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BASIC CHEMISTRY Lect 1

The document summarizes basic chemistry concepts including: 1) The four main elements that make up the human body are carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen. 2) Atoms are the building blocks of elements and consist of protons, neutrons, and electrons. 3) Chemical bonds such as ionic bonds and covalent bonds form when atoms gain, lose, or share electrons to achieve stable electron configurations. 4) Chemical reactions involve breaking and forming chemical bonds through synthesis, decomposition, and exchange reactions that are important for metabolic processes in the body.

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4 views

BASIC CHEMISTRY Lect 1

The document summarizes basic chemistry concepts including: 1) The four main elements that make up the human body are carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen. 2) Atoms are the building blocks of elements and consist of protons, neutrons, and electrons. 3) Chemical bonds such as ionic bonds and covalent bonds form when atoms gain, lose, or share electrons to achieve stable electron configurations. 4) Chemical reactions involve breaking and forming chemical bonds through synthesis, decomposition, and exchange reactions that are important for metabolic processes in the body.

Uploaded by

briosojoshua0
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology

Seventh Edition
Elaine N. Marieb

Chapter 2
Basic Chemistry

Joy Recto Oliveros


MSES
How Matter is Organized

Objectives:

*** Describe the main chemical elements of the


human body.
*** Describe the structure of atoms, ions, molecules,
free radicals and compounds.
Matter and Energy
• Matter – anything that occupies space and has mass
(weight)
• Energy – the ability to do work or to put matter into
motion.
• Kinds of Energy – a. kinetic – it is actually doing work
• b. potential – it is inactive or stored
• Forms of Energy
• Chemical – is stored in the bonds of chemical
substances
• Electrical – results from the movement of charged
particles
• Mechanical – directly involved in moving matter
• Radiant – travels in waves Slide 2.1
Composition of Matter
• Elements
• Fundamental units of matter
• 96% of the body is made from four elements
• Carbon (C)- primary component that includes carbohydrates,
lipids, proteins and nucleic acids.
• Oxygen (O) – major component that includes gas, and other
food fuels during which cellular energy is
produced
• Hydrogen (H) – a component that influences the pH of the
body fluids
• Nitrogen (N)- a component of proteins and nucleic acids

Slide 2.2
•Atoms
•Building blocks of elements
•They are small and in clusters that split to smaller
particles
•They represents 112 plus elements composed of
different numbers and proportions of three basic
subatomic particles:
1. protons – have a positive charge
2. neutrons – uncharged or neutral
3. electrons – negative charged
*** the electrical charge of a particle is a measure of
it’s ability to attract or repel other charged particles
Atomic Structure

• Nucleus
• Protons (p+)
• Neutrons (n0)
• Outside of
nucleus
• Electrons (e-)

Slide 2.3
Identifying Elements – Atoms of different elements
are composed of different
numbers of protons, neutrons
• Atomic number and electrons.

• Each element is given number that is equal to the


number of protons that the atoms contain
• The number of protons is always equal to the
number of electrons
• Atomic mass number
• Sum of the protons and neutrons contained in its
nucleus
• It is written as a superscript to the left of the atomic
symbol
Slide 2.4
Atomic Weight and Isotopes
• Isotopes
• Have the same number of protons and
electrons
• Vary in number of neutrons
• Atomic weight
• Equal to its atomic mass
• Close to mass number of most abundant
isotope
• Atomic weight reflects natural isotope variation
Slide 2.5
Radioactivity
• Radioisotope
• Heavy isotopes of certain atoms
• Tends to be unstable
• Decomposes to become more stable isotope
• Radioactivity
• Process of spontaneous atomic decay, which
involve the ejection of particles (alpha and beta
particles) or electromagnetic energy (gamma
rays) and are damaging to the living cells.
Slide 2.6
Molecules and Compounds

• Molecule – two or more like/same atoms


combined chemically
Ex: H atom + H atom → H2 (hydrogen gas)

• Compound – two or more different atoms


combined chemically to form a molecule
Ex: 4H + C → CH4 (methane)

Slide 2.7
Chemical Reactions

• Atoms combine with or dissociate from other


atoms
• Atoms unite chemically, chemical bonds are
formed

Slide 2.8
Electrons and Bonding
Bond formation – is an energy relationship that
involves interactions between the electrons of the
reacting atoms
Roles of Electrons:
• Electrons occupy energy levels called electron
shells
• Electrons closest to the nucleus are most strongly
attracted to its positive charge
• Each shell has distinct properties
• Number of electrons has an upper limit
• Shells closest to nucleus fill first Slide 2.9
Electrons and Bonding

• Bonding involves interactions between


electrons in the outer shell (valence shell)
• Its electrons determine the chemical behavior
of the atom
• Full valence shells do not form bonds
• When the valence of an atom contains 8 electrons, the atom
is completely stable and is chemically inactive (inert)
• When the valence shell contains fewer than 8 electrons, an
atom will tend to gain, lose or share electrons with other
atoms to reach a stable state.
Slide 2.10
Inert Elements
• Have complete valence shells and are
stable
• Rule of 8s
• Shell 1 has 2
electrons
• Shell 2 has 10
electrons
• 10 = 2 + 8
• Shell 3 has 18
electrons
• 18 = 2 + 8 + 8
Slide 2.11
Reactive Elements

• Valence shells are


not full and are
unstable
• Tend to gain, lose,
or share electrons
• Allows for bond
formation, which
produces stable
valence
Slide 2.12
Chemical Bonds
• Ionic Bonds
• Form when electrons are completely transferred from one
atom to another
• Atoms are neutral, when they gain or lose electrons during
bonding, these positive and negative charges are no longer
balanced

• Ions – atoms that have gained or lost electrons


• Charged particles
• Anions are negative – atom gains an electron
• Cations are positive – atom losses an electron
• Either donate or accept electrons Slide 2.13
Chemical Bonds
• Covalent Bonds
• Atoms become stable through shared electrons
• Single covalent bonds share one electron
• Double covalent bonds share two electrons

Slide 2.14
Examples of Covalent Bonds

Slide 2.15
Polarity
• Covalent bonded
molecules
• Some are
non-polar
• Electrically neutral
as a molecule
• Some are
polar
• Have a positive
and negative side

Slide 2.16
Chemical Bonds
• Hydrogen bonds
• Weak chemical bonds formed when a
hydrogen atom bound to one electron
nitrogen or oxygen atom
• It is common between water molecules
• Hydrogen is attracted to negative portion of
polar molecule
• Provides attraction between molecules
• Important in helping to maintain the structures
of protein molecules (body building) Slide 2.17
Patterns of Chemical Reactions – these
involve the making or breaking of bonds between atoms
• 1. Synthesis reaction (A+B→AB) or Anabolism
• Atoms or molecules combine
• Energy is absorbed for bond formation
• Involves anabolic (constructive) activities that occur in body cells
• Important for growth and repair of worn-out or damaged tissues
• 2. Decomposition reaction (AB→A+B) or Catabolism
• Molecule is broken down into smaller molecules
• Chemical energy is released
• Involves catabolic (destructive) activities that occur in body cells
• Includes digestion of foods into their building blocks and
breakdown of glycogen to release glucose when blood sugar
levels start to decline. Slide 2.18
Synthesis and Decomposition
Reactions

Slide 2.19
Patterns of Chemical Reactions

• 3. Exchange reaction (AB→AC+B)


• Involves both synthesis and decomposition
reactions: bonds are both made and broken
• Switch is made between molecule parts and
different molecules are made
• Ex: An exchange reaction, when ATP reacts
with glucose and transfer phosphate to
glucose, forming glucose phosphate
• AB + C → AC + B and AB + CD → AD + CB
Slide 2.20

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