MOTHERMAJERIPRI

MARYSCHOOL
P.
5SCIENCELESSONNOTES
TERMI2020
POULTRYKEEPING
 Poult
rykeepi
ngisthereari
ngandmanagementofd
omes
ticbi
rds
.
Whatispoul
try?
 Poult
ryarethedomest
icbirds
.
 Itref
erstoallk
ind
sofd omest
icbi
rds
.

Commont
ermsusedi
npoul

1.Poul
tryar
edomes
ticbi
rds
.
2.Heni
samat
uref
emal
echi
cken
3.Cocki
samat
uremal
echi
cken
4.Chi
cki
say
oungoneofahen
5.Caponi
sacas
trat
edmal
echi
cken
6.Roost
eri
sas
exual
lymat
uremal
echi
cken.
7.Pul
leti
say
oungf
emal
echi
cken.
8.Cock
ereli
say
oungmal
echi
cken.
9.I
ncubat
ion.I
tist
hepr
ovi
si
onofs
uit
abl
econd
iti
onsf
ort
heembr
yoi
naf
ert
il
e
eggt
odev
elop.
Ex
ampl
esofpoul
try/t
ypesofpoul
try
 Chi
cken  Tur
key
s
 Duck
s  Gui
neaf
owl
 Pi
geons  gees
e

1
Reasonsf orkeeping(poult
ry)domesticbird
s
 Somebi rd
sar ekeptforeggproduction.
 Somebi rd
sar ekeptformeatproduction.
 Bi r
dsar ealsokeptforgenerati
ngincome.
 Dr oppingsfrompoultryareusedasmanur e.
 F eathersfrombirdsareusedford ecorat
ion,mak i
ngpil
lows,d
ancingprops
,
cushions.
 Somebi rd
sar ekeptforcult
uralpurposes.e.g.Marri
age,sacr
ifi
ces.
 Thebonesofs omebirdscanbeus edinthemak ingofbuttons,
glueandfert
il
iz
ers
.
 Somebi rd
sar ekeptaspets.e.
g.peacock s,
hens ,par
rots.

Ad
vant
agesofk eepi
ngpoul tr
y
 Itrequi
resas mallpi
eceofland
 Farmerseasil
ygett hei
rpr
of i
ts
 Theymult
ipl
yfaster

Fact
orst
oconsi derbef orestarti
ngpoul tr
yf arm
 Marketf ortheirpoultr
ypr oducts
 Secur i
tyintheareat heplaces houldsecurefromthiev
esandpr
edat
ors
 Capitaltobuyequi pmentandt opaywor k
ers.
 Labours houldbeenoughbot hskil
ledanduns k
il
led
 Managementt heres houldbepeoplewhos upervi
sethefar
m.
Theext
er nalparts(features)ofacock

I
mpor
tanceofeachpartonabir
d
1.Spur-Forprot
ecti
on/d
efence
2.Beak/bill
 Forpicki
ngfood
 Fordefence
2
  F orbui l
d ingt heirnes t
s
3.Toenai ls( claws)
 Tos cr at chf orf ood
 F ord ef ence
4.Combandwat tle
 F orat tr act i
onofmat es
5.Feat her s
 F orid ent ification
 F orat tr act i
ngmat es.
 Topr ot ectt hed eli
cates k
in
 Tok eept hebi rdswar m
 F orincubat ionofeggs .
 F orbr ood ingt heiryoungones .
 F orbod ys hape.
NB:Cockshav ebr ightf eat
her sforcour
tshi
p(At
tractingofopposites
exf
ormat
ing)
DI
FFERENCESBETWEENAHENANDACOCK
Acock AHen
 Hasal ongs pur Hasas hor tspur
 Hasal ar gecomb Hasas mallcomb
 Hasal ar gewat t
le Hasas mallwat t
le
 Hasl ar geearl obes Hassmallearl obes
 Hasl ongs trongcl aws Hasshortcl aws
Hasas mallbeak
 Hasal ar gebeak
Hasshorthack lefeat
hers
 Hasl onghack l
ef eathers
Hasdullfeathers
 Hasbr ightf eathers
NB:Observet her ealbi rd(cockandhen)

F
EATHERS

Ther
ear ef ourtypesoff eathers:
 Quill
f eathers.
 Covertf eathers.
(bodyf eather
s)
 Downf eathers.
 Hair(fil
oplume)feathers.

Thequi
llf
eat
her.
 Theyaref
li
ghtf
eat
her
s .
 Theyaref
oundont
hetai
landwi
ngs
.

Par
tsofaqui
llf
eat
her

3
Cover
tfeat
hers.
 Theyarealsoknownasbodyf eat
hers.
 Theycovermostofthebir
d’sbody.
 Theykeepthebirdwar
m.
 Theygivet
hebod yastr
eamlinedshape.
Str
uctur
eofacovertfeather

Thedownfeat
her .
 Theyar ethef i
rstfeatherstoappearonachi ck
.
 Theylieund erthebodyf eathers.
 Theyhel pininsul
atingthebi r
d ’
sbody.
 Theyhel pininsul
atingeggsd uringi
ncubat
ion.
 Theyk eepthechickwar md uringcol
dweather.
Str
uctur
eofad ownf eather

Thefil
opl
ume(hai
r)feather.
 Theyar efoundneartheskinofthebir
d.
 Theybes eenclearl
yafterremovingt
hebodyandd
ownf
eat
her
s
 Theyar et
hehai ryfeat
hersonthebirdsbod
y
Struct
ureoff
il
oplumef eat
her

Usesoffeat herstobirds
 Thef eathersenabl
et hebir
dstof l
y.
 Feathersk eepthebir
dwar m.
 Thef eathersgi
v et
hebi r
dscolourforident
ifi
cat
ion.
Usesoffeather stoman
 Featherscanbeus edt omakepill
ows ,
mattr
essesandcus
hions
.
 Feathersar eusedaswr i
ti
ngmat eri
als.
 Feathersar eusedfordecorati
on.
 Feathersar eusedtomakecr af
tmat er
ial
s.

4
TYPESOFCHI CKENREARED
 Atypeofchi ck
enisaclas
sofchickenk
eptf
oras
peci
fi
cpur
pos
e.
Therear
ethreet ypesofchick
enr ear
ed:
 L ayers.
 Br oil
ers
 Dual -
pur posebi
rds.

LAYERS
 Layer
sar ek eptpurposelyf
oreggproducti
on.
 Theyareal socall
edlightbi
rdsandconsumeles
sfeed
s.
Exampl
esoflayer s:
 Whi teleghorn.
 Br ownegger .
 Thor nber.
 TheNewHamps hire.
 Ancona.
 Minor ca.
 Sy kes.
 Sumat r
a
 phoeni x

Of
f-l
ayer
sar
ebi
rdswhos
eeggpr
oduct
ionr
atehasgr
eat
lyl
ower
ed.

BROI
LERS

 Br
oil
ersar
ekeptf
ormeatprod
uct
ion.
 Br
oil
ersar
ealsok
nownastabl
ebirds
.Orheav
ybi
rds

Ex
ampl
esofbr oil
ers:
 Li
ghtSus sex.
 Orpington
 Plymout hrock
 NewHamps hire
 Rhodeis l
andRed
 Cornishwhi t
e
 Jerseyblackgiant
 BlackAus t
ralorp

DUALPURPOSEBIRDS
 Dual-pur
posebi
rdsar
ekeptforbothmeatandeggproduct
ion.
 Dual-pur
posebi
rdsar
ebothgoodlayer
sandgivealotofmeat.

Exampl
esofDualpur pos ebi
rds.
 RhodeI sl
andRed
 NewHamps hi
re.
 Thebl ackAustr
alorp
 Araucana
 Orpigton
 Li
gts ussex
BREEDSOFCHI CKEN
Whatisabr eed?
Abreedreferstochickenwithsi
mil
archar
act
eri
sti
csandor
igi
n.
5
Thebr
eedsofchickencanbed i
videdi
ntot
hree:
 Localbreeds(i
ndi
genous)br
eeds
.
 Exoti
c(forei
gn)breeds
.
 Crossbreeds./
 Hybri
ds.

Char
acter
ist
icsoflocalbr eed s
 Localbr
eed stakel ongt omat
ure.
 Theyaremor er esistanttodi
seasescomparedtoexot
icbr
eed
s.
 Theyproducelittlemeatandus uall
yhard.
 Theyproducef ewereggscompar edtotheexot
icones.
 Localbr
eed shav ed iff
erentf
eathercolour
.
 Theyproduces mal leggs.
 Localbr
eed scans urviveonl
it
tlefoodandwater.

Di
sad
vant
agesofk
eepi
ngl
ocalbr
eed
sofchi
cken

 Theytakelongtomature
 Theyl
ayf eweggs
 Theyproducehar dmeat
 Theyl
ays malleggs
 Theyproducelit
tl
emeat

Howt
oimproveupont helocalbr
eed
sofchi
cken
 Thr
oughcr ossbreeding
 Thr
oughs elect
ivebreedi
ng
 Thr
oughpr operfeeding

EXOTI
CBREEDS
 Thes
ear
ebr
eed
swhi
char
eimpor
tedf
romout
sid
eAf
rica

Ex
ampl
esofex oti
cbr eeds:
 Rhod eIslandRed
 LightSus sex
 Whi teleghor n
 TheNewHamps hi
re
 TheOr pington
 Ancona
 Amer uacana
 Ply mouthRock
 Ar aucana.
 Sumat ra
 BlackAus tralorp
 Phoeni x

Ad
vantagesofk eepingex ot
icbreeds
 Theyhav et endermeat.
 Theyar egoodl ayers.
 Theyl aybi geggs .
 Theyhav eal otoffleshonthem.
 Theygr owandmat urefast
er.
Di
sadvantagesofkeepi ngexoti
cbreedsofchick
en
 Theyar el es sresi
stanttodi
seases
.
6
  Theycan’
ts urv
iveonlitt
lefoodandwat
er
 Theycannotbroodtheirownchicks
 Theydon’
tincubatetheirowneggs
 Theycannotlookfortheirownfood.

CROSSBREEDS
 Cr os
sbr
eedsar
ebr eedsgotaft
ermati
nganexot
icbreedandalocalbr
eed
.
 Thequali
tyofl
ocalbreedscanbeimpr
ovedbycrossbreed
ing.

Advantagesofcr oss-breed ing

 Encour agesf as tgr owt hi nbi rd
s
 Resultsintomor eeggsbei nglaidbyt heoffspri
ng.
 Resultsintomor emeatbei ngpr oduced.
HYBRIDS.
Thesearechi ckengotaf termat i
ngt wod i
fferentpurebreeds.
Examplesinclude
 Thumper404
 Thumper707
 Bl ackrock
 Bl ackstar
 Ros ebi rd
s
 Hi l
ines t
ock
 Bov ans[Rhod eis landr edandl i
ghtSus sex]
 Speck ledy+
Characterist
icsofhy brid s
 Theypr oducemor emeat .
 Theyl aybuggereggs .
 Theyhav ei mprov edgr owt hr ates.
 Theyl aymor eeggs
SYSTEMSUSEDI NPOUL TRYKEEPI NG
 F reer anges ys tem.
 Deepl itt
ers ys tem.
 F oldpens y
s t
em.
 Bat terycages ystem.
FREERANGESYSTEM
 F ree-ranges ystemi sthes ystemwher ebirdsareall
owedtoroamabout
andl ookf ort hei rfood .
 I tiscommoni nr uralar eas( t
hatiswhyi tischeaptomaintai
n.)
Advantagesoff r eerangesy st em
 Bi rdsgetav ar i
et yoff ood .
 Bi rdsgetabal ancedd ietthr oughnaturalmeans
 Bi rdslookf ort hei rownf ood .
 Bi rdsgetenoughphy sical exercisesastheymov eroundlook
ingforthei
r
food.
 F ree-ranges ys temcut sd ownt hecos toffeedi
ng.
 Poul tryv i
cess uchascanni bali
s marenotcommon
 Manur einf ormofpoul tryd roppingsisdi
stri
butedallov
ertheareabirds
feedf rom.

7
  Freerangeischeaptomai
ntai
n
 Reduceslabourtofar
mers

Note:F
ree-
rangesyst
emisthecheapestmet
hodinpoul
trykeepi
ngandmanagement
.
Thi
sisbecausethebi
rdsl
ookforthei
rownf eed
sandthefarmeronl
ysuppl
ements.

Di
sad
vantagesoff reer angesy stem
 Thebi r
dscaneas il
ygetd iseases(easys
preadofd
iseas
es)
 Thebi r
dscaneas il
ybeeat enbywi l
dani
mals.
 Thebi r
dscangetl ost .
 Iti
sd i
fficultt
ocol lecteggs
 Thebi r
dscaneas il
ybes t
olen.
 Birdseas i
lydestroycr ops.
 Itrequi
resal argepi eceofl and
 Iti
sd i
fficultt
ok eepf armr ecord
s
 Iti
sd i
fficultt
ocont rold i
seasesandparasi
tes.

DEEPL I
TTERSYSTEM
 Thi si sas ys t
emofk eepi
nglargenumberofbirdsindoorsonaf l
oor
cov eredwi thlitter.
 Thef eed sandwat eraregiventobirdsi
nsid
et hehouse
 Thi si sthemos tcommonmet hodofpoul
trykeepi
ngus edinUgandaforl
arge
s calepr oduct ion.
 Iti scommoni nur banar easbecauseitr
equiresas malls
pace.
Whatislit
ter ?
 Thes ear es oftmat erial
sus edtocoverthefl
ooroft hepoultryhouse
Mater
ialsusedasl itter.
 Sawd ust.
 Cof feehus ks.
 Woods hav ings .
 Cr as hedmai zecobs .
 Ri cehus ks
Thestructureofad eepl i
tterhous e.

I
nsi
dead
eepl
it
terhouse

Thi
ngsf
oundi
nad eepl
it
terhouse
 Layi
ngnes
tsorboxesforthebi
rdst
olayeggs
.
8
  Perchesforthebir
d stopl
ayandrest.
 Feedi
ngt r
oughsforplaci
ngpoul
tryfeeds.
 Watertroughsforthebird
stodri
nkwat erf
rom.
 Li
tteronthefloort
oabs orbmoi
stur
ef romchi
ckend
roppi
ngs
.

Note
Theli
ttershouldbeputont hef l
oorr egularl
yandrepl
acedaf
ters
omet
ime.
Whyshoul dli
tt
erbet urnedr egular ly?
 Tomi xbirdsd r
oppi ngswi thlitter
 Topr eventli
t t
erf romhar d ening.
Import
anceofl i
tterinad eepl i
tterhouse
 Tok eept hepoul tryhous ed r
yandwar m.
 Topr ovides oftland i
ngf oreggs .
 Tok eepchi ckenbus yscr atching.
Howd oeslit
terkeept hepoul tr
yhoused ryandwar m?
 Itabsorbsmoi sturef romchi ck end roppi
ngs.
Disad
vantageofl it
ter
 L i
tt
erhabour spar asites
 L i
tt
erisaf irehaz ard

Ad
vantagesofd eeplitt
ersy stem
 Manybi rdscanbek epti nas mallhous e(structure)
 I tiseas ytocollectmanur e.
 Eggsd on’tgetlos t.
 Thebi rdsarepr otect edf romwi ldani mals.(Predators
).
 Eggsar eeas il
ycol lectedf r omt hel ayingbox es.
 I tiseas ytocont rolpar as i
t esandd iseases.
 Bi rdscannoteas il
ygetl os tast heirmov ementi scontr
oll
ed.
Di
sadvantagesofd eeplit
tersy stem
 I ncaseofanout breakofad iseas e,itcaneas il
ys pread.
 Thes ystemencour agespoul tryv ices.
 I ti
sd i
f fi
culttokeepi nd i
v i
dual hen’spr oduct i
onr ecord.
 I ncaseofawet( rainy )seas on, theai rist oohumi dthusmakingi
tdi
ffi
cul
tto
keept helit
terd r
y .
 I ti
sv eryex pensivet os tartandmai ntai n.
 Cul li
ngi sdiffi
cult.
 I trequiresmuchat tention
 Bi rdsd onotgetenoughex ercis e.

BATTERYSYSTEM/CAGESYSTEM
 Thisi
sas y
stemwher ebird
sar ekeptindoorsi
ncages.
 2-4bi
rdsarekeptineachcage.
 Thenumberofbir d
sineachcaged ependonthesiz
eoft hecage.
 Thefoodandwat erar
eputout si
dethecage.
 Cagescanalsobecons t
ructedinrowsandoneabov eeachother
.
 Thecagesshouldbecementedtoalloweas ycl
eani
ng.

Ad
vant
agesofBat t
erycagesy st
em
 Ther ecordofind i
vid
ualbi
rdscanbeeas il
yk ept
.
 Eggsd on’
tgetl ost.
 Eas yid
entif
icationofunproducti
vebird
s.
 F oodandwat ercannoteasil
ybecontaminatedbydr
oppi
ngs
.
 Cont r
olofpar asit
esanddiseasesiseasy.
9
  Poultr
yv i
cesaregreatl
ycontr
oll
ed.
 Culli
ngbirdsi
seasy.
 Birdsareprot
ectedfromthi
evesandwi
ldani
mal
s
 Cleaneggsarecoll
ected

Di
sad
vant
agesofBat terycagesy stem
 Thereislimi
teds paceforphysical
exer
cises
.
 Iti
sexpens i
vet oconstructcages.
/tost
art
 Iti
stir
es ometof eedthebirds.
 Itr
equiresskil
ledlabour
 Bir
dsneedmuchat t
enti
on

FOLD/ARK/PENSYSTEM
Thisisas y
stemwhereas mal
lnumberofbi
rdsarekepti
nasmal
lmov
abl
ehous
ecal
led
cages ,pens,ar
ks,
orfold
s.
Bir
d slayeggsinpens,ar
korf ol
ds.
Thesef ol
dsaremovedfr
omonepl acet
oanotherev
er yd
ay(
dail
y)
Thef oldismadeofwoodandwi r
emes h

St
ruct
ureofAmovabl
efol
d

Ad
vantagesofFol dpensy stem
 Bi rd
sar erestri
ctedf rommov ements(keptundercl
oseobs
ervat
ion)
.
 Manur eiseas i
lydistri
but edont hefarm.
 I ti
scheaperwhenhand l
ingas mallnumberofbirds.
 Par asi
tesandd iseasesar eeas ytocont rol.
 Thef oldsareeas yt omak e.
 Bi rd
sar eprotectedf romwi l
dani mals
.
Di
sadvantagesofFoldpensy stem
 Onl yas mallnumberofbi r d
scanbek epti nafol
doranark.
 I ti
sexpens i
vetomak et hef olds
 I ti
snots uit
ablef orswampyar eas
 Bi rd
sdonotgetenoughphy sicalexerci
se.
 I ti
stir
es ometomov et hepen.
 Thef oldsgetoldeas ilyd uet ofrequentmov ement.

10
REPRODUCTI
ONI NPOUL TRY
QN.Howdobird
sr epr
oduce?
 Bir
dsrepr oducebyl ay
ingeggs
.

Thest
ruct
ureofanegg

Funct
ions(uses)ofpartsofanegg
1. Eggshel l
 Itpr
otectstheinternalpartsofanegg.
 Aneggs hellal
lowsex changeofgas esbecaus
eiti
spor
ous
.
 Iti
smad eupofmi neralsaltcal
ledcalci
um

Anex
per
imentt
opr
ovet
hataneggshel
lispor
ous.

Germi
naldisc
Itd
ev el
opsi
ntoanembry
oaft
erfert
ili
zat
ion
Embry
o
Developsi
ntoachi
ckduri
ngi
ncubat
ion

Ai
rspace
I
tkeepsandpr
ovi
desai
rtot
heembr
yo.

Chal
aza
I
tholds
/balancest
hey
olki
npos
iti
ont
ogetequalt
emper
atur
edur
ing
i
ncubati
on

Yol
k
I
tist
hes
our
ceofpr
otei
nsandf
atsf
ort
heembr
yo.

Al
bumen(
eggwhi
te)
11
 I
tsuppl
ieswat
erandpr
otei
nst
othegr
owi
ngembr
yo.

ABNORMAL ITI
ESINPOUL TRYEGGS
 Softeggshell
s.
 Whenanegghast woyol
ks .
 Bl
oods tai
nsintheeggwhi t
e.
 Meatspotsintheeggwhite.
 I
ncas eanegghasanabnor malshape
 I
ncas eaneggi st
oosmallins i
ze.
 Yolk
lesseggs

Favourablecond iti
onsforeggst ohatch
 war mth
 moi sture
 ox ygen
Qn.Givet hreer easonsthatmaycauseaneggtof
ailt
ohat
chi
nthepr
esenceof
favourabl
econd it
ions.
 Cr ack edshells
 Di r
t yeggs
 Overst ayedeggs
 Whenaneggi sunf ert
il
iz
ed
Qn.Howcanaf ar merdetectdefect
sineggs
?
 Byeggcand li
ng.

Qn.Whatiseggcand l
ing?
 I ti
sawayofd eterminingthequali
tyofeggsus
ingl
ight
.
Qual
it
iesofagoodegg.
 Shouldbeofmed i
ums ize.
 Shouldhaveanov al
s hape
 Shouldhaveacl ean,strong,t
hick
,andaroughshel
l.
 Shouldbef erti
lized.
 Shouldhaveoneeggy olk
 Shouldbecl ean.

I
NCUBATION
 Incubati
oni
stheproces
sbywhichafer
til
iz
edeggisgi
venf
avour
abl
e
conditi
onst
ohatch.
 Incubati
onper
iodi
sthetimet
akenf
oraferti
li
zedeggt
ohat
ch.

I
ncubat
ionper
iod
sofsomed
omest
icbi
rds

Bi
rds I
ncubat
ionper
iod
Hens 21d
ays/3week
s
Duck
s 228d
ays
/4week
s
Tur
key
s 28d
ays/4week
s

12
Gees
e 30d
ays
/4week
s2d
ays
Pi
geons 14d
ays/2week
s
Par
rot 28d
ays/4week
s
Gui
neaf
owl
s 28d
ays
/4week
s

Ty
pesofincubati
oninchick
en
 Natur
alincubati
on.
 Art
ifi
ciali
ncubati
on.

NATURALINCUBATI ONINCHI CKEN

 Thi siswher ebyabroodybir
ds i
tsonhereggst
opr
ovi
deneces
sar
ycond
iti
ons
forhatching.
 Abr oodyhencanincubatebetween15-
20eggs

I
ll
ust
rat
ionofnat
urali
ncubat
ion.

Cond
iti
onsneed
edf ornat urali
ncubation.
 Theeggsmus tbef er
til
iz
ed.
 Thenests houldbeclean,dryandcomf ort
able.
 Theplaces houldhaved i
mlight.
 Theplaces houldbef r
eef r
oms trongwind.
 Theplaces houldbef r
eef r
omv ermine.gsnakesandr
ats
.

Ad
vantagesofnat urali
ncubati
oninchicken
 Theincubat i
nghenneed slessatt
ention.
 Iti
scheapandmanageabl e.
Di
sadvantagesofnat ur
ali
ncubati
oninchi ck
en
 Feweggsar eincubated.
 Naturalincubationcannotbeusedforcommer ci
alf
armi
ng.
 Theincubat i
nghencanbeat t
ackedbyv ermi
n.
 Thehenmaynotbegoodati ncubati
ng

ARTI
FICI
ALINCUBATI
ONINCHICKEN
 Thi
sisthemet
hodwhereamachi
neisusedt
ohatcht
heeggs
.
 Anincubat
ori
sthemachi
neusedt
ohatcheggs
.

Anel
ect
rici
ncubat
or L
ocali
ncubat
or

13
I
mpor t
anceofsomepartsoftheincubator
Sourceofheat–toprovi
dewar mt
h
Water–itevapor
atest
oprovidemoistcondi
ti
ons
Thermometer–formeasuri
ngtemperaturei
ntheincubat
or

Ad
vantagesofar tif
icialincubati
oni nchicken
 Manyeggsar ehat chedonce.
 I ti
ss uit
ablef orcommer cialpurposes.
 Eggsar efreef romv ermi
n.
Di
sadvantagesofar tifi
ciali
ncubat i
oni nchicken
 I ti
sex pensivet obuyani ncubator.
 Al otofat tentionisneeded .
 I tneedsqual i
fiedwor k
ers.

F
act
orst
hatmaymakeaneggfai
ltohatch
 Whent
heeggwasnotfert
il
ized.
 Whent
heeggshel
lwasdamaged.
 Whent
heporesar
ecompletel
yblock
edbyd
irt
.

BROODINGCHI CKS
Broodi
ngi sthespeci
alcar
egi
vent
ochi
cksf
romhat
chi
ngt
imeupt
onear
ly8
weeks.
Typesofbrooding
 Nat uralbroodi
ng.
 Ar ti
fi
cialbroodi
ng.

NATURALBROODI NGINCHI CKEN.

 Thi
sisamethodwher eamotherhent akescareofherchi
cks.
 Sheprovi
deswarmt h,secur
ityandlooksforfoodfort
hechick
s.
 Whenthechickshav egrown,theyareleftonthei
rown.
Anil
lustr
ati
onofnaturalbrooding.

14
Ad
vant
agesofnaturalbrood i
nginchicken.
 Iti
scheapi nter msofexpens eandattent
ion.
 Thehenl ooksforf oodforit
schi ck
s.
 Thechicksgets ecurit
yf r
omt hemotherhen.
 Toepeck i
ngisr educedinchicksbecausetheymov
ewi
tht
hei
rmot
her
.

Di
sad
vantagesofnaturalbroodingi nchick
en.
 Chickscanbeeat enbywi ldanimals.
 Itcannotbeusedonl arges cale.
 Themot herhencanbek i
ll
edandl eavest
hechi
cksont
hei
rown.

ARTI
FICI
ALBROODING.
Thi
sisamethodwher
echi
cksar
ekepti
nabr
ood
er.

Abr
ood
eri
sas
peci
als
truct
urewher
efar
mer
skeept
hei
rchi
cksbel
ow8week
s.

Therearetwotypesofbrooder
s:
 Kerosene(par
affi
n)brooder
)
 Infr
aredlampbrooder
.

Al
ocalbr
ood
er

DisadvantagesofaKer osene( paraffi

n)br ooder)
 I tneedsal otofcl os eattent
ion.
 L ampwi t houtguar d scanbur nthechi cks.
 Sootf romt hel ampcanaccumul at
ei nthebrood
er .
I
nf r
aredl ampbr ood er
 I tiswher eani nfrar edlamppr ovidesheatandli
ghtenergy
 El ectri
cityi sthes our ceoflightandwar mthint
hebr ood
er.
 Thei nfrar edl ampi shangedatt hecei li
ng,t
heheightofthel
ampi
sad
jus
ted
upwar dsast hechi cksgr ow.
Thest r
uct ureofani nfrar edlampbr ooder

15
Thepurposeofthelampinabrood
er
Toprov
idechickswit
hli
ght.
Toprov
idewar mtht
othechick
s.

Behav
iorofchi
cksi
nabr ooder
1. Wheni ti
scol
d,thechick
scr owdt
ogetherorar
oundheats
our
ce.
2. Wheni ti
shot
,thechicksroamaround
.

NOTE:I
nbot
hbr
ood
ings
yst
ems
,chi
ckss
houl
dbev
acci
nat
ed.

FEEDINGINPOUL TRY
 Farmer sneedt of eedbi
rdswelltomaximi
zeproduct
ion
 Birdsar ef edons peci
alfeedscall
edmash
 Birdsal s or equirecleanwaterallthet
ime
Composit
ionofchi ckenmash
 Silv
erf ish( muk ene)
 Bonemeal
 Commons alt
 Maizemeal
 Seas hel ls
 Wheatbr and
 Cottons eedcak es
 Ricebr and
 Soy bean
 Crus hedeggs hell
s
CHICKENFEEDS
Thefeedsgiv ent opoul t
rybirdsshoul
dbeofabal anceddi
etcont
aini
ng:
 Pr ot eins
 Car bohy d r
ates
 Vit ami ns
 Mi ner als al
t s

Mi
ner
als
alt Purpose
Properfor
mat
ionofeggshel
ls
.
i
)Cal
cium Formati
onofs
trongbones
.
16
 i
i)Phos
phor
us

F
ormat
ionofr
edbl
oodcel
ls
.
I
ron

TYPESOFCHI CKENFEEDS
Ther
earefourtypesoff eed
scommonl
ygi
vent
opoul
trybi
rds
:
 Chickors t
arters’
mash.
 Layers’mash.
 Grower s’
mas h.
 Broil
ers’mash.

Chickorst art
er s’
mash.
Thi
si sfedt ochicksbetweentheagesofonedaytoei
ghtweek
s.
I
tisr i
chi nprotein.
Grower s’
mash.
Layersfrom4- 16week sarereferr
edtoasgrower
s.
Suchchi cksaref edongrowers’mash.

Layers’mash.
Thi
spoult
r yfeedisspeci
allypr eparedforthebi
rdsthatl
ayeggs.
Thi
spoult
r yfeedhasahi ghmi neralcontent.
Alayerl
ackingcalci
umus uall
ypr oduceseggswithsofteggs
hell
s.
Broil
ers’mash.
Thi
sisas pecialf
eedforbr oi
ler s.
FEEDINGANDDRI NKINGEQUI PMent

Ast
ruct
ureofaf
eed
ingt
rough Ast
ruct
ureofad
rink
ingt
rough

THEDI
GESTI
VESYSTEMOFADOMESTI
CFOWL

17
F
unct
ionsofd
ifferentpart
s
1.Beak
 Picksthefoodforthebi
rd.
 Breaksfoodintosmal
lpart
icl
es

2.Gullet
 Pas s esf oodt othecr op
3.Crop
 St or esf ood.
 F oodi smoi stenedands oftened.
4.Provent ricul us
 Secr etsd iges t
iveenz ymest hatmi xwithfood
5.Gizzar d
 I
ts toresgr its/palables
 Gr i
tsar es mallstonesf oundi nt hegizzar
d
 Foodi scr as hedintos mallerpar t
iclesbythegri
ts.
6.Smal lint est ine
 F i
nalDi gesti
onoff oodt akesplace.
 I tiswher eabs orpti
onoff oodoccur s.
7.Largei nt est ines.
 Abs or pt i
onofwat ertakespl ace.
8.Vent
 Pas s esoutd roppings.or
 I tlet soutd r
oppings

VI
CESI
NPOUL
TRY

Whatarepoult
ryvices
?
Vicesarebadhabi
tsi
npoul
try
.

18
Ex
ampl
esofpoult
ryvices
 Eggeating.
 Cannibali
sm
 Featherpecki
ng

Causesofpoultryvi
ces
 Ov ercrowdi
ngofbi
rds
.
 Poorf eedi
ng(l
it
tl
eornof
ood
)
 Bor edom.

CANNI
BALI
SM
 Thi
siswher
ebi
rdsf
eedont
hef
les
hoft
hei
rfel
lowbi
rds
.

Formsofcanni bali
sm
 Ventpeck i
ng
 Toepeck i
ng
 Skinpeck ing
Causesofcanni bali
sm
 Bor edom
 Int
r oducti
onofnewbi rdsi
nthefl
ock
 Prolapsei ncaseoflay
ingbir
ds
 Over crowd i
ng
 Brightlightinthehouse
 Star vat
ion

Si
gnofcannibali
sm
 Bl oodstai
nsont hebeaks
.
 Chi ckenbleedatthevent
.
 F i
ght i
ngamongbi r
ds.

Pr
event
ionandcont rolofcannibalism
 Hangbund lesoff reshvegetablestokeepthebir
dsbus
y.
 Debeak ingbeak .
 Isolatethepeck ingbirdsandt hepeckedbi
rds.
 Feedbi rdsonmas hcontaini
ngpr otei
ns
 Av oidbrightli
ghti nthepoultryhouse
 Prov id
eenoughs paceforbi
r ds.

19
EGGEATI
NG
Thi
siswher
esomel
ayer
seatt
hei
reggs
.

Si
gnsofeggeat ing
 Yel l
ows tainsont hebeak s
.
 Eggs hell
sint hepoul t
ryhous e
Causesofeggeat ing
 Lackofenoughf ood
 Fail
uretocol l
ecteggsint ime
 Presenceofbr okeneggs hel
linthepoul
tryhous
e
 Boredom
 Toomuchl ightaroundt henestingar
ea
 Lackofcalciumgi ventobi r
ds

Pr
event i
onofeggeat i
ng
 Debeakt hebi r
ds.
 Prov i
delay i
ngboxes.
 Id
ent i
fyt heeggeatersandr emovethemfromt
hehous
e.
 Keepingl ayi
ngboxesi nthed ar
k.
 Givebi r
d sfeedsri
chi ncalcium
 Remov ebr okeneggs hellfromthehouse
 Prov i
deenoughf eedst othebirds
 Paintlayingnestsblack
 Collectlaideggsregularl
y
 Prov i
deenoughs pacet obirds.

FEATHERPECKI NG
 Iti
st heactwher eabirdpull
sofffeathersf
romot
herbi
rdsus
ingi
tsbeak
s.
Causesoff eat herpeck ing
 Over crowd i
ng
 Bor edom
 Lackofenoughs pace
 Brightlighti nthepoultr
yhous e
 Lackofv i
taminsinthemashgi v
ent obir
ds
Signsoffeatherpeck i
ng
 Fewerf eather sonthebirdsbody
 Pres enceoff eathersi
nthepoultryhouse.

Way
sofcontrol
lingandpr event i
ngfeatherpecki
ng
 Provi
debirdswithenoughf eedsintime
 Provi
destructuress uchasper chesinthepoul
tryhous
e
 Givebirdsmas hcont aini
ngvitamins(pr
emi
x)
 I
solat
et hepeck edbir d
s
 Provi
deenoughs pacef orbir
ds
 Debeaki
ngbi r
ds
 Hangupv egetablesint hepoultr
yhous e
20
POULTRYDI SEASESANDPARASI TES
 Diseasesi npoul t
ryarecaus edby
:
 Vi rus es
 Bact eria
 Pr otoz oa
Exampl
esofvi rald i
seasesinpoul t
ry
 Newcas tledisease
 Bir
df lu/av i
anl eucosi
s
 Gumbor od isease
 Fowl pox
Exampl
esofbact erialdi
seasesinpoultr
y
 Fowlt yphoid
 Pneumoni a

Ex
ampl
esofpr ot
ozoand
iseasesi
npoul
try
 Coccidi
osi
s
 Blackhead

F
act
orsthatpromotethespreadofdi
seasesi
napoul
tryf
arm
 Overcrowd i
ng.
 Poorfeedi
ng.
 Poorhousing.
 Contami
natedwaterandfeeds
.
 Poorventi
lati
on

COCCI
DIOSI
S
 Iti
scausedbyprotozoa.
 Itatt
ack
stheli
ningoft hesmalli
ntest
ineandthel
iv
er.
 Iti
scommontopoul t
ry,rabbi
ts,
kids,
lambsandcal
ves.

Si
gnsandsympt omsofCocci d i
osi
s
 Bloodyd i
arrhoea.
 Feat hersappearr ough
 Dull
nes sandd roppingofwi ngs
 Chickscr owdtogether
 Birdss t
ands t
il
linonepl ace.
 Lossofwei ght( emaciat
ion)

Pr
event
ionandcontrolofCocci diosi
s
 Addcocci
diostatsinthef eedsorwater.
 Cullt
heinfectedbird
s .
 Keepallt
hef eedingtroughsclean
 Is
olat
eork il
lallthei
nf ectedbi
rds
 Keepthebrood erandt heareasaroundi
tdr
yandcl
ean

BL
ACKHEAD
 I
tiscaus
edbyPr
otoz
oa.
21
  I
taf
fect
sthel
iverandt
hecaecum

Si
gnsandsymptomsofbl ackhead
 Sulphurcoloureddiarrhoea.
 Darkpurplehead .
 Lossofappet i
te
 Darkeni
ngoft hes kinandwattl
e.
 Yell
owgr eencircularwounds(l
esi
ons
)

Prevent
ionandcont rolofBl ackhead
 Av oidov ercr owd i
ng.
 Separ atet urk eysf romot herfowls.
FOWLPOX
 I ti sani nf ectiousd i
seas ecaus edbyav i
rus.
 Thev irusent er sthebod ythroughwound sbroughtaboutbybi
ti
ngi
nsect
s
andpeck ingbi rds .
Signsandsy mpt omsoff owlpox
 Tinnywound sont hewat t
lecombandwi ngs.
 Ulcer sint hemout h.
 Dif ficult yi nbr eathi ng.
 Ey esgos leepyands t
uck .
 Sud d end eat hofi nfect edbi rds
 Wat er ys or esont hecomb, wat t
le,andaroundt
heey es.
 Dis char gef romt henos t
rilandey es
 Moul tingands hed d i
ngf eat hers
Prevent
ionandcont roloff owlpox
 Rout inev acci nation.
 Ens ur epr operhy gienei nt hepoultryhouse.
 Cul lands laught ert hei nfect edbirds.
 Dis i
nf ectt hepoul tryhous e.

NEWCASTL EDI SEASE

 Itisahi ghl yinfectiousd i
s easecausedbyavir
us.
 Itkil
lsunv accinatedpoul trybi r
dsoveralar
gearea.
Si
gnsandsy mpt omsofNewcast l
e
 Thickmucusd i
schar gedf romt hemouth.
 Difficultbr eathing.
 Stagger ingwi t
hd roopingwi ngs
 Wat er yyellowishwhi tediarrhoea.
 Red uct i
oni neggpr oduction.
 Los sofappet i
te
 Birdst wis ttheirneck
 Thickmucusd i
schar gef r
omt hemouth.
 Pooreggf ormat i
on
 Sud dend eathofs ev eralbirds.
 coughi ng
Prevent
ionandcont rolofNewcas t l
e
 Vacci natet hebi rdsr egularl
y.
 Cullt hei nfectedbir ds.
 Isolatet hes ickbirds.
22
F
OWLTYPHOID
 Thi
sisahighl
yinfecti
ousdiseas
ei npoult
rycausedbybacteri
acalled
sal
monell
atyphi
.
 Thedis
easeistr
ans mi
ttedt
ochicksbycar ri
erhensthrougheggs.
 Sal
monell
aalsoaffect
shumanbei ngs,soiti
sdangeroustoeatraweggs.

Si
gnsandsympt omsoff owlt
yphoid.
 Whitey el
lowishorgreenyell
owishdi
arr
hoea.
 Palewat tl
e
 Ruffledf eathers
 Bir
d sf oldthei
rheadsclosethebody
 Theliv er,ki
dneyands pl
eenmaybecomeenlar
ged.
 Thecombort hewattleget
ss hr
unkenandpal
eyel
low.

Pr
event
ionandcont r
oloffowlt y
phoid
 Cullt
hei nf
ectedbir
ds.
 Keept hepoul
tryhouseclean.
 Regularvacci
nati
on.
 Ki
llandburrytheinfectedbi
rds

PNEUMONI A
 Pneumoni aisacont agiousd isease.
 Itiscausedbybact eriaandv i
r us
Si
gnsandsy mpt omsofpneumoni a.
 Wat erydischar gef romt hemouthpartandnostri
ls
.
 Hight emperat ure.
 Coughi ng
 Difficul
tyinbr eathing
 Los sofappet i
te
Prevent
ionandcont r
olofpneumoni a
 Treatwi thant ibioti
cs.
 Keept hepoul t
r yhous ewar mduri
ngcoldseasons.
 Thepoul tryhous es houldbewellvent
il
ated.
 Isolatethes ickones .

Avianleucosis
 I tiscausedbyav i
rus
Signsandsy mpt oms
 Par al
y sisofl egsandwi ngs
 Swol lenl egs
 Red ucedeggpr oducti
on
 Pal ecombs
 Dehy d rati
on
 Enl ar
gedl i
ver
Preventionandcont rol
 Vacci nateal lthebi rds
 Keept hepoul t
ryhous eclean
 Us edi
s i
nfect antt ocleanequipment
 Rearbi r
dsi ni solati
onwi thadequatev
ent
il
ati
on
23
Whatiscul
ling?
 Cul l
ingistheremovalofsickandunpr
oduct
ivebi
rdsf
romt
hef
lock
Whyiscull
ingdoneinpoultr
y ?
 Tocont r
olpoul
trydi
seases
 Tocont r
olpoul
tryparasi
tes.

PARASITESINPOUL TRY
 Par asi
tesareli
vi
ngor
ganis
msthatdependonotherl
iv
ingorgani
smsforf
ood
andshelt
er.
 Al ivi
ngorgani
smonwhichthepar
asit
esdependoniscal
ledahost.

Ty
pesofparasi
tes.
 Ectoparasi
tes(
ext
ernalpar
asi
tes)
 Endoparasi
tes(
int
ernalpar
asi
tes
)

Ect
opar
asi
tes(
ext
er nalpar
asit
es)i
npoultr
y
 Thes
eareparasitest
hatli
veout
sid
ethebod
yofahos
t.

Ex
ampl
esofectopar
asi
tesi
npoul
tryi
ncl
ude:
 Lice
 Mites
 Fleas
 Ticks

Pr
event
ionandcontr
olofectoparasit
es
 Bydusti
nglayi
ngnestsusingacar
ici
des
 Ensur
inggoodhygi
eneinthepoult
ryhouse
 Smeari
ngtheheadofabi r
dwi t
hparaf
fin.

Whatar
eEnd oparasites(int
ernalparasi
tes)i
npoult
ry?
 Thes eareparas i
testhatl
iveinsi
dethebodyofahos
t.
Exampl
esofend opar asi
tesinpoultry
 roundwor ms.
 Gi z
zardworms
 Tapewor ms
Si
gnsofwor msinpoul t
ry
 Whi techal
kydr oppi
ngs
 Wat erydi
arrhoea
 F eweggsarel aid

Preventi
onandcont r
olofendoparasi
tes
 Byd ewor ming.
 Givingbird scl
eanfoodandwater
 Obs ervi
ngpr operhygi
eneinthepoul
tryhous
e
POUL TRYMANAGEMENTPRACTI CES
 Thes earer outi
neacti
vi
ti
esthatapoultr
yfarmercar
riesoutt
omai
ntai
ngood
pr
oductionandav oi
dloss
es.
Theseactivi
ti
esi ncl
ude:
 Debeak i
ng.
24
  Dewor
mi ngandd usti
ng.
 Eggcol lection.
 Cull
ing.
 Regularf eedi
ng.
 Recor dk eeping.
 Vaccinat ion.
Debeak
ing
a. Thi si st hecutt
ingofthebir
d’sbeaks hor
t.
b. F ar mer sdebeaktoavoidorpreventeggeati
ng,
peck
ingandcanni
bal
is
m.

Dr
awi
ngofad
ebeak
edbi
rd

Dewor
minganddust
ing
Thes
earedonetocont
rolend
oandect
opar
asi
tesr
espect
ivel
y.

Eggcol
lecti
on
Eggss houl
dbecol l
ectedatleast2to3t i
mesad aytoavoi
dthefol
lowi
ng:
- Eggeat ing.
- Br eakageoft heeggs.
- Eggsget tingdir
ty.
Cull
ing
 Cull
ingisther emovaloftheunproduct
iveandinfect
edbir
dsfromthefl
ock
.
 Thiscanbed onebys ell
ingorki
lli
ngtheeffect
edbi r
ds.

Regul
arfeeding
Af ar
mers houl
dpr
ovi
debot
hcommer
cialf
eed
sandgr
eenv
eget
abl
est
obi
rdsat
regul
artimes.

Vacci
nati
on
Bird
ss houl
dberegul
arl
yvacci
nat
edt
opr
otectt
hemf
romd
iseas
es(
toboos
t
thei
rimmunit
y)

FARMRECORDKEEPI NG
Thisi
sthekeepingofi
nformat
ionregard
ingthefarm.
Whatarefarmrecords?
I
tiswri
tteni
nformat
ionaboutallt
heacti
vit
iescarr
iedoutonthef
arm.

Ty
pesoff armrecords
 Product i
onrecord.
 Healthr ecord.
 Salesandex pens
erecor
d.
 Flockrecor d
.
 Feedrecor d.
 inventory

25
Pr
oducti
onrecor
d
Thi
sshowsthepr
oduct
ionper
cent
ageandnumberofeggscol
lect
edd
ail
y.

Heal
threcord
s
Theseind
icat
ethet
reat
mentgi
vent
obi
rdse.
gvacci
nat
ionord
ewor
ming.

Sal
esandexpenser
ecor
ds
Thes
es howt
heexpend
itur
eandi
ncomef
romf
eed
s,eggs
,labouret
c.

F
lockr
ecor
ds
Thesei
ndi
cat
ethet
otalnumberofl
iv
e,s
old
,ki
ll
edord
eadbi
rdsev
eryd
ay.

Feedrecor ds
Thes es howt het ypeoff eed,quanti
tyoffeedeat
enandt
hequant
it
yofs
poi
lt
feed.
I
nventor y-s howt hepr opertyownedbyt hefarm
Reasonsf ork eepingf ar mrecor ds
 Tok nowwhet herthef armi smak i
ngprofi
tsorlos
ses.
 Toi d ent ifyareast hatneedi mpr ovement
.
 Tok nowt heex pendit
ur eont hef arm
 Topl anf orthef arm.
 Toav oidr epeatingmistak es.
 Toeas ilygetl oansf r
omBank s .
 Tobet axedf airl
y.
 F orpr operd ecisionmak ing

Topi
caleval
uat
ionex
erci
se

BEEKEEPI
NG
 Beekeepi
ngi
ssomet
imescal
ledapi
cul
tur
e
Whati
sapiculture?
 Apicultureiskeepingandmanagementofbees
.
Whati
sanapi ary?
 Anapi aryisaplacewher ebeehi
vesarekept
Whyarebeesr eferr
edt oassociali
nsect
s?
 Beesl i
v eandwor ktoget
her.

26
Commont er
musedi napiculture
Acol ony
o Thi sisal argegr oupofbeesli
vi
ngi noneplace.
Aswar m
 Thi sisalargegr oupofbeesf l
yi
ngtogetherlook
ingforahi
ve.
 Thi siswhenacol onyofbeesl eavesanoldhive.
Grub
 Thi sisalarv astageofabee.
Brood
 Thes ear egr oupofy oungbeesinacomb.
Roy alj
ell
y
 Thi sisthes pecialfoodgiventothequeenbee.
Acomb
 Thi sisagr oupofcel ls.
.
Externalpartsofabee

I
mpor t
anceofeachpar
t
Sti
ng forprotect
ion
Oviposi
tor forlayi
ngeggs
Poll
enbasket
s f
orcar r
yingpoll
en
Wings forfl
ight
Spermsac fors t
oringspermsaf
termat
ing

TYPESOFBEESI NAHI VE
Therear
ethreetypesofbees
:
 Queenbee.
 Dronebee.
 Workerbee

QUEENBEE

27
Char
act
eri
sti
csofqueenbee

 Thequeenbeei saf emalebeethatlayseggs.

 Aqueenbeemat esonl yonceinitsli
feti
me.
 I tstor ess permsi nas perms acintheabdomen.
 I tswi ngsar es hor t
ercompar edtoitsbody.
 I tislar gerthant hed r
oneandt hewor k
erbees.
 Aqueenbeei sf edonas peci
alfoodcall
edRoyalj
ell
y.
Component sofr oy aljelly
 Wat er
 Pol len
 Sugar
 Nect ar

DRONEBEE

Character
isti
csoft hed ronebee
 Thisisthemal ebeewhos emainf unct i
oni stomat ewi
ththequeenbee.
 Ithatchesfromunf erti
li
zedeggs .
 Ad ronebeei smor ehai r
yt hanthewor kerbee.
 Ithasabl untabd omenwi thoutas t i
ng.
 Ad ronebeemak esabuz zi
ngsoundwhenf ly
ing.
 Ad ronebeei snotof tenf oundint hehi vebecaus eiti
ski
ll
edaftermati
ngwit
h
t
hequeenandi t
sbod yisremov edf romt hehive.
 Thed ronebeesar echas edoutoft hehiv eafterthewedd
ingfli
ght
Weddingfl
ight/mai denf l
ight
 Awed di
ngfli
ghti saf l
ightd ur
ingwhi chthed ronebeemateswiththequeenbee.

WORKERBEE

Charact
eri
sti
csofthewor k
erbees
 Theworkerbeesaresteri
le(bar
ren)femal
ebees.
 Workerbeesaresmal
l i
nsizebutverymanyinnumbers
.
 Theyhavepoll
enbasketsontheirhi
ndlegforcar
ryi
ngpol
len.
28
  Theydomostoft
hewor kinthehi
ve.
 Theyareal
socal
lednur
s ebee.

Dut
iesofawor
kerbee

 Toguar dthehi ve
 Tocollectnect ar
,waterandpol l
en
 Cleant hehi v
e
 Feedthequeenbeeonr oyalj
elly
 Feedthegr ubsonhoney
 Theys moot henthehive
 Theyr epaircracksinthehive
 Theyf anthehi vetolowerthetemperatur
e
 Theypr oducehoneyands toreitinhoneycombs
 Wor k
erbeesbui l
dthecombus ingwax.Thecombisd
ivi
dedi
ntos
mal
lhex
agonal
apartmentscal l
edcell
s.

Howdowor kerbeesr educet emper at

ureinthehive?
 Byflappingt
heirwi ngsr apid
ly
Usesofpropoli
s
 Iti
sus edtosmoot hent heinteri
orofahive.
 Iti
sus edtowat er
pr oofthebr oodcel
ls.
 Iti
sus edtorepairthecr acksinthehive.

Not
e:wor
kerbeesf
eedonpol
len.

SWARMING
Swar
mingist
hemas s
ivemovementofbeesf
romonepl
acet
oanot
herl
ook
ingf
ora
newhi
ve.
Aswarmisagroupofbees
.

Reasonstowhybeesswar m
 Ov er
crowd i
ngofbeesi nthehive.
 Dampnes sinthehi ve.
 Lackofpr operv enti
lat
ion.
 Excessiv
eheati nt hehive.
 Whenaqueenbecomesol dandlessproducti
ve.
 Whenanewqueeni sgroomed .
 Whent hebr oodcellsared amaged
.
 ToomuchSmok enearthehi ve.
 Toomuchnoi seinthear ea.
 Shortageoff oodandwat ernearthehiv
ei nthear
ea.
 Leakageint hehive.
 Frequentattacksbyenemi es.
 Bads mellaroundori nthehive.

29
THELIFECYCLEOFBEES
Beesunder
goacompl etemet amorphosis
, i
.e.eggs–larva–pupa-adul
t
 Thequeenbeel ayst heeggsinthecel l
s.
 Theeggshatchi nt
ot helarvae(grub).
 Thelarvaearef edbyt heworkerbeesands ealedint
hecel
ls.
 Thelar
vaedevelopint othepupa.
 Thepupathend evelopsintoayoungbee.

Not
e:Thegr
ubi
sfedonhoney
.

BEEHI
VES

API
ARY
Api
aryi
sapl
acewher
ebeehi
vesar
eset
.

F
actorsconsideredwhenset ti
ngupanapi
ary
.
 Apl acef reef romnoise.
 Nearf lowergar dens.
 F reefromd ampnes s
.
 Nearwat ers ource.
Typesofhives:
 Tr adi
ti
onalhi ves.
 nat ur
albeehi ves
 Mod ernhiv es.

Ex
amplesoftr
adi
ti
onalhi
ves:
Ki
gez
ihive. Thed
ugoutl
oghi
ve.

Mat
eri
alsusedt omak
elocalbeehi
ves
 L ogs
 Smal lst
icks
 Dr ygrass
30
  Mud
 Bananaf ibr
eset c.
Advantagesoflocalbeehives
 Theyar eeas ytomake
 Theyar echeapt omaintai
n
Disadvantagesoflocalbeehives
 Theyar eeas i
lydest
royed
 Itisnoteas ytoins
pectcombs
 Itisnoteas ytoharvesthoney
 Honeyi snotalwaysclean
Examplesofmod ernhives.
Top-barhive b)Boxhi
ve c)t
inhi
ve

Ad
vantagesoft op-barhiveoverot herhives
 Honeycol l
ectedisoftenofhi ghquali
ty.
 Thebar scanber emov edindivi
dual
lyfori
nspecti
on.
 Har vestingofhoneyi seas ilydone.
 I tavoid
swas tageofcombst hatarenotready.
 I ti
seas yt ocontrolswar ming
Di
sadvantagesofmod ernbeehi ves
 Theyar eex pensi
v etomak e

Thei
nter
nalst
ruct
ureofamod
ernhi
ve

Abr
oodchambercont ainsthefoll
owing:
 Eggs  Pupa
 L arvae  Youngbees.
I
mport
anceoft hequeenex clud
er
 Thequeenex cluderpreventsthequeenfroment er
ingandlay
ingeggsint
he
honeychamber.
 Its epar
atest
hehoneychamberf romthebr oodchamber
 Thequeenex cluderismade-upofs mal
lwiremesh,whichdoesnotall
owthe
queentopassthroughbutonl ytheworkerbees.
 Thehoneychamberi sbasical
lyforhoney.

31
Natur
albeehives
Beesnat
urall
yliv
eincav
es,
treet
runk
s,hol
esi
nrock
sandant
hil
l

Stocki
ngahi ve
 Iti
st hewayofencour agi
ngbeestooccupyanempt
yhi
ve
Howisstock i
ngd oneinapicult
ure?
 Usingas war mcatcherbox
 Bys mearingpropoli
sont heentr
anceofthehiv
e
 Byt r
appingbeesus ingas war
mcatchingnet
Diagr
amofaswar mcatcher

SITTINGNGAHI VE
I
tist heselecti
onofas ui
tableplacet osetupahi ve.
Factor st
oconsi derwhensi tt
ingahi ve
 Awayf rompeopl eorani malst oav oidd
isturbance
 Awayf romt her oad
 Nearawat ers ource
 Nearaf l
ower i
nggar d
en
 I nas helt
eredandqui etplace
 Apl acefreef rombads mel

FEEDI NGBEES
 Beesf eedonnect arandhoney
 Theyneedav ail
abili
tyofwat erallt heti
me
 As ugars ol
utions houldbepr ovidedincas ethefl
ower
sar
enott
her
e
 Pl antflowersneart hehivet opr ov i
denectar

HARVESTI NGHONEY
 Honeyhar ves
tingi
st heremov alofhoneycombsfromahive.
 Car es houl
dbet ak
enwhenhar v
esti
nghoneybecausebeescans
tingi
ftheyar
e
disturbed.
Methodsofhar vesti
nghoney
 Mod ernmethod–us ingas moker
 Tr ad i
ti
onalmethod–us ingfir
et okil
lbees
Disadvantagesofusi ngfiretoharvesthoney
 I tkil
lsbees
 I tburnst hehive
 F irecaus esbeestos warm
32
  Fi
remel
tshoneycombs
 Spoi
lst
hequali
tyofhoney
.

Whenhar
vestinghoney , oneshoul dhavet hefol
lowi
ng:
 Abuck et(pan)f orcol l
ectinghoney .
 Ak ni
fe:us edtocuthoneycombs
 Overalltoprotectt hehar ves t
erfromsti
ngs.
 Beesv eil
:toprotectt hef acef rombeesti
ngs
 Gloves:toprotectt hehand s
 GumBoot s:t
opr ot ectthef eet.
 As moker:toprod uces mok ethatcalmsbees.

Aper
sonr
ead
ytohar
vesthoney

Pr
ocedureforhar vesti
nghoney
 Bl owt hesmokeintothehivethr
ought heent
ranceholes
 L owert hehivetothegroundsothatthecombsar enotbrok
enord
amaged
 Thebar sshouldbeli
ftedoutonebyoneandi nspect
ed
 Goodqual i
tyhoneyisfoundinwhitecombs.
 Cutt hecombawayf romthebarandputi nacleancontai
ner.
Pr
oductsfrombees
 Honey
 Beewax
 Pol l
en
 Pr opolis
 Roy aljell
y
 Combs
 Beev enom
 Br ood

I
mpor
tanceofhoneyt
oman
 Honeyi
seatenasfood
 Honeyi
susedtosweet
ent
ea.

33
  Honeyiseatenwithbreadandcakes.
 Honeyi
sus edtomak eal
coholi
cdri
nks.
 Honeyi
sus edtotreatcough.
 Honeycanbes ol
dt ogetmoney.

I
ndust
rialusesofhoney
 Honeyi susedtomakemedicinee.g.coughs yr
ups.
 Itisalsous edtomakesweet s,chocolate.
 Itisus edinfrui
tcanni
ngasapr eserv ati
ve.
 Honeyi susedtomakecosmet i
cse.glips hiner.
 Honeyi sal
sous edi
nhospitalstod r
es swound sins
urgi
calcas
es.

Whi
chfoodv aluedoyoumost lygetfromeat
inghoney?
Wemostlygetcarbohydrat
es
I
mport
anceofbeewaxt oman
 F ormakingshoepol i
sh
 F ormakingcrayons.
 F ormakingcandlewax
 Tomak evarni
shf orfur
nitur
e
 Tomak ecosmeti
csl i
kebodycreams/Vasel
ine.
 F ormakingli
pbums .
 F ormakingchewinggum

Usesofpr opol i
st obees.
 Itisus edt os moot hent heinteri
oroft hehive.
 Itisus edt owat erpr oofthebroodcel l
s.
 Itisus edt or epairt hecracksint hehive.
Usesofpr opol ist oman
 Ittreat ss cabi es
 Itcanbeus edt ot reatburnsands cal
ds
 Itcanbes oldt ogetmoney
 F ormak i
ngant iseptics,antif
ungal,andanti
v i
ralmedi
cines.
EXTRACTI ONOFHONEY
 Thi sist her emov alofhoneyf r
omcombs .
Methodsofex tract inghoney
 F l
oatingt hewaxmet hod
 Pr essingt hehoneymet hod
 Cent rifugi ngmet hod
Fl
oatingthewaxmet hod
 Gol deny ellowcombsar er emovedandcr ushedandplacedintothesaucepan.
 Anot herbi ggers aucepani shalfwayf i
ll
edwithwaterandwat erisboil
ed.
 Thes aucepanwi thhoneycombsi splacedont opoftheboili
ngwater.
 Thewaxandhoneymel t
s,thewaxf l
oatsontopofhoney .

34
  Honeyi sthenpl acedi ncleancont ainersf ors torage.
Pressinghoneymet hod
 Thecombsar ebr ok eni ntos mallpi
eces
 Thebr okenhoneycombsar eplacedont hecl otht ied.
 Allowhoneyt od r
ipi ntoacl eancont ainer
Centri
fugingmethod
 Acent ri
fugalhoneyex t
ractorisus edtor emov ehoneyf romhoneycombs.
 Thewaxt hats eal
st hecmbsi sremov edbef oret heyareputi
nthemachine.
 Themachi net hent ur nsthecombsr oundatahi ghs peed.
 Thef orcethatt urnst hecombsar oundf or ceshoneyt ocomeout.
 Thehoneyt hens ettlesatt hebot tomoft hemachi ne.
 Thehoneyi sthenboi ledands toredi ncleancont ainers.
Anil
lustrati
ontoshowacent ri
fugalhoneyex tract or

LESSON25
Howt oobtainbeewax
 Honeycombsar eplacedi nas aucepanfil
ledwit
hwar
mwat
er.
 Thewat ermaybeheat edbutnotatboil
ingpoint
.
 Thebeewaxmel tsint othewar mwater.
 Af t
ercooling,waxf or msont opofthewat er.
I
mportanceofbeest oman
 Beespr ovidebeewax
 Beespr ovidehoney
 Beeshel pinpol l
ination
 Theyar es ourceofi ncome
I
mportanceofbeest opl ants
 Beespol l
inatef l
ower .
BEEENEMI ESANDDI SEASES
Examplesofbeepest sinclude
 Woodant s
 Saf ar
iants
 Was ps
 Waxmot hs
 Sugarant s
 Pirateants
35
  Honeybad gers
 Hawkmot h
 Bi r
ds
 Hi v
ebeetl
e.
Pr
otect
ionofbeesf r
omants
a. Hangt hehivebet
weenpol
es.

36
Diseasesofbees
Thef oll
owi ngd iseas escanat t
ackbees .
 Amer icanf oulbr ood
 St onebr ood
 Bal dbr ood
 Eur opeanf oul brood
 Nos ema
Howcanwepr eventenemi esf r om
destroyi
ngbees?
 Byoi li
ngt hebas eoft hepol es
onwhi chhi v esar e.
 Put tinggr eas eont hewi rest o
prev entt heant sf romcl i
mbing.
 Spr ay i
ng i nsect icides at t he
bas eofpol est ok illthepes ts
.
 Keepi ng t he gr as s ar ound t he
hivess hor t.
 Hangi ng t he hi v es i n t rees
100cm–150cmhi gh.
Way sofcar i
ngf orhoneybees
 Pr ot ect t hem f r om d i
rect MATTERANDENERGY
s unlight ,r ain, pes ts and
d iseas es MEASURESMENTS
 Remov e weed s whi ch gr ow Tomeas uremeanst of i
ndt hes i
z e,
bel owt hehi ve amount ,lengt h, areaandquant ityofan
 Si tti
nganapi aryi naqui et object.MEASUREMENT
pl ace. I
tist hepr oces soff i
ndingouthowl ong,
 Pr ov idebeeswi t
hwat erand shor t
,big, smal l,heav yorl i
ghtanobj ecti
s.
s ugard ur inghotd ays . Mass
 I ti st hequant i
tyofmat teri nan
object .
 I ti smeas uredingr ams( g), k
g
(ki
logr ams )
.
 NB:I tss t
and arduni tiskg.
Weight
 Wei ghti st hef orceofgr av ity
actingonanobj ectbyt heear th
 Wei ghti smeas uredi nnewt ons
Gravity :
 I st hef orceoft heear t
ht hat
pul lsd ownobj ects?
OrI tisthef orceofat t
ractiont hat
pul
lsobj ect st owar dsthecent eroft he
earth.

37
NBOnear tht hegrav i
tat
ionalforce
acti
ngonmas si s10N
LENGTH
 Iti st hed istancebet weent wo
point
 Iti s meas ured in metres (m),
centimeters ( cm) Hect omet
res
(hm),mi l
li
metrees( mm,decamit
re
(Dm)d ecimeters(dm).
NB:Thes tandarduni t
sforlengthis
Metres

Inst
rument
s used to measur
elengt
h
Tapemeasures
 Metreruler
s
 Footrulers

38
Howt
omeasur
elengt
husi
ngbod
ypar
ts

 Us inghands pans
 Us ingstri
des
 Us ingthefeet
 Us ingarmlength
Ali
nesegment :Isalinebetweent
wopoints
.
Act
ivi
ty
 L earnersdrawl i
nesegment
sofdi
fferentl
engt
h.
 a) .4cm b)6cm c)8cm d
)14cm

39
LESSON28
AREA
 Iti
sthetotalspacecov
eredbyanobj
ect.
2 2
 Iti
smeas ur
edinSquareUnit
scm, m,dm2,
km2.
Areaofarectangle

Wi
dth(
w)
Length(L)
Thewidthisthes hort
ersi
deofarectangl
e
Thelengthisthelongersi
deofarectangl
e
Area=L engthxWi dt
h =s
q.unit
s
Bycountingthes
quares
24squares
Area=LxW
=6s quaresx4squar
es
=24s quares

6s
quar
es

NB:Ar
ect
angl
ehast
wooppos
ites
idesequal
.

Ar
eaofasquare
Asquarehasal
lit
ssi
desequal
Ar
ea=sxs
Ar
ea =sxs
=4cmx4cm
S2 4cm =16cm2

CAPACI
TYANDVOL
UME.

CAPACI
TY.
 Capaci
tyi
stheamountof l
iqui
dacontai
nercanhol
d.
 Capaci
tyofl
iqui
dsi
smeasuredinl
it
ers
.

Met
rict
abl
eforcapaci
tyofl
iqui
ds

VOLUME.
 Volumeisthespaceoccupi edbyanobj
ect
.
 Volumeismeasur edincubicuni
tse.
g.
 Cubiccenti
metres -cm3orcc
 Cubicmil
li
metes–mm3
r
 Cubicmetres–m3
Thebasi
cunitformeas uringvol
umeiscubi
ccenti
met
res(
cc)
.

40
FINDI
NGVOL UMEOFREGUL AROBJECTS.
1. Regularobject
sareobject
swhi
chhav
epr
operd
imens
ions
.
I
.e.Lengt
h,widt
h,hei
ght
F
orexample
 Cuboi
ds
 Cubes.

F
ind
ingt
hevol
umeofacubeorcuboi
dusi
ngcubes.

Howmanycubi
cbl
ocksmakeupt
heabovefi
gure?
……………………………………………………………………………………………. .
Fi
ndi
ngthevol
umeofacubeorcuboi
dusi
ngthefor
mula.

Ex
ampleI.
Fi
ndthevol
umeofacubewhos
es i
deis3cm.
Vol
umeofacube=Ar eaofbasexhei
ght.
=si
dexs i
dexsi
de.
=3cmx3cmx3cm.
=27cm3.
Note:Acubehasal
lsid
esequal
.

Exampl
eII
.
Fi
ndthevol
umeoft
hecuboi
dshownbell
ow.
Volume =areaofbas
exhei
ght
.
=LxWxH
=4cmx3cmx2cm
=24cm3

Exampl
eII
I.
Fi
ndthevol
umeoft
hef
igur
eshownbel
low.

V =LxLxL
=4mx4mx4m
=84m3

Ex
ampl
eII
I

V = 3uni
tsx2unit
sx4uni
ts
= 24cubi
cuni
ts

41
 EXERCI
SE
Fi
ndthevol
umeoft
hef
oll
owi
ngobj
ect
s.

1.F
indt
hev
olumeofar
ect
angul
arbl
ockwhos
elengt
his6cm,
wid
th4cmandhei
ght3cm.

F
INDI
NGTHEVOL UMEOFI RREGUL AROBJECTS
 Irr
egul
arobject
sareobjectsthatdon’
thaveproperdi
mensi
ons .E.g.s
tones.
 Thevol
umeofi rr
egularobj
ectsthatsi
nkinwaterismeasur
edus ingdispl
acementmet
hod
.
 Iti
scal
ledthedispl
acementmethodbecausetheirr
egul
arobjectdispl
aceswater.

 Whenani r r
egularobjectisful
lyi
mmersedinwater,
itdi
spl
acest
heamountofwat
erequalt
o
i
tsv olume.
Whycan’
td isplacementmet hodbeusedt ofi
ndvolumeofal eaf
?
 Itfloat sonwat er.
 Itdoesnotd i
splaceanyamountofwat er
Thi
ngsneed edt ohelpy ouf i
ndthevolumeofirr
egularobj
ects.
1.Meas uringcy l
inder.
2.Wat er .
3.Ani rr egularobjecte.g.astone.
4.Anov erflowcanoreur ekacan.
5.String.

St
epstak
enwhenfindi
ngthevolumeofani rregul
arobj
ectusi
ngameasur
ingcy
lind
er.
St
epI
1.Pourwat
eri
ntoameasuringcy l
inders
othatiti
sabouthal
fful
l
2.Recor
dthef
irs
tv ol
umeofwat er.Say30cc.

StepII
1.Getas t
oneandti
eitwit
has tring.
2.Lowertheobj
ecti
ntothemeas uringcyl
ind
ersot
hatt
heobj
ecti
scov
eredbywat
er.
3.Recor
dthevol
umeofwat eragains ay50cc.

Vol
umeofthest
onewi l
lbeequalt
o:
V= 2ndlev -1stl
el evel
= 50cc-30cc
= 20cc.

42
Thevolumeofthest
oneis20ccbecaus
ewhenanobj
ecti
slower
edi
nwat
er,
itd
ispl
acesanamountof
waterequalt
oitsv
olume.

EXERCI
SE:
Anexper
imentwascarr
iedoutbyP.
5pupi
lst
ofi
ndt
hev
olumeoft
hes
toneus
ingameas
uri
ng
cyl
ind
erasshownbelow.

1.Cal
culat
ethevol
umeoft
hes t
one.
2.Whyisthevol
umeoft
hestoneequalt
othatans
wery
ouhav
egi
ven?

F
ind
ingt
hevol
umesofi
rregul
arobj
ect
susi
nganoverf
lowcan

St
epI
1.Fi
ll
thecanwi
thwaters
ot hatt
hewat
erpoursoutthr
oughthespout.
(i.
e.unti
litov
erfl
ows
).
2.Whennomorewat
erpoursout,t
hent
hewaterisuptothel
eveloftheholeorspout.

StepII
 Loweranobj
ectwhosevolumeyouwanttomeasurei
ntothecan.
 Thewaterwi
llov
erf
lowandpouri nt
othemeasuri
ngcyl
ind
er.
 Findt
hevol
umeoftheobjectbyreadi
ngthel
evelofwat
erinthecyl
ind
er.

Not
e:Whenanobj
ecti
slower
edi
nwat
er,
itd
ispl
acesanamountofwat
erequalt
oit
svol
ume.

43
 EXERCI
SE
1. Ap.5cl
asscar
riedoutanexperimentass
howni
nthed
iagr
am.
Whatwasthevolumeofthestone?

2. F
indt
hev
olumeoft
hes
tonei
ntheex
per
imentbel
ow.

Di
spl
acementusi
ngregul
arobj
ects
.
1. Fi
ndt
hev ol
umeofwatert
hatwil
lbedi
spl
acedbyt
hebl
ockass
hownbel
ow.

2. Whatv
olumeofwat
erwi
llbed
ispl
acedi
fthebl
ockbel
owi
simmer
sedi
nthewat
er?

3. Whatwi
llbet
hel
evel
ofwat
eri
ftheobj
ecti
sremov
edf
romt
hemeas
uri
ngcy
li
nder
?

4. Whatwi
llbet
hel
evel
ofwat
eri
ftheobj
ecti
sputi
ntot
hemeas
uri
ngcy
li
nder
?

44
 MASS
1. Massi
stheamountofmatt
eri
nanobject
.
2. Thest
andar
dunitformeas
uri
ngmas
si ski
logr
ams(
kg)

WEI
GHT
 Wei
ghtisagravit
ati
onalpullonanobject
.
 OrWeightist
hef or
ceofgr avi
tyact
ingonanobject
.
 OrGravit
yistheforcethatpull
sobj
ectstowar
dsthecent
reoft
heear
th.
 Wei
ghti
smeasuredinNewtons(N).

Machi
nesusedtomeasur
ewei
ght
.Andmass
a. Beambal ance.
b. Spr i
ngbalance
c. Setofs cales.
d. Scal
ebalance.

DI
FFERENCESBETWEENWEI
GHTANDMASS

MASS WEIGHT
Measuredi
nkil
ogram MeasuredinNewton(N)
Massdoesnotchange Weightchanges
Massistheamountofmat
teri
nabod
y. Weightisthegr
avit
ati
onalpul
lonanobj
ect
.

Densi
ty.
 Densi
tyi
sthemassofanobj ectperuni
tvol
ume.
 Densi
tyi
smeasureding/cc.
 Densi
ty=mass/
volume
 Hygr
ometeri
sani ns
trumentusedtomeasur
edensi
tyofl
iqui
ds

45
 FINDI
NGMASS,
VOL
UMEANDDENSI
TYOFOBJECTS.
MASS.

Ex
ampl es
1. Findthemas
sofanobjectwhos
evol
umei
s5ccandd
ens
ityof10g/cc.
Volume = 5cc
Dens i
ty = 10g/cc
Mass = ?g

Mas
s = Dens
ityxVol
ume
M = 10x5
M = 50g
2. Workoutt
hemas
sofanobj
ectwhos
evol
umei
s3cmandd
ens
ityof5g/
cc
Vol
ume = 3cc
Densi
ty = 5g/cc
Mass = ?g

Mas
s =Dens
ityxVol
ume
M =5x3
M =15g.
Ex
erci
se
1. Whatist
hemas
sofanobj
ectwhosedensi
tyi
s10g/ccandvol
umeof6cc?
2. Fi
ndthemas
sofast
onewhosedensi
tyis20g/ccandv
olumeof5cc.

DENSI
TY

Ex
ampl
es
1. Whatist
hed ens
ityofanobj
ectwhos
emas
sis14gandv
olume7cc
Mass = 14g
Vol
ume = 7cc
Dens
ity = ?
g/cc
Densi
ty = mas s/vol
ume
14
D = /7
D = 2g/ cc.
2. Fi
ndthed
ensit
yofanobj ectwhos
emas
sis20gandv
olume5cc.
Mass =20g
Vol
ume=5cc.
Dens
ity=?
g/cc
Densi
ty=Mass
/vol
ume
Dens
ity=20/
5

Densi
ty=4g/
cc.

46
 EXERCISE
1. Whatisthed ensi
tyofanobj
ectwhosemassis30gandvol
ume5cc.
2. Workoutt hedensi
tyofanobj
ectwhosemassis24gandvol
ume6cc.
3. Whatisthed ensi
tyofanobj
ectwhosemassis10gandvol
ume5cc.
4. Fi
ndthed ensit
yoftheobj
ectbel
owwhos emassis48g.

5. Wor
koutt
hed
ens
ityofanobj
ectwhos
emas
sis50gandv
olume5cc.

VOL
UME.

Exampl
es.
1. Whatisthevol
umeofanobj
ectwhos
emas
sis14gandd
ens
ity
2g/
cc
Mass = 14g
Dens
ity = 2g/
cc
Vol
ume = ?
cc
Vol
ume = mas
s/d
ens
ity
.
= 14g/
2g/
cc
= 7cc.
2. Workoutt
hev
olumeofanobj ectwhos
emas
sis15gandd
ens
ityof5g/
cc
Mass = 15g
Densi
ty = 5g/cc
Vol
ume = ?cc
Vol
ume = mass/densi
ty.
= 15g/5g/cc.
Volume = 3cc.

EXERCISE
1. Whatisthevol
umeofanobj
ectwhosemassis30ganddensi
ty6g/cc.
2. Workoutthevol
umeofanobj
ectwhosemassis24ganddensi
ty3g/cc.
3. Whatisthevol
umeofanobj
ectwhosedens
ityi
s2g/ccandmass10g?

BEHAVI
OUROFOBJECTSWI
THWATER
Whenobj
ect
sar
epl
acedi
nwat
er,
somes
ink
,fl
oatord
ispl
acewat
er.

F
LOATINGANDSI NKING.
F
LOATING
 Fl
oatingi
swhenanobj ectstaysont op(thesur f
ace).
oftheli
quidi
nwhichitisput.
 Objectsf
loatbecaus etheyareles
sd ensethanliqui
dinwhichtheyareput
.
Note:Whenanobj ectfl
oatsonwat er ,
itdi
splacestheamountofwaterequaltoit
swei
ght
.

SI
NKING
Si
nki
ngiswhenanobjectgoesdowntot
hebot
tomofthecont
aineroftheli
qui
diti
sput
.
Obj
ectssi
nkbecaus
et heyaremored
enset
hanthel
iqui
dinwhi
cht heyar
eput.

47
Not
e:
Whenanobj
ects
ink
s,i
tdi
spl
acesanamountofwat
erequalt
oit
svol
ume.

Fl
oatingObjects Sinkingobjects.
Apencil Anai l.
Aleaf As tone
Apieceofpaper Acoi n
Abottletop. Knife
Apieceofwood As etofr ubbers
Atoothbrush. Ak ey
Aplasti
cmug/ pl
ate. Apad lock
Apieceofcor k Api n
Boats Sand
Shipsetc. Soil
Agl ass,etc

 Whenobj ectsaredroppedinwat er ,therei sal

waysaf orce,
whi
chtend
stopusht
hemupwar
ds.
 Thi
sforcei scall
edupt hrustorbuoy ancy .
 Upthrustistheupwar dforcei nwat er ,whichtendstopushobj
ect
supwar
ds.
 Upthrustforcemak eobjectswei ghl essi nwater.
Qn.Whydoesashi pf l
oatonwat ery etit ’
smad eupofmet al
s?
 I
tsaveraged ensi
tyislesst hanthatofwat er
 I
tissuppor t
edbyt hebuoy antfor ceofwat er

48
 I
MMUNI
TYANDI
MMUNI
SATI
ON
I
mmuni
tyi
stheabi
li
tyoft
hebod
ytor
esi
std
iseas
ecaus
ingger
ms.

Ty
pesofI
mmuni
ty :
 Natur
alImmuni
ty:
 Art
ifi
cialI
mmuni
ty:

Way
sofacquiringnaturali
mmunity
 Afterrecoveri
ngf r
oms i
ckness.
 Frommot hertothebabythroughthepl
acent
a.
 Throughbr eas
tfeeding.

Waysofacquiri
ngar ti
fici
alimmunit
y
Arti
fi
ciali
mmuni tycanbeacquiret hr
oughimmuni
zat
ion(
vacci
nat
ion)
I
mport
anceofi mmuni t
y
 Itenablest hebodyt ofi
ghtagainstd
iseas
ecausi
nggerms
 Ithelpstok eepthebod yheal
thy
 Itreducesd eathrates
 Itstrengthenstheimmunes ystem.

Whatisimmunizat
ion?
Immunizati
onistheintrod
uctionofv accinesint
othebod ytomak eitproduceanti
bodi
esagainst
certai
nd i
seases.
Whatareantibodi
es?
 Thes ear echemi
cal
spr oducedbythewhi tebl
oodcell
st od
efendthebod yagai
nstdi
seases
.
 Subs t
ancesthatst
imulat
est hepr
od ucti
onofantibodi
esarecal
ledantigens.
Whyisimmunizati
oncarri
edoutf reeofchar geespeci
allyi
ngovernmenthealthcentr
esinUganda?

Toencourage/enabl eallpar
entstotakethei
rchil
drenforimmunizat
ion.
Met
hodsofi mmuni z
at i
on.
 Or almet hod(dropsinthemouth)
 I nj
ectionmet hod
I
mport
anceofi mmuni zati
on
Immunizationhelpstoprotectchi
ld
renagainstt
heeightkil
leri
mmunizabl
ed i
sease.
Immunizationhelpstoboos tt
heimmunit
yofthebod y.
Immunizationreducestherateatwhichchil
drendiebeforetheageofeightyear
s ./Red
ucesi
nfant
mort
alit
yr ate.

WHATAREVACCI NES?
 Vacci
nesar especialdrugsi nt
roducedinthebodytomakeitr
esi
stantt
ocer
tai
ndi
seas
es.
 Vacci
nesar emadef romk il
ledorweak enedger
ms.
 Thewor dimmuni
zat i
onmeanst hesameasvaccinati
onorinocul
ati
on.
Howar
evaccinesimportantint hebod y?
 Theymak ethebodypr oduceant i
bodiesagai
nstdi
seasecausi
nggerm

STORAGEOFVACCI NES
Vacci
nesarestor
edi
ncol
d-chai
nboxes(cool
ers)andref
riger
ators
Note.Vacci
nesarek
epti
ncoolcont
ainerstokeepthegermsdormant
.

49
Whyar
evaccineskeptincoldchainboxes?
 Tomaintainthei
reffect
ivenes
s
 Topreventthemf r
omget t
ingspoi
lt
 Tokeept hegermsdormant

TYPESOFVACCI
NES
Ther
ear
ethr
eet
ypesofv
acci
nes
 Tox
oid
s
 At
tenuat
edv
acci
nes
 Ki
ll
edv
acci
nes
TOXOI
DS
Ther
ear
epr
epar
edf
romt
oxi
nspr
oducedbybact
eri
aint
hebod
y.Theyar
emad
ehar
mles
sandi
nject
ed
i
ntot
hebod
yli
keT.
Tvacci
nes
KI
LLED/DEADVACCI
NES
Thes
ear
eki
ll
edbact
eri
aorv
irust
hathasbeengr
owni
nsui
tabl
ehos
tcel
ls
.Theyar
emad
ehar
mles
s
bef
orebei
ngi
nject
edi
ntoaper
sone.
g.chol
eraandt
hes
ackant
ipol
iov
acci
ne,
DPTv
acci
ne,
typhoi
d
v
acci
ne,
etc.
ATTENUATEDVACCI
NES
Thes
ear
eli
vebact
eri
aorv
iruswhi
chhasbeenweak
enedi
nsuchawayt
hatt
heycannotcaus
e
d
iseas
es.
Wheni
nject
edi
ntot
hebod
y,t
heycaus
eimmuni
ty.
E.
g.BCGv
acci
ne,
meas
lesv
acci
ne,
rabi
esv
acci
ne,
yel
lowf
everv
acci
ne,
chi
ckenpoxv
acci
ne

THEI
NFANTI MMUNISABL EDISEASES
 Ther eareeightchil
dhoodkil
lerimmuni
sabl
ed i
seases
.
 Theyat t
ackmos tl
ychildr
enbel owtheageofsixyearsbecaus
ethei
rimmuni
tyagai
nstt
hos
e
d
iseasesisstil
lweak.
 Thei mmunis
abled i
seasesincludethef
oll
owing:

1.meas l
es
2.Poli
o
3.Whoopi ngcough
4.Tuberculosi
s
5.Tetanus
6.Hepatiti
sB
7.Diphtheri
a
8.Haemophi l
iinf
luenz
aB.

50
 MEASL ES
 I tiscausedbyav ir
uss preadfromonei nfectedpersont
oanot
hert
hroughai
r.
Si
gnsofmeas les
 F ev er
 Redey es
 Sor emout handt hroat
 Ras halloverthebod y
 Dr ycough
 Runnynos e
Symptomsofmeasl es
 L os sofappet i
te
Ef
fectsofmeasl es
 I ts l
owsd ownt hechild’
snor malgrowt h
 I tcaus esdeath
 I tcaus esbli
ndnes s
 I tinterfer
eswi ththenor malfunctioningofthebrain.
Pr
eventionandcont r
olofmeasl es:
 I mmuni zat
ionwi t
ht hemeas l
esv accine.
 I solati
onoft heinfectedone.

Not
e:Themeas
lesvacci
neisgi
venat9mont
hsandnotbef
ore.Thi
sisbecaus
ethechi
ld i
sbor
n
wi
thi
mmuni
tyagai
nstmeasl
est
hatl
ast
suptoar
ound9months.

TUBERCULOSIS(TB)
 Tubercul
osi
sisabbrev i
atedasTB
 Iti
scausedbybacteria(myco-bact
eri
umt
uber
cul
osi
saf
fectl
ungsandmy
co-bact
eri
umbov
is
affect
sbonesandalimentarycanal

HowTBspreads
 Thebacter i
umwhichcausestuberculosi
soft hel
ungss preadbydropleti
nfecti
ont hroughair
.
 Theinfectedpers
oncoughsandt heger msarecarri
edbyai rtoahealthyperson.
 Thebact eri
umwhi chcausestuberculosisoftheali
ment arycanalandthes kel
etoni sspread
throughd r
inki
ngunboi
ledmil
kfromt ubercul
arcowsi.e.cowsinfectedwit
ht uberculosi
s.

Si
gnsofTB
 Persi
stentcough
 Lossofbod ywei
ght
 Coughingandspit
ingmucuswi
thbl
oods
tai
ns

51
  Ov
ers
weat
ingatni
ght
.

Sy
mptomsofTB
 Pai
ninbones
,joi
ntsandback

Ef
fectsoft uberculosis
 I tdamagesl ungs
 i tdamagesbones
 i tdamagesl ymphnod es
 I tcanleadt od eath
Preventi
onandcont r
olofTB
 I mmunizationwi thBCGv acci
ne.
 I sol
ationoft hei nf
ect edones
 Ear lyTreat mentoft heinfect
edonesi
nrecogni
zedhos
pit
als
 Dr i
nkproper lyboil
edmi lk

Not
e:BCGv
acci
nei
sgi
venatbi
rthbecaus
eachi
ldi
sbor
nwi
thnoi
mmuni
tyagai
nstt
uber
cul
osi
s.

POL
IOMYEL
ITI
S(POL
IO)

 Pol
ioi
scausedbyav ir
uspas s
edoutbyaninf
ect
edper
sonthroughf
aeces
.
 Thevi
ruscanbespreadthroughdr
ink
ingcont
ami
nat
edwater.
 Thedi
seaseaf
fect
st heli
mbs

Ef
fectsofpoli
o
 Itweakensbodymus cl
es
 Itcauseslameness
 Itcanleadtodeath
 Itcausesparaly
sis

Si
gnsofpol
io
 Paral
ysi
sorweak
nes
sinoneormor
eli
mbs
 Fever

Pr
event
ionandcontr
olofpoli
o
 Immuniz
ati
onwiththepoli
ovacci
ne.
ieSal
kpol
iov
acci
ne(
IPV)andSabi
npol
iov
acci
ne(
OPV)
 Boil
ingdri
nki
ngwater
 Pr
operd
ispos
alofal
lfaecesi
nlat
rines
.

52
 TETANUS(
LOCKJAW)

 Itisusual l
ycaus edbybact eriafoundinthesoi
lcal
ledcl
ostri
di
umt et
ani
 Thebact eri
aent ert hebod ythroughf r
eshcutsorwounds.
 Innewbor nbabi es,itcanent erthroughtheumbi
li
calcor
difitiscutwit
had
irt
yoruns
ter
il
iz
ed
i
nstrumentl i
ker azor blad
e.
Ef
fect
soft etanus
 Itdamagest hener vouss ystem
 Itcanl eadtod eat h
 Itleadst oconv ulsi
ons
Si
gnsoftetanus
 St i
ffmus clesallov ert hebod y
 Spas mswhent ouched
 Thebabys topss ucklingthemot her’
sbreast
.
 F ever

Pr
event
ionandcont r
oloftetanus
 Immunizati
onwithDPTv acci
ne.
 Us esteri
li
zedcut
ti
ngtoolstocuttheumbil
i
calcordofbabies.
 Giv eT.Tvacci
netopregnantwomen,ad
olescentgi
rl
s,acci
dentvi
cti
ms,
 Wound sandcutsshouldbed r
essed.

Not
e:DPTvacci
neisnotgi v
enatbi rt
hbecaus
ethebabyi
sbornwit
himmuni
tyagai
nstt
etanuswhi
ch
l
ast
supt o6weeks
.
WhyisT.
Tvacci
negivent opregnantwomen?
 Toprev
enttetanusinfect
iontobot
hthemot
herandt
hebaby

WHOOPINGCOUGH
 Whoopi ngcoughisalsocal
ledpert
ussi
s.
 Itiscausedbybacter
iaands pr
eadthr
oughai
rbycoughi
ng

Si
gnsofwhoopingcough
 Coughingspell
swhi
chendi
nvomi
ti
ng.
 Gaspf orbreat
h.

53
  Runnynose.
 L
ossofweight
 F
everattheonset

Ef
fect
sofwhoopi ngcough
 Itdamagest helungs
 Itleadstodeath
Pr
eventi
onandcont rolofwhoopingcough
 Immunizat
ion withDPTv acci
ne.
 Isol
ationoftheinfect
edones .

DI
PHTHERIA
 Itiscaus
edbybact
eri
aspr
eadt
hroughai
r.

Signsofd i
pht heria
 Sor et hroat.
 Swol lenneck .
 Di f
f i
cultyinbr eathi
ng
 Ver ybadbr eath
 f ever
Eff
ectsofd iphtheria
 Itleadst od eath
 Itdamagesbl oodv esselsi
nt hethr
oat
.
Howt opr eventandcont r old
iphtheri
a
 Thr
oughi
mmuni
zat
ionwi
thDPTv
acci
ne
 I
sol
atet
hei
nfect
edchi
ld
ren
HEPATI
TISB
 I
t’
scaus
edbyHepat
it
isBvi
rus.
 I
taf
fect
sthel
iver
.
 I
tiss
preadbycont
actwi
thbl
oodofani
nfect
edper
son.
 I
tisawat
erbor
ned
iseas
e.
Sy
mpt
omsofhepat
it
is
 Bodyweakness
 Stomachupset
Si
gnsofhepat
it
is

54
  Ver yd arkur ine
 Ey est ur ny ellow
 Ti red nes s
 Vomi ti
ng
 L os sofappet ite
 Ver ypal es tool
Howt opr eventandcont rolhepat itisB
 I mmuni zewi thHepat iti
sB( Hepati
tisBs erum)HI Bvaccine
HAEMOPHI LUSI NFL UENZATYPEB
 I ti scaus edbyabact erias preadthroughai r.
Si
gnsandsy mpt omsofhaemophi l
usi nfl
uenz aB
 Bod yweak nes s
 St iff nes soft heneck
 Vomi ti
ng
 F ev er
Howt opr eventandcont rolhaemophi lusinfl
uenz aB
 Byi mmuni zingwi t hhaemophi l
usinfluenzaBv accine
OTHERI MMUNI SABL EDI SEASES
Cholera
 Chol erai sanacut einf ectiousdiseasecaus edbybact eriacal
ledvibr
iocholer
ae.
 Thei ncubat ionper i
odoft hed is
eas eis3- 6d ay safterinfecti
onandcholerakil
lswi
thi
n12t
o
48hour saf tert hef i
r stsigni fi
tisnott reatedv eryquickly
.
Howi schol er aspr ead
 Chol er as pr ead st hroughd r
ink i
ngwat ercont ami natedwi thcholer
agerms.
 Chol er as pr ead st hrougheat ingfoodcont aminat edwithcholeragerms.
 Chol er acanal sos preadwhenaheal thper sont ouchesas i
ckperson.
Si
gnsandsy mpt omsofchol era
 Ser i
ouswat eryd iarrhoea
 Sev er ev omi ting.
 Cr amps , s hockandd ehy d
ration
 Weak nes scol l
aps eandd eath
 Abd omi nalpai n
 Thebod ybecomescopl d
 Sev er ed ehy dr ation
 Deat hd uet od ehy drat i
on

Prevent
ionandcont rolofcholera
 Throughi mmuni zati
on.
 Boil
ingd ri
nk i
ngwat er.
 Cov erallfoodt oavoidhousefli
es.
 Taket heinfectedpat i
entstothehospit
alassoonaspos si
ble.
 Puttingallfaecesi nalatri
ne.
 Was hhand sbef oreeatingfoodandafterusi
ngthelatri
ne.
 Reheatl eftfood .
 Isol
at etheinfectedpeopletoav oi
dspreadi
ngthedi
s easet
oot her
s.
 Peopl ewhod ieofchol erashouldbeburi
edimmedi
ately.
Ef
fectsofchol era
 I td
amagest heintesti
nes
 Caus esd ehy d
ration

55
  I
taffect
sbloodcircul
ati
on
 Thepati
entlosesappeti
te
 I
tmayeas i
lyleadt
od eat
h

Not
e:
Gi
veal
otofor
alr
ehy
drat
ions
olut
iont
opr
eventd
ehy
drat
ion

Meningi tis
 I tiscaus edbybact eria.
 Thebact eriaat tack sthemembr anewhi chcov
er st
hebr ai
ncal
ledmeni
nges.
 Thebact eriai ss preadt hroughai r .
 I tcanl eadt obl indnessandd eafness
Signsandsy mpt omsofmeni ngitis
 St i
ffneck
 Sev er ev omi ting
 Conv ulsi
onsorf it
s
 Thechi ldl i
eswi tht heheadandneckbentback ward
 Upwar dbul gingoft hef ontanel l
e
 Sev er ehead ache
 F ev er
Howt opr eventandcont rolmeni ngiti
s
 Thr oughi mmuni z ati
onwi t
hameni ngococcusvacci
ne
 L ivingi nwel lv ent i
latedhous es
 Anys i
gnofmeni ngitiss houldber eport
edtothehos pi
tal
Yell
owf ever
 Yel l
owf everi scaus edbyav ir
us .
 I ti
ss pr eadbyt heaed esort igermos quito.
Signsandsy mpt omsofy ell
owf ever
 Yel lowi ngoft heey es ,
pal mands olesofourfeet.
 Dar kur i
ne
 F ev er
 Head ache
 L os sofappet i
te
 Naus ea
 St i
ff nessofj oi nt s

Eff
ectsofy ell
owf ever
 Itdamagesthel i
verandthek i
dney
Howtopr eventandcont r
olyel
lowf ever
 Immunizati
onagainstyel
lowf evert
hroughi
nject
ionont
hel
eftupperar
m
 Spr ay
inginsecti
cid
estok i
llmosqui
toes.

Smallpox:
 Itiscausedbyav i
ruscal
ledvari
olavir
us.
 Itistransmi
ttedthroughsal
iva
 Itisspreadthroughair
 Thisdiseasehasbeener adi
catedfromthewor
ldt
hroughcons
tanti
mmuni
zat
ion.
Typhoid

56
  I
tiscausedbybacteri
acall
edSalmonel
lat
yphi
.
 Spreadt
hrough:
 Dr i
nki
ngcontaminat
edwat er
.
 Eatingcont
aminatedfood
 Byhous efl
iesandcock r
oaches
.

I
nfluenza
 Itiscausedbyav ir
us.
 Its pr
eadsthroughai r.
 Itaf f
ectstherespiratorysystem
Rubell
a( Germanmeasles )
 I ti
scaus edbyv i
rus
 I ti
sahi ghlyinf
ecti
ousd i
seasewhichcausesar ashandf
ever.
 I tusuall
yaf f
ectsolderchildr
enandadolescent
s.
Typhus
 I ti
scaus edbybact eri
a.
 I tspreadswhenl i
cebi t
eani nfect
edpersonandt heni
tbi
tesaheal
thyper
son.

Pl
ague
 Iti
scausedbybacter
ia.
 Iti
sspreadbyratf
leas.
 Oneshouldbei
mmuni z
edev
eryaf
ter6mont
hsagai
nsti
t.

Rabi
es
 I
tisser
iousdi
seasecausedbyavi
rus
.
 I
taff
ectsthenervoussy
s t
em.
 Thedi
seasei
ss pr
eadbythebit
eofaninf
ect
edd
ogorf
oxandcat
s

I
MMUNI
SATI
ON SI
TES I
MMUNI
SATI
ON S

57
I
MMUNI
SATI
ONSI
TESANDSCHEDUL
E
MODEOF SITE
AGE VACCI
NE DI
SEASE( S) ADMINISTRATI
ON
Atbi
rth a.BCG a.Tubercul
osi
s I
nject
ion a.Ri
ghtupper
b.Pol
ioO b.Poli
o Drops. arm.
b.Mout
h
Pol
io Pol
io Drops. a.Mout
h.
a.Diphtheri
a
DPTI b.Whoopi ng I
nject
ion. L
eftuppert
high.
cough
6week
s c.Tetanus
Hepatiti
sB I
nject
ion. L
eftuppert
high.
Heb1
Hi
b1 Haemophil
ius I
nject
ion. L
eftuppert
high
I
nfluenz
aTy peB

Pol
ioI
I Pol
io Dr
ops
. Mout
h.

DPTI
I a.Diphtheri
a I
nject
ion. L
eftuppert
high.
b.Whoopi ng
10week
s cough
c.Tetanus
Hepatiti
sB I
nject
ion. L
eftuppert
high
Heb2
Hi
b2 Haemophil
ius I
nject
ion. L
eftUppert
high
I
nfluenz
aTy peB

Pol
iov
acci
ne Pol
io Dr
ops
. Mout
h.

DPTI
II a.Diphtheri
a I
nject
ion. L
eftuppert
high.
b.Whoopi ng
14week
s cough
c.Tetanus
Heb3 Hepatiti
sB I
nject
ion L
eftuppert
high.

Hi
b3 Haemophi l
ius I
nject
ion L
eftuppert
high.
I
nfluenzaTy peB
At a.Meas l
es a.Meas les a.I
nject
ion. a.Lef
tupperar
m
9months vaccine b.Bl i
ndnes s b.Drops. b.Mouth.
b.Vi taminA
Girl
sand TetanusToxoid Tet
anus I
nject
ion L
eftupperar
m.
Women Vaccine
between (TTvaccine)
15-49
years
Pregnant Tetanus Tox
oid Tet
anus I
nject
ion L
eftupperar
m.
women Vaccine (TT
vaccine)

58
I
MMUNI
ZATIONCARD(CHC)CHI L
DHEALTHCARD
 Thi
sisacardgiv
enbyhealt
hwor k
ersatahealt
hcent
ret
oev
erychi
ld(
baby
)whor
ecei
ves
i
mmuniz
ati
on.
 I
tisawrit
tenr
ecordt
hatmoni
tor
sthechi
ld
’sheal
th.

Achildheal thcar dshowst hefol

lowi
nginf
ormationaboutababy
1.Dat eofbi rth(D.O.
B)
2.Dat eofnex tvi
sitfori
mmunizat
ion
3.Vacci ner eceiv
edandd ate
4.Birthwei ghtoft hechi
ld
5.Chi l
d ’sname
6.Par ent ’
sname,
7. Placeofr esi
dence,
8. Par ent’soccupat i
on.
9.Birthor der
10.Doct or’
sad vi
cetohealthgrowthandnut
rit
ionofthechil
d.
I
mport
anceofachi
ldheal
thcar
d
Tot
heparent
s

 I
thel pst hepar entstok nowwhent henex tdosewillbegiv
en.
 I
thel pst hepar entstomoni torthegrowt hoft hei
rchild
Tot
hehealthwor k
ers
 I
tpr ov i
desi nformati
onont hechi l
d ’
sname, s
ex,dat
eofbi r
th,
bir
thorder
,mot
her’
sname,
mother ’
soccupat i
on, f
ather’sname, f
ather ’
soccupationandwheret
hefamil
yli
ves.
 Helpst hemt oknowt henex tvaccinetobegi ven
 Tomoni t
ort hechi l
d’
sgr owth
 Tok nowt heheal t
hhi st
oryoft hechild
 Toid enti
f ythegi v
env it
amins upplementation
Tot
heschoolheal thcommi tt
ee
 Tod etermi nethechild’
sage
 Toid enti
f ythev acci
nest hatwer egiventot hebaby
 Toid enti
f ywhet herthechildwasf ul
lyi
mmuni z
ed.

ROL
ESOFI
NDI
VIDUAL,
FAMI
LI
ESANDCOMMUNI
TIESI
NIMMUNI
ZATI
ON
a) I
ndi
vid
ual
s
 Helpstoinfor
mot herfamil
ymembersandnei ghborsoni mmunizat
iondat
esandvenue.
 Helptoacceptandconv i
nceotherpeopletoacceptimmuni zat
ionasanimpor
tantprogr
amme
 Encourageotherstotakethei
rchil
drenforimmunization.
 Assist
inghealt
hwor kersi
narrangi
ngt heplacesselectedforimmuniz
ati
on
 Mobil
izepeoplei
nt heareaforimmunis
ation

b)Fami
ly

59
  Sharealli
nformationthatt
heyk nowabouti
mmuniz
ati
on.
 Parentsshouldmak esuret
hatallchi
ld
renandpr
egnantwomenar
eimmuni
zed
.
 Totakechild
renf orimmunizat
ion
c)Communit
y
 Or ganizeseminar
s,workshops, pl
aysandconcert
st oeducat eothersaboutimmuni
z at
ion
 Bui l
dimmunizati
oncenters.
 Encour agemember stotaketheirchil
drenfori
mmunization.
 Sens it
izescommunitymember sabouttheimport
anceofi mmuni z
ation.
 School sshouldperfor
mplaysandconcer t
saboutimmuni zat
iononopend aysands peechday
s.
NOTE:Thecommoni mmunizati
oncent ersi
nourcommuni t
iesinclude;hospital
,cl
ini
cs,di
spensari
es,
heal
thcent
erset
c.

Commonabbr
evi
ati
onus
edi
nimmuni
zat
ion

2.UNEPI: UgandaNati
onalEx
pand edProgr
amonI
mmuni
zat
ion.
3.NID: Nati
onalI
mmunizat
ionDay s.
4.WHO Wor l
dHeal
thOrganizat
ion

Rol
esofUNEPI
 Toorganiz
eimmuni
zati
ond
ays
.
 Provi
desvacci
nes
 Sensi
tiz
escommunit
ies

Not
eNI
DS Thes
ear
eday
sonwhi
chcount
rywi
dei
mmuni
zat
ioni
scar
riedout
.

DI
GESTI
VESYSTEMOFMAN

60
  Ad i
gesti
vesys
temisagroupofbodyorganthathel
psinthediges
tionandabsorpt
ionoff
ood
 I
tismad eupofanali
mentar
ycanal
withotherassoci
atedorgansli
ketheli
verandthe
pancreas

Whati
sDi
gest
ion?
 Di ges
tionistheproces
sbywhichfoodi
sbrokend
ownint
osi
mpl
ers
ubs
tancest
hatcanbe
absorbedinthebl
oods tr
eam.
 Di ges
tionbeginsf
r omthemout
handendsi
ntheil
eum.
Whati
sanal imentar
ycanal?

 Iti
samus cul
art
uberunni
ngf
romt
hemout
htot
heanus
.
 Iti
sabout10mlong.
Ty
pesofdi
gest
ion
a) Mechanical
digest
ion
b) Chemicaldi
gesti
on
Mechani
cald
igest
ion
 Thisi
swher ef
oodi
sbr
okend
owni
ntos
mal
lpar
ticl
esbyt
hehel
poft
eet
handmus
cles
.
Chemi
cald
igest
ion.
 Thi
siswher efoodisbrok
end ownbychemicalsubst
ancescall
edenzy
mes
.
 Chemicald
iges
t i
onstar
tsinthemouthandend sint
heileum.
Enzy
mes.
 Enzy
mesar echemicals
ubs t
ancesthats
peedupt herat
eofd i
gesti
on.

Character
isti
csofenz ymes.
 Theyar ed estroyedbyt oomuchheat
 Theyar epr oteininnature.
 Apar ti
cul argr oupofenz ymesalwaysfor
mst hesameendpr od
uct.
 Theyar es pecifi
ci.e.eachenzymeactsuponparti
cularcl
assoffood.
 Theywor kbes tunderacer t
ainPHcondit
ionsi.
e.somepreferaci
di
c,ot
her
sal
kal
ine
 Theybes tund eropt i
mumt emperat
ure.
Exampl
esofenz ymes
 Salivar yamy lase
 Renni n
 Peps in
 Maltas e
 Ereps in
 Lipase
 Lactas e
 Tryps in
 Sucr as e

61
Digesti
onoff oodi nt hemout h.
 Diges t
ionoff oods tartsfromt hemout h
 Themout hcont ai
ns :teeth,sali
varyglandsandthet ongue.
 Inthemout h,f oodi schewedandmi xedwithsali
va.
Theteeth:
 Theyhel ptochew, tear,crus horgrindf oodi
ntos mall
erpart
icl
es
 Theypr ot ectt het ongue.
I
mportanceofchewi ngf ood
 Mak esfoods of tforeas yswal l
owi
ng
 Increasess urfacear eaf ortheactionofenz ymes
Thesali
var ygland s:
 Theyar el ocat edund erthet ongue
 TheyPr oduces al
iv a.
Factorsthatst imulat ethepr oductionofsaliva.
 Smel loft hef ood.
 Sightoff ood.
 Tas teoff ood .

Rol
esofsali
vai ndi
gesti
on
 Itsoftensandmoistensfoodforeas
yswal
lowi
ng
 Saliv
al ubri
catesthemouth
 Itcoolsdownf oodincaseiti
shot

62
  I
tprov
idesanal
kali
necondit
ionf ortheacti
onofanenz
y mecal
ledpty
ali
nors
ali
var
yamy
las
e
 Di
gest
ionofcookedst
arch(car bohydrat
es)int
hemouthformsmalt
ose
 I
tcont
ainsanenzymecall
eds al
ivaryamyl
ase.

Roleoft het onguei nd igest i

on.
 I ttastesf ood .
 I trollst hef oodi ntoabol us .
 I tpus hesf oodt ot hegul letf orswallowi ngtotakeplace.
 I tmixesf oodwi ths ali
va
 I tturnsf oodd ur i
ngchewi ng
Rolesoft heepi glotti
si nd igest ion
 Theepi glotti
scl os esov ert heopeningoft het
r acheatopr eventfoodpart
iclesfroment eri
ng
intoit.
Rolesoft hegul letind igestion
 I tisthepas sageoff oodt ot hestomach.
 Act i
onsofs ali
v aryamy las econti
nuesi nthegullet.
 F oodi nt hegul l
etmov esbyper i
stal
si s
Whati sper i
s talsis?
 I tisawav elikecont ractionoft hewal lsoft healimentarycanalthatpushesf oodthroughit
Digesti
onoff oodi nt hest omach:
 Themov ementofmus clesoft hestomachchur nt hefoodintoas emi-
li
qui
ds ubstancecalled
chy me.
 Thes tomachwal lsals os ecr et
es(prod uce)ajuicecalledgastricjui
ceandhy drochlori
cacid.
Gas t
ricjuicecont ainst woenz y mesnamel y;
 Peps inenz yme
 Renni nenz yme
Pepsinbr eaksd ownpr oteinst opept i
des.
Rennincl otsmi lkpr oteins, i
tiscommoni nbabi es.

F
unct
ionsofhy d
r ochlori
cacid.
 Stopst heact ionofthes al
iv
aryamy l
ase.
 Activ
at espeps inandrenni
n
 Providess uitableaci
diccondi
tionsi
nwhi chpepsi
nwor
ksbes
t.
 Kil
lsger mswhi chescapeswithfoodtothestomach
I
mpor
tanceofthest omach
 Temporarystor eforf ood
.
 Producesgas tri
cjuice.
 Produceshyd rochlori
cacid.
 Absorbsalcohol ,
med i
cineands i
mplesugar
s.
 Churnsfoodi ntochy me.
 Iti
swher ediges t
ionofpr ot
einsstart
s.

Not
e:
 Whend
igest
ioni
nthestomachiscomplete,
thepyl
oricsphinct
errel
axesati
nter
val
stol
et
chy
meintot
hefi
rstpar
toft hesmal
lintest
inecal
ledduodenum.

63
Di
gest
ionoff
oodi
nthed
uod
enum.
 Thed
uod
enumi
sthef
irs
tpar
toft
hesmal
lint
est
ines
 I
trecei
vesd
iges
tiv
ejui
cef
romt
wopar
tsnamel
y:l
iv
erandt
hepancr
eas
 Thef
irs
tfoodt
obed
iges
tedi
nthed
uod
enumi
sfat
s.

I
mpor
tanceoft
hel
iveri
ndi
gest
ion
 I
tpr
oducesbi
lej
uice.
 Bi
lei
sst
oredi
nthegal
lbl
add
er
 Thed
uod
enumr
ecei
vesbi
lej
uicet
hrought
hebi
led
uct
 Bi
led
oesnotcont
ainanyenz
ymebutcont
ainsbi
les
alt
s
I
mpor
tanceofbi
le
 Tobr
eakd
ownf
ats
 Bi
leneut
ral
iz
eshy
drochl
ori
caci
dinchy
meandmak
esi
tal
kal
ine
 I
temul
si
fi
esf
atsi
ntot
inyd
ropl
etst
ofor
manemul
si
on.Thatpr
oces
siscal
ledemul
sif
icat
ion.
 Emul
sif
icat
ioni
sthebr
eak
downoff
atsi
ntot
inyd
ropl
ets.
Otherusesoft hel i
ver
 St oresf oodl ikev i
tami ns
 Hel pst od et oxifyhar mf ulsubs tances
 Regul at ess ugarl ev el
 Pr oducesheat
I
mpor tanceoft hepancr eas:
 Pr oducespancr eat icj uice.
 Thed uod enumr ecei v espancr eat icjui
cet hrought hepancr eat i
cd uct
ThePancr eat icj uicecont ainst hreeenz ymes ;
 Tr ypsi n:whi chbr eak sd ownpr ot einstopept idesandpept idestoami noacid
s.
 Pancr eat icamy las e:br eak sd owncar bohy dratestomal t
os et oglucose.
 L i
pase:whi chbr eak sd ownf atst of att
yacid sandgl ycerol.
 Pancr eat i
cj uiceal socont ainss od i
umhy drogencar bonat es al
tsthatneutral
izeshy d
rochl
ori
c
aci d.
Digestionoff oodi nt hei l
eum.
 I tist hes econdpar toft hes mall intesti
nes.
 Di ges tionoff oodi scompl et edandend sint hei l
eum
Theileums ecr et esani nt es tinal j
uicecal ledsuccusent er
icuswhi chcont ai
nsenzymesl i
ke;
 Pept id ase:br eak sd ownpept i
dest oaminoaci ds.
 L i
pase:br eaksd ownf atst of attyaci dsandgl ycerol
.
 Mal tase:br eak sd ownmal t
os et ogl ucose.
 Sucr as e:br eak sd owns ucr oset ogl ucose.
 L actas e:br eak sd ownl actos et ogl ucose.
 Thei l
eumal sopr od ucesmucus ,whi chlubricatesthef oodpas sageandpr eventsenzymesfrom
d i
ges tingt hewal l
soft hei l
eum.
 Thehepat icpor talv eint akesbl oodr i
chind igestedfoodf romt hei l
eumtotheliver.

64
I
mportanceoft heileumi nfoodd i
gesti
on
 Prod ucesintes ti
nalj
uice.
 Finald i
gesti
onoff oodtakesplacehere.
 Abs orpti
onofd igest
edf oodtakes
Whatisfoodabsor ption?
 Itisthepr oces sbywhi chdigestedf
oodistakenintothebl
oodstr
eam
Absor
ptioni ntheileum.
 Abs orpti
onofd igest
edf oodtakespl
aceintheileum.
Thi
stakespl acewitht hehelpoft hefinger
-l
ikest
ructurescall
edvi
ll
i.
Ani
ll
ust
rat
ionofani
leum.

Ad
apt
ationofthei l
eumt oabsor
ptionofd i
gestedfood.
 Theileumisf air
lyl
ongtoincreas
es urfaceareaforabsor
pti
on.
 Ithasv i
ll
i,
whi chal
sohelptoincreasetherateoffoodabsor
pti
onofd
iges
tedf
ood
.
 I
thast
hinwal
lst
oal
loweas
ydi
ffus
ionoff
ood
.
 I
thasad
ens
enet
wor
kofcapi
ll
ari
est
hatcar
ryawayabs
orbedf
ood
.
 I
thass
ecr
etor
ygl
and
swhi
chs
ecr
etesenz
ymest
ocompl
etef
oodd
iges
tion.
Ani
ll
ust
rat
ionofavi
ll
us.

I
mpor
tanceofthecolon
 Absorbswaterfr
omt
heund
iges
tedf
ood
.

Rectum:
 Tempor
arys
tor
eforund
iges
tedf
ood
.

Anus:
 Pas
sesoutt
heund
iges
tedf
oodasf
aeces
.

Di
seasesofthedigesti
vesy
stem:
 St omachUlcers
 Append i
cit
is
 Chol er
a

65
  Dysentery
 Diarr
hoea
 Typhoid.
 Pancreati
ti
s
 Gallstone

1.Appendi
cit
is
- I
tiscausedbybacteri
athatenter
stheappendi
x
- I
tleadst
os well
ingoftheappendi
x
- I
tcausestoomuchpaininthelowerri
ghtsid
eoftheabd
omen.
- I
tcanbet r
eatedbycutti
ngitoff.

2.chol er a
- chol erai sus edbybact er i
a
- itiss pr eadbyhous eflies ,
cock roaches.
- Itisal sos preadbyd rinkingcont aminatedwat er,eat
ingcont
aminat
edfood.
Symptomsofchol era
 Pai nar oundt heabd omen
 Sev er ed iarr
hoea
 Sev er ev omiti
ng.
Controlofchol era
 Boi lwat erbef or ed ri
nk ingit.
 Ki llhous efl
iesbys pr aying
 Was hhand sbef oreeat ing,s ervi
ngorhand li
ngfood.
 Was hhand saf t
erv i
s it
ingt het oi
letorlatrine
 Cov ercook edf oodt ok eepawayhous efli
es .
 Pr oper lyd i
sposehumanf aeces
3.Ty phoi d
 Itiscaus edbybact eria
 Itcanbes preadbyhous ef li
es
 Ty phoi dcanbes preadbyd r i
nkingcont aminatedwaterandeati
ngdirt
yfood
Si
gnsoft y phoi d
-Diarrhea
-Vomi ti
ng
Symptomsoft yphoid
-Head ache
-Fever
-Lossofappet i
te
-Bod yweak nes s
Preventionoft yphoid
-Boili
ngwat erf ordrinking
-Spray i
ngi nsect i
cidest ok i
llhous efli
es
-Was hinghand sbefor eeat ingf ood

66
-Washhandsaft
ervi
sit
ingthel
atri
neortoi
let
-Pr
operlydi
spos
ingr
ubbishandfaeces
4.Dysenter
y
-Thef
requentpas
singoutofwat
erys
toolwi
thbl
oods
tai
ns.
-Amoebi
cdy
sent
eryi
scaus
edbyamoeba.
-Baci
ll
aryd
ysent
eryi
scaus
edbyabact
eri
a
Spr
eadofd
ysent
ery
 Dr
ink
ingcont
ami
nat
edwat
er
 Eat
ingcont
ami
nat
edf
ood
 Hous
efl
iescar
ryger
msont
othef
oodandhand
s.
Cont
rolofd
ysent
ery
Boi
li
ngwat
erf
ord
rink
ing
Was
hingf
rui
tsbef
oreeat
ingt
hem
Spr
ayi
ngi
nsect
ici
dest
oki
llhous
efl
i
es
Was hi
nghandsbef oreeating,servi
ngfood
Was hhand
saf terv i
sit
ingthet oi
let
s
Dangersofdysenter y
Itl
eadstodehy dr
ation
Itl
eadstoanaemi a
5.Pepticul
cers( stomachul cers)
-Theyarewound sf ormedint hestomachorsmal
li
ntes
tine
-Theycauseal otofpaines pecial
lywhenoneishungr
y

Di
sor
der
soft
hed
igest
ivesy
stem
Whatar edisor ders?
 Thes econd iti
onst hatmayf ai
lthedi
gest
ivesystemtoworkproper
ly.
Constipation:
 Thi si sacond itionwhereonepas sesoutfaeceswit
hdif
ficul
tyorfai
lst
opas
soutf
aecesatal
l.
I
tisprev ent edby ;
 Includ i
ngr oughagei nthedi
et.
 Tak ingenoughwat eraf t
ermeals.
 Eat ingpl entyoff r uit
sandv egetabl
es
 Doi ngphy sicalex ercises
Sourcesofr oughage.
 Pineappl e.
 Mangoes .
 Gr eenv eget ables.
 Cer eals .

I
ntest
inalobst
ruct
ion:
 Itoccur
swhenapar
toft
hei
ntes
tinesget
sbl
ock
ed

67
  Sol
vedt
hroughs
urgi
caloper
ati
on.

Vomi
ti
ng:
Vomi
ti
ngusual
lyoccurwhenther
eisstomachirr
itati
on.
I
tcanals
ooccurasar es
ultofst
omachinfect
ion(foodpoi
soni
ng)
.

I
ndi
gest
ion
 Itispai
n,abur
ningf
eel
ingord
iscomf
orti
ntheupperabd
oment
hatoccur
saf
tereat
ing.

Si
gnsofi ndigestion
 Hear tbur n
 Diarrhoea
 Bloat i
ng
 Acidictas t
e
 Feelinguncomf or
tabl
yfull
Causesofi ndigesti
on.
 Ov ereat i
ngwherethes t
omachisf
ullandf
ail
stochur
nthef
ood
.
 Tak i
ngbi glampsoffoodwit
houtpr
operchewi
ng.

Howt
omai ntai nt heef fi
ciencyoft hed i
gesti
vesyst
em
 Properchewi ngoff ood
 Eatingatr ighti nterv als.
 Reheat ingl ef tov erf oodbef oreeati
ngit.
 Washhandsaf tervisi
t i
ngl at
rines.
 Eatwel llook edf ood
 Hav ingenoughr es taf tereat i
ng
 Brus hingt het eethaf tereat i
ngf ood
 Avoideat ingv er yhotorcol df ood
 Was hhand sbef or eeat i
ng
 Hav i
ngr egul arphy s icalexer cis
e
 Drinkingenoughboi l
edwat er
 Avoids mok ingord rinkingalcohol
 Donott akeunpr escr i
bedd r ugs

68
 P.
5SCI
ENCEREVISI
ONTOPICALQUESTI
ONS
POUL
TRYKEEPI
NGANDMANAGEMENT

Name:_
___
____
____
_____
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__St
ream:_
___
___
___
___
___
_
1. Whati spoul
try
?
_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__
2. I
nwhi
chwayi
sal
ampus
efuli
nabr
ood
er?
_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__
3. Ment
iont
hepar
toft
hed
iges
tiv
esy
stemofad
omes
ticf
owlwher
efoodi
ssof
tenedands
tor
ed.
_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__
4. Namet
hepoul
tryf
eed
spr
epar
eds
peci
fi
cal
lyf
orbr
oil
ers
.
_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__
5. Whati
sacaponi
npoul
tryk
eepi
ng?
_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__
6. Namet
het
ypeofpoul
tryr
ecor
dthats
howst
henumberofeggscol
lect
edd
ail
y.
_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__
7. Whati
sthef
unct
ionofchal
aza?

69
 _
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__
8. I
dent
ifyt
hepoul
trys
yst
emt
hatal
lowsbi
rdst
oroamaboutandl
ookf
ort
hei
rownf
ood
.
_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__
9. Namet
hepoul
tryd
iseas
ethatat
tack
sthel
ini
ngoft
hes
mal
lint
est
ine.
_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__
10. Howi
sfowlpoxt
rans
mit
tedf
romonebi
rdt
oanot
her
?.
_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__
11. St
atet
hepoul
tryv
icewher
ebi
rdsk
il
landeatf
ell
owbi
rds
.
_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__
12. Whatnamei
sgi
vent
othemout
hpar
tofabi
rd?
_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__
13. I
nwhi
chwayi
sani
ncubat
orus
efuli
npoul
tryf
armi
ng?
_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__
14. Whi
chs
yst
emi
npoul
tryk
eepi
ngandmanagementmak
esi
thar
dforf
armer
stok
eeppr
oduct
ion
r
ecor
ds?_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__
15. I
nwhi
chwayar
ethegr
itsus
efult
oabi
rd?
_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__
16. Howl
ongi
sthei
ncubat
ionper
iodofahen?
_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__
17. Whyi
saneggs
hel
lpor
ous
?
_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__
18. Whatnamei
sgi
vent
othecont
aineri
nwhi
chpoul
tryf
eed
sar
eput
?
_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__
19. Whyd
ofar
mer
scr
ossbr
eedt
hei
rlocalbi
rds
?
_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__
20. Namet
het
ypeofmas
hgi
vent
ochi
cksf
romoned
ayol
dtoabout8week
s.
_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__
21. Whatar
edual
-pur
pos
ebr
eed
sofbi
rds
?
_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__
22. Howcani
nter
nalpar
asi
tesbecont
rol
ledi
npoul
try
?
_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__
23. Whyi
sfr
ee-
ranges
yst
emt
hemos
tcommonpoul
trys
yst
emcar
riedouti
nrur
alar
eas
?
_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__
24. Whi
chpar
tofaneggpr
ovi
desanembr
yowi
thpr
otei
nsandf
ats
?

70
 _
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__
25. St
atet
henamegi
vent
osmal
lst
onesf
oundi
nthegi
zzar
doff
owl
s?
_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__
26. St
atet
henamegi
vent
othemachi
neus
edt
ohat
cheggs
.
_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__
27. Whatnamei
sgi
vent
oani
mmat
uref
emal
edomes
ticf
owl
?
_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__
28. Onwhi
chpar
tofabi
rdd
owef
indt
hequi
llf
eat
her
s?
_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__
29. I
dent
ifyones
ignofcanni
bal
is
minpoul
try
.
_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__
30. Whyd
osomel
ayer
slayeggswi
ths
ofteggs
hel
l?
_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__

P.
5SCI
ENCEREVI
SIONTOPI
CALQUESTIONS
BEEKEEPI
NG

Name:_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
Str
eam:_
___
___
___
___
___
_
1. Whyar
ebeesr
efer
redt
oass
oci
ali
nsect
s?
_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__
2. Apar
tfr
ombees
,gi
veanyot
herex
ampl
eofs
oci
ali
nsect
s.
3. _
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__
4. Gi
veanex
ampl
eofs
oli
tar
yins
ect
.
_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__
5. Ment
iont
het
ypesofbeesf
oundi
nahi
ve.
_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__
6. Whati
sthemai
nfunct
ionofaqueenbee?
_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__
7. Whats
peci
alf
oodi
sfedt
oaqueenbee?
_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__
8. Whywoul
ditbed
iff
icul
ttof
indad
ronebeei
nahi
ve?
_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__
9. Namet
hes
ter
il
efemal
ebeei
nahi
ve.
_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__
10. Whatt
ypeofbeesi
sus
ual
lys
eenonf
lower
s?
_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__

71
11. Whi
cht
ypeofbeesf
eedt
hel
arv
ae?
_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__
12. Howmanypai
rsofl
egshasabee?
_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__
13. Whatnamei
sgi
vent
oagr
oupofbees
?
_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__
14. Whati
sthebes
tti
met
ohar
ves
thoney
?
_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__
15. Gi
vear
eas
onwhybeess
war
m.
_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__
16. Whati
sanapi
ary
?
_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__
17. Whyd
obeesv
isi
tfl
ower
s?
_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__
18. Whatd
obeesus
etopr
otectt
hems
elv
es?
_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__
19. Whatt
ypeofbeescol
lect
spr
opol
is
?
_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__
20. St
ateoneus
eofpr
opol
isi
nahi
ve.
_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__
21. Whatnamei
sgi
vent
othel
arv
ast
ageofabee?
_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__

P.
5SCI
ENCEREVI
SIONTOPI
CALQUESTI
ONS
I
MMUNI
TYANDIMMUNI
SATI
ON

Name:_
_______
_ _
__ _
_______
_____
_ __
_____
_____
_____
Stream:__
___
___
____
_____
1. Whati simmunity
?
__
______
_ _
__ _
_____
_____
________
_____
_____
_____
_____
___
___
___
___
____
_____
___
2. Def i
nethet ermimmunis
ation.
__
______
_ _
__ _
_____
_____
________
_____
_____
_____
_____
___
___
___
___
____
_____
___
3. Ment iononet ypeofimmunity.
__
______
_ _
__ _
_____
_____
________
_____
_____
_____
_____
___
___
___
___
____
_____
___

72
4. Stateonewayofacqui ri
ngt hetypeofimmunityy ouhavementi
onedabove.
__
_ ______
__ _
__________
_ ___
__ _
________
_____
_ _
________
_ _
____
___
____
_____
_____
5. Whati sav ector?
__
_ ______
__ _
__________
_ ___
__ _
________
_____
_ _
________
_ _
____
___
____
_____
_____
6. Poi ntoutonemet hodofad minist
er i
ngvacci
nes .
__
_ ______
__ _
__________
_ ___
__ _
________
_____
_ _
________
_ _
____
___
____
_____
_____
7. Namet hev accinegivent hr
ought hemout h.
__
_ ______
__ _
__________
_ ___
__ _
________
_____
_ _
________
_ _
____
___
____
_____
_____
8. Giv ear easonwhyi ti
si mportanttoimmunisechil
d r
en.
__
_ ______
__ _
__________
_ ___
__ _
________
_____
_ _
________
_ _
____
___
____
_____
_____
9. Whyi sitneces sarytostorev accinesi
ncoldchainbox es?
__
_ ______
__ _
__________
_ ___
__ _
________
_____
_ _
________
_ _
____
___
____
_____
_____
10. Whati sanothernamef orwhoopi ngcough?
__
_ ______
__ _
__________
_ ___
__ _
________
_____
_ _
________
_ _
____
___
____
_____
_____

11. Fi
lli
nthebl
ankspacesi
nthet
abl
ebel
ow.

Di
sease Cause Vacci
ne Age

Tuber
cul
osi
s Atbi
rth

Vi
rus 9mont
hs

Per
tus
is DPT

12. Whymus
tbabi
esbei
mmuni
zedatbi
rthagai
nstt
uber
cul
osi
s?
_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__
13. I
dent
ifyt
hei
mmuni
sabl
edi
seas
ethathast
hes
esi
gnsands
ympt
oms
:hi
ghf
ever
,redey
esand
r
ash._
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__
14. Namet
hechi
ld
hoodi
mmuni
sabl
edi
seas
ethatcaus
espas
mint
hebod
yandt
hemus
clesbecome
s
tif
f._
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__
15. Apar
tfr
omt
hechi
ld
hoodk
il
lerd
iseas
e.Nameanyot
herd
iseas
eaper
soncanbei
mmuni
sed
agai
nst
.__
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
_
16. St
atet
hei
mpor
tanceofachi
ldheal
thcar
dto:
a) t
hepar
ent
.__
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
_
b) Theheal
thwor
ker
.
_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__
17. Wr
itet
hef
oll
owi
ngabbr
evi
ati
oni
nful
l.
a) UNEPI
.__
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
_
b) NI
D._
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__

73
 P.
5SCIENCEREVI
SIONTOPICALQUESTI ONS
DIGESTIVESYSTEM
Name:__
___
_____
___
____
_ _
____
___
________
______
Stream:_
____
___
___
___
___
1. Whati smeantbytheter
mdiges
tion?
_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__
2. Wher
einmand
oesd
iges
tionbegi
n?
_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__
3. I
nwhi
chpar
tofd
iges
tiv
esy
stemd
oesd
iges
tionend
?
_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__
4. Gi
veonet
ypeofd
iges
tion?
_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__
5. Whatt
ypeofd
iges
tiont
akespl
acei
nthemout
h?
_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__
6. Gi
veonei
mpor
tanceofchewi
ngf
ood
.
_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__
7. Gi
veanyonef
act
ort
hats
timul
atest
hepr
oduct
ionofs
ali
va.
_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__
8. Whati
sthei
mpor
tanceofs
ali
vai
nthemout
h?

74
 _
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__
9. Ofwhatus
eist
hepy
lor
ics
phi
nct
eri
nthed
iges
tiv
esy
stem?
_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__
10. Bi
lecont
ainsbi
les
alt
s.Howar
ethebi
les
alt
simpor
tantd
uri
ngt
hepr
oces
sofd
iges
tion?
_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__
11. Und
erwhatcond
iti
ond
oess
ali
var
yamy
las
ewor
kbes
t?
_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__
12. Whatd
iges
tiv
ejui
cei
spr
oducedbyt
hes
tomachwal
ls
?
_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__
13. Gi
veoneus
eofhy
drochl
ori
caci
dint
hes
tomach.
_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__
14. Gi
veonecaus
eofi
ndi
ges
tion
_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__.
15. Ment
iononewayt
hei
leumi
sad
apt
edt
oabs
orpt
ionofd
iges
tedf
ood
.
_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__
SECTI
ONB
16. St
udyt
hed
iagr
ambel
owandanswert
hequestionabouti
t.
a) Namet hepar
tsmar
kedAandC:
i
) A_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
_
i
i) C_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__
b) Gi
vet
hef
unct
ionoft
hepar
tmar
kedB.
_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
_
c) Namet
hed
iges
tiv
ejui
cepr
oducedi
npar
tmar
kedD.
_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__
17a)Whati
sanenz
yme?
_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__
b) Gi
veoneex
ampl
eofanenz
yme.
_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__
c) Ment
iont
wochar
act
eri
sti
csofenz
ymes
.
_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__
18 Nameanyt
wod
iseas
esoft
hed
iges
tiv
esy
stem.
_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__
b)
. St
atet
woway
sofpr
event
ingt
hed
iseas
esy
ouhav
ement
ionedabov
e.
_
____
__ _
___
___
____
___
____
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__
19. Completet
hetabl
ebel
ow.

75
 Foodcl
ass Endpr
oduct

Gl
ucos
e

F
ats

Ami
noaci
ds

b) Howareaminoacid
simportanttothebody?
___
____
_____
____
_____
_____
_ __
______
_____
_______
_____
________
_____
_______
___
18. Writ
edownthefuncti
onofeachpar tofthed i
gesti
vesystemofmanl i
stedbelow:
a) t
heteet
h._____
________
______
_____
_______
_____
__ _
_____
_____
_______
_ _
_
b) t
hecol
on._
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
_
c) t
her
ect
um.
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
_
d
) t
hes
tomach.
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___

76