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Soliton Solutions of Space-Time Fractional-Order Modified Extended

Zakharov-Kuznetsov Equation in Plasma Physics

Article in Bulletin of Mathematical Sciences and Applications · November 2018

DOI: 10.18052/www.scipress.com/BMSA.20.1

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Bulletin of Mathematical Sciences and Applications Submitted: 2018-04-26
ISSN: 2278-9634, Vol. 20, pp 1-8 Revised: 2018-08-07
doi:10.18052/www.scipress.com/BMSA.20.1 Accepted: 2018-10-04
© 2018 SciPress Ltd., Switzerland Online: 2018-11-21

Soliton Solutions of Space-Time Fractional-Order Modified Extended

Zakharov-Kuznetsov Equation in Plasma Physics
Muhammad Nasir Ali1,a, Syed Muhammad Husnine1,b, Sana Noor2,c
and Turgut Ak 3,d,*
1
Department of Sciences and Humanities, National University of Computer and Emerging
Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
2
Department of Geography, Lahore Collage for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan
3
Armutlu Vocational School, Yalova University, Armutlu 77500, Yalova, Turkey
a
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected], d,*[email protected]

Keywords: Zakharov Kuznetsov equation, Fractional derivatives, Complex fractional

transformation, (1⁄𝐺𝐺 ′ ) −expansion method, Bright and dark soliton solutions.

Abstract. The aim of this article is to calculate the soliton solutions of space-time fractional-order
modified extended Zakharov-Kuznetsov equation which is modeled to investigate the waves in
magnetized plasma physics. Fractional derivatives in the form of modified Riemann-Liouville
derivatives are used. Complex fractional transformation is applied to convert the original nonlinear
partial differential equation into another nonlinear ordinary differential equation. Then, soliton
solutions are obtained by using (1⁄𝐺𝐺 ′ ) −expansion method. Bright and dark soliton solutions are
also obtained with ansatz method. These solutions may be of significant importance in plasma
physics where this equation is modeled for some special physical phenomenon.

Introduction
Many real world problems in science and engineering are modelled by using nonlinear partial
differential equations (NPDEs). Finding the exact solutions of such nonlinear equations is an
important area of research. Fractional differential equations (FDE’s) are also getting the attention of
the researchers in the recent years. Many real world problems are modelled via FDE’s in fluid
dynamics. Exact solutions of such models play an important role in the mathematical sciences [1-9].
FDE’s are studied by researchers for obtaining the exact solutions with different techniques in
literature. Exact solutions of time-fractional Burgers equation, biological population model and
space–time fractional Whitham–Broer–Kaup equations are calculated with (𝐺𝐺 ′ ⁄𝐺𝐺 ) −expansion
method [10]. Lie group analysis for n order linear fractional partial differential equation and
nonlinear fractional reaction diffusion convection equation are performed [11]. Homotopy
perturbation method is applied to the nonlinear fractional Kolmogorov-Petrovskii-Piskunov
equations to obtain exact solutions [12]. Exact solutions of (3+1)-dimensional space-time fractional
modified KdV-Zakharov-Kuznetsov equation are obtained [13]. The improved extended tanh-coth
method and (1⁄𝐺𝐺 ′ ) −expansion method are used to find the exact solution of Sharma–Tasso–Olver
equation [14,15]. New extended trial equation method is used for finding the exact solution of a
class of generalized fractional Zakhrov-Kuznetsov equation [16]. Improved fractional sub-equation
method is utilized for calculating the exact solutions of (3+1)-dimensional generalized fractional
KdV–Zakharov–Kuznetsov equations [17]. Generalized Kudryashov method is considered for time-
fractional differential equations [18].
In mathematical physics, Zakharov-Kuznetsov (ZK) equation is used to describe the nonlinear
development of ion-acoustic waves in magnetized plasma [19]. It is comprised of cold ions and hot
isothermal electrons in the presence of a uniform magnetic field. It is also known as the
generalization of KdV equation. Extended form of (1+2)-dimensional and (1+3)-dimensional
quantum Zakharov-Kuznetsov equation are investigated for exact solutions [20].

SciPress applies the CC-BY 4.0 license to works we publish: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

2 Volume 20

In this article, we consider the following (1+3)-dimensional space-time fractional-order

modified extended Zakharov-Kuznetsov equation (MEZK)
𝐷𝐷𝑡𝑡𝛼𝛼 𝑢𝑢 + 𝛽𝛽𝑢𝑢2 𝐷𝐷𝑧𝑧𝛼𝛼 𝑢𝑢 + 𝛾𝛾�𝐷𝐷𝑥𝑥3𝛼𝛼 𝑢𝑢 + 𝐷𝐷𝑦𝑦3𝛼𝛼 𝑢𝑢 + 𝐷𝐷𝑧𝑧3𝛼𝛼 𝑢𝑢� + 𝛿𝛿�𝐷𝐷𝑧𝑧𝛼𝛼 𝐷𝐷𝑥𝑥2𝛼𝛼 𝑢𝑢 + 𝐷𝐷𝑧𝑧𝛼𝛼 𝐷𝐷𝑦𝑦2𝛼𝛼 𝑢𝑢� = 0, (1)
for calculating the soliton solutions where 𝛽𝛽, 𝛾𝛾, 𝛿𝛿 are the constants and 0 < 𝛼𝛼 ≤ 1.
The article is arranged as follows. In section, modified Riemann-Liouville derivative of order
𝛼𝛼 is explained with some of its properties. Soliton solutions are obtained with (1⁄𝐺𝐺 ′ ) −expansion
method. Also, bright and dark soliton solutions are calculated with ansatz method in Section 3.
Conclusion is provided in Section 4. References are given in the end.

Modified Riemann-Liouville Derivative and Its Properties

The modified Riemann-Liouville derivative of order 𝛼𝛼 for a continuous function is defined as
follows [21]
𝑥𝑥
1 𝑑𝑑
𝛼𝛼 �(𝑥𝑥 − 𝜏𝜏)−𝛼𝛼 �𝑔𝑔(𝜏𝜏) − 𝑔𝑔(0)�𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑, 0 < 𝛼𝛼 < 1
𝐷𝐷𝑥𝑥 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) = �𝛤𝛤(1 − 𝛼𝛼) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 (2)
0
(𝑔𝑔𝑛𝑛 (𝑥𝑥)) 𝛼𝛼−𝑛𝑛
, 𝑛𝑛 ≤ 𝛼𝛼 < 𝑛𝑛 + 1, 𝑛𝑛 ≥ 1
where 𝑔𝑔: 𝑅𝑅 → 𝑅𝑅, 𝑥𝑥 → 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) denotes a continuous function not necessarily first order differential.
Following are the important properties of modified Riemann-Liouville derivative.
• If ℎ: 𝑅𝑅 → 𝑅𝑅, is a continuous function, then its fractional derivative in the form of integral
w.r.t. (𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑)𝛼𝛼
𝑥𝑥1 𝑥𝑥
1 1 𝑑𝑑
𝐷𝐷𝑥𝑥𝛼𝛼 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) = � (𝑔𝑔 − 𝜏𝜏)𝛼𝛼−1 𝑔𝑔(𝜏𝜏)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = � 𝑔𝑔(𝜏𝜏)(𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑)𝛼𝛼 , 0 < 𝛼𝛼 < 1 (3)
𝛤𝛤(𝛼𝛼) 𝛤𝛤(1 + 𝛼𝛼) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
0 0

• For any constant 𝑘𝑘, the fractional derivative is

𝐷𝐷𝑥𝑥𝛼𝛼 (𝑘𝑘) = 0. (4)

• Fractional derivative for the linear combination of the functions 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) and ℎ(𝑥𝑥) and the
constants 𝑎𝑎 and 𝑏𝑏 is defined as

𝐷𝐷𝑥𝑥𝛼𝛼 (𝑎𝑎 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) + 𝑏𝑏(ℎ(𝑥𝑥))) = 𝑎𝑎𝐷𝐷𝑥𝑥𝛼𝛼 �𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥)� + 𝑏𝑏𝐷𝐷𝑥𝑥𝛼𝛼 �ℎ(𝑥𝑥)�. (5)

• For ℎ(𝑥𝑥) = (𝑥𝑥)𝑝𝑝 , the fractional derivative will be
𝛤𝛤(1 + 𝑝𝑝)
𝐷𝐷𝑥𝑥𝛼𝛼 ((𝑥𝑥)𝑝𝑝 ) = (𝑥𝑥)𝑝𝑝−𝛼𝛼 . (6)
𝛤𝛤(1 + 𝑝𝑝 − 𝛼𝛼)

Soliton Solutions of Fractional Form of MEZK Equation

In this section, different methods are applied to find the soliton solutions of Eq. (1).

(𝟏𝟏⁄𝑮𝑮′ ) −Expansion method

Here, we use the (1⁄𝐺𝐺 ′ ) −expansion method for calculating the soliton solutions. For
transforming the Eq. (1) in to another ordinary differential equation (ODE), we apply the following
complex fractional transformation
𝑎𝑎(𝑥𝑥)𝛼𝛼 𝑏𝑏(𝑦𝑦)𝛼𝛼 𝑐𝑐(𝑧𝑧)𝛼𝛼 𝑤𝑤(𝑡𝑡)𝛼𝛼
ξ = + + − . (7)
𝛤𝛤(1 + 𝛼𝛼) 𝛤𝛤(1 + 𝛼𝛼) 𝛤𝛤(1 + 𝛼𝛼) 𝛤𝛤(1 + 𝛼𝛼)
 Bulletin of Mathematical Sciences and Applications Vol. 20 3

This results in the following ODE

−𝑤𝑤𝑈𝑈 ′ + 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑈𝑈 2 𝑈𝑈 ′ + (𝛾𝛾(𝑎𝑎3 + 𝑏𝑏 3 + 𝑐𝑐 3 ) + 𝛿𝛿(𝑎𝑎2 𝑐𝑐 + 𝑏𝑏 2 𝑐𝑐))𝑈𝑈 ′′′ = 0, (8)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
where 𝑈𝑈 = 𝑢𝑢(ξ ) and 𝑈𝑈 ′ = 𝑑𝑑ξ
. Integrating Eq. (8) w.r.t. ξ taking constant of integration zero, it
yields
1
−𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 + 3 𝐴𝐴𝑈𝑈 3 + 𝐵𝐵𝑈𝑈 ′′ = 0. (9)
where 𝐴𝐴 = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 and 𝐵𝐵 = 𝛾𝛾(𝑎𝑎3 + 𝑏𝑏 3 + 𝑐𝑐 3 ) + 𝛿𝛿(𝑎𝑎2 𝑐𝑐 + 𝑏𝑏 2 𝑐𝑐). Balancing the terms 𝑈𝑈 ′′ and 𝑈𝑈 3 , we
obtain 𝑀𝑀 = 1. Hence the solution will take the form as
1
𝑈𝑈 = 𝑎𝑎0 + 𝑎𝑎1 � ′ �, (10)
𝐺𝐺
with 𝑎𝑎0 and 𝑎𝑎1 as constants to be determined and
1 λ
� ′� = . (11)
𝐺𝐺 −𝜇𝜇 + λ 𝑐𝑐1 (cosh(λξ ) − sinh(λξ ))
Also 𝐺𝐺(ξ ) will satisfy the ordinary differential equation 𝐺𝐺 ′′ (ξ ) + λ𝐺𝐺 ′ (ξ ) + 𝜇𝜇 = 0 where λ
and 𝜇𝜇 are the constants. This equation contains the solution
𝜇𝜇
𝐺𝐺(ξ ) = 𝑐𝑐1 𝑒𝑒 −λξ − ξ + 𝑐𝑐2 . (12)
λ
1
Using Eq. (10) in Eq. (9) and then comparing coefficients of different powers of �𝐺𝐺′ �, we
obtain the following system of equations

1 0 𝐴𝐴
�𝐺𝐺′ � : −𝑤𝑤𝑎𝑎0 + 3 𝑎𝑎0 3 = 0,
1 1
�𝐺𝐺′ � : 𝑎𝑎0 2 𝑎𝑎1 𝐴𝐴 + 𝑎𝑎1 𝐵𝐵λ2 − 𝑤𝑤𝑎𝑎1 = 0,
1 2 (13)
�𝐺𝐺′ � : 𝑎𝑎1 2 𝑎𝑎0 𝐴𝐴 + 3𝜇𝜇 λ𝑎𝑎1 𝐵𝐵 = 0,
1 3 𝐴𝐴
�𝐺𝐺′ � : 3
𝑎𝑎1 3 + 2𝐵𝐵𝑚𝑚2 𝑎𝑎1 = 0,

Solving the system (13), we get the following solutions

2𝑤𝑤 6𝐵𝐵 3𝑤𝑤
Set 1: λ(1) = −𝑖𝑖� 𝐵𝐵 , 𝑎𝑎1 (1) = −𝑖𝑖� 𝐴𝐴 𝜇𝜇, 𝑎𝑎0 (1) = −� 𝐴𝐴 . (14)

2𝑤𝑤 6𝐵𝐵 3𝑤𝑤

Set 2: λ(2) = −𝑖𝑖� 𝐵𝐵 , 𝑎𝑎1 (2) = 𝑖𝑖� 𝐴𝐴 𝜇𝜇, 𝑎𝑎0 (2) = � 𝐴𝐴 . (15)

2𝑤𝑤 6𝐵𝐵 3𝑤𝑤

Set 3: λ(3) = 𝑖𝑖� 𝐵𝐵 , 𝑎𝑎1 (3) = −𝑖𝑖� 𝐴𝐴 𝜇𝜇, 𝑎𝑎0 (3) = � 𝐴𝐴 . (16)

2𝑤𝑤 6𝐵𝐵 3𝑤𝑤

Set 4: λ(4) = 𝑖𝑖� 𝐵𝐵 , 𝑎𝑎1 (4) = −𝑖𝑖� 𝐴𝐴 𝜇𝜇, 𝑎𝑎0 (4) = � 𝐴𝐴 . (17)

Putting values from Eqs. (14-17) in Eq. (10) using Eq. (11), following
(1)
3𝑤𝑤 6𝐵𝐵 λ
𝑈𝑈1 = −� − �𝑖𝑖 � 𝜇𝜇� (1) (1) (1)
, (18)
𝐴𝐴 𝐴𝐴 −𝜇𝜇 + λ 𝑐𝑐1 �cosh�λ ξ � − sinh�λ ξ ��
4 Volume 20

3𝑤𝑤 6𝐵𝐵 λ(2)

𝑈𝑈2 = � + �𝑖𝑖 � 𝜇𝜇� , (19)
𝐴𝐴 𝐴𝐴 −𝜇𝜇 + λ(2) 𝑐𝑐1 �cosh�λ(2) ξ � − sinh�λ(2) ξ ��

(3)
3𝑤𝑤 6𝐵𝐵 λ
𝑈𝑈3 = � − �𝑖𝑖 � 𝜇𝜇� (3) (3) (3)
, (20)
𝐴𝐴 𝐴𝐴 −𝜇𝜇 + λ 𝑐𝑐1 �cosh�λ ξ � − sinh�λ ξ ��

(4)
3𝑤𝑤 6𝐵𝐵 λ
𝑈𝑈4 = −� + �𝑖𝑖 � 𝜇𝜇� (4) (4) (4)
, (21)
𝐴𝐴 𝐴𝐴 −𝜇𝜇 + λ 𝑐𝑐1 �cosh�λ ξ � − sinh�λ ξ ��

where ξ is defined in Eq. (7).

Ansatz method
To obtain bright and dark soliton solutions of Eq. (1), ansatz method is applied.
Bright soliton solutions
To obtain the bright solutions of Eq. (9), we consider the ansatz of the form
𝜏𝜏
𝑈𝑈 = 𝑢𝑢(ξ ) = , (22)
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐ℎ𝑝𝑝 (𝜃𝜃ξ)
where 𝜏𝜏 is the amplitude of the soliton, 𝜃𝜃 is the inverse width of the soliton and 𝑝𝑝 > 0 for the
solitons to exist. The value of the unknown 𝑝𝑝 will be determined during the derivation of the
solution. Now

𝜏𝜏 3
𝑈𝑈 3 = ,
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐ℎ3𝑝𝑝 (𝜃𝜃ξ) (23)
2 2 2
𝜏𝜏𝑝𝑝 𝜃𝜃 𝜏𝜏𝑝𝑝(𝑝𝑝 + 1)𝜃𝜃
𝑈𝑈 ′′ = − .
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐ℎ𝑝𝑝 (𝜃𝜃ξ) 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐ℎ𝑝𝑝+2 (𝜃𝜃ξ)
Putting the values in Eq. (9), it results
−𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 𝐴𝐴 𝜏𝜏 3 𝜏𝜏𝑝𝑝2 𝜃𝜃 2 𝜏𝜏𝑝𝑝(𝑝𝑝 + 1)𝜃𝜃 2
+ + 𝐵𝐵 � − � = 0. (24)
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐ℎ𝑝𝑝 (𝜃𝜃ξ) 3 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐ℎ3𝑝𝑝 (𝜃𝜃ξ) 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐ℎ𝑝𝑝 (𝜃𝜃ξ) 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐ℎ𝑝𝑝+2 (𝜃𝜃ξ)
𝐴𝐴 and 𝐵𝐵 are defined above. Equating the exponents 3𝑝𝑝 and 𝑝𝑝 + 2 from Eq. (24), we have

3𝑝𝑝 = 𝑝𝑝 + 2, (25)
𝑝𝑝 = 1.
1
Now comparing the different powers of 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐ℎ(𝜃𝜃 ξ ), it yields the following system

1 3
𝐴𝐴𝜏𝜏 − 2𝐵𝐵𝜏𝜏𝜃𝜃 2 = 0,
3 (26)
−𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 + 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝜃𝜃 2 = 0.
Solving this system, one can obtain
6𝑤𝑤 𝑤𝑤
Set 1: 𝜏𝜏 (1) = −� 𝐴𝐴 , 𝜃𝜃 (1) = −� 𝐵𝐵 , (27)
 Bulletin of Mathematical Sciences and Applications Vol. 20 5

6𝑤𝑤 𝑤𝑤
Set 2: 𝜏𝜏 (2) = −� 𝐴𝐴 , 𝜃𝜃 (2) = � 𝐵𝐵 , (28)

6𝑤𝑤 𝑤𝑤
Set 3: 𝜏𝜏 (3) = � 𝐴𝐴 , 𝜃𝜃 (3) = −� 𝐵𝐵 , (29)

6𝑤𝑤 𝑤𝑤
Set 4: 𝜏𝜏 (4) = � 𝐴𝐴 , 𝜃𝜃 (4) = � 𝐵𝐵 , (30)

Hence the bright solutions will be

6𝑤𝑤
−� 𝐴𝐴
𝑈𝑈5 = , (31)
𝑤𝑤 𝑎𝑎(𝑥𝑥)𝛼𝛼 𝑏𝑏(𝑦𝑦)𝛼𝛼 𝑐𝑐(𝑧𝑧)𝛼𝛼 𝑤𝑤(𝑡𝑡)𝛼𝛼
cosh �−� 𝐵𝐵 � + + − ��
𝛤𝛤(1 + 𝛼𝛼) 𝛤𝛤(1 + 𝛼𝛼) 𝛤𝛤(1 + 𝛼𝛼) 𝛤𝛤(1 + 𝛼𝛼)

6𝑤𝑤
−� 𝐴𝐴
𝑈𝑈6 = , (32)
𝑤𝑤 𝑎𝑎(𝑥𝑥)𝛼𝛼 𝑏𝑏(𝑦𝑦)𝛼𝛼 𝑐𝑐(𝑧𝑧)𝛼𝛼 𝑤𝑤(𝑡𝑡)𝛼𝛼
cosh �� 𝐵𝐵 � + + − ��
𝛤𝛤(1 + 𝛼𝛼) 𝛤𝛤(1 + 𝛼𝛼) 𝛤𝛤(1 + 𝛼𝛼) 𝛤𝛤(1 + 𝛼𝛼)

�6𝑤𝑤
𝐴𝐴
𝑈𝑈7 = , (33)
𝑤𝑤 𝑎𝑎(𝑥𝑥)𝛼𝛼 𝑏𝑏(𝑦𝑦)𝛼𝛼 𝑐𝑐(𝑧𝑧)𝛼𝛼 𝑤𝑤(𝑡𝑡)𝛼𝛼
cosh �−� 𝐵𝐵 � + + − ��
𝛤𝛤(1 + 𝛼𝛼) 𝛤𝛤(1 + 𝛼𝛼) 𝛤𝛤(1 + 𝛼𝛼) 𝛤𝛤(1 + 𝛼𝛼)

�6𝑤𝑤
𝐴𝐴
𝑈𝑈8 = . (34)
𝑤𝑤 𝑎𝑎(𝑥𝑥)𝛼𝛼 𝑏𝑏(𝑦𝑦)𝛼𝛼 𝑐𝑐(𝑧𝑧)𝛼𝛼 𝑤𝑤(𝑡𝑡)𝛼𝛼
cosh �� 𝐵𝐵 � + + − ��
𝛤𝛤(1 + 𝛼𝛼) 𝛤𝛤(1 + 𝛼𝛼) 𝛤𝛤(1 + 𝛼𝛼) 𝛤𝛤(1 + 𝛼𝛼)
where ξ is defined in Eq. (7).
Dark soliton solutions
To calculate the dark solutions of Eq. (9), we take the ansatz of the form
𝑈𝑈 = 𝑢𝑢(ξ ) = 𝜏𝜏 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑝𝑝 (𝜃𝜃ξ), (35)
where 𝑝𝑝 > 0 is unknown and will be determined during the derivation of the solution. Now

𝑈𝑈 3 = 𝜏𝜏 3 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡ℎ3𝑝𝑝 (𝜃𝜃ξ),
𝑈𝑈 ′′ = 𝜏𝜏𝑝𝑝𝜃𝜃 2 �(𝑝𝑝 − 1)𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑝𝑝−2 (𝜃𝜃ξ) − 2𝑝𝑝𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑝𝑝 (𝜃𝜃ξ) + (𝑝𝑝 + 1)𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑝𝑝+2 (𝜃𝜃ξ)�. (36)

Putting the values in Eq. (9), it results

𝐵𝐵 �𝜏𝜏𝑝𝑝𝜃𝜃 2 �(𝑝𝑝 − 1)𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑝𝑝−2 (𝜃𝜃ξ) − 2𝑝𝑝𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑝𝑝 (𝜃𝜃ξ) + (𝑝𝑝 + 1)𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑝𝑝+2 (𝜃𝜃ξ)�� − 𝑤𝑤𝜏𝜏 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑝𝑝 (𝜃𝜃ξ)
𝐴𝐴
+ 𝜏𝜏 3 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡ℎ3𝑝𝑝 (𝜃𝜃ξ) = 0. (37)
3
𝐴𝐴 and 𝐵𝐵 are defined above. Equating the exponents 3𝑝𝑝 and 𝑝𝑝 + 2 from Eq. (24), we have

3𝑝𝑝 = 𝑝𝑝 + 2, (38)
𝑝𝑝 = 1.
Now equating the different powers of 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡ℎ(𝜃𝜃 ξ ) yields the following system
6 Volume 20

1 3
𝐴𝐴𝜏𝜏 + 2𝐵𝐵𝜏𝜏𝜃𝜃 2 = 0,
3 (39)
−𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 − 2𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝜃𝜃 2 = 0.
Solving this system, one can obtain
3𝑤𝑤 𝑤𝑤
Set 1: 𝜏𝜏 (5) = −� 𝐴𝐴 , 𝜃𝜃 (5) = −𝑖𝑖�2𝐵𝐵 , (40)

3𝑤𝑤 𝑤𝑤
Set 2: 𝜏𝜏 (6) = −� 𝐴𝐴 , 𝜃𝜃 (6) = 𝑖𝑖� 𝐵𝐵 , (41)

6𝑤𝑤 𝑤𝑤
Set 3: 𝜏𝜏 (7) = � 𝐴𝐴 , 𝜃𝜃 (7) = −𝑖𝑖� 𝐵𝐵 , (42)

6𝑤𝑤 𝑤𝑤
Set 4: 𝜏𝜏 (8) = � 𝐴𝐴 , 𝜃𝜃 (8) = 𝑖𝑖� 𝐵𝐵 , (43)

Hence the dark soliton solutions will be

3𝑤𝑤 𝑤𝑤 𝑎𝑎(𝑥𝑥)𝛼𝛼 𝑏𝑏(𝑦𝑦)𝛼𝛼 𝑐𝑐(𝑧𝑧)𝛼𝛼 𝑤𝑤(𝑡𝑡)𝛼𝛼

𝑈𝑈9 = −� 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡ℎ �−𝑖𝑖� � + + − ��, (44)
𝐴𝐴 2𝐵𝐵 𝛤𝛤(1 + 𝛼𝛼) 𝛤𝛤(1 + 𝛼𝛼) 𝛤𝛤(1 + 𝛼𝛼) 𝛤𝛤(1 + 𝛼𝛼)

3𝑤𝑤 𝑤𝑤 𝑎𝑎(𝑥𝑥)𝛼𝛼 𝑏𝑏(𝑦𝑦)𝛼𝛼 𝑐𝑐(𝑧𝑧)𝛼𝛼 𝑤𝑤(𝑡𝑡)𝛼𝛼

𝑈𝑈10 = −� 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡ℎ �𝑖𝑖� � + + − ��, (45)
𝐴𝐴 2𝐵𝐵 𝛤𝛤(1 + 𝛼𝛼) 𝛤𝛤(1 + 𝛼𝛼) 𝛤𝛤(1 + 𝛼𝛼) 𝛤𝛤(1 + 𝛼𝛼)

3𝑤𝑤 𝑤𝑤 𝑎𝑎(𝑥𝑥)𝛼𝛼 𝑏𝑏(𝑦𝑦)𝛼𝛼 𝑐𝑐(𝑧𝑧)𝛼𝛼 𝑤𝑤(𝑡𝑡)𝛼𝛼

𝑈𝑈11 =� 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡ℎ �−𝑖𝑖� � + + − ��, (46)
𝐴𝐴 2𝐵𝐵 𝛤𝛤(1 + 𝛼𝛼) 𝛤𝛤(1 + 𝛼𝛼) 𝛤𝛤(1 + 𝛼𝛼) 𝛤𝛤(1 + 𝛼𝛼)

3𝑤𝑤 𝑤𝑤 𝑎𝑎(𝑥𝑥)𝛼𝛼 𝑏𝑏(𝑦𝑦)𝛼𝛼 𝑐𝑐(𝑧𝑧)𝛼𝛼 𝑤𝑤(𝑡𝑡)𝛼𝛼

𝑈𝑈12 = � 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡ℎ �𝑖𝑖� � + + − �� . (47)
𝐴𝐴 2𝐵𝐵 𝛤𝛤(1 + 𝛼𝛼) 𝛤𝛤(1 + 𝛼𝛼) 𝛤𝛤(1 + 𝛼𝛼) 𝛤𝛤(1 + 𝛼𝛼)
where ξ is defined in Eq. (7).

Conclusion
In this article, space-time fractional form of MEZK is investigated for soliton solutions.
Complex fractional transformation is utilized to achieve the nonlinear ODE from fractional MEZK
equation. Bright and dark soliton solutions are obtained with solitary wave ansatz method.
(1⁄𝐺𝐺 ′ ) −expansion method is also applied to get some other solutions. These solutions may be of
significant importance for the explanation of the some special physical phenomena arising in
plasma physics modelled by this equation. This article also highlights the strength of the methods to
obtain the soliton solutions to the highly nonlinear FDE’s with constants coefficients.

Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this
paper.
 Bulletin of Mathematical Sciences and Applications Vol. 20 7

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