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Coordinate Geometry with Vector Calculus Book Chapter 3 & 4
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
61 viewsCGVC Book
Coordinate Geometry with Vector Calculus Book Chapter 3 & 4
Uploaded by
mipasi8218Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
/ 24
CHANGE OF AXES
Art.31, Transformation of Co-ordinates,
The co-ordinates of a point or the equation of a curve are alway given with reference jg
fixed origin and a set of axes of co-ordinates, The above co-ordinates of the equation of the cup,
changes when the origin is changed or the direction of axes changed or both. The process ‘
changing the co-ordinate of a point or the equation of a curve is called transformation of
co-ordinates. Now we have to investigate the mode of the change of the co-ordinates or
equation of the curve according to the transfer from one set to another set of co-ordinate axes,
Art.32. Change of origin (Translation of axes)
To find the change in the co-ordinates of a point when the origin is shifted to anotiy
point O (a, B) where the direction of axes remains unalterad. .
Y
Figs Wks on 7
Let us take anew pair of axes ©’ X’ and O'Y", parallel to the old pair OX and OY; O” being
the new origin whose co-ordinate are (a, B) referred to O’X' and O’Y’.
let (x’, y’) be the co-ordinates referred to the axes O’X’ and O’Y’ or a point P, whose co-
ordinate referred to the old axes are (x,y). » *
Itis required to transform the co-ordinates (x, y) in terms or (xy).
From O’ and P draw O'L and PM perpendiculars to OX. Let PM meet O’X’ in M’.
Then OL = o,LO’ =f, OM=2,MP = ‘
Also O'M’ = x and M'P = y’
‘Therefore, OM = OL +LM= OL +O'M’
neste Fos
Similarly, MP = MM’ + M'P = LO’ + M’P
2 yspry ae ae He i)
The transformed co-ordinates are :
@ Change of Axes aL
ax, =x-o
andy yp 2)
Rule : In order to shift the origin to (ct, B) the transformation is obtained by replacing x by
x+aand y byy +B. If from the transformed equation we want to get the old equations then
replace x by x— a and y by y— B. This is known as shifting the origin back.
Art, 33, Rotation of axes (origin fixed)
To find the change in the co-ordinates of a point when the direction of axes is turned
through an angle @ where as the origin of co-ordinates remains the same.
Let OX and OY be the old axes and OX’ and OY’ set the new axes. O is the common origin
for the _ two sets of axes. Let the angle X’ OX through which the axes have rotated be
represented by 8.
Fig. 11
Let P be any point in the plane and let its co-ordinates referred to the old axes be (x, y),
and referred to the new axes be (2’, y'). ‘
Let us try to determine x and y in terms of x’, y’ and ®, Draw PM perpendicular to Ui, PN”
perpendicular to OX’, and N’N perpendicular to OX, and N’M’ parallel to OX.
Then -x_=OM=ON—MN=ON—MN’
= ON’ cos 0—PN’ sin 9 =’ cos 0—y sin 0
y=MP =MM’+MP=NN’+MP.
= ON’ sin 6 + PN’ cos 0 =x’ sin @ + y ‘cos 8
Hence the formula for the rotation of the axes through an angle are:
cage t: aaa
y=x sin +y'cos®
Art. 34, Change of origin with the change of the direction of axes.
It is really the combination of Art. 32.and Art. 33. The best method is to apply Art. 32
first and then Art. 33. Of course the two transformations may also be made simultaneously.
and (3)
Let us suppose that the system of axes be rectangular. The origin is, shifted to the point
(@, B) and then the axes are rotated through an angle 0, If the co-ordinates of any point be (x, y)
in the old system, and (x’, in the new system, from Art. 32, aid Art. 33. 2 A Text Book on Co-ordinate Geometry
we have.
grease yan)
+2’ sin 8 +y' cos 0 (4)
Art, 35. Invariants. (RU. 1983)
If by the rotation of the rectangular co-ordinate axes about the origin, . the expression
ax? + 2hxy + by? changes to
ax? + 2h'x'y's Vy? a+b =a! +b! and ab— I? = ab’ —h?
Let (x, y) be the co-ordinates of a point P referred to‘a set of rectangular axes. If the axe,
are roated through an angle 6 about the origin, let the co-ordinates of the same point P be
(, v) referred to the new system of rectangular axes. Then we have by
(3) Art. 33, x= cos@—y’sin@ andy =x sin 0+ y/ cos 8.
By using the above transformations the expression
x2 + hey + by? becomes
aly’ cos O—y sin OF + 2h (cos @—y/ sin 6) (x sin 0+ y/ cos 8) +b (x’ sin 8 + ¥' cos 9):
ale? 4 Wix'y's by?
where a’ = a cos? @ + 2h sin @ cos 0+ b sin?@
¥ =asin’®—2h sin 0 cos 0 +b cos’ o
H =h (cos*® —sin’®)— (a — b) sin @ cos @ #5 i @)
From (1) and (2) we have on simplification” -
Ws =a+b :
Again 2a’ = 2a cost + 4h sin @ cis © +2b sin20
=a (1 +-c0s 26) + 2h sin 26 + b(1 —cos 26)
=a+b+2h sin 20 + (a—b) cos 28 @)
Similarly. 2b’ =a +b—2h sin 20—(a—b) cos 20 (5)
From (4), (5) and (3) we have
4(@Y—H?) = (a + b)? — (2h sin 20 + (a — b)cos 20)?
—{2h cos 26 — (a —b) sin 20}?
= (0 +b) — 4h? — (a — by? = dab — 42
or, ab’ —h2=ab— hi
The two quantities a +b and'ab— h? for the expression ax? + 2hxy + by? are called
invariants of transformation from one system of rectangular axes (Without change of the
origin), because their values remain unchanged by the transformation.
Cor. Removal of the-xy-term from the expression ax? + 2hxy + by?
If we rotate the rectangular’ axes
transformations by Eq. 3, Art. 33.
x=2X cos 0—y sin0,y=%'sin 0+ cos *
Putting the values of x and y in ax? + 2hixy + by?
we have , 'x? +20'x'y' + b'y?
through an angle’@ about the origin, we have Change of Axes ; 23
where the values of a’. 6’ and are available from
(2), (2) and (3) of Art 35.
‘The co-efficient of x’ y’ term in the new expression is 2h” where h’ = ht (cos?0 — sin?6) —
(a—b) sin6 cos8. In order to remove the 3’ “y’ term, the co-efficient h’ is zero i.e.
(cost =a —(@=8) sin 8 cos 0=0
ll
«ft.c0s 28 = F (a2) sin 20 of, tan 20 = =p
(6)
Hence if the axes are rotated through an angle @ = +tan™
expression ax? + 2hxy + by* vanishes,
\/& 1. Determine the equation of the curve 2x? + Ss, 8x + 6y —7 = 0 when then origin is
transferred to the point (2,—1).
when then origin is transferred to the point (2,1) Put x = x’ +2, y = y'— 1 in the above
equation. Then 2(x’ + 2)? +3 (y'—1)?— 8(” +2) +6(y—-I)-7=0 ”
© or, 2x24 3y?= 18
Now removing suffixes the equation referred to new axes is 2x? + 3y?=18
Determine the equation of the parabola
Bay ty? +2x—4y 4350 3 a i @
after rotating of axes through 45° ;
When the axes have been roated through an angle 45°, then
cos 45° y sin 45°= ( —y)/2
then xy term in the
y=x sin 45° + cos 45°= (x +y)/V2. : :
rate ncn (2) a(t Yala) Ke)
: asd +3=0
On simplification the equation reduces to
2y2— 20 — 3N2y +3 =0
Now dropping the suffixes, the equation is
2yt—V2x—3V2y +3 =0 Ans.
Ex. 3, Remove the first degree terms in
3x + dy — 12 x4 dy +13 = 0 i
Complete the square,
1
01, 302@—ax) + Abe +y +7
coaemapea(yedfaO. o ae i (ii) 24 ‘A Text Book on Co-ordinate Geometry
Putx—2=x andy +} = y/ in Gil)
so B74 4y2=0
This is satisfied only by x” =0, y’ = 0, which is the new origin.
By shifting origin at (: +] f the first degree terms can be removed.
Ex. 4. By transforming to parallel axes through a properly chosen point (, k), prove that
the equation.
12x? — 10xy + 22 + Wx Sy +2=0
can be reduced to one containing only the terms of the 2nd degree.
Transforming to parallel axes through (Ii, k) we have
12 +h 1007 +1) Y +H) 42 Yt HRA MG +h) —5 YH 4220
or, 12x2— 10x’y' + 2y? + (24h — 10K + 11) x” ¥ (10h + 4e— By’ + (1202 — 10nk + 282 4
h—5k+2)=0 . ae (i)
Now equate the covefficients of vy’ to zero then 6
26h—10k-+11.=0 also—10h-+ 4k—5 =0
and 12H —10hk +22 + 11h—5k+2=0
Solve the first two equations h =—3, k= —Sand it is clear that these values of h, k
Satisfy the equation (ji). Hence the equation. (i) becomes 12x? — 10x’y' + 2y? =0
5. The clirection cosine of axes remaining the same, choose a new origin such that the new co-
ordinates of the pair of points whose old co-ordinate are (5, -13) and (-3,11) may be of the
forms (h, k) and (-h, -k), [N.U.H-1997]
Solution : Let the co-ordinate of new origin be (a, B).
Given that the old co-ordinates of the two points are (5, -13) and (-3, 11) whose new.co-
ordinates are (h, k) and (-h, -k). :
So, (5 -o, ~ 13 ~) = (h, k) and
(3-0, 11 ~ 8) = (+h, k)
Equating corresponding Components,
5-u=h, ~13-f=-k
3-a=-h 11-f=
42-2020 -2-2B=0
Onl
“Thus, The co-ordinate of new origin (1, ~ 1) Change of Axes 25
6. Transfer the equation 11x? ~ 4xy + 14y? — 58x - 44y + 126 = 0 to new axes of X and Y whose
equation are x ~2y +1=Oand 2x+y-8= Orespectively, , _.{N.U.H-2000; 2008]
Solution : Given that
Ix? —4xy + My? 58x - 44y +126 =0... aa
Let x-2y+1=Oand 2x +y~8 =Obe Thenew axes of X and Y,
New co-ordinate of (x, y) be (x1, y1)-
R+y-8 Ww+y-8
So,xy = RAY=8_Bety=8
VRB 5
“ (1)
S2x+y-8=Ex1 oe aa és (2)
SEatl x-zytl
Pee. 5
mx-2y+1=V5y1 ” ” ” (@)
From @)and @)
4x42y-16=2V5q
x-2y+1=5y1
(5-15 =V5y1 + 2V5x,
5x=15+V5y1 + 2V5x1
y1
=214¥1,3
5
From (2);y=—2x + V5x1 +8
B61 Ba se
ota=2y1 +54 5
5
2212201 59
5
. xeh43 i
Where h = 214¥2 ,.3
V5
Yoke 2a 42
Co-Ordinates—4 26
+ Reduce the equation ofa straight line in the polar form ticos(@Sayep
A Text Book on Co-ordinate Geometry
Putting the values of x and y in (1)
we get .
11h 43/2 4(h + 3)(k +2) + 14 (k +2)? -58 (+3) —44 (k +2) +126 = 0
= 11 (2+ 6h +9)—A(hk + 2h + 3K + 6) 14(K2 + dk + 4) ~5Bh—174 — 44k — 88 +126 = 9
= 1ht~4hk + UKe-5 =0
PPR Oe
911 (4x? + Sxqyy + y12) (2x12 - decry - 2y12) + 14 (24x91 + 4y}?)-25=0
= S0x}2—75yy2= 25
= 2xy? + 3yy?=1 which is required equation.
[NUH 209)
Solution :
Let the line
AB makes an
angle a with Y-axis and oD p. Form the
figure, equation of ABis oo + @
a (1)
Sinec OD perpendicular to AB meccr:
P
Bi ‘ ORE:
‘rom the AOBD; ‘Sina, OB = OB
Putting the values of OA and OB in (1) we ate Yee
cosa sino:
m2 Xcbn0:4 iin p : ts a
Relation between cartesian and polar Co-ordinates we can write,
x=1c0s0, _y =reind
Equation (2) becomes
16050 cosa. + rsin® sino.= p
= 1008(0 ~ @) = p which is required polar equation. Change of Axes oe
‘The equation 3x? + 2xy + 3y2~ 18x — 22y +50 = 0 is transformed to 4x? + 2y? = 1 when refered
to rectangular axes through the point (2, 3). Find the inclination of the later axes to the
former. [N.U.H, 2004]
Solution : Given that
Bx + Day + Sy? ~ 18x- 22y +50=0 ... an ba (1)
‘Transfer the origin to a point (2, 3). Then putting x = xj + 2, y = yi +3 in (1), we get (1) 3
(x1 +27 + 2G) +2) +3) 4301 + 3) 18 + 2) -22(y] +3) +50=0
=o Sq? + 4nq +4) + 2xiy1 + 3x1 + Zyy + 6) + By? + Gy] + 9) - 18x j-36-22y1 - 66 + 50 =0
=Sxj7+2qy1 +3y72=1
Removing suffixes, we get
seedy s3y=1 ce Mis ees (2)
Let the axes rotated be an angle 6, Then we know, 0 => J rant 2 where a = 3,b=3,h=1
1 24
os
=O=pmnt S75
i 5
~finrt«
30 =5 tant es
=0=3. Fala
“We know tiiat the axes rotated be an angle @, then
x=x; cos8—yisin®, y=xysin@ + yj cos
x= xycosA5°—yisinds? y=xisindS? + yicos45?
xy FIL. ‘
v2 v2.
Putting the valites of x and y in (2) we get
xt
Qo xa=y1 \(x1+y1
-{ : Po Lait (en) 9{
= xq =)? + 2 (xq2—y12) +3 (x1 +)? =2
3 GP —Daqyr + ys?) +202 =2yi2 +362 + Ixy ty) =2
= xy? +4yi2=2
aby? + 2yy2=1
Remoing suffixes, Peas Vai epla s
1242221 ; ;
Which is the required transformed equation . ‘A Text Book on Co-ordinate Geometry |
attend the ogi Fema ang |
ya2at=0-Ldntfy and key S88 \
: NU, 2.
s by
Solution : given that,
XP + NBxy~y2_a22= 9 . -
o:
? it de ty)
'nce the axes rotated be an angle 30° and origin be unchange ty
S0, x= x160830° — yysin30® Samu
Yeahs? + poo ASL
Putting this valus in’(1) we get
_{NBx1-y, )2 Bx) -
c= (Sen) va6( Gen)
(385) (8B ese
®- Tf the direction of axes is turned through an angle
find the transformation equation of x2 + 2V3xy -
1 1
7 Ox?-2VSaqy1 + y12) + Ha (3x12 + Suayr = xayr+V8y1) 7 61? + VB eqyy 4 an.
2=9 s ; |
= 3x17—2V3 yi + y12 + 6x2 + 4V3xiy1-6y 1292 = 2VSx1y1 ~ 3y12— Ba? = 0
= 8x1? = 8y;2- ga2 = 9) :
=xp2-yy2= a2 i
Removing sitfixes, we get" 2
x? —y2 = a? which is the equation of rectangular hyperbola,
2nd part : we have. x2~y2= a2. Itis rectangular hyperbola whose asymptotes are y
Asymptotes makes an angles with x ~ axis are 45°. Its figure below :
10. Transform the equation 17x2 + 18xy — 7y2— rare) ity elas cnt Sah
16x ~ 32y ~ 18 = 0 to one in which there is .
no term involuing x, y and xy both sets of <
axes being rectangular. [N.UH. 2003]
Solution : Given equation
“17x? + 18xy ~7y2— 16x ~32y-18=0
c (1)
Let transfer the origin to a point (4, k)
‘Then x =x, +h, y=y, +k
Putting these values in (1) we get, 17 (x1 +
h)? + 18 (x1 + h).(y1 +k) ~7 (yy +k) -
16(x1 + 4h -32(y; +k) 18 =0
Style Change of Axes ‘ 29
2 Ia? + 2h +h?) + 186qyy + x1k + yah + hk) -7 (yr? + 2y1k +2) = =t6- 16h ~32y -32k
-18=0
2 xy? + 18x1y1 - 74y;2 + (34h + 18k — 16) xy + (18h - 14x - 32)y1 + 172 + -18hk- 7k2 - 16h -
3xk-18=0 ie (2)
since there is no terms of x, y, So equating the coefficient tof x1, y1 from both sides.
MR+18k-16=0
18h-14k-32=0
By the rule of cross multiplication,
s hel, k=4
Putting the values of h and k in (2) we get 17x1?+ pas Tn +0+0+17418 a) aye
16-32(-1)-18=0
xy? + 18x1y1 -7y;2~10 = 0
Removing Suffixes,
~ 172+ 18xy-7y2~10=0 ees
Iewe pate the axes through an angle @
Qh ecu ws
-b
2.9
205 tant Be
(8)
‘Then 6 = Fant 2h
X= xjcos0~ yysind r wil $5¢ wr ind
21-71 se piace eee : ron
vio we
Y= xysin@ + y1cos0 30 A Text Book on Co-ordinate Geometry
=<133n
Vi0
Putting the values of x, y in (3) we get
3 3xy-y1 \(x1.+ 3;
=7 +18{ SLaY1 | 1+ Syn
© Caz} AZee)
ean): to=0
=3:1709xy?- Oxy + y1?) + 18Gx1? + Oxiy1 - ay)
~7oxq2 = 6x1y1 + Sy12)- 100 =0 i
=> (153 +54—7) xj25 (-102 + 144-42) xyyq + (17-54 - 63:1? = 100
=> 200xj2—100y;2 = 100
=> 22-y?2=1
Removing suffixes, we get
pe-yes1
Which is the required transformation.
‘L Transform to parallel axes through the new Jegin ot of the equations. : <
(@) Origin (1, —2), 2x7 +? — 4x+4y =0 : Ans. 2x7 +y?=6
s © -[D.U, 1982]
(©) Origin (3, 1), 2? — 6x + 2y? +7 =0 Ans. 22 + 2y? + 4y = 0.
@yrransiorm to axes inclined at 45° to the original axes the equations.
@2—-y =a ) “Ans: 2ry =a?
(i) 2 —Y—2V2x— 10V2y +220 i Ans. xy + 6x + 4y=1
3, Remove the first degree terms iri each of the following equations. *
(@) 3? — 47? —6x—8y—10=0 Pes Ans. 5x2 =4y2=9
? ()2245y~—120410y—-7=0 - Ans. 22+ ~=40°
(0) 327 — 492 + 6x + 24y — 135 =0 Genet Ans, 3x2 =4y? = 102
4, Prove that the value of g?+/2 in the equation ax? + 2hxy + by? + 2gx+ ca +er0
remains uneffected by orthogonal transformation without change of origin.
@Mransform the equation 1132 + 2axy + 44220 — 40y ~5 =0to rectangular axes through
the point (2, — 1) and inlined at an angle tan! $ Ans. #2—4y?+1=0 Change of Axes 31
AG)Determine the angle through which the axes must be rotated to remove the xy tem in
the equation. 7x?— 6V3xy + 13y?= 16 Ans. 0=30°, 324 4y2=4
“7. By. transforming to parallel axes through a properly chosen point (h, k) prove that the
equation 2x2 + y?— xy— 5x— dy + 11 = 0 can be reduced to one containing terms of the 2nd.degree
only. ; Ans. (2,3)
“8..The direction of axes remaining the same, choose a new origin such that the new co-
ordinate of the pair of points whose old co-ordinates are (5,13) and (—3, 11) may b¢ the forms
(i, ) and (hk,
Ex. 5, Transform to polar co-ordinates the equations
(i) 932 + 4y? = 36 (ii) a = y* (2a 2) e «
(@ Putting x =1cos6,y =rsinO the required equation is 9rcos0+47? sin? =36 or, 72
(4 +5 .cos?6) = 36
(ii) cos? 6 = Psin*9 (2a — 1 cos8) i z
or, 7? cos*@ = 2a sin’8 — r sin*@ cos@ or, r cos6 = 2a'sin"@ |. "abt
EXERCISE I.
1. Find the pola’ « ordinates of the points whose cartesian co-ordiantes are
@ (3.2), Gi) Ct. 1), Gi) (V3, — 1) (iv) 6. my ‘
(v) (2, —x /6), Ans (i) (2, 7 6) (ii) (V2,'30/4)
2. Find the polar distance between the points whose polar coordinates are
(i) (3, 45°) and (7, 105°) ’ : Ans (79)
(ii) (V2, 5/4) and (2, 2/3) * YS Vans 1 +3
3, Determine the nature’ of the triangle whose ‘Vertices are the points (0, 0), (3, x—2)
(3, —6) and caclulate its area.” ear “Ans. 4-9'(V3) —4
4. Find the areas of the triangle the polar co-ordinates of whose angular points are.
@ (3, 30°), (5, 150°) and (7, 210°) - “Ans! 7 (V3)/2
Gi) (@, @) 2a, 6 + 1/3), (3a, 6 +. 20/3) ere (Ans, (6-3 /4)a?
5. Change the equations to polar Co-ordinates “1. Bara i
@ G2 +y!P = etry yo) wiAns.72% a? sin 20
the foot of the perpendicular from the intersection of the two fixed lines to a given line.
(rer y—ery)
6. Transform to co-ordinates the equations”
() 2 —2r (cos6—sing)—7 =0,. Ans. x2+y?—2x+2y—720
(ii) r (1—e 088) =ep Ans, Re ~Pse pee? s z x i
7. A line of length 2a has its extremities on'two fixéd perpenicular lines!’ Find the locus of
Ans, r= + (1+ tan 8) THE STRAIGHT LINE
Ast. 12, The equation of a straight line
(a) Parallel to the x axis is y= constant
(0) Parallel to the y axis is x= constant».
Art. 13. Slope intercept form : The equation of a'straight line which cuts'of a intercept on
the axis of y and is inclined at a given angle @ to the positive direction of x’axis is
y=xtand +c .
or, y=mx-+c Where m= tan 0 aa Mi ots bani who)
Cor. If the straight line passes through the. orgin (0, 0) then the equation of the line is”
: ageit sev brie suiiiener af'3- iad aay ath 2)
Art. 14. Points-Slope Form : The equation of the straight line of slope m,passing through
the point P (x, y) is i
yy =m(x—m) saril ow)
:
a wots (1)
Cony—yr=ni (ex) ony yeas Grp:
— Se ar oa) or 54 ter aye! ae Q
on x =y +7 ‘ rie, ETS).
y= yt i a
Equations in (3) are called Parametric equation of a Straight line. Its generally written
ns aie As ‘er. @®
Note : ris the distance between any point (&,y) and the given point as yi) on the line
Art. 15. Two point Form : The eqitation of a straight litte passing through the two points P
(1.41) and Q (x2, ya) is ae poet
Ty GiA%,
Art. 16. Intercept ma: i
_ The equation ofa Straight line which cuts off intercepts a and b from the axis ist +f 1
"ince this straight line passes through (a, 0) and (0,8): ‘put H=a,m2=00 ¥=0,yo=bineg
(1) of (Art. 15]
Art.17. Normal form of the equation of a straight line isx cos0'+y sin 0=p
where. p is the length of'the perpendicular form the origin to'the line sind 6 is'thé angle
‘made by perpendicular with the positive direction of x-axis 12 A Text Book on Co-ordinate Geometry
Art. 18, Equations of the line passing through the intersection of tWo lines:
‘The equation of the line passing through the intersection of two lines P = ax + by +c=9
and Q=mrx+bjy+e=0 :
axtbytcrr(qx thy +c) =0
where A is an arbitrary constant.
orP+2Q=0 : ¥Q)
Art. 19. Every first degree equation in x and y represents a straight line and conversely
every straight line can be represented by a first degree equation in x and y.
The general equation of the fist degree is of the form/Ax + By +.C=0 -
where A, B, C are constants. 9
Art. 20, Perpendicular distance :
‘The length of the perpendicular distance d from a point P.(x1, yi) on the line,ax bby +c=0
ax + byte 5 = wleste ort TE sot
Ware by a0 ill sige ca i (@
Positive sign is choosen when c.is positive and the negative sign when c is negative. This
formula gives positive when P Ties on samé side ofthe line ofthe origin’ & negative result when
P lies on the opposite sides of the origin. i
Art 21. Bisector of angles between two lines: ‘
The equation of the bisectors of the angle between two ath lines ax + by +¢=0 and
ayetby +c =Oare Sa we : ae
Q)
axtytc _axtby+cy : :
(+B) EN (ay? + 1?) = .
Art, 22. Condition for the Concurrency of tliree lines. a
Let the equations to the three lines. be as
at + by +c,=0 ie Sia vaieatncm ates (1)
age+by +=0 j (2)
asx + b3+c3=0 FI98 1 (3)
Let (x1, y)) be the common. point of intersection. Since, all the,: straight, lines are. -Passing
through this point. : i
yxy + byys +0 =0, anxy + boys +p = 0, ay x1 + bay + 65 = 0
Eliminating x; and y, from the above equation, we have
yg
ay ey | 2
a3 bs ky
which is the required condition of the concurency of three straight lines The Straight Line . 13
Art.23, Condition for Collinearity of three points.
P G1, Yi): Q (Xa, Yo) and R (xs, ys)
If each of them lies on the line ax+ by +e =0, then
ax thy +e=0 (e)
ax, + by,+c=0 acy i, (2)
axs+ bys+c=0 a iss (3)
Eliminating a, band c, From (1) (2) and @. we have |
cee (ence
x ¥2 1 |=0
5 Vee :
which is the required condition for collinearity of the points.
Art. 24. Area ofa triangle formed by three given lines, - .; F
artbyta : @
ax + by +02=0 (2)
ase + by +05=0 +.@)
LetA=| a;
a2
a3
Ay=| 2 2 i
bs cg
and similar expression for Az, By,
ain A
Solving (2) and (3) the point of intersection (xj, y,) is given by x) =A1/C, yj = B,/Cy
Similarly, the point of intersection (%, yz) of (3) and (1) is given by %)~ Az/C3, vy = By/Cy
and the point of intersection (x3, ys) of (1) and (2) is given by x3'= Aj/Cy and y ‘¥3 = B3/Cg
The area of the triangle with three points as vertices is given by
“ ep 1 “ VAr Bis Gy
Cy. As, Bye Cs. I's evident that Ay 8 the ‘co-factor |
. By 5G) fh 1
i
yy 1 : }Aa Ba |
Bead ah a [2 ;
2CiCxC3 = 2GCC5 aA
a bh & : salaad ac i
a3 bs Cy :
(See Author's Algebra) mo isonier keg | 4 A Text Book on Co-ordinate Geometry
Art. 25, Angle between twvo lines.
The angle ¢ between the tivo lines y “(i and y= myx +cxis. +, (ii)
(i)
my —m
fan = 273 iam
Where 1m and mz are the slopes of the lines,
If the two straight lines are ayx + by +c, =0
), then
and ax + bay + ¢;
tan o=
Art. 26. (a) Condition of parallelism of these (i) and (ii)
ism =m bes ai E @
oF, agby — ayby = 0 oF, 24/4 = by/oz : ‘
(b) Condition of Perpendicularity of these lines (i) and (i) is my, =
OF, 0102 + Bybz =O om oe (3)
(Q) The equation to the line parallel to ax + by +¢'=0. is
axebysk=
where kis a constant to be determined by a suitable condition.
(2) The equation to the line Perpendicular to ax +by +¢=Ois bx’ —ay+k=0-_
where k is an arbitrary constant to be determined by a suitable condition
Rule : To obtain the equation of a line perpendicular to a line whose equation is given,
interchange the co-efficients of x and y, change. the sign of y and suitably. change the constant
term.
Ast. 27. Equation of a ecighel ine in polar co-ordir ates.
Let LM be the given straight line, OA the initial line.
ON the perpendicular from the pole O on.
the line LM. Let ON = p. and the angle which
P makes with the initial line viz the ZAON =
o. are given.
Let P be any Pt. (r, @) on LM. Then OP
and ZAOP = @ so that ZNOP = 0-0.
But from the AONP, right angled at N; we
have
~*()
OP cos NOP = ON, Therefore j 1 i
roos(0—a) =p bee 7 :
which is the required equation. i
Cor. 1. The equation of the line LM in pérpendicular form is
xeosa+ysin=p
Putting x = r cos 6, y = r sin 0 (to transform into polar co-ordinates), we get r cos (0 — a) = p ‘The Straight Line 18
Cor, 2, The length of the perpendicular fromt (74) 0) on this straight line 1s évidently ="
0s (0,8) pr
Cor, 8. The general equation of the straight line in Cartesian co-ordinate is
Ax+By+C=0
Transforming into polar co-ordinates, the equation becomes
Arcos 0+BrsinO+C=0 ;
or, Acos0+Bsin0+C/r=0 ty Ny (yy
which is the most general form of the equation of a straight line in ponies co-ordinates.
Cor. 4. The equation to the line perpendicular to (is
Acos(0+1/2)+Bsin(O+m/2)+C/r=a0Q 9 |
or, Boos@—AsinO+C/r=0 sy
Art, 28. Equation of a atralght line through two given points whos¢ co-ordinates are (r;, 6;)
and (r, 8)
Let the given points be Py (r;, 0}) ‘nd P2 (ty 04), Phe
any point ‘on the line P,P, and has the co-ordinates
(7, 8).
Then, since, AP,OP, = AP,OP + APOP,
Py (1, 0)
P(r,@)
2 Prine sin (0)- 0) =}rysin (0)— 8) +277 sin (0-0) :
or, 7472 Sin (8;— 0) = im sin (010) + 0m sn (0-04)
or SG =8) _sin(@—0,) | sino) | OA
r nr of!
Pe (tas 0)
__. Fig. 9
Act. 29, Equation of the line passing through the i intersection of given lines:
Let the equation to the given line be r cos (8—«) = p and + cos (0 'w) =p’? The equation to
any straight line through the intersection of the given lines is.
{cos (@— a) —p} +2 (r-cos (@—a)—p'} =0
If this line passes through a given point (;, 0;) then
(7; cos (8; — a) —p} +2, {ry:cos (0; — at) —p') =0 y an
Hence A. is obtained.
Ex. 1. Find the equations to lines passing though (5, and (a) parallel (b) Perpendicular
to7r—By =9,
(@) Let the equation parallel to:7x—8y —.9 = Obe 7x — ye k.since’ it, passes through
(5, 6): 7-5) —8(6) =kor, —35—48 =Kor,k=—-83 i
The required equation is 7x-—8y + 83 = 0
(b) Let the equation perpendicular to 7x~8y—9=0 be Bx+ Tye =
(5,6) of 8(—5) +76) =kor,—40+42=kor, k= 2 i
The required equations is 8x + 7y—2=0
since it passes through. 16 A Text Book on Co-ordinate Geometry
Ex, 2. Determine the equations of the bisectors of the angle between the lines 3x — 4y + 19.
Oand 12x + 5y—30=0 ‘i
Let P (x, y) be any point on any one of the bisectors,
wwohave B=? wg 12es5y—20
of, 21x+77y = 306 and 33x—9y +2=0
Ex. 3, Find the area of the triangle formed by the lines 2x + y—3 = 0,
3x +2y—1=Oand 2x +3y+4=0 coal tg ite Fe 5
201. -3 Lond on
HereA= | 3 2 —1/6—-7 a
2.3 4
By Art, 24
32
Ge [33 :
‘Area of the triangle =} & 0-6 ig
Ex. 4. Prove that Ep
(0 The three medians of a triangle are concurrent.
Gi) The three internal biscectors of ‘the angles ofa rangle are concurrent
‘The middle point of BCis |
(e+ meen me eas
‘The equation to the median through Ais. 9)... 5 ny semis
I oes
n—2(2+%) i-FY2 + ¥5)
or, 2(2yr—y2—ys) — y (xr —aa8) = 9 yrTYAY) =n rms)
Similarly, the equation to the medians through’B and'Care, ‘ re
% 2ya— Ys y1) —y (2x2 — x3 —m1) = 2 Cr YoY) — Yo Oxe= B52) and XY YH)
+Y (2x31) 1 yor if ol enuiiaupe oi baPt J 23
= %3(2Y3— Yi — Y2) — Ys (283 — x, x)
On adding these three equations, their sum identically anishes.Theteforethe'thtee lines
represented by them are concurrent:
(i) Let the origin be taken inside the triangle Let equations to the three sides be expressed
as (by Art.17) 498 ab inbsbihnagiog all
Ly =x cos ay + y sin a; —p; = 0; Lp =x cos ay + Sin ap,
Lg =x 08 43 + sinay—p3=0 a
"The Straight Line 7
where P2, P2 and ps are all positive.
since the co-ordinates. of the origin when substituted in the equations give results of the
came sign, thus the bisectors are given by
Lr=0, Ly; 13 = 0, sy =0 ‘
On adding these equation, their sum identically, vanishes. Therefore the three’ lines
represented by them are concurrent.
=
EXERCISE DT
1, Find the equation of the line which passes through the intersetion of the lines’ 3x sy +9
20 and 4+ 7y —28 = O and satisfies the following conditions.
{a) Passes through (4, 2) Ans; 38x + 87y —326 =0
(@)s parallel to 2x +3y—5=0 oie oy ‘Ans. 82x + 123y —514
(©) ls perpendicular to 4x + Sy —20 = 0) = naleg en ‘Ans. 205°
x—164y +95=0 3 f ;
(@ Whose intercepts are equal Ane ‘x +4y— 197
y.
2. What ‘are the pts on the axis of x whose _ Petpendicular distance from the straight line.
x/aty/b=1isa? : \ Ans. £a/b Va? +b2, 0
5.Ifp and p; be the perpendiculars from the origin
8+ycosec 8=a and
upon the st lines whose equation are x sec
05 0—y sin 8 = a cos 28, prove that 47 +p
4. Show that the perpendicular, Jet fall from any pts on the st: line 7¥—9y 410 = 0 upon the
two st. lines 3x + 4y —5 =0,and 12x + 5y—7 = O aré equal to each other. :
5. Find the condition that the st. lines y = myx + ay. y = myx +03;
‘tape
and y = myx +a3 may meet
(Ans, amy (@2— a3) +:1M2 (a3 = a3) +:m3.(y— a2) 30
6. Prove that dlagonas, of the'parallelogram formed by the four st:ilines:
@ V@x)+y=0, ey+x=0, \8x+y=1and By +x=1
(il) x/a+y/b=1,x/b+y/a=
(ii) ax+by += 0,ax+ by +cy=0, qx + by += 0 sd rity
x 4+ byy + c5 = 0, IE (02 + D8) = (a2 ¥ bays OH Ld mot
t/a ty/b=2)x/b+y/a=2 sieve
are perpendicular to each other
7. Find the equations to the st. lines passing through the foot of the perpendicular from the
2t(h.k) upon the st. line Ax + By + C = 0 and bisecting the angle between the perpendicular-and”
Biven st, line Ans. + (A(y—) —B(e—h)) = Ax + By +C
“dinates —3 18 A Text Book on Co-ordinate Geometry,
8. Prove that the area of the parallelogram whose sides are the st. lines.
axe by tc, =0 myx thy +d) =O. ax + by +c) = 0 and
(dy cy)(da—e)
‘ayby—azby
9. The equation to a pair of opposite sides of a parallelogram are x? — 7x — 6 = 0 ang
¥— lly + 40 = 0. Find the equations to its diagonals.
Ans. 6x—6y +14 =0, 6x +5y+56=0 5
10. (a) Show thatthe area of the triangle formed by the” lines whose equations are y = m,,
+0, y= myx + cp and x= 0is}(¢y —c)*/ (nly — m1)
(&) Find the area of the triangle formed by the sides x+y + 2=0.2x—y— 3 =O ang
gx + doy + dy = 0
IR. U. 1987
3x+2y—5=0 ‘Ans. 338/24
11: Prove that the line x + V3y = 0 bisects the A whose vertices are (3, — V3), (—1.— 3) ang
[D.U. 1962}
(1, V3)
12. Find the equation to the st. line which passes through the pt. of intersection of y— 4x—
1=Oand 2x + 5y—6 = 0 and is perpendicular to3y +4y=0)..— >. Ans. 66x—88y+ 101 =0
13. Find the equation of the bisector of that angle between the lines 4x — 3y + 1 =.0 and 124
Sy +13= O in which the origin lies.
Ans.x+8y+13/2=0 (Du, 1964]
44. Find the centre of the inscribed circle of the triangle the equation of whose sides are 4y
+3r=0,2y—5x=0andy—15=0 ‘Ans. (1, 8)
415. Find the equations to the st. lines which are parallel to the st. line 3x + 4y_+5 = Oand at
distance 2 units from it. . Ans. 3x +4y +5 =0 and 3x + 4y—5=0
16. If the sum of the perpendiculars dropped from a variable pt. P on two lines x +y—5=0
and 3x—2y +7 = Obe always to 10, prove that P must move on a right line. *
47. Prove that the three st. lines 2x ~7y +10 = 0,3x—2y—1= 0 and x—12y + 21
at a point.
48. Find the direction in which a st. lines must be drawn. through the pt. (1, 2). so the that
its pt. of intersection with the line x + y= 4 may be ata distance 3
