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AQUINAS Notes

Aquinas viewed justice as a virtue requiring a consistent willingness to give each person their due. He believed legal justice was the preeminent political virtue, directing actions toward the common good. While human laws are limited, divine law can punish all vices and demand moral perfection. Aquinas saw political society as natural but incomplete without the church, which guides people towards supernatural virtues and salvation. He argued political rule aims to maintain a just society where people can flourish physically and morally, though it ultimately yields to the church in scope and purpose.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
9 views

AQUINAS Notes

Aquinas viewed justice as a virtue requiring a consistent willingness to give each person their due. He believed legal justice was the preeminent political virtue, directing actions toward the common good. While human laws are limited, divine law can punish all vices and demand moral perfection. Aquinas saw political society as natural but incomplete without the church, which guides people towards supernatural virtues and salvation. He argued political rule aims to maintain a just society where people can flourish physically and morally, though it ultimately yields to the church in scope and purpose.

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AQUINAS

Political theology: good’s will>National will (secularization, structural analogy)


 Something is right or legitimate just because it is “willed” (the sovereign god of Abrahamic religions)
 Aquinas: Faith completes Reason (not opposites): Imperfect happiness: the natural end, secular virtues, the state
Perfect happiness: the supernatural end, theological virtues, the church
God a ulaşıp alınan sevgi sadece perfect happinesslarla bulunabilir ve Aristotle buna ulaşamaz. Kilise, devlet felsefe ve aklın
üstündedir. Aquinas, it is possible to acquire significant knowledge about this world is by interacting with the world, people. We don’t
need church for the knowledge but we need the church to complete this secular relationship. Reason on its own can’t achieve
important things but it can get us to the highest possible but we need the divine to get to the highest happiness and truth.

Aquinas: He is attracted to Aristotle, because he is writing in High Middle Ages (13 th cent) where there is a
relatively stable political situation with institutional support for Christianity, so he has a more positive view of
politics and his goal is to make the establishment system intellegible, meaningful, legitimate.

Implication of the state: The church completes/perfects the state

 The state is not merely an instrument of coercion / punishment, but aims to instill secular virtues for worldly
happiness (preparation towards the eternal life in heaven)
 The state is still subordinate to the church, but also autonomy of the state > revaluation of the social and political
life

It is possible to be happy in this world and state is responsible for that. The state acquire more positive role
like educating, making happy and preparing them for the after higher life. The members of the religious
world (church people) are just passing by this sorrow, sad world and they don’t expect anything from this
world, their eyes are always at the sky. The state is creating an autonomy, this will improve and the state
will be separated from the church and become the modern state. Aquinas, modern devlet yapısını için bir
alt yapı oluşturuyor ve kiliseden ayrılıyor. Bu devlet giderek yükselmeye başlayacak ve 500.yıl sonra
Hobbes zamanında devlet kiliseyi hakimiyeti altına almış ve en üstte olacak.
Aquinas’s political philosophy: in the state of innocence there would be a political life, there would be a
government even if we were still in heaven and gotten banished to the world (Adam-eve), the reason for
this is that god intended human to be social beings.

Aquinas defined the virtue of justice as a consistent and lasting resolve to render to everyone his due. He viewed justice as certain rectitude of
mind, whereby a man does what he ought to do in the circumstances confronting him.

Aquinas, adalet erdemini, herkese hakkını vermek için tutarlı ve kalıcı bir kararlılık olarak tanımladı. Adaleti, bir insanın karşı
karşıya olduğu koşullarda yapması gerekeni yapmasıyla ilgili kesin bir akıl doğruluğu olarak gördü.

According to Aquinas, legal justice is the political virtue par excellence. It means, an inner disposition of the human will by which
those possessing it refer all their actions to the common good (Aquinas follows Aristotle in calling it “legal” justice because the
law, too, has the common good as its proper object.
As Aquinas explains, “the good of any virtue, whether such virtue direct man in relation to himself, or in relation to certain other
individual persons, is referable to the common good, to which justice directs: so that all acts of virtue can pertain to justice, insofar
as it directs man to the common good.”
Aside from making their citizens just by cultivating in them the “perpetual and constant will to render to each one his right”
legislators and judges ensure that the ius of particular situations between individuals is established or restored, that each person
receives what is “due” to him such that a certain equality is maintained among citizens.
Aquinas believes that the human laws governing political societies must be somewhat limited in scope. For example, the fact that
something like the practice of usury is unjust does not necessarily mean that political society can or should forbid it: “Human laws
leave certain things unpunished, on account of the condition of those who are imperfect, and who would be deprived of many
advantages, if all sins were strictly forbidden and punishments appointed for them.”

Aquinas'a göre, yasal adalet, mükemmel bir siyasi erdemdir. insan iradesinin, ona sahip olanların tüm eylemlerini ortak iyiye
yönlendirdiği içsel bir eğilimi anlamına gelir (Aquinas, ona "yasal" adalet adını verirken Aristoteles'i izler, çünkü yasa da ortak
iyiyi kendine uygun nesne olarak alır. .

Aquinas, siyasi toplumları yöneten insan yasalarının kapsamının bir şekilde sınırlı olması gerektiğine inanır. Örneğin, tefecilik
uygulaması gibi bir şeyin adaletsiz olduğu gerçeği, politik toplumun onu yasaklayabileceği veya yasaklaması gerektiği anlamına
gelmez: "İnsan yasaları, kusurlu olanların ve kimlerin suçlanacağını düşünenlerin durumu nedeniyle bazı şeyleri cezasız bırakır.
Eğer tüm günahlar kesin olarak yasaklanırsa ve onlar için cezalar tayin edilirse, pek çok avantajdan mahrum kalırlar.”

due to the limited nature of human law and political society itself and is one of the reasons why God has wisely chosen to apply
his own divine law to human affairs. In addition to its infallibility and the fact that it applies to the “interior movements” of man’s
soul, divine law is able to punish all vices while demanding the moral perfection from humans that God expects
We may observe this by returning to Aquinas’ claim that political society is natural. Only by living in political society is man
capable of achieving his full natural potential. Thus understood politics is no mere instrumental good (as in the teachings of
modern political thinkers such as Hobbes and Locke), but is part of the very fabric of the human person, and thus the individual’s
participation in political society is a great intrinsic good for the individual as well as for society.
because it is a natural institution, political society is not equipped to guide human beings toward the attainment of this higher
supernatural vocation. In this respect it must yield to the Church, which (unlike political society) is divinely established and
primarily concerned with the distribution of divine grace and the salvation of souls (On Kingship, Book I, Chapters 14-15). Again,
to say that political society is merely natural is not to suggest that it should only concern man’s basic natural needs such as food,
shelter, and safety. The common good that political authorities pursue includes the maintenance of a just society where individual
citizens may flourish physically as well as morally. Politics thus promotes the natural virtues (most of all justice), which are
themselves the human soul’s preparation for the reception of divine grace and the infusion of the supernatural virtues of faith,
hope, and, above all, charity. The best one can hope from political society is that citizens will be well disposed to receive the grace
available to them through the Church, which transcends politics both in its universality as well as in the finality of its purpose.

insan yasasının ve siyasi toplumun kendisinin sınırlı doğası nedeniyle ve Tanrı'nın kendi ilahi yasasını insan meselelerine
uygulamayı hikmetli bir şekilde seçmesinin nedenlerinden biridir. İlahi kanun, yanılmazlığına ve insan ruhunun "içsel
hareketlerine" uygulanmasına ek olarak, insanlardan Tanrı'nın beklediği ahlaki mükemmelliği talep ederken tüm kusurları
cezalandırabilir.
Bunu, Aquinas'ın politik toplumun doğal olduğu iddiasına geri dönerek gözlemleyebiliriz. İnsan ancak politik toplumda yaşayarak
tam doğal potansiyeline ulaşabilir. Bu şekilde anlaşılan siyaset sadece araçsal bir iyi değildir, insan kişiliğinin dokusunun bir
parçasıdır ve bu nedenle bireyin siyasi topluma katılımı, toplum için büyük bir içsel iyidir. birey için olduğu kadar toplum için de.
Doğal bir kurum olduğu için, politik toplum, insanları bu daha yüksek doğaüstü mesleğe ulaşmaya yönlendirmek için donanımlı
değildir. Bu bakımdan, (siyasi toplumdan farklı olarak) ilahi olarak kurulmuş olan ve öncelikle ilahi lütfun dağıtımı ve ruhların
kurtuluşu ile ilgilenen Kilise'ye boyun eğmelidir (Krallık Üzerine, Kitap I, Bölüm 14-15). Yine, siyasal toplumun yalnızca doğal
olduğunu söylemek, onun yalnızca insanın beslenme, barınma ve güvenlik gibi temel doğal gereksinimleriyle ilgili olması
gerektiğini önermek değildir. Siyasi otoritelerin peşinde koştuğu ortak yarar, bireysel vatandaşların hem fiziksel hem de ahlaki
açıdan gelişebilecekleri adil bir toplumun sürdürülmesini içerir. Böylece siyaset, insan ruhunun ilahi lütfu kabul etmeye hazırlığı
ve inanç, umut ve hepsinden önemlisi hayırseverlik gibi doğaüstü erdemlerin aşılanması olan doğal erdemleri (en çok adaleti)
teşvik eder. Politik toplumdan umulabilecek en iyi şey, vatandaşların, hem evrenselliği hem de amacının kesinliği açısından
politikayı aşan Kilise aracılığıyla kendilerine sunulan lütfu almaya istekli olmalarıdır.
Aquinas, adalet düzeninin sağlanabilmesi için, kişilerin yöneticilere itaat etmeleri gerektiğini söylemiştir.
Ona göre, Hükümdar adaletin koruyucusudur. Sonuç olarak yöneticinin koymuş olduğu yasalar, var oluş
sebebine ve gayesine uygun ise, yani aynı iyiliği ve ortak menfaati gaye edinmişse adaletlidir.
Kötü bir rejimin yasaları, yüce insani erdemleri beslemese bile, hala toplumun huzurunu güvence altına
alıyor olabilirler. Bundan dolayı Thomas Aquinas, ortaya çıkacak düzensizlik korkusuyla, adil olmayan
yasalara itaatsizliği tavsiye etmez. Toplumda düzensizliğe ve karışıklığa meydan vermemek için gerekirse
bu tür yasalara uyulması gerektiğini söyler.

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