Arc Parameters and Fault Impedance effect on the

Gradient of Arc Current and Rate of Rise of

Recovery Voltage in HVDC Circuit Breaker Using
Mayr Arc Model.
Mohamed N. Elfikky A. EL-Morshedy M. El-Shahat
[email protected] Electric Power Department Electric Power Department
Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University
Cairo, Egypt Cairo, Egypt
[email protected] [email protected]

ABSTRACT —The gradient of Arc Current (di/dt) and then the dielectric strength of the CB should be able to
rate of rise of recovery voltage (RRRV) are used to study the withstand the system Voltage to prevent arc reignition [8].
capability of circuit breaker (CB) to interrupt different faults.
The current interruption mechanism in high voltage direct A parallel circuit is added with the CB to ensure the
current (HVDC) CB is complicated and needs an auxiliary production of zero crossing within the fault current to help
circuit to generate current zero crossing. Mayr Arc Model is extinguish the arc. This circuit might have different
used to simulate the arc current interruption process. The components such as inductances, capacitances and
effects of arc model parameters, arc time constant (τ) and resistances, diodes and solid-state switches or a combination
cooling power (P), on di/dt and RRRV are presented in this [9-12].
work. It is found that the lower di/dt will appear at higher Arc
time constant and lower cooling power values, but with limits. The zero-crossing circuit in the HVDC CB can be
Contrary to di/dt, RRRV has lower values at low arc time classified into passive (self-excited), and active types. The
constant values and high cooling power values, but Mayr arc passive types mainly depend on the fault current to interact
model parameters have greater effect on di/dt than RRRV. with the commutation branch. When the fault current
This paper also addresses the effect of three types of fault interacts with the commutation branch a high oscillatory
impedance (resistive, inductive and capacitive) on di/dt and current is produced causing the fault current to reach zero
RRRV. A comparison is carried out for these fault and the arc gets extinguished [13-19]. The Active type
impedances and shows good performance for capacitive depends on a previously charged commutation capacitor to
impedance. force the fault current to zero by producing the oscillations
[20-24].
Keywords— HVDC, Circuit breaker (CB), Mayr Arc Model,
Arc time constant (τ), Cooling power (P), Fault impedance, In both cases the energy stored in the system is absorbed
Gradient of arc current (di/dt), Rate of rise of recovery voltage by the energy absorbing element connected in parallel to the
(RRRV). CB [9-24]. The description of the arc is carried out using a
Mayr black box arc model, which gives a non-linear relation
between arc conductance and arc parameters with respect to
I. INTRODUCTION time [25-28].
In recent years, the interest in HVDC systems has
increased mainly due to the increase in power consumption The main criteria to perform a successful arc interruption
and the usage of HVDC technology for transmission of is to have a small gradient of fault current (di/dt) just before
electric power over long distances to access renewable zero crossing to make sure that SF6 gas dielectric strength is
energy systems [1-4]. The HVDC systems are also used in capable of extinguishing the arc, also small rate of rise of
the interconnection between two AC systems each restriking voltage (RRRV) after arc extinguishing. This
operating on a different frequency [5-7]. criterion will ensure that no restriking for the arc happens
[19,22,29].
To ensure the reliability of HVDC system it must be
able to interact with all types of faults and to clear them Many previous works checked the effect of different
very fast to ensure the safety for equipment and personnel. commutation circuit parameters on (di/dt) of arc current and
Circuit breakers are used to perform such a task. But unlike (RRRV) of CB voltage after arc extinguishing for HVDC
AC system, DC fault interruption has a key challenge, [16,20,21,24,26].
which is the absence of zero crossing. This makes the
Gouda et al discussed the effect of commutation circuit
conventional way of arc extinguishing impossible. The
parameters, arc parameters and fault impedance on the
fault current in DC system doesn’t reach zero on its own,
interruption time of the fault [16]. Tokuyama et al. devised
an oscillatory current is needed to make the arc
an experimental set up to calculate the effect of commutation
extinguishing easy and effective [8].
circuit parameters and fault current value on the (di/dt) and
The main requirements of DC breakers are to force the RRRV [20]. Darwish, et al investigated the effect of
fault current to zero using a certain circuit and extinguish the commutation circuit parameters and fault current value on
arc, dissipate the energy stored in the system inductance, and the di/dt and RRRV [21].
 0.5
Odaka et al discussed the effect of different electrode P=0.135*106 * 𝐼𝑓𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑡 (2)
materials on the di/dt and RRRV [24]. Nakao, et al devised
a new HVDC CB to work as MRTB and discussed the effect B. commutation circuit components:
of the arc time constant and cooling power on the interrupted 1) commutation branch:
current [26].
The commutation branch (CC, LC) is connected in
However, no previous work, discussing the effect of arc parallel to the circuit breaker and usually consists of a
model parameters or the effect of the fault impedance on capacitor, an inductor and sometimes a resistance [13,16].
di/dt of the arc current and the RRRV, is known to the
author. During the normal operation of the CB the current
passes through the mechanical CB. During the fault, the CB
In the previously mentioned researches, the authors contacts open and the arc is generated between the contacts
resorted to change the parameters of Mayr arc model, to causing current to deviate its path to the commutation
investigate their effect, the authors usually changed a branch [16].
parameter and kept the other parameters constant to
investigate its effect, we shall follow the same method to With the proper choice of the commutation circuit
get our results. parameters a series resonance is produced causing the fault
current to oscillate between the nominal path (the
This work discusses the arc model parameters, arc time mechanical Circuit breaker) and the commutation path at a
constant τ and cooling power P, effect on di/dt and RRRV. high frequency, the frequency of the generated oscillatory
The effect of each parameter is studied individually. The current can be calculated using the following equation [20]:
arc current and arc voltage are also simulated for these
parameters to display the difference in arcing time, f = 1/(2π√LC) (3)
maximum arc current and maximum restriking voltage at
each case. Also, a comparison is carried out for the effect This oscillatory current would eventually reach a zero
of different types of fault impedance on di/dt and RRRV. crossing. Due to the high dielectric and thermal strengths
of the SF6 gas, the CB is capable of extinguishing the arc
In section 2 the main details of HVDC CB are defined at the first zero crossing.
and also the parameters of Mayr arc model. In section 3 the
methodology of using the Simulink tool to calculate the 2) RRRV branch:
effect of arc model parameters and fault impedance on di/dt After the arc is extinguished, the arc current is deviated
and the RRRV is presented. The results of arc current and to the commutation branch and the RRRV (RV, CV) branch.
voltage simulations are shown in section 4. Also, the This will charge the commutation capacitor and lead to the
discussion of these results and their effect on di/dt and build of the restriking voltage [16-19].
RRRV is focused in the same section.
The RRRV is controlled using an R-C circuit in parallel
II. STRUCTURE OF THE HVDC CB to the commutation branch and the mechanical circuit
This work uses a commercial SF6 gas CB with a rated breaker, previous studies showed that the value of the
voltage of 250 kV and rated current of about 4 kA and rated capacitor in RRRV branch is better to be less than one tenth
breaking capacity of up to 40 kA. The CB is a puffer type of that of the commutation circuit [21].
gas CB that utilizes a spring operating mechanism to move The values of components in the commutation branch
the contacts. (Lc, Cc) and RRRV Branch (Cv, Rv) are selected within
A. Mayr Arc Model: the typical ranges, and are shown in Table I.
Mayr introduced a model that makes a non-linear TABLE I. Values OF THE COMMUTATION CIRCUIT
relation between the arc conductance and the arc COMPONENTS
parameters arc time constant τ and cooling power P.
Lc (µH) Cc (µF) Cv (µF) Rv (Ω)
This model assumed that the arc is a rodlike column of 200 14 0.1 80
fixed cross-sectional area. The power loss happens on the
perimeter of the arc and the conductance is dependent 3) Absorbing element:
exponentially on the energy and temperature of the arc [25- The absorbing element is a non-linear resistance,
28,30]. usually Zinc Oxide (ZnO), which is connected in parallel to
The previously mentioned postulates are expressed the mechanical CB. After the extinguishing of the fault
mathematically in the following equation [30]: current in the CB. The fault current is deviated to the
commutation branch, causing the charging of the
dG/dt = (G/ τ) *(Uarc*i /P – 1) (1) commutation capacitor till the clipping voltage is reached,
then the absorbing element is activated to absorb the energy
G is the arc conductance, τ is the arc time constant, Uarc is stored in the system inductance and limit the recovery
the arc voltage, i is the arc current, P is cooling power. voltage [15,21]. The clipping voltage is usually 1.6-1.7 p.u
The arc time constant results from the thermal inertia of the system voltage, and the energy stored in the system
that restricts conductance rate of change [30], Arc time inductance can be calculated using the following formula
constant is the relation between energy stored in the arc to [20,21]:
the energy loss of the arc [25-27]. The minimum value of ½ *L*I2 (4)
cooling power depends on the fault current applied on the L is the system inductance and I is the fault current. Fig.1.
model circuit, in our case it’s 8.5 MW. It can be calculated
shows the structure of the used HVDC CB.
from the following law [26]:
 that increasing the arc time constant (τ) leads to an increase
in current oscillations and also in arcing time.
At arc time constant 1 and 15 μsecs, the maximum arc
current is 5.4 and 9.64 kA respectively. At arc time constant
35 μsecs, the CB failed to interrupt the fault with maximum
arc current about 9.18 kA. The CB voltage is also simulated
for the same arc time constants as shown in Fig. 3. The
figure shows that the maximum restriking voltage at arc
time constant 1 and 15 μsecs is the same, about 384 kV.
The gradient of arc currents di/dt and also the RRRV
with arc time constant τ are shown in Fig. 4. and Fig. 5.
These figures are classified into three regions as shown
depending on the number of zero crossing before the arc
interruption. The first region is lower than 14 μsecs, where
the arc is interrupted at first zero crossing. The second
region is between 14 and 25 μsecs where interruption
occurs but not at the first zero crossing, and with the
increase in arc time constant value the number of zero
Fig. 1. The structure of the used HVDC CB with test circuit. crossings before interruption is increased. The last region is
higher than 25 μsecs, where the interruption failed to occur
III. METHODOLOGY FOR MEASUREMENT OF DI/DT AND and the fault current keeps oscillating.
RRRV:
It is found that in the first region when the τ increases
Simulink tool is used to test the effect of arc model the di/dt decreases yet the RRRV value increases. It is clear
parameters (τ, P) and fault impedance on di/dt and RRRV that the increase in RRRV will eventually lead to a decrease
[16]. The test circuit is shown in Fig.1. The supply voltage in SF6 ability to extinguish the arc at first zero in other
is 250kV, the limiting branch is used to adjust and control regions. The relation between the gradient of arc current
the fault current to achieve a certain value. The fault block (di/dt) and the arc time constant (τ) in the first region is:
is used to simulate a Pole-ground fault. The fault starts at
0.2 sec and after 10 msecs the CB contacts open and the di/dt = -4.809+80.71*τ-0.7157 (5)
fault interruption process is initiated.
Also, the relation between the RRRV and arc time
The arc current is simulated in this paper with changing constant τ in the same region is:
the arc time constant τ, cooling power P, and fault
impedance each independently of the others. At first the arc RRRV = 2.616+0.02445*τ0.9022 (6)
time constant τ effect is tested with values between 1 and
50 μsecs, while keeping the cooling power P and fault From these relations, it is easy to predict the di/dt and
impedance values at 15 MW and 8.2 Ω respectively. Then the RRRV at any arc time constant lower than 15 μsecs at
the cooling power P effect is tested with values from 8.5 to cooling power P = 15 MW and fault impedance 8.2 Ω.
100 MW, while keeping the arc time constant and fault
B. Cooling Power (P):
impedance at 5 μsecs and 8.2 Ω respectively.
When choosing the values of the cooling power we
Finally, the fault impedance effect is tested by using choose from the lowest possible value that give a successful
resistive, inductive and capacitive impedances at a constant interruption at first zero crossing calculated by eq (2):
arc time constant and cooling power P of 5 μsecs and 15
0.5
MW. The calculation of the di/dt was taken as the gradient P=0.135*106 * 𝐼𝑓𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑡
of the current before current zero. The RRRV was
calculated as the gradient of the transient recovery voltage to the highest possible value, these values are 8.5 to 50
(TRV) curve starting from moment of current zero [24]. MW respectively.
This work is interested only in calculating the di/dt and The arc current is simulated for different values of
RRRV values in successful interruptions at first zero cooling power ranging from 8.5 MW to 50 MW. Fig.6.
crossing. shows the arc current simulation for the following values of
cooling power 8.5, 16, 19, 21, 30 MW. The result is
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: matched with fact that increasing the cooling power will
A. Arc Time Constant (τ): decrease the arc current oscillations and also the arcing
time. It also shows that the cooling power will affect the
When choosing the values of the arc time constant we
di/dt and the RRRV. The effect of changing the cooling
choose from the least value, at which a successful
power on arc current gradient di/dt is shown in Fig.7. The
interruption at first zero crossing occurs, to the highest
results indicate that the di/dt is increased with the increase
possible value, these values are 1 to 50 μsecs respectively.
in cooling power value. The high cooling power value
The arc current is simulated using the Simulink tool for forces the arc current to zero faster at smaller arcing time,
different values of arc time constant. Simulation results of producing larger di/dt. The increase of the gradient of arc
arc current for the following values of arc time constant 1, current with cooling power can be classified into 5 regions.
15 and 35 μsecs are shown in Fig. 2. The results indicate
 1 μseconds 2.9
15 μseconds
35 μseconds
Region 2 Region 3
2.85 Region 1

RRRV ( kV/μsecond)
Arc current (A)

8500
2.8

6500
2.75

4500 2.7

2500 2.65

500 2.6
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
0.209 0.211 0.213 0.215 0.217 0.219
Arc time constant (μsecond)
-1500 Arcing time (Seconds)
Fig. 2. Arc current simulation for different values for arc time constant (τ) Fig. 5. The relation between the RRRV and arc time constant (τ) at
1, 15 and 35 μsecs respectively. different regions.

1 μsecond This classification depends on number of oscillations

390 before the current zero crossing as seen in Fig. 6. All of
15 μsecond
35 μsecond
these regions interrupt at first zero crossing, but with
340 different number of oscillations before zero crossing.
Region (I) is between 8.5 to 11 MW, where the arc
290
current takes four oscillations before the first zero crossing.
CB Voltage (kV)

The Region (II) is between 13 to 16 MW, where the arc

240 current takes three oscillations before the first zero
crossing. Region (III) is between 18 to 19 MW, where the
190 arc current takes two oscillations before the first zero
crossing. Region (IV) is between 21 to 26 MW, where the
140 arc current takes one oscillation before the first zero
crossing. Region (V) is higher than 28 MW, where the arc
90 is interrupted without any oscillations.
The intermediate regions between 11: 13, 16: 18, 19: 21
40 and 27:28, the current takes more than one zero crossing.
This is the reason for initiating a new region. The
-10
0.205 0.215 0.225 0.235 explanation is that at these regions the di/dt becomes high
Arcing time (Seconds) enough that the arc continues conduction even at current
zero, which makes the arc need more than one zero
Fig. 3. CB voltage simulation for different Arc time constant (τ) 1, 15 and crossings before arc interruption.
35 μsecs respectively.
6.45 8.5 MW
16 MW
80 5.95 19 MW
5.45 21 MW
70 30 MW
4.95
Region 1 Region 2 Region 3
di/dt (A/μsecond)

Arc current (kA)

60 4.45
3.95
50
3.45
40 2.95
2.45
30
1.95
20 1.45
10 0.95
0.45
0
-0.05
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0.2099 0.21015 0.2104 0.21065 0.2109 0.21115 0.2114
Arc time constant (μsecond) Arcing time (Seconds)
Fig. 6. Arc current simulation for different cooling power 8.5, 16, 19, 21
and 30 MW respectively.
Fig. 4. The relation between the di/dt and arc time constant (τ) at different
regions.
 59 Third range
(I) (II) (III) (IV) (V)
54
RRRV = 2.913 – 0.01333 * P (13)
49
di/dt (A/μsecond)

44 Forth range
39
RRRV = 2.72 – 3.668*10-14 *P 8.868 (14)
34
29 This study investigates that for very high values of
24
cooling power (above 29 MW) the arc interruption process
occurs without any oscillations. This means that the cooling
19 power is able to interrupt the arc very fast without any need
14 for oscillations as shown in Fig. 6 for 30 MW.
8.4 10.9 13.4 15.9 18.4 20.9 23.4 25.9 28.4
The sudden jumps in the curves of the di/dt and RRRV
Cooling power (MW) in the cooling power case happen due to the change of
Fig. 7. The relation between the di/dt and cooling power at different oscillations number in each range.
regions.
The effect of lower cooling power (below 8.5 MW) on
Also, it was found that with the increase of cooling arc interruption process is also studied. The effect of low
power a steeper curve is produced in the next region cooling power value on arc current is shown in Fig. 10. for
compared to the previous region as shown in Fig. 7. 5, 1, and 0.5 MW. It is found that the lower the cooling
power value the more oscillations occur before the arc
The relation between the gradient of arc current (di/dt) interruption and the longer arcing time. This may lead to
and the cooling power in all regions are: failure in arc interruption at lower cooling powers. The
decrease in cooling power increases the arcing time, which
First range leads to a decrease in efficiency of dielectric capability of
SF6 Gas.
di/dt = -2.472* 1015 * P-15.88 +19.55 (7)
400 8.5 MW
Second range 16 MW
350
19 MW
300 21 MW
di/dt = 1.457* 10-13 * P11.43 +16.77
CB Voltage (kV)

(8) 30 MW
250
Third range
200
-8 7.128
di/dt = 1.596* 10 * P +19.09 (9) 150

100
Forth range
50
di/dt = 1.221* 10-10 * P8.163 +19.47 (10)
00
0.2 0.225 0.25 0.275 0.3
From these relations, it is easy to predict the di/dt at any Arcing time (Seconds)
cooling power between 8.5 and 26 MW at arc time constant
5 μsecs and fault impedance 8.2 Ω. The CB voltage Fig. 8. CB Voltage simulation for different cooling power 8.5, 16, 19, 21
simulation for the same cooling power of 8.5, 16, 19, 21, and 30 MW respectively.
30 MW is shown in Fig. 8. It displays nearly the same
maximum recovery voltage for all values of cooling power
2.85
values. This means that the cooling power has small effect
(I) (II) (V)
on transient recovery voltage waveform. The effect of (III) (IV)
cooling power on the RRRV is shown in Fig.9. 2.8
RRRV (kV/μsecond)

It is found that the increase in cooling power decreases 2.75

the RRRV. The same region classification is carried out as
in di/dt and the relation between the RRRV and the cooling 2.7
power (P) in all regions are:
2.65
First range
2.6
RRRV = 3.791*P0.1406 - 0.03003 (11)
2.55
Second range 8.3 10.8 13.3 15.8 18.3 20.8 23.3 25.8 28.3
Cooling power (MW)
RRRV = -1.256*10-6 * P4.39 +3.156 (12)
Fig. 9. The relation between the RRRV and Cooling power in different
regions.
 9.5 5 MW 8.2 Ω
1 MW 5.9 165 mH
8.5 0.5 MW 800 μF

7.5 4.9

6.5

Arc Current (kA)

3.9
5.5
Arc Current (kA)

4.5 2.9

3.5 1.9
2.5
0.9
1.5
0.5 -0.1
0.198 0.2 0.202 0.204 0.206 0.208 0.21 0.212
-0.50.209 0.2115 0.214 0.2165 0.219 0.2215 Arcing time (Seconds)
Arcing time (Seconds)
Fig. 11. Arc current simulation for different fault impedances of 8.2 Ω,
Fig. 10. Arc current simulation for different low cooling power of 5, 1, 0.5 165 mH and 800 μF respectively.
MW respectively.

C. Fault Impedance: 450 8.2 Ω

When choosing the values of the fault impedance we 400 165 mH
made sure they give the same fault current, so that the only 800 μF
change in the di/dt or the RRRV is due to the value of the 350

CB Voltage (kV)
fault impedance. The fault impedance is selected in this 300
section depending on the type of impedance (resistive,
inductive and capacitive). The values of each type are 250
selected to ensure the same fault current value. It is well 200
known that with increasing the fault impedance the arc
current and the arcing time both decreases [16,21]. Only the 150
effect of type of fault impedance on di/dt and RRRV is 100
studied in this work.
50
A comparison is carried out for the three types of fault
impedances keeping the fault current the same value 3.75 00
kA. Also, the simulation uses the same values of Arc time 0.2 0.21 0.22 0.23 0.24 0.25 0.26
constant (τ) and cooling power (P) to ensure that the only Arcing time (Seconds)
change is due to the effect of the impedance itself. Fig. 12. CB voltage simulation for different fault impedances of 8.2 Ω,
165 mH and 800 μF respectively.
The selected impedances are resistance of 8.2 Ω,
inductance of 165 mH, and capacitance of 800 μF. The arc CONCLUSION:
current and also the CB voltage are shown in Figs. 11, and
12 for the different fault impedances. The values of di/dt In this paper, the effect of arc model parameters is
and the RRRV for each case are collected in table II. studied in details. The arc current and CB voltage is
simulated for different arc time constants, cooling power P
TABLE II. di/dt AND RRRV VALUES FOR DIFFERENT FAULT and fault impedances. The change in the gradient of the arc
IMPEDANCES current di/dt and also the RRRV of the TRV wave after arc
interruption are calculated at different operating conditions.
di/dt (A/μsecs) RRRV (kV/μsecs)
8.5 Ω 20 2.787 The work results are summarized into the following
165 mH 18 2.84 points:
800 μF 29 2.534 • The increase in arc time constant leads to an
increase in the arcing time, which decreases the
di/dt and also increase the RRRV. The arc current
It is found in Fig. 11. that the arcing times are 1.482,
gradient (di/dt) with different arc time constant are
1.529 and 1.541 mseconds for the capacitive, resistive and
divided into 3 regions where the arc is interrupted
inductive fault impedance respectively for the same fault
at first zero crossing region, multiple zero crossing
current of 3.75 kA. The maximum recovery voltage is
region and no interruption region.
407.3, 384.6 and 363.6 kV for inductive, resistive and
capacitive fault impedance respectively. The results in • The increase in cooling power would increase the
TABLE 2 indicate that capacitive fault impedances possess di/dt and decrease the RRRV yet at the end of each
the highest di/dt and lowest RRRV compared to other types region the di/dt becomes high enough that a
of fault impedances followed by the resistive then inductive multiple zero crossing is needed to extinguish the
fault impedances. arc, then the oscillations decrease and a new region
starts.
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