Module 1

Historical Antecedents
in the Course of Science
and Technology
 The
Relationship
Between
Science,
Technology,
and
Society
• Science and technology is the
best thing society could ever
ask for.
• Play a major roles in everyday
life
• Some sectors that have been
boosted by science and
technology are energy,
physical sciences, information
and communication.
• The society has greatly gained
with the invention of
technology.
• Without society then there would be no science
and technology and that is why the invention of
certain tools and equipment have helped achieve
big things.
• The impact of science and technology can
seriously be recognized.
• The driving force behind this continuous progress
is the desire to raise the quality of life of the
people.
Ancient
Times
• Significant because people
were trying to go places and
discover new horizons.
• Travelled to search for food
• Find better locations for
settlements
• Travelled to trade their
surplus (exchange)
• Navigation assisted them in
their jouneys
Communication
• Essential endeavors to discover and
occupy new places
• Communication is their way to facilitate
trade and possible conflicts
Weapons and Armors
• Important for establishment of new alliances
with other tribes
• Risk of conflicts were common due to
different culture and orientations
• Stronger nations tended to invade weaker
ones to take much needed resources
 Conservation of Life
• Illnesses and diseases (natural and man-made)
hampered the full potential of human being

• Science and technology played a major role in

the discovery of cures to, if not the prevention
of, illnesses
Architecture and Engineering
• Establishment of structures for protection from
human attacks and natural disasters, and
construction of bigger and stronger
infrastructures
• Allowed humans to build structures that would
address their specific needs and wants
• Development in engineering also ushered in the
introduction of architecture
• Architecture would be considered a status
symbol among nations
• Identity of a nation
Food and Advancement of Medical Technology

• To prolong life
• Improvements of looks (Presentable,
adding/deducting some features, decorations)
Sumerian Civilization
• The Sumerian civilization emerged upon the flood
plain of the lower reaches of the Tigris and
Euphrates Rivers about 4000 B.C.
• The social structure of the Sumerians was decidedly
different from other societies of that and later times.
• The Sumerian communities were city states
organized around a temple and ruled by a
priesthood.
• They are known for their high degree of cooperation
with one another and their esire for great things.
• They are not contented with the basic things life can
offer.
• Their desires pushed them to develop many things
connected with Science and Technology.
Cuneiform
• Development of the first
writing system
• Utilizes word pictures and
triangular symbols which
carved on clay using
wedge instruments and
left to dry
• Allowed Sumerians to
keep records of things
with great historical value
or their everyday life
Uruk City
• The Great City of Uruk Became
Sumerian Powerhouse of
Technology, Architecture and
Culture
• Considered to be the first true city
in the world but also for the way it
was erected
• No buiding stones, lumber was
limited and the making of
construction is a big challenge
• They build the city using only mud
or clay from the river (mixed with
reeds to produced sun-baked bricks)
The Great Ziggurat of Ur

• Also called as “The

Mountain of God”
• Was built in the same
manner of construction
of the Uruk City
• Served as the sacred
place of their chief god
• Only their priests are
allowed to enter
Irrigation and Dikes
• Due to the difficulty to get water
from rivers, the Sumerians
created dikes and irrigation
canals to bring water to
farmlands and to control the
flooding of rivers
• One of the beneficial
engineering works
• Sumerians were able to enjoy
year-long farming and
harvesting
• Increased of food production
 Sailboats
• Main mode of
transportation was through
waterways such as rivers
and seas
• Invention of sailboats is to
address their increasing
demands
• Essential in transportation
and trading as well as i
Mesopotamian sailboat
fosterng culture,
information, and technology
 Wheel
• Sumerians were able to
invent the wheel
• The first wheels were not
made for transportation
but for farm work and food
processes
• Farmers were able to mill
grains with less effort in
less time
Mesopotamian wheel
 Plow
• Humans evolved from being
gatherers to farm cultivators
• This was invented to dig the
earth in a faster pace
• Farmers could cultivate
larger parcels of land faster,
Mesopotamian plow enabling them to mass
produce food without taking
so much effort and time
 Roads
• To facilitate faster and
easier travel
• Sumerians were the first to
developed the roads
• The flow of traffic became
faster and more organized
• They used also the sun-
baked bricks and later
poured bitumen, a blacky
sticky substance similar to
asphalt, to smoothen the
roads
Babylonian Civilization
• The city of Babylon, whose ruins are located in
present-day Iraq, was founded more than 4,000
years ago as a small port town on the Euphrates
River.
• Babylon became a city of beautiful and lavish
buildings because they were great builders,
engineers, and architects.
 Hanging Gardens of Babylon
• The Hanging Gardens of Babylon were one of
the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World as
listed by Hellenic culture.
• It was described as a remarkable feat of
engineering with an ascending series of
tiered gardens containing a wide variety of
trees, shrubs, and vines, resembling a large
green mountain constructed of mud bricks.
• It was said to have been built in the ancient
city of Babylon, near present-day Hillah,
Babil province, in Iraq. Its name is derived
According to legends, the great
from the Greek word kremastós (κρεμαστός,
Babylonian King Nebuchadnezzar
lit. "overhanging"), which has a broader
II built the gardens for his wife,
meaning than the modern English word
Queen Amytis.
"hanging" and refers to trees being planted
on a raised structure such as a terrace.
 Egyptian Civilization
• Egypt is a country in North Africa,
on the Mediterranean Sea, and is
home to one of the oldest
civilizations on earth.
• The name 'Egypt' comes from the
Greek Aegyptos which was the
Greek pronunciation of the
ancient Egyptian name 'Hwt-Ka-
Ptah' ("Mansion of the Spirit of
Ptah"), originally the name of the
city of Memphis.
Engineering feats of Egyptians especially
regardingdng infrastractures established by • Memphis was the first capital of
pharaohs. Egypt and a famous religious and
trade center; its high status is
Egyptians have contributed other practical
attested to by the Greeks alluding
thingsthat the world now considers as
to the entire country by that
essential.
name.
 Paper or Papyrus
• Papyrus is a plant (cyperus papyrus)
which once grew in abundance,
primarily in the wilds of the Egyptian
Delta but also elsewhere in the Nile
River Valley, but is now quite rare.
• These plants once were simply part of
the natural vegetation of the region, but
once people found a utilitarian purpose
for them, they were cultivated and
managed in farms, harvested heavily,
and their supply depleted.
Egyption was not the first to develop a • Papyrus still exists in Egypt today but in
system of writing but they were able to greatly reduced number.
make writing easier for the world.

Easy to carry and store

Ink
• Egyptians invented by
combining soot with
different chemicals to
produce inks of different
colors

• Ink must withstand the

elements of nature since it
was used to record history,
culture, and codified laws.
 Hieroglyphics
• Egyptians developed a
system of writing using
symbols
• Egyptians believed that this
writing system was
provided to them by their
gods
• Hieroglyphics was the
language that tells the
modern world of history
and culture of the ancient
Egyptians
 Cosmetics
• Cosmetics may be defined as
“substances that you put on your
face or body that are intended to
improve your appearance”.
• Egyptians also invented the use of
cosmetics
• The use Kohl around their eyes to
prevent and even cure eye
diseases
• Kohl was created by mixing soot
or malachite with mineral galena
• Believed that a person wearing
make-up was protected from evil
and that beauty was a sign of
holiness
 Wig
• Wigs are also used to
enhance the appearance of
peolple who are balding or
those who want to try new
trends
• During ancient Egyptian
times, wigs were worn for
health and wellness rather
than aesthetic purposes
• Wigs were used to protect
the shaved heads of the
wealthy Egyptians from
harmful rays of the sun.
Water clock
• Utilizes gravity that
affects the flow of
water from one vessel
to the other
• Water clock was widely
used as a timekeeping
device during ancient
times
Greek Civilization
• Greece is an
archipelago in the
southeastern part of
Europe
• Known as the birthplace
of western philosophy
• Major achievements in
philosophy and
mathematics
• Contibuted much to the
world especially in the
fields of science and
technology
 Alarm Clock
• One of the most utiized gadgets today
• Made use of water that dropped into
drums which sounded the alarm
• Plato was believed to have utilized an
alarm clock to signal the start of his
lecture
Water mill
• Commonly used
agricultural
processes like milling
of grains
• Watermills were
considered better
that mills powered
by farm animals (less
effort)
Roman Civilization
• The great, ancient civilization of Rome is
without a doubt one of the mightiest and
most influential of all the cultures that came
before and after.
• Roma sprang up as a small, agricultural
civilization in the 10th century BC, supposedly
founded by the mythological twins Remus and
Romulus.
• Considered to be the cradle of politics and
governance during the period
Newspaper
• One of the major
contributions of the
romans
• “Gazettes”-first
newspapers contained
announcements of the
Roman Empire to
people; made before
the invention of paper (
engraved in metal or
stone tablets)
Bound Books or Codex
• First book
• Early covers was made of
wax but later it was
replaced by animal skin
Roman Architecture
• One of the most visual
contributions of the ancient
Roman Empire to the world
• Considered as a
continuation of Greek
Architecture
• Sturdier and stronger
infrastructures
• Fully supported & funded
by their government
Roman Numerals
• Initially developed by the
Romans in about 500 B.C.E.,
the Roman numerals system
is a set of symbols that
stand for numbers. This
number system was read
from left to right.
• Roman numerals were used
for calculations.
• Roman numerals were a
large part of the ancient
Roman society.
Chinese Civilization
• Oldest cvilization in Asia
• Also known as the middle kingdom
• Famous because of their silk trade
Silk
• Naturally produced by silk
worms
• Chinese were the ones who
developed the technology to
harvest silk and processing
• Silk production resulted in the
creation of a product for trade
• Opened China to the outside
world, making way for cultural,
economic, and scientific
exchanges
Tea Production
• A beverage produced by
pouring hot or boiling water
over crushed or shredded dried
tea leaves
• First tea was drunk by a Chinese
emperor
• Developed by unknown Chinese
inventor
• Chinese increase their
production of tea and trade
with other nations
 Great Wall of China
• Once considered the only
man-made structure that coud
be seen from outer space
• Largest and most extensive
infrastructure that the nation
built
• Constructed to keep out
foreign invaders and control
the borders of China
• Wall's construction put the
nation among the powerful
civilizations during the ancient
times
• A pride of their land and teir
crowning glory
The total length of all sections of the Great Wall of China ever
built adds up to about 21,196 kilometers (13,171 miles),
including overlapping sections that were rebuilt. The wall
constructed during the Ming dynasty, the most well-preserved
section, is about 8,850 kilometers (5,499 miles) long.
 Gun powder
• The Chinese were always an
experimenting civilization.
• One would be surprised to
know that the invention of
gunpowder was purely by
accident rather than an
experimental one.
• Gunpowder in ancient China
has invented accidentally
when they mixed high levels
of nitrate in the mixture, close
to around 40%. But increment
in the levels to nitrate in the
mixture was done still later.
Medieval Ages
• The start of the middle ages was marred by
massive invasions and migrations
• Wars were prevalent during this time
Printing Press
• Johann Gutenberg was
able to invent the
printing press.
Microscope
• September 08, 2015 Article
• A Brief History of Light Microscopy –
From the Medieval Reading Stone to
Super-Resolution

• The history of microscopy begins in

the Middle Ages. As far back as the
11th century, plano-convex lenses
made of polished beryl were used in
the Arab world as reading stones to
magnify manuscripts. However, the
further development of these lenses
into the first microscopes cannot be
attributed to any one person. It took
the ideas and designs of many
scientists and scholars to produce
instruments capable of strong
magnification.
Telescope
• The Telescope was another great
invention in the Middle Ages.
Galileo was considered the first to
invent the telescope but there is
confusion between Hans
Lippershy and Galileo. Galileo was
born in Italy in Pisa in 1564 and
died in 1642. The telescope was
invented in the fall of 1609 in
Venice. Galileo also made a book
by using the Telescope called The
Starry Messenger. The Telescope
magnified 10 times what you
could see with out it. The
Telescope was made out of wood
and leather, which had a convex
main lens and a concave
eyepiece.
War Weapons
 Modern Times
• Booming world population demanded for more
goods be produced at a faster rate
• People needed efficient means of
transportation to trade more goods and cover a
larger distance
• Faster and easier means to communicate and
compute should be developed to establish
connections between and among nations.
• Due to massive industrialization, the modern
times faced more complicated problems.
Pasteurization
• Pasteurization or pasteurisation is a
process in which water and certain
packaged and non-packaged foods (such
as milk and fruit juice) are treated with
mild heat, usually to less than 100 °C to
eliminate pathogens and extend shelf life.
• The process is intended to destroy or
deactivate organisms and enzymes that
contribute to spoilage or risk of disease,
including vegetative bacteria, but not
bacterial spores.
• Since pasteurization is not sterilization,
and does not kill spores, a second
"double" pasteurization will extend the
quality by killing spores that have
germinated.
 Petroleum Refinery
• Modern times demanded better means
of powering homes and transportation.
• Before, people used animal oils for
generating light to illuminate their
homes.
• However, the production of animal oils
could not keep up with the demand.
• Samuel M. Kier was able to invent
• Petroleum refinery or oil refinery is an kerosene (illuminating oil) by refining
industrial process plant where crude petroleum.
oil is transformed and refined into
more useful products such as • The development of kerosene
petroleum naphtha, gasoline, diesel established the petroleum refinery
fuel, asphalt base, heating oil, industry.
kerosene, liquefied petroleum gas, jet
fuel and fuel oils.
 Telephone
• One of the most important
invention in modern times is
the development of telephone
by Alexander Graham Bell
patent in 1876.
• The more people got connected
by trade and exploration, the
more they needed a way to
easily maintain these
connections and communicate
with each other in real time.
• Government likewise needed
some kind of communication
system to discussed important
day to day decisions.
Calculator
• The creation of modern
calculators did not only pave the
way for easier arithmetic
calculations, but also resulted in
the development of more
complex processing machines
like computers.
• Computing devices must also be
easy to carry since they would be
utilized on a day-to-day basis.
 Philippine Inventions
• Philippines also contributes to the global
advancement of science and technology.
• The Philippines is known to be one of the most
vulnerable countries in terms of natural
disasters.
• Many of the discoveries and inventions made
by the Filipinos were therefore built from
indigenous materials or created to adapt to
harsh tropical environment.
Salamander Amphibious Tricycle
• During the rainy season,
flooding is a common
occurrence in many areas in
the country.
• To remedy the issues,H2O
Technologies headed by
Dominic N. Chung and
Lamberto Armada, together
with Chief Designer Victor
“Atoy” Llave, was able to
invent the Salamander, an
amphibious tricycle that can
cross not only flooded
streets but also rivers and
lakes.
Salt lamp
• One of the major needs in the
Philippines, as a developing
nation, is electrification.
• Fortunately, a young Filipina
inventor named Aisa Mijeno was
able to invent a lighting system
that utilizes a material abundant
in the Philippines-saltwater. She
invented the Sustainable
Alternative Lighting (SALt) lamp,
an environment-friendly light
source that runs on saltwater.
INCUBATOR BY FE DEL MUNDO

• The first Asian to have

entered the prestigious
Harvard University’s
School of Medicine is
also credited for her
studies that lead to the
invention of incubator
and jaundice relieving
device.
Mosquito Ovicidal Trap System
• Dengue, a mosquito-borne viral illness,
is endemic in tropical and subtropical
areas, including the Philippines.
• Insecticides were previously used to kill
the species.
• A recent study shows that insecticide
resistance has evolved in some
mosquito populations and is harmful
not only for humans but also to the
environment.
• In 2010, the Department of Science and
Technology-ITDI was able to introduce
the Mosquito Ovicidal Trap that is made
of natural ingredients that are lethal to
mosquitos but safe for humans and the
environment.
Ejeepney
• PhUV’s first accomplished
project as a utility vehicle
included an internal
combustion engine from
China. Most of their
engine suppliers
unfortunately backed out
of the project even
though they were able to
produce a decent
prototype.