INTRODUCTION

Background of the study

The use of plastic has known to have a widely range of use in everyday

living. Irresponsible waste disposal, especially plastics, can greatly affect our

environment. Bio-plastics, originating from renewable organic sources, have

surfaced a hopeful remedy to confront these issues. These pioneering

materials are characterized by their biodegradability and capacity to diminish

reliance on detrimental fossil-based plastics, thus presenting the potential to

transform the industry.

The significance of this research is rooted in its quest for a practical and

eco-conscious substitute for conventional plastics. By exploring the viability

of utilizing corn starch and banana peel as materials for bio-plastics, our

objective is to make a meaningful contribution to the worldwide campaign to

minimize plastic waste and mitigate its harmful effects on the environment.

This study endeavors to tap into the abundant resource of agricultural by-

products and natural polymers, presenting a sustainable remedy that aligns

with the ideals of the circular economy and environmental well-being.

Poly-(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) is an aliphatic polyester with

thermoplastic properties, which is naturally produced by certain bacteria as

storage compound and is one hundred percent (100%) biodegradable.

Microalgae like the diatom P. tricornutum have a great potential not only as

biosynthetic factory for recombinant proteins but also as photosynthetically

fueled bioreactors for synthesizing biotechnologically relevant polymers like

PHB. A certain study shows that PHB production is possible in a microalgae

system. In comparison to efforts on PHB synthesis in the cytosol of plants,

PHB expression levels in P. tricornutum are about 100-fold higher. This is due

to the large lipid deposits in the cytosol of P. tricornutum, as these microalgae

naturally produce valuable omega-3-fatty acids. Even though no enzyme

engineering, no adaptations to P. tricornutum specific codon-usage, and no

large-scale screening have been applied in these initial analysis, relatively high

level of PHB levels up to 10.6% of algal dry weight have been produced. The

study only focuses on the bacterial PHB pathway into the cytosolic

compartment, revealing the great potential of this low-cost and

environmentally friendly expression system (Hempel, et al. 2011). However,

by digging some more information and data, some studies show us that there

are more materials that can be made as bioplastic in a low-cost way and more

sustainable than PHB synthesis on the cytosol of plants.

A new study shows that bioplastic can be produced from rice straw, an

agricultural waste that is generally not used after harvesting the rice crops.

For the synthesis, the sample was treated by using the Naviglio extractor, then

it was being dissolved by using trifluoroacetic acid. The material shows good

mechanical properties, with tensile strength and elongation at break equal to

45 MPa at 6.1% and 10 MPa at 63% both for wet and dry dumbbells. The result

shows that in a wet state of the produced bioplastic, the mechanical properties

are similar to plasticized poly (vinyl chloride). Mass loss test noted that it is

completely decomposed after being embedded in soil for 105 days (Bilo, et al.,

2018). The study only shows the period of time on when the bioplastic will be

decomposed but not its physical properties compare to commercial plastics

which the new researchers will conduct in a new study about the bioplastic by

using the corn starch and banana peel.

In the study of Yamada, M., Morimitsu, S., Hosono, E., & Yamada, T.

(2020), concentrating on the production of biodegradable plastics, it was

proven that soy protein, a protein-rich derivative of soybeans, can be

employed to produce durable biodegradable plastics. The investigation

revealed that the flexural strength of these biodegradable plastics improved as

the formaldehyde (HCHO) concentration increased, peaking at ground 35

MPa with a 1% HCHO concentration, matching that of polyethylene.

Furthermore, the biodegradable nature of the bioplastic was evident as it

experienced a weight reduction at around 30% following a six-day incubation

period. Soybeans is not really abundant here in Palawan, the study conducted

can be possibly attained only in those areas with high production of soybeans.

So, the next researchers used the corn starch and banana peel as the main

materials given that these crops are abundant here.

Statement of the Problem

The researcher’s aimed to determine if cornstarch and a banana peel

can be possibly used as a Bio-plastic. More specifically, this study aims to

answer the following questions:

1. What is the best amount of cornstarch and banana peel required to

develop a bio-plastic?

2. Is cornstarch and banana peel bio-plastic entirely biodegradable?

3. Is there a significant difference between commercial plastic and bio-

plastic in terms of physical properties:

 a.) Tensile strength

b.) Flexibility

c.) Transparency

Objectives

The researcher’s aim to determine the feasibility of Cornstarch and a

Banana Peel can be possibly used as a Bio-plastic.

1. To identify the best amount required to develop a bio-plastic from

cornstarch and banana peel.

2. To identify if the cornstarch and banana peel bio-plastic is entirely

biodegradable.

3. To analyze the significant difference between commercial plastic and

bio-plastic in terms of physical properties:

a.) Tensile strength

b.) Flexibility

c.) Transparency

Hypothesis

Null hypothesis (Ho) - There is no significant difference in the physical

properties and biodegradability between the commercial plastic and the bio-

plastic made from corn starch and banana peel.

Alternative hypothesis (H1) - There is a significant difference in the physical

properties and biodegradability between the commercial plastic and the bio-

plastic made from corn starch and

Significant of the study

This study's significance lies in its potential to offer an

environmentally-friendly alternative to traditional plastics, contributing to

reduced plastic waste and a more sustainable future. The results of the study

will be of significant assistance to the following:

Environment: This research has a vital role in the global quest to reduce

plastic waste and protect the environment. By creating bio-plastic from

sustainable sources like corn starch and banana peel, it can decrease reliance

on traditional plastics that harm the environment.

Local sellers: The study's findings are of great value to businesses and

manufacturers seeking eco-friendly substitutes for conventional plastics. Bio-

plastics can offer cost-effective and environmentally responsible options,

supporting sustainable production practices.

Agriculture and Waste Management: Farmers and agricultural communities

can benefit by using surplus corn and banana peels in bio-plastic production,

generating additional income while reducing agricultural waste.

Community Consumers: This research can ultimately benefit consumers

concerned about the environmental impact of plastics. Bio-plastics can

provide similar product qualities to traditional plastics while being

biodegradable and eco-friendly.

Researchers: This study can be advantageous for researchers and scientists,

as it adds to the expanding pool of information regarding sustainable

materials and their potential uses. It paves the way for additional research and

creativity in the realm of bio-plastics.

Scope and delimitation

The utilization of corn (Zea mays) starch and banana (Musa

acuminata) peel in making a bio-plastic will be conducted on Brgy. New

Barbacan, Roxas Palawan. The fermented corn (Zea mays) starch and banana

(Musa acuminata) peel will be the materials to be used as the main

components of this study. Corn starch and banana peel will be mixed together

for the study of its biodegradability, its significant difference to the physical

properties of commercial plastic and the best amount to form a bio plastic.

Definition of Terms

Bio-plastic: A type of plastic known as “bio-plastic” is produced from

sustainable biological sources, such as cornstarch or sugarcane, as opposed to

fossil fuels. Due to its biodegradable or compostable qualities, it is regard as

being more environmentally friendly.

Diminish: Diminishment refers to the reduction of something’s size,

intensity, or quantity.

Detrimental fossil fuel-based plastics: These typical plastics,

which are derived from petroleum and contribute to pollution, are bad for the

environment since they can’t decompose naturally.

Natural Polymers: Large molecules known as natural polymers, such

as cellulose, starch, or proteins, are made up of repeating structural element

that can be found in nature. Typically, they are biodegradable and made from

sustainable resources.
 Poly-R-3--hydroxybutyrate (PHB): PHB is an energy storage

molecule manufactured by specific bacteria and is a biodegradable polymer.

It’s regarded as a bio-plastic.

Aliphatic polyester: A type of biodegradable polymer with aliphatic

hydrocarbon chains is called an aliphatic polyester. Examples include

polyhydroxy (PHA) and polylactic (PLA).

Thermoplastic characteristics: When heated, thermoplastic

materials can be repeatedly melted and reformed. With changes in

temperature, they can soften and harden due to their unique qualities.

Diatom P. tricornutum: A species of micro-algae called P.

tricornutum is a diatom noted for its potential in biotechnological uses,

particularly in the generation of biofuel.

Recombinant proteins: Recombinant proteins are created by

genetically altering an organism, frequently a microbe like yeast or bacteria, to

express a particular protein of interest .

Photosynthesis-driven reactors: These are methods of

apparatuses that harness the power of photosynthetic organism (plants or

algae) to harness solar energy and create desired goods like biofuels or other

compounds.

Bio technologically relevant polymers: Biodegradable and

sustainable polymers are frequently mentioned when discussing polymers that

are important in biotechnology applications for a variety of uses.

 Microalgae system: A system that involves the growth and use of

microalgae, generally for things like making biofuel, treating waste water, or

making food.

Cytosol of plants: A variety of cellular functions, including metabolic

reactions, take place in the semi-fluid matrix called the cytosol in plant cells.

Lipid: Fats, oils, and phospholipids are just a few of the numerous

chemical compounds referred to as lipids. In addition to acting as energy

reservoirs, they also support the structure of cell membranes.

Enzyme engineering: Enzyme engineering is the process of altering

enzymes genetically or chemically to enhance their functionality or add

new features for particular applications.

Codon usage: The frequency of particular three-letter DNA sequences

(codons) that are assigned to particular amino acids in the genetic code is

referred to as codon usage. It varies depending on the organism.

Naviglio extractor: The Naviglio extractor operates at room

temperature and does not require heating the extractive system. This fact is

significant in the field of medicinal plants as well as in many other situations

where the goal of the extraction is the active principles or compounds

sensitive to temperature. The Naviglio extractor operates at room temperature

and does not require heating the extractive system.

Trifluoroacetic acid: Trifluoroacetic acid is a potent organic acid

that is frequently used in a wide range of chemical and biochemical processes.

 Plasticized poly (vinyl chloride): Plasticized PVC is a type of

polyvinyl chloride that has undergone plasticizer modification to increase its

flexibility and adaptability for a variety of applications.

Formaldehyde (HCHO): A chemical called formaldehyde is

employed in a number of industrial processes. It is used to make resins,

plastics, and as a disinfectant. It is notorious for its potent, offensive smell.

Polyethylene: A common plastic polymer made of ethylene units that

repeat is called polyethylene. It is available in different forms, such as low-

density polyethylene (LDPE) and high-density polyethylene (HDPE).

Legal Basis

REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9003

AN ACT PROVIDING FOR AN ECOLOGICAL SOLID WASTE

MANAGEMENT PROGRAM, CREATING THE NECESSARY

INSTITUTIONAL MECHANISMS AND INCENTIVES, DECLARING

CERTAIN ACTS PROHIBITED AND PROVIDING PENALTIES,

APPROPRIATING FUNDS THEREFOR, AND FOR OTHER

PURPOSES.

According to the Republic Act number 9003 or the Solid Waste

Management Act, -an act that provides for an ecological Solid Waste

Management program, making the essential lawful mechanisms and

inducement, declaring specific acts prohibited and giving penalties, allocating

funds therefore, and for other purposes- on the Chapter 1-Article 1-Section 2,

it was mentioned to declare the policy of the state to adopt a systematic,

comprehensive, and ecological solid waste management program which will

ensure the protection of public health and environment. It was also included

in this section the promotion of national research and development programs

to attain improved solid waste management and techniques in conservation of

natural resources, more effective institutional arrangement and indigenous

and improved methods of waste reduction, collection, separation, and

recovery. This constitutional regulation supports the study of making a bio-

plastic material from the fermented corn starch and Banana peel as the

researchers aim to help in contribution to lessen the non-biodegradable

plastic waste and to make an eco-friendly material from the abundant

resources.

Theoretical Framework

This study was guided by Hermann Staudinger’s Theory of

Polymerization. Hermann Staudinger’s pioneering theory suggests that

polymerization is a chemical process in which molecules, known as

monomers, engage in a series of chemical reactions to construct extensive

chain-like macromolecules referred to as polymers. This procedure is marked

by the repetitive connection of monomer units through covalent bonds,

leading to the formation of high-molecular-weight compounds. It involves two

distinct stages: initiation and propagation, often triggered with the use of a

catalyst. The choice between chain-growth and step-growth polymerization

determines the type of polymer created, thereby influencing its characteristics

(1992).
 Our research employs the theory of polymerization to develop a method

for manufacturing bio-plastic using sustainable sources, tailored to achieve

specific material properties. We will assess the produced bio-plastic for its

mechanical attributes, biodegradability, and composting capability. When

fermented corn starch and banana peel undergo processing, they release

monomers that can subsequently be polymerized to generate bio-plastic. By

applying Staudinger’s Theory of Polymerization, our research seeks to

comprehend the polymerization process of fermented corn material. This

research will evaluate the practicality of utilizing fermented corn starch and

banana peel as raw materials for bio-plastic production.

Conceptual framework

IPO Model
Input Process
Corn (Zea mays) Gather and prepare all the
starch needed materials.
Banana (Musa Blending the banana (Musa
acuminata) peel acuminata) peel with water
Vinegar and mixing it while boiling in
the water.
Glycerin
Placing the banana (Musa
Cinnamon
acuminata) peel paste in
Thyme another casserole next to a
corn (Zea mays) starch mixed
Strainer
with water.
Blender
Add all the remain materials
Dropper into the mixture.
Spatula Mixing while heating the
Measuring cups mixture with low-medium
heat temperature.
Casserole
 CHAPTER 2

METHODOLOGY

Research Design

The researchers will use the quantitative method of research,

interrupted time series under Quasi research design. Using this specific

research design, the researchers can determine the significant difference

between the physical properties and biodegradability of commercialized

plastic and the bio plastic made from corn starch and banana peel. The

researchers will conduct a number of tests to make sure the information and

conclusions were accurate and dependable.

Corn starch and banana peel bio plastic will undergo multiple tests

together with the commercialized plastic in terms of physical properties and

biodegradability in order to know which of these two plastics has better

performance. To decide which of the two plastics is best for widespread use,

the results were ranked.

Research Locale

The study was conducted at Roxas National Comprehensive High

School, Barangay New Barbacan, Roxas Palawan.

Materials and Equipment

 Banana peel
 Cornstarch

 Glycerin

 VinegaR

 Thyme

 Cinnamon

 Foil

 Casserole

 Beaker

 Blender

 LPG & Stove

 Weighing Scale

 Strainer

 Dropper

 Spatula

Treatments and Variables

Amount ratio Corn starch Banana peel pat Result

2:1

1:2
 1:1

Table 1. Amount required

Table 2. Biodegradability

Day 0 Day 5 Day 10 Day 15 Day 20

Bioplastic

Commercial

plastic

Table 3. Physical properties

Tensile strength Flexibility Transparency

Bioplastic

Commercial

plastic

Data Gathering Procedure

The researchers will give a letter to the principal, Ma’am Felomina V.

Alanis, to solicit authorization in conducting this study. After the letter is

approved, the researchers will begin to collect the necessary materials and
equipment for this study. The mterials and equipment are cornstarch, banana

peel, vinegar, glycerin, water, foil, casserole, beaker, dropper, blender,

strainer, spatula, weighing scale, gas stove, and measuring spoon.

The researchers proceed to create cornstarch

The product will be the cornstarch and banana peel bio plastic. (Test 1)

The researchers will determine which one of the three set ups of corn to

banana ratio will produce the best bio plastic. The researchers will prepare the

commercialized plastic. (Test 2) The researchers will then test both plastic in

terms of physical properties; tensile strength, transparency and flexibility.

(Test 3) The researchers will test the bio plastic for its biodegradability for

twenty (20) days comparing it to commercial plastic. The researchers will

gather all the information from their observation on their experimentation.

Collection of Data

The study used data collection techniques such as observation and

experimentation in gathering all the data, these data are shown in the

flowchart.

Research statistical treatment

The researchers will use the mean of descriptive statistical technique

and the t-test from the inferential data analysis. The physical characteristics

and biodegradability of commercialized plastic and bioplastic made from

cornstarch and banana peels will be compared using these treatments. Using

this treatments we will be able to determine if whether to accept or reject the

null hypothesis. This statistical tool is use to determine if there ar a significant

difference between the cornstarch and banana peel bioplastic and

commercialized plastic.