BEST: International Journal of Management, Information

Technology and Engineering (BEST: IJMITE)

ISSN (P): 2348-0513, ISSN (E): 2454-471X
Vol. 3, Issue 10, Oct 2015, 111-116
© BEST Journals

FAULT DETECTION OF POWER TRANSFORMER BY USING WAVELET TRANSFORMS

SURIBABU. MIRIYALA1, B. V. SANKER RAM2 & K. S. R. ANJANEYULU3

1
Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, MLRIT & M, Hyderabad,
Andhra Pradesh, India
2
Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Hyderabad,
Hyderabad, Telangana, India
3
Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Anathapur,
Anathapur, Andhra Pradesh, India

ABSTRACT

A new approach for protection of power transformer is presented using a time-frequency transform known as
Wavelet transform. Different operating conditions such as inrush, Normal, load, External fault and internal fault current are
sampled and processed to obtain wavelet coefficients. Different Operating conditions provide variation in wavelet
coefficients. Features like energy and Standard deviation are calculated using Parsevals theorem. The fault detection
algorithm is constructed on the basis of coefficient comparison from signals decomposed from Discrete Wavelet
Transform. Computer simulations are performed using ATP/EMTP as well as MATLAB/Simulink. Various cases and fault
types are studied to verify the validity of the algorithm. It is found that the proposed method gives a satisfactory accuracy,
and will be particularly useful in a development of a modern differential relay for a transformer protection scheme.

KEYWORDS: Power Transformer, Wavelet Transform, Transactions on Power Systems

INTRODUCTION

In the power system Power transformer is one of the most essential elements. To connect two different voltage
levels power transformer functions as a node. In maintaining the reliability of power system the continuity of the
transformer operation is of vital importance. Any unscheduled maintenance, especially replacement of faulty transformer is
very expensive and time consuming. Reliable protective relays are required to detect faults, high speed, highly sensitive
and reliable protective relays are required. For this purpose, differential protection has been employed as the primary
protection for most of the power transformers. Differential protection is based on the fact that any fault within electrical
equipment may cause the current entering it, to be different from that leaving it. Thus, we can compare the two currents
either in phase or in magnitude or both and issue a trip output if the difference crosses a predetermined set value. When
both the ends of the apparatus are physically near each other this method becomes very attractive. A differential scheme is
supposed to respond only to internal faults and restrain from tripping on inrush currents and external faults. The differential
current is small for external and normal operating conditions differential current becomes significant for internal faults; the
relay operates if the difference exceeds a Predetermined set value. To extract information from the transient signals
simultaneously in both the time and frequency domain sun like Fourier Transform which can only give the information in
the frequency domain The wavelet transform which is a new and powerful tool. For distinguishing internal fault currents

Impact Factor(JCC): 0.9458- This article can be downloaded from www.bestjournals.in

112 Suribabu. Miriyala, B. V. Sanker Ram & K. S. R. Anjaneyulu

from inrush currents wavelet transforms have been extensively used for analyzing the transient phenomena in a Power
transformer [1]

WAVELET TRANSFORM FOR DETECTION OF FAULTS

Wavelet transform (WT) is an efficient and powerful technique to provide time frequency representation of a non
stationary signal with good time resolution than a Fourier transform. It is an extension to short time Fourier transforms
(STFT) which has constant window length. WT allows high frequency components to be analyzed with low frequency
components to be analyzed with long time intervals and short time interval. To study and classify impulse faults in a
transformer winding, wavelets have been widely used [4]. They have been also widely used to assess the mechanical
integrity of transformer windings [5].

Effective usage in classification problems can be done as it has frequency selective feature. The continuous
wavelet transform of a signal x (t), as given in [6] is

Wx (a, b)=1/ a x (t) ((t-b)/a) dt

Figure 1: Decomposed Levels of DWT

Where is the basis function or the mother wavelet, ‘a’ and ‘b’ are the dilation and translation parameters
respectively. The wavelet transform is evaluated at discrete scales as the computation of continuous wavelet transform
generates good redundant data, and is known as discrete wavelet transform (DWT).

Detection of Ground Fault

As in the last case, the detection of ground fault proceeds in the same manner. The neutral current records
corresponding to ground fault condition which are computed by Pspice software are wavelet transformed for analysis. For
different ground faults the detail signals are at levels 5 to 8. With this observation we can say that it is possible to detect
various ground faults effectively. The RMS values of the detail coefficients at levels 5 to 8 are computed and considered as
the inputs to an artificial neural network, in order to automate the detection and classification task

Index Copernicus Value: 3.0 – Articles can be sent to editor.bestjournals.gmail.com

Fault Detection of Power Transformer by Using Wavelet Transforms 113

.
Figure 2: Wavelets Coefficients

Continuous
sa
pow ergui La
sb
l oad
Vabc
A
sc A A Iabc A A
Lb
B B B a B B
a
C C
b C C
A C
c
b T hree-Phase
B
PI Secti on Li ne
Lc
C
c

A
A
A a
B
B
B b
C
C
T hree-Phase Faul t
C c

T hree-Phase
T ransform er
(T wo Wi ndi ngs) a
abc

ia sa

ib sb

ic sc

Subsystem 1

Out1 In1

Out2 In2

Figure 3: Simulation Model with Fault Detection

Figure 4: Primary Currents and Secondary Currents for Fault

Impact Factor(JCC): 0.9458- This article can be downloaded from www.bestjournals.in

114 Suribabu. Miriyala, B. V. Sanker Ram & K. S. R. Anjaneyulu

PROPOSED ALGORITHM USING WAVELET TRANSFORM

MATLAB environment is chosen for them proposed protection algorithm. Referring to the relay flow chart shown
as in figure 2, the program developed, receives sampled current data of the simulated faults from the power system Step.1
Using CTS and 800 samples of differential current, obtain three phase differential currents. Step.2 For sampling the
differential current apply the wavelet transform for samples. Step.3 Using Parsevals theorem, energy and STD is obtained
from approximation and details. This is used to obtain energy vector for tripping operation energy vectors calculated as
Energy vector = Ed1 + Ed2 + Ed3 + Ed4 + Ed5 + A5

Table 1: Energy and Standard Deviation Values for Different Operating Conditions
WITHOUT LOAD WITH LOAD
Inrush Training Data Testing Data Training Data Testing Data
Fault
Energy STD Energy STD Energy STD Energy STD
Normal 0.1339 0.0020 8.5488 0.0136 585.28 0.1504 595.70 0.1425
Inrush a 597.55 0.1427 0.1438 0.0024 480.31 0.1337 595.70 0.1252
Inrush B 594.32 0.1427 0.1299 0.0025 699.53 0.2011 493.93 0.1937
Inrush C 592.25 0.1431 0.1399 0.0023 1214.4 0.2690 1219.7 0.2603

CONCLUSIONS

This paper demonstrates that the algorithm successfully differentiates between fault conditions and magnetizing
inrush and even if the faults occur with high impedance at fault location. With Daub 6 wavelet transforms, very accurate
and satisfactory results obtained are due to the following factors: In both time and frequency, the wavelet decomposition
breaks up the signals allowing for a more complete efficient and description of each phase currents and accurate fault
detection than comparing to Fast Fourier algorithm. Since this method is used for discontinuity analysis of the signals, with
high impedance at the fault location, the fault occurs at the lowest time space detail coefficients of the signal give us faulty
condition. This work is based on recorded’ data, which was obtained from ATP-EMTP. For a future work, a real time
digital signal processor can be used for analyzing current and voltage samples.

REFERENCES

1. M.A. Rahman, and B.Jeyasurya, A state-of-the-art review of transformer protection algorithms, IEEE.Trans.
Power Delivery, vol.3, pp.534-544, April.1988.

2. T.S. Sidhu, M.S. Sachdev, H.C.Wood, M.Nagpal, Design, implementation and testing of a micro-processor-based
high-speed relay for detecting transformer winding faults, IEEE.Trans. Power Deliv, vol.7, pp.108-117, Januaury
1992.

3. Vanamadevi N, Arivamudhan M, Santhi S “ Detection and Classification of Impulse faults in transformer using
Wavelet Transform and Artificial Neural Network” IEEE Trans

4. P.Purkait,S. Chakravorti, “ Pattern classification of Impulse faults in transformer by wavelet analysis”, IEEE
Trans. on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, vol. 9, No. 4, Aug 2002.

Index Copernicus Value: 3.0 – Articles can be sent to editor.bestjournals.gmail.com

Fault Detection of Power Transformer by Using Wavelet Transforms 115

5. S. Santhi, V.Jayashankar,V.Jagadeesh Kumar “ Time frequency analysis of method for the detection of winding
deformation in transformers during short circuit test ” I2MTC-08,Victoria,Vancouver Island,Canada, May
(12-15),2008.

6. R.L. Allen, Duncan W.Mills, “Signal analysis –Time, Frequency, Scale and Structure”, IEEE Press, Wiley-Inter
science publication,2004.

7. M.A. Rahman, B. Jeyasurya", A State-of-The-Art Review of Transformer Protection Algorithms, IEEE

Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 3, No. 2, April 1988.

8. M.A. Rahman, B. So, M. R. Zaman, M.A. Hoque", Testing of Algorithms for A Stand-Alone Digital Relay for
Power Transformers, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 13, No. 2, April 1998.

9. M. Habib, M.A. Marin", A Comparative Analysis of Digital Relaying Algorithms for Deferential Protection of
Three Phase Transformers, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol. 3. No. 3, August 1988.

10. S. Arunkumar, V. Sandeep, S.Shankar, M.Gopalakrishnan, K.Udayakumar and V.Jayashankar, “ Impulse testing
of power transformers – a model reference approach ”, IEE Proc.-Sci. Meas.Technol. vol. 151, No.1, pp.25-30,
Jan.2004.

11. T. Leibfried, and K Feser, “ Monitoring of power transformers using the transfer Function method ”, IEEE Trans.
on Power Delivery, vol. 14, No.4, pp 1333-1341, 1999.

Impact Factor(JCC): 0.9458- This article can be downloaded from www.bestjournals.in