Technological Institute of the Philippines

Math and Physics Department

WORKTEXT IN MATH 233A

Differential and Integral Calculus for
Architecture Students

FARAON
SANGGA
Technological Institute of the Philippines MATH 233A for Architecture
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Unit 1: FUNCTIONS AND LIMITS
Topic: Functions
Subtopics: Definitions, Types, and Operations on Functions

Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs)

 Define function, constant, and variable

 Identify the different types of function
 Perform operations on function and the identify the domain of the resulting
function

Teaching and Learning Activities (TLAs)

Concepts & Examples

Defintions:
Function
 A relation, rule, expression or equation that associates each element of a domain set
with its corresponding element in the range set.
Symbols: function - f, g, h
Domain: Admissible values of x
Range: Resulting values of y
Examples:
y  x 2  5 : the domain is any real number while the range is any real number
greater than or equal to 5. In symbol,
D  x / x  / R and R  y / y  5
y  x  3 : the domain is any real number equal or greater than 3 while the
range is any real number equal or greater than 0. In symbol,
D  x / x  3and R  y / y  0
 A correspondence from a set of X of real numbers x to a set of Y of real numbers y,
where the number y is unique for a specific value of x.
 A set of ordered pairs of numbers (x, y) in which no two distinct ordered pairs have the
same first number
Example: x = {2, 3, 4} through the function f(x) = x+1, f(2) = 2+1 = 3; f(3) = 3+1=4;
f(4) = 4+1= 5. The domain set {2, 3, 4} and the range set is {3, 4, 5}.

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Vertical test (graph): a function can be intersected by a vertical line at most one point.

 Illustration: y = x+1

Variable
 Quantity whose value may change during a given discussion or problem
Constant
 Quantity whose value is fixed during a given discussion or problem

Types of Function:
Algebraic Functions
 Polynomial Functions f ( x)  a0 x n  a1 x n1  ...  an1 x  an , where a0 ...an are
constants and n is a positive integer called the degree of the polynomial if a0≠0.
 Algebraic Function p0 ( x) y n  p1 ( x) y n1  ...  pn1 ( x) y  pn ( x)  0
Trancendental Functions
 Exponential Functions
y  a x , a  0,1
 Logarithmic Functions
y  log a x, a  0,1
 Trigonometric Functions

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y  cos 
 Inverse Trigonometric Functions
y  cos 1  , (0  y   )
 Hyperbolic Functions
y  sinh x
Operations on Functions

Let f(x) and g(x) be functions.

Sum of Functions : (f+g)x= f(x) +g(x)
Subtraction of Functions: (f-g)x= f(x) - g(x)
Product of Functions: (f  g)x=f(x)  g(x)
Division of Functions: (f/g)x=f(x)/g(x), g(x) ≠0
Composite Functions: (f ◦ g)x =f *g(x)+
Note: The domain of (f ◦ g )is the set of all number x, in the domain of g such that g(x) is in the domain of f.

Example 1: Given that f and g are functions defined by f ( x)  x  1 and g ( x)  x  4 , then

( f  g)x  x  1  x  4 Domain: [4, +∞)

( f  g)x  x  1  x  4 Domain: [4, +∞)

( f  g ) x  ( x  1)  x  4  ( x  1)( x  4) Domain: [4, +∞)

x 1 x4 ( x  1)( x  4)
( f / g)x    Domain: (4, +∞)
x4 x4 x4

Note that the domain of f (x) is (-1, +∞) and the domain of g (x) is (4, +∞).

Example 2: Given that f and g are defined by f ( x)  x and g ( x)  2 x  3 , then give the
domain.

( f  g ) x  f ( g ( x)) Domain: g ( x) : (,)

 f (2 x  3) f ( x) : [0,)
 2x  3 f  g : 2 x  3  0 or [ 32 ,)

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Understand this problem.

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Assessment Tasks (ATs)

Worksheet #1

Name: ___________________________________________________ Section: _____________________

Perform the indicated operations.

1. Given f ( x)  x 3  4 x 2  5x  10 , show that f (0)  10 ; f (1)  2 ; f (2)  4 ; f (3)  14

2. If f ( )  sin 2 , find f (0), f ( 2), f ( 3), f (   ) .

3. Given that f and g are defined by f ( x)  x  5 and g ( x)  x 2  1 , find (a) f  g ; (b)

f  g ; (c) ( f  g ) ; (d) ( f / g ) . Determine the domain of the resulting function.

Cut here.

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4. Given that f and g are defined by f ( x)  x  2 and g ( x)  x  7 , find (a) f  g ; (b)
g  f ; (c) f  f ; (d) g  g . Determine the domain of the composite functions.

Cut here.

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Topic: Limits
Subtopics: Definition, Theorems on Limits of Functions, One-Sided Limits, Infinite Limits, Limits at
Infinity

Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs)

 Determine the limit of a given function

Teaching and Learning Activities (TLAs)

Concepts & Examples

Definition
Let f be a function that is defined at every number in some open interval containing a, except
possibly at the number a itself. The limit of f(x) as x approaches a is L, written as

Theorems on Limits
If m and b are any constant

Example:

If c is a constant, then for any number a

Example:

If and , then
Example:

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If and , then
Example:

If and n is any positive integer, then

Example:

If and , then if
Example:

If n is a positive integer and , then

Example:

One-Sided Limits

Right hand limit :

Left Hand Limit :

Infinite limits

If a is any real number, and if and , where c is a constant not

equal to 0, then
 If , and if through positive values of

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 If , and if through negative values of

 If , and if through positive values of

 If , and if through negative values of

Example 1:

Example 2:

If r is any positive integer, then

Example:

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If and , where c is any constant, then

If and , where c is any constant, then

Example:

If and , where c is any constant except 0, then

(i) if

(ii) if

If and , where c is any constant except 0, then

(iii) if

(iv) if

Example 1:

Example 2:

Limits at Infinity

Let f be a function that is defined at every number in some interval (a, + . The limit of f(x), as x
increases without bound, is L

If r is any positive integer, then

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Example 1:

Example 2:

Example 3:

Example 4:

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Assessment Tasks (ATs)

Worksheet #2

Name: ___________________________________________________ Section: _____________________

Evaluate the following:

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

Cut here.

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Topic: Continuity of a Function
Subtopics: Theorems of Continuity

Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs)

 Determine if a given function is continuous and at what condition.

Teaching and Learning Activities (TLAs)

Concepts & Examples

A function (x) is continuous at a value of if all the following conditions are satisfied:
1. is defined
2. = L exists
3. , otherwise f is discontinuous

Note:
 All polynomial functions are continuous at every real number.
 Any rational function is continuous at all numbers in its domain.
 The absolute value function is continuous at every real number.
 The principal square root function is continuous at all positive real numbers.

The following steps can be used to determine if a given function is continuous:

1. Choose a pair of numbers in the domain set and corresponding range set, relating to the x-
axis and y-axis respectively of the graph.
2. Take the limit as x gets close to the chosen value in the domain set by choosing x values that
are close to x and substituting them into the function.
3. If the function is continuous, the resukting f(x) values in the range set will be close to the
chosen f(x) value.

Consider the function f(x) = x + 1

 Values for x are 0, 1, -1, 2
 Resulting in f(x) values are 1, 2, 0, 3
 Reulting in pairs (0, 1), (1. 2), (-1, 0), (2, 3)

Is this function continuous at (1, 2)?

 Take the limit as x gets closer to 1 and determine
whether f(x) gets close to 2.
Lim x1 ( x  1)

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 Yes, as x gets closer to 1, f(x0 gets closer to 2. Therefore, the function f(x) = x + 1 is
continuous at (1, 2)

Graph of a function if discontinuous

Examples:
1. Show that is continuous at 2.
Solution: f (2)  2  1  3
(i)

(ii)

(iii)

2. Where is discontinuous?
; is discontinuous at 2

3. For what values of x in the domain of definition is each of the following functions continuous?
x
a. f ( x)  : all x, except x=  1 (where the denominator is zero.
x 1
2

x x
b. f ( x)  : all x, except x=0
x
1  cos x
c. f ( x)  : all x
3  sin x
1
( x 3) 2
d. f ( x)  10 : all x  3

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Assessment Tasks (ATs)

Worksheet #3

Name: ___________________________________________________ Section: _____________________

Answer the following questions. Prove that your answers are correct.

1. For what values of x is 25  x continuous?

2

x5

2. Is continuous at 1?

3. Is continuous at 0?

4. At what condition f ( x)  x csc x is continuous?

Cut here.

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Unit 2: GENERAL RULES FOR DIFFERENTIATION

Topic: Four-Step Rule

Subtopics: Definition, Four-Step Rule, Geometric Interpretation of the Derivative

Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs)

 Determine the derivative of a given function using four-step rule

Teaching and Learning Activities (TLAs)

Concepts & Examples

Derivative of a Function

Definition: The derivative of a function is the limit of the ratio of the increment of the function
to the increment of the independent variable where the latter increment varies and approaches
zero as limit.

Derivative of y with respect to x is denoted as

Differentiation: process of finding the derivative of a function.

General Rules for Differentiation (Four-Step Rule)

1. In the original equation, replace x with , and y with , and simplify.

2. Subtract the original equation from the new equation, thus obtaining in terms of ,
then simplify

3. Divide both sides of the equation by , then simplify.

4. Find the limit of both sides of the equation as .

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Geometric Interpretation of the Derivative
Step 1:

Step 2:

Step 3: =

y  f (x) Step 4: Give the slope of tangent line at point

The slope of the tangent line to a curve at any point is equal to the value of the derivative at said
point.

Example 1:
Differentiate using four-step rule.

Step 1:

Step 2:

Step 3:

Step 4:

Example 2:
Differentiate

Step 1:

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Step 2:

Step 3:

Step 4:

Example 3: Determine the slope of the tangent line to the parabola at the point and at
the point .

Slope of the tangent line =

If then

At point the slope is

At the point the slope is

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Assessment Tasks (ATs)

Worksheet #4

Name: _____________________________________________________ Section: ___________________

Part 1: Differentiate the following functions using the four-step rule.

1.

2.

3.

Part 2: Find the slope of the given curve at point indicated.

4.

5.

Cut here.

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Topic: Basic Rules for Differentiating Function

Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs)

 Determine the derivative of the given function following the rules for differentiation

Teaching and Learning Activities (TLAs)

Concepts and Examples

Basic Rules for Differentiating Functions

(functions are denoted by and these functions are in terms of )

The Constant Rule: The derivative of a constant is zero. Example (The Constant Rule)

The Power Rule: Derivative of Example (The Power Rule)

If then

The Constant Multiple Rule

If then Example (The Constant Multiple Rule)

The Sum Rule

o The derivative of the sum of two functions is equal to the sum of their derivatives.
Example (The Sum Rule)

The Product Rule

o The derivative of the product of two functions is equal to the first function times the
derivative of the second plus the second times the derivative of the first.

Example (The Product Rule)

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The Quotient Rule
o The derivative of the quotient of two functions is equal to the denominator times the
derivative of the numerator minus the numerator times the derivative of the
denominator, all divided by the square of the denominator.
Example (The Quotient Rule)
Given:
Let then
Note: In the special case when u = c, a constant,
then
The Product Rule:

The Quotient Rule:

The Chain Rule

Example (The Chain Rule)
Given
Let and . Then and

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Assessment Tasks (ATs)

Worksheet #5

Name: _________________________________________________ Section: _______________

Using the basic rules of differentiation, find the derivative of the following functions:

1. y  2 x 5  6 x 3  11

x2 1
2. y
4x  3

1 3 2
3. y 3
 2  4
x x x

4. y  3 3x 2

5.

Cut here.

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Topic: Implicit Function

Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs)

 Identify implicit function

 Differentiate implicit function

Teaching and Learning Activities (TLAs)

Concepts and Examples

Implicit Function

When an equation in x and y are given, but not solved for y, then y is called an implicit function
of x. (Also, it can be said that xis an implicit function of y)

Example: is an implicit function

is an explicit function

Finding the derivative of an implicit function

 Differentiate each term with respect to x. Solve for .

Example 1: Differentiate

Example 2: Find the derivative of .

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Assessment Tasks (ATs)

Worksheet #6

Name: _________________________________________________ Section: _______________

Identify which of the given functions below is/are implicit, and then differentiate each.

1.

2. x 3  y  2x 2  1

3.

4.

5.

Cut here.

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Unit 3: DERIVATIVES OF TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

Topic: Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs)

 Determine the derivative of the six trigonometric functions.

Teaching and Learning Activities (TLAs)

Contents of Discussion:

Derivative of Trigonometric Functions

Examples: Solve for .

1. y  sin 4 x
Let u = 4x
y  sin u
du d (4 x)
y ' cos u y' cos 4 x
dx dx
y' 4 cos 4 x
2.
Let then

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3.
Let ;

Let ;

4.

Let u ;

Let ;

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Assessment Tasks (ATs)

Worksheet #7

Name: _________________________________________________ Section: _______________

Determine the derivative of the following:

1. y  sin( x 2  3)

2. y  cos 3x 4

1.

Cut here.

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Topic: Derivatives of Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs)

 Determine the derivative of the inverse trigonometric functions.

Teaching and Learning Activities (TLAs)

Contents of Discussion:

Derivative of Inverse Sine:

Integrating both sides in terms of

Derivative of Inverse Cosine:

Integrating both sides in terms of

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Derivative of Inverse Tangent:

Integrating both sides in terms of

Derivative of Inverse Cotangent:

Integrating both sides in terms of

Derivative of Inverse Secant:

Integrating both sides in terms of

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Derivative of Inverse Cosecant:

Integrating both sides in terms of

Examples:
1. Determine the derivative of
Let ;

2. y  arctan(2  x)
Let u  2  x
d ( 2  x)
dy dx 1 1
   2
dx 1  (2  x) 2
1  4  4x  x 2
x  4x  5

3. Differentiate .
Let ;

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Assessment Tasks (ATs)

Worksheet #8

Name: _________________________________________________ Section: _______________

Determine the derivative of the following:

1.

2.

Cut here.

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Topic: Derivatives of Logarithmic Functions

Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs)

 Determine the derivative of the logarithmic functions.

Teaching and Learning Activities (TLAs)

Contents of Discussion:

Formula:

Examples:

 Differentiate
Let u ;

 Differentiate
Let u = sin 5θ; du
dx  (cos 5 )(5)

 Differentiate .
Let ;

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Assessment Tasks (ATs)

Worksheet #9

Name: _________________________________________________ Section: _______________

Differentiate the following:

1.

2.

3. y  ln(ln x)

Cut here.

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Topic: Derivatives of Exponential Functions

Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs)

 Determine the derivative of the exponential functions.

Teaching and Learning Activities (TLAs)

Contents of Discussion:

Formulas:

Examples:

1. y = find

Let ;

2. , find .

3. y  e x sin 2 x
d (sin 2 x) d (e x )
y'  e x  sin 2 x
dx dx
 d ( 2 x)   x d ( x) 
y'  e x  cos 2 x   sin 2 x e 
 dx   dx 
y'  2e x cos 2 x  e x sin 2 x  e x (2 cos 2 x  sin 2 x)

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Assessment Tasks (ATs)

Worksheet #10

Name: _________________________________________________ Section: _______________

Find the derivatives of the following:

1.

2.

Cut here.

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UNIT 4. APPLICATIONS OF DERIVATIVES

Topic: Higher Derivatives

Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs)

 Determine the higher derivative of a given function.

Teaching and Learning Activities (TLAs)

Contents of Discussion:

Definitions:

If the first derivative is still differentiable, the second derivative can be derived. The derivative of the
second derivative becomes the third derivative, and so on.

The symbols used for higher derivatives are

1. The fifth derivative of the function

2. The fourth derivative of

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Assessment Tasks (ATs)

Worksheet #11

Name: _________________________________________________ Section: _______________

Find the highest derivative possible.

1. .

2. .

3. y  (2 x 3  1) 5

Cut here.

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Topic: Related Rates

Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs)

 Solve problems involving related rates.

Teaching and Learning Activities (TLAs)

Contents of Discussion:

Problems on time rates are readily solved by forming an equation relating the variables and
getting the derivatives with respect to time. It is even better if we can relate the variable desired
directly with respect to time. Suggested method below:

1. Read the problem very slowly until fully understood. Make a clear diagram if needed,
labeling all dimensions, both constant and variable.

2. Read the problem again and form the equation, writing what are given and what are to be
found.

3. Find the derivatives with respect to time, substitute the given quantities, and solve for the
unknowns.

Examples:

1. Find the rate of change of area of a square with varying side.

3. A ladder is 25 ft long and leaning against a vertical wall. The bottom of the ladder is pulled
horizontally away from the wall at 3 ft/s. Suppose we wish to determine how fast the top of the
ladder is sliding down when the bottom is 15 ft from the wall.
Given: ;

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Assessment Tasks (ATs)

Worksheet #12

Name: _________________________________________________ Section: _______________

Illustrate and solve the following problems.

1. A man 5.5 ft. tall walks away from a lamp post 10 ft high at the rate of 8 ft/s.
(a) How fast does his shadow lengthen?

(b) How fast does the tip of the shadow move?

2. The balloon leaves the ground 80 ft from an observer and rises vertically upward at 5 ft/s.
(a) How fast is the balloon receding from the observer after 12 seconds?

(b) Find the corresponding acceleration?

Cut here.

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Topic: Maxima and Minima

Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs)

 Determine the maxima and minima of a given function

 Solve problems involving maxima and minima

Teaching and Learning Activities (TLAs)

Contents of Discussion:

Steps in finding the maximum and minimum points:

1. Get the first derivative of the function.

2. Equate the first derivative to zero and solve for the real roots. These are critical points.
3. Get the second derivative of the function.
4. Taking one critical point at a time, get the value of the second derivative.
a. If the second derivative is greater than zero (positive value): MINIMUM
b. If the second derivative is less than zero (negative value): MAXIMUM

Example 1: Find the minimum and maximum point of the function

To find the critical points:

The critical points are , , and .

Testing each critical point:

At ; which is positive, hence the curve is minimum at

.

At ; which is positive, hence the curve is minimum at

.

At ; which is negative, hence the curve is maximum at

.

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Example 2: Find two numbers whose sum is 10, if the product of one by the cube of the other is a
maximum.

Let – first number

second number
Equations: ;

Answer : 6 and 4

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Assessment Tasks (ATs)

Worksheet #13

Name: _________________________________________________ Section: _______________

Analyze and solve each problem carefully.

1. Find the minimum and maximum points of the curve .

2. A triangle has a base of 16 inches and an altitude of 8 inches. Find the dimensions of the
largest rectangle that can be inscribed in the triangle if the base of the rectangle
coincides with the base of the triangle.

Cut here.

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Unit 5: INDEFINITE INTEGRAL
Topic: Integral of a Function & General Properties of Integral

Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs)

 Identify the general properties on indefinite integral.
 Apply the general properties of integration in finding the integral of a given
function

Teaching and Learning Activities (TLAs)

Concepts & Examples

INTEGRAL OF A FUNCTION

F(x) =
Integrand
Integral sign

Integration Process
 Finding a function F(x) whose differential is f(x) dx or whose derivative is f(x).

Example 1:

Consider: dy = 5x4dx

Possible Solutions: y = x5 ; y = x5 +1 ; y = x5 – 6 ; y = x5 + C
General function whose
Differential is 5x4dx
Therefore,

Theorem: If F(x) is a function whose differential is f(x)dx, or whose derivative is f(x), then F(x) + C
is a whole class of function having the same differential ( or derivative).

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ANTIDERIVATIVES / INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

If F(x) is a function whose derivative F′(x) = f(x) on certain interval of the x-axis, then F(x) is called
the anti-derivative of indefinite integral f(x). When we integrate the differential of a function we get that
function plus an arbitrary constant. In symbols we write

where: f(x) = integrand

C = Constant of Integration
F(x) = integral
∫ = integral sign

The symbol called the integral sign ( ∫ ) specifies the operation of integration upon f(x) dx; that
is, we are to find a function whose derivative is f(x) or whose differential is f(x) dx. The dx tells us that
the variable of integration is x. The indefinite integral of a function is sometimes called the general
antiderivative of the function as well.

Example:

If

is the derivative of the given four different functions and the antiderivative is the indefinite

integral of a given function. In general is the definite integral of the four given functions. In

symbol,

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Examples

General Properties of Indefinite Integrals

I.

II.
=v+w+…+z+C

III.

IV. ; General Power formula where: n

V.

VI.

VII.

VIII.

IX.

Integration by General Properties and the Power Formula

Example 1 : =

Example 2:

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=

Example 3:

Example 4:

Let : v = x2 + 5
dv = d (x2 + 5) = 2x dx

Example 5:

Let: v = sin
dv = d(sin = cos d

Alternate solution: Let v = cos , dv = d(cos = - sin

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Assessment Tasks (ATs)

Worksheet #14

Name: _________________________________________________ Section: _______________

Find the integral of the given function.

1.  5xdx

2.  ( x  3)dx

 (a  bx
2
3. )dx

 (8x  5x 2  2)dx
4
4.

7
5. x 5
dx

6.

7.

8.  y 1
y
dy

Cut here.

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Topic: Integration of Algebraic and Transcedental Functions

Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs)

 Use the formula of integration in determining the integral of different types of
functions

Teaching and Learning Activities (TLAs)

Concepts & Examples

STANDARD INTEGRATION FORMULA

In antiderivative were found by comparing the integrand with some known derivatives.
However, it is not always possible to do so, as in most case the integrand does not match with our
known derivatives. Therefore, we need some Integration Formulas. As integration is the reverse process
of differentiation, we can make the first few integration formula directly from corresponding derivative
formulas. A number of the following formulas follow immediately from the standard differentiation
formulas while others may be checked by differentiation.

DIFFERENTIAL FORMULA INTEGRAL FORMULA

1. The integral of the differential of a function u is u plus an arbitrary constant C (the definition of an
integral).

2. The integral of a constant times the differential of the function. (A constant may be written before the
integral sign but not a variable factor).

3.The integral of the sum of a finite number of differentials is the sum of their integrals.

4. If n is not equal to minus one, the integral of un du is obtained by adding one to the exponent and
divided by the new exponent. This is called the General Power Formula.

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5. The integral of any quotient whose numerator is the differential of the denominator is the logarithm
of the denominator.

6. There are two basic formulas for the integration of exponential functions

Examples:

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Note that the given integrand is an improper fraction. To find the definite integral of such
functions, the given integrand must transform into proper fraction then use the Sum Rule.

=2

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Assessment Tasks (ATs)

Worksheet #15

Name: _________________________________________________ Section: _______________

Find the integral of the following functions.

1  e2x
1.  e x dx

 1 
 x x 
 1  24 x  dx
2
2.
 x

y4
3.  y4

x
4.  3
x

 5 
  3x  x dx
2
5.
x3 

Cut here.

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Topic: Integration by Algebraic Substitution

Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs)

 Use algebraic substitution in finding the integral of a given function.

Teaching and Learning Activities (TLAs)

Concepts & Examples

Algebraic Substitution
 Process of replacing the variable of integration by a function of a new variable.
 A change in the variable on integration often reduces an integrand to an easier integrable
form.
 A new variable may be introduced in placed of the original variable x, where the two
variables have specific relationship.
 After the integral in the new variable has been integrated, the solution should be
transformed back into the original variable.
Examples:

2 x
1. Evaluate:  2 x 2  8x  1
dx

Solution:

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 xe
x 2 1
2. dx
Solution:

2 y 1
e
3.  2y 1
dx

Solution:

e3x
4.  5  2e 3 x dx
Solution:

x3 x2  x
5.  1 x2
dx  1 x2
dx

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Solution:

Answer:
z2
6.  2 z
dz

Solution:

-2

Answer:

3  sin 2
7.  cos 2
 1
d

Solution:

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Assessment Tasks (ATs)

Worksheet #16

Name: _________________________________________________ Section: _______________

Find the integral of the following functions using algebraic substitution.

cos 
4.  2  5 sin  d

Cut here.

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Topic: Definite Integral and its Application

Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs)

 Evaluate the given integral.
 Apply definite integral in finding the area of a curve.

Teaching and Learning Activities (TLAs)

Concepts & Examples

THE DEFINITION OF THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL

Given a function that is continuous on the interval {a,b} we divided the interval into n

subinterval of equal width, , and from each interval choose a point, . Then the definite
integral of f(x) from a to b is

The number “a” that is at the bottom of the integral sign is called the lower limit of the integral
and the number “b” at the top of the integral sign is called the upper limit of the integral. Also, despite
the fact that a and b were given as an interval the lower limit does not necessarily need to be smaller
than the upper limit. Collectively we’ll often call a and b the interval of integration.

In general if b > a for all values of x or any given variable, at x = b F(x) will be F(b) and at x =( a)
F(x) will be F(a) and the definite integral is the difference between F(b) and F(a).

In symbol;

Where F(x) = indefinite integral of given function f(x).

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Examples:
2
 8e
2x
1. Evaluate: dx
1

Solution:

2.

3.

4.

5.

APPLICATION OF DEFINITE INTEGRAL

AREA BY INTEGRATION

Definite integral can be interpreted as the AREA bounded by a given curve f(x), the vertical lines
x= a and x= b, and the coordinate axes.

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
Area by integration is from dA  ydx , it follows by inspection that A  ydx   f xdx  F x  C
where: F x  is a function whose derivative is f x 

In this figure we can use the condition that A  0 when x  a . By substituting x  a , we will
have 0  F a   C ; by denoting the area from a to x by A(a, x) we will have A(a, x)  F ( x)  F (a)

Therefore,

Area PCER = A(a, b)  F (b)  F (a) or F ( x)ba

where: a - is called the lower limit

b - is called the upper limit

Examples:
1
1. Prove that area of triangle is equal to bh .
2

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Solution:

First we will draw a Cartesian plane

From y  mx  b

h
y  x
b

 f x    x
rise h
run b

h x2 h  b 2 02 
A   f x dx  
b h
 xdx A  b
0 A    
0 b b 2 b 2 2 

h b2 1
A  A  bh
b 2 2

2. Find the area of a circle with radius a.

Solution:

The equation of the circle shown above is given by x 2  y 2  a 2 . The circle is symmetric

with respect to the x and y axes, hence we can find the area of one quarter of a cycle and
multiply by 4 in order to obtain the total area of the circle.

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Solve the above equation for y

y   (a 2  x 2 )
The equation of the upper semi - circle (y positive) is given by

x2
y  (a 2  x 2 )  a (1  )
a2
We use integrals to find the area of the upper right quarter of the circle as follows

1 a x2
Area of circle   a (1  2 )dx
4 0 a
x x
Let us substitute by sin t so that sin t  and dx  a cos tdt and the area is given by
a a
1
4
Area of circle 0
2
 
a 2 (1  sin 2 t ) cos tdt

We now use the trigonometric identity

1  sin t   cos t since t varies from 0 to 

2 2
, hence

1 2
Area of circle =   a 2 cos 2 tdt
4 0

Use the trigonometric identity cos 2 t 

cos 2t  1 to linearism the integrand;
2
1 2
Area of circle   a 2
cos 2t  1 dt
4 0 2
Evaluate the integral

2
1 1 1  1
Area of circle = a 2  sin 2t  t   a 2
4 2 2 0 4
The total area of the cycle is obtained by a multiplication by 4

1
Area of circle = 4  a 2  a 2
4

3. Find the area bounded by the curve y  2 x  1; the x axis and the vertical lines x  0 to x  4 .

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Solution:

Area   2 x  1dx   2 xdx   dx  x

4

0
2
 
 x  ( x 2  x)04  42  4  0  16  4 = 20 sq.units

4. What is the area bounded by the curve y = x3, x = - 2 and x = 1?

We can see from the graph that the portion between x = -2 and x = 0 is below the x-axis, so we need to
take the absolute value for that portion.

Solution:

0 1
0  x4 
1  x4   16   1  1 17
Area   x dx   x dx         0      0   4  = sq.units
3 3
2 0
 4 2  4 0  4  4  4 4

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Assessment Tasks (ATs)

Worksheet #17

Name: _________________________________________________ Section: _______________

Illustrate and solve.

1. Find the area under the curve y = x2 + 1 between x = 0 and x = 4 and the x-axis.

2. Find the area bounded by the given curve, the x axis and the given ordinates y = x3 + 3x2 ; x = 0,
x = 2.

Cut here.

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