Chapter 4: Mathematical

Functions, Characters, and Strings

Textbooks: Y. Daniel Liang, Introduction to Programming with C++, 3rd Edition

© Copyright 2016 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

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 Outline
• Introduction
• Mathematical Functions
• Character Data Type and Operations
• Case Study: Generating Random Characters
• Case Study: Guessing Birthdays
• Character Functions
• Case Study: Converting Hexadecimal Decimal
• The string Type
• Case Study: Revising the Lottery Program Using Strings
• Formatting Console Output
• Simple File Input and Output

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 Outline
• Introduction
• Mathematical Functions
• Character Data Type and Operations
• Case Study: Generating Random Characters
• Case Study: Guessing Birthdays
• Character Functions
• Case Study: Converting Hexadecimal Decimal
• The string Type
• Case Study: Revising the Lottery Program Using Strings
• Formatting Console Output
• Simple File Input and Output

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 Mathematical Functions
C++ provides many useful functions in the cmath
header for performing common mathematical
functions.

1. Trigonometric functions
2. Exponent functions
3. Service functions

To use them, you need to include:

#include <cmath>

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Trigonometric Functions

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Exponent Functions

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 Service Functions
Function Description Example
ceil(x) x is rounded up to its nearest ceil(2.1) returns 3.0
integer. This integer is ceil(-2.1) returns -2.0
returned as a double value.
floor(x) x is rounded down to its floor(2.1) returns 2.0
nearest integer. This integer floor(-2.1) returns -3.0
is returned as a double value.
min(x, y) Returns the minimum of x max(2, 3) returns 3
and y.
max(x, y) Returns the maximum of x min(2.5, 4.6) returns
and y. 2.5
abs(x) Returns the absolute value of abs(-2.1) returns 2.1
x.
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 Case Study: Computing Angles
of a Triangle

A program that prompts the user to enter the x-

and y-coordinates of the three corner points in a
triangle and then displays the triangle’s angles.

ComputeAngles Run

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 ComputeAngles.cpp 1/2
#include <iostream>
#include <cmath>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
// Prompt the user to enter three points
cout << "Enter three points: ";
double x1, y1, x2, y2, x3, y3;
cin >> x1 >> y1 >> x2 >> y2 >> x3 >> y3;

// Compute three sides

double a = sqrt((x2 - x3) * (x2 - x3) + (y2 - y3) * (y2 - y3));
double b = sqrt((x1 - x3) * (x1 - x3) + (y1 - y3) * (y1 - y3));
double c = sqrt((x1 - x2) * (x1 - x2) + (y1 - y2) * (y1 - y2));
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 ComputeAngles.cpp 2/2
// Obtain three angles in radians
double A = acos((a * a - b * b - c * c) / (-2 * b * c));
double B = acos((b * b - a * a - c * c) / (-2 * a * c));
double C = acos((c * c - b * b - a * a) / (-2 * a * b));

// Display the angles in degress

const double PI = 3.14159;
cout << "The three angles are " << A * 180 / PI << " "
<< B * 180 / PI << " " << C * 180 / PI << endl;

return 0;
}

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 Outline
• Introduction
• Mathematical Functions
• Character Data Type and Operations
• Case Study: Generating Random Characters
• Case Study: Guessing Birthdays
• Character Functions
• Case Study: Converting Hexadecimal Decimal
• The string Type
• Case Study: Revising the Lottery Program Using Strings
• Formatting Console Output
• Simple File Input and Output

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 Character Data Type
• A character data type represents a single character.
char letter = 'A'; (ASCII)
char numChar = '4'; (ASCII)
• The increment and decrement operators can also be
used on char variables to get the next or preceding
character. For example, the following statements
display character b.
char ch = 'a';
cout << ++ch;
• The characters are encoded into numbers using the
ASCII code.
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ASCII Character Set is a subset of the Unicode from \u0000 to \u007f
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 Read Characters
To read a character from the keyboard, use

cout << "Enter a character: ";

char ch;
cin >> ch; // Read a character

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 Escape Sequences
C++ uses a special notation to represent special character.

cout << "He said \"Hi\".\n";

The output is: He said "Hi".
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 Casting between char and
Numeric Types
• A char can be cast into any numeric type, and vice
versa.

int i = 'a';
cout << i; // print 97

char c = 97;
cout << c; // print 'a'

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 Numeric Operators on Characters
The char type is treated as if it is an integer of the byte
size. All numeric operators can be applied to char
operands.

Display

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Example: Converting a Lowercase to
Uppercase
A program that prompts the user to enter a lowercase
letter and finds its corresponding uppercase letter.

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 Comparing and Testing Characters
• The ASCII for lowercase letters are consecutive integers
starting from the code for 'a', then for 'b', 'c', ..., and 'z'. The
same is true for the uppercase letters.
• The lower case of a letter is larger than its upper case by 32.
• Two characters can be compared using the comparison
operators just like comparing two numbers.
• 'a' < 'b' is true because the ASCII code for 'a' (97) is
less than the ASCII code for 'b' (98).
• 'a' < 'A' is false.
• '1' < '8' is true.

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 Outline
• Introduction
• Mathematical Functions
• Character Data Type and Operations
• Case Study: Generating Random Characters
• Case Study: Guessing Birthdays
• Character Functions
• Case Study: Converting Hexadecimal Decimal
• The string Type
• Case Study: Revising the Lottery Program Using Strings
• Formatting Console Output
• Simple File Input and Output

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 Case Study: Generating Random
Characters
The rand() function returns a random integer. You can
use it to write a simple expression to generate random
numbers in any range.

[a , a+b-1]
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 Case Study: Generating Random
Characters, cont.
Every character has a unique ASCII code between 0 and 127. To
generate a random character is to generate a random integer
between 0 and 127. The srand(seed) function is used to set a
seed.

// [startChar , endChar]

DisplayRandomCharacter Run
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 Outline
• Introduction
• Mathematical Functions
• Character Data Type and Operations
• Case Study: Generating Random Characters
• Case Study: Guessing Birthdays
• Character Functions
• Case Study: Converting Hexadecimal Decimal
• The string Type
• Case Study: Revising the Lottery Program Using Strings
• Formatting Console Output
• Simple File Input and Output

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 Character Functions
C++ contains functions for working with characters.

CharacterFunctions Run

and returns the ASCII integer value of

the Uppercase character 28
Example using Character
Functions

CharacterFunctions Run

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 Character Functions

• You can use isupper(), islower() and

isdigit() in the code below.

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 Outline
• Introduction
• Mathematical Functions
• Character Data Type and Operations
• Case Study: Generating Random Characters
• Case Study: Guessing Birthdays
• Character Functions
• Case Study: Converting Hexadecimal Decimal
• The string Type
• Case Study: Revising the Lottery Program Using Strings
• Formatting Console Output
• Simple File Input and Output

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Case Study: Converting a Hexadecimal
Digit to a Decimal Value
A program that converts a hexadecimal digit to decimal.

HexDigit2Dec Run

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HexDigit2Dec.cpp

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 Outline
• Introduction
• Mathematical Functions
• Character Data Type and Operations
• Case Study: Generating Random Characters
• Case Study: Guessing Birthdays
• Character Functions
• Case Study: Converting Hexadecimal Decimal
• The string Type
• Case Study: Revising the Lottery Program Using Strings
• Formatting Console Output
• Simple File Input and Output

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 The string Type
A string is a sequence of characters.
#include <string>
string s;
string message = "Programming is fun";

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 String Subscript Operator
C++ provides the subscript operator for accessing the
character at a specified index in a string using the
syntax stringName[index].
string message = "welcome to C++";
message.at(0) = 'W';
cout<< message.length()<< message[0]<< endl;
14W

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 Concatenating Strings
C++ provides the + operator for concatenating two strings.

string s3 = s1 + s2;

string m = "Good";
m += " morning";
m += '!';
cout << m << endl;
Good morning!
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 Comparing Strings
You can use the relational operators ==, !=, <, <=, >, >= to
compare two strings. This is done by comparing their
corresponding characters one by one from left to right.
For example,

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 Reading Strings
Reading the first word of the string:

Reading a line using getline(cin, s ):

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 Example: Order Two Cities
A program that prompts the user to enter two
cities and displays them in alphabetical order.

OrderTwoCities Run

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 OrderTwoCities.cpp
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;

int main() {
string city1, city2;
cout << "Enter the first city: ";
getline(cin, city1);
cout << "Enter the second city: ";
getline(cin, city2);

cout << "The cities in alphabetical order are ";

if (city1 < city2)
cout << city1 << " " << city2 << endl;
else
cout << city2 << " " << city1 << endl;

return 0;
} 41
 Outline
• Introduction
• Mathematical Functions
• Character Data Type and Operations
• Case Study: Generating Random Characters
• Case Study: Guessing Birthdays
• Character Functions
• Case Study: Converting Hexadecimal Decimal
• The string Type
• Case Study: Revising the Lottery Program Using Strings
• Formatting Console Output
• Simple File Input and Output

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 Simple File Output
To write data to a file, You can create a file output
object and open the file in one statement like
this:
#include <fstream>
ofstream output("numbers.txt");

To write data, use the stream insertion operator (<<) in the same
way that you send data to the cout object. For example,
output << 95 << " " << 56 << " " << 34 << endl;

Finally:
output.close();
SimpleFileOutput Run

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 Simple File Input
To read data from a file, first declare a variable of the ifstream
type:
#include <fstream>
ifstream input("numbers.txt");
To read data, use the stream extraction operator (>>) in the
same way that you read data from the cin object. For example,
input >> score1 >> score2 >> score3;
Finally:
SimpleFileInput Run
input.close();

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 Outline
• Introduction
• Mathematical Functions
• Character Data Type and Operations
• Case Study: Generating Random Characters
• Case Study: Guessing Birthdays
• Character Functions
• Case Study: Converting Hexadecimal Decimal
• The string Type
• Case Study: Revising the Lottery Program Using Strings
• Formatting Console Output
• Simple File Input and Output

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