (Carbon Dioxide CO2, Methane
CH4, Nitrogen Dioxide NO2), are transparent to
incoming short wave radiation but trap or reflect
the long wave radiation reflected by the earth’s
surface.
26. A. Relative humidity is the percentage of
moisture in the atmosphere compared with the
maximum capacity of moisture that the
atmosphere could contain at that temperature.
Hygrometer is a device used in measuring
humidity. One type of hygromter which measures
relative humidyity is psychrometer. A
psychrometer is made of two identical
thermometers mounted side by side, one dry bulb
and one wet bulb thermometer. The wet bulb
thermometer is covered by a sock dipped in
clean, deionized or distilled water while the dry
bulb is left unaltered. As water evaporates from
the wet-bulb thermometer, it cools it to the
lowest temperature that can be reached by
evaporating water into the air, giving the wet-
bulb temperature reading. The temperature
difference between the dry-bulb and wet-bulb
temperatures is known as the wet-bulb
depression. A large depression means that a lot of
water vapour has evaporated from the wet bulb
and that the relative humidity is low. A small
depression means that little evaporation from the
wet bulb and that the relative humidity is high
 and the air is close to saturation. When there is
no depression, the relative humidity is 100
percent, which means that the air is saturated, and
the dry-bulb, wet-bulb. And dew point
temperatures are all the same. When the air is
saturated there high possibility of precipitation to
occur.
27. B
28. B. The mercury barometer is placed in open air
29. C. A was not shown on the diagram, suppose it
was above the sea, rainy is likely to occur.
30. A
31. B. Rainforest receives annual rainfall above 1500
mm; they have small annual range with
evergreen forest. Savanna biomes receives annual
rainfall of between 500 mm to 1500mm, they
have modoarte annual range between 10 and 15,
they have vegetation which deciduous. Hot
deserts receives annual rainfall below 250 mm,
with a large annual range and they have
vegetation which is drought resistant
(xerophytic). Mediterranean biomes have
 evergreen vegetation, even though they receives
annual rainfall which less than 900mm. these
description will help us to identify B as the
correct answer.
32. C
33. D
34. C. From the list given the most densely
populated is Java. Brazil has the population
density Brazil is 25 per Km2, Australia has the
population density 3.1 people per square
kilometre. Tunisia has the population density of
76 per Km2 and Java has the population density
127,569 sq. km. Note that Java is not a country
per say it an island of Indonesia.
35. A
36. D
37. A
38. C
39. B
40. D. Plantations are extensive, meaning there is
low yield per hectare.
41. C. Phosphorus is a vital nutrient involved in
stimulating and enhancing bud development and
set, seed formation and blooming. It can help
quicken a plant's maturity, as well. It's also vital
in photosynthesis and respiration. Root-
stimulating fertilizers are also often higher in
phosphorus than the other two primary nutrients
because phosphorus helps strengthen young roots
and gives them a strong start.
42. A. The agriculture is produces perishables and
requires less land are located closer to the CDB.
43. C
44. D
45. A. Most of the water resources of Africa are still
utilized in terms of hydro-electric production.
The Congo River has the greatest hydro-power
potential in the world.
46. D
47. B
48. B
49. B. South Africa remains one of the top ten coal
producers in the world and the first in Africa,
 responsible for about three percent of the world
coal usage. The country also has the world's ninth
largest proven reserves of coal at 30.2 billion
tons.
50. A. It is estimated that the world has about 1.1
trillion tons of coal reserves while it has over 800
billion tons of iron ore. Note, also that the extent
of the accessible iron ore reserves is not known.