fFansmiscion Gondusidtk of FM waves CARSON'S” Rove: Tiasy % FM Wave contains an dnfinite number of side-frequencies se, BW Tequired to Fransmite Fe InWactie Fra wave is effeeticly Libel ty a frie number of Bigpiticant side—frequencien, usith Specified amomi F disterdion. Approximate vie, je detennine transmission Bandusidt By a 2(a$+ 4m) ere aat(i+ 4) where pnt Gavel: NBEM (Bcc) te Sheet o [ach] By = hw}... Same 2s AM Ge: ween (p>) ie os or PARSE, By = asf i‘Titernational Regulation for Fea: © Frescibed by CIR (consullative Commiftee for International Radie) ‘Filewea by commercial FM broadcast station in order de oveid Inker ference, 9D) Maximum frequency deviation 75K 2) Freqieny stability of the carter + 2k, 2) Alewsable bandwidth ger chamel = 2e0kitz GENERATION. OF FM Wwves, f= he The Snstarhineecs Frequency Varies Linear sith messaks Siva > dikeet MeTHoD (Reactnee Mediator) Tie methods Ea INDIRECT METHOD. DIRECT Menion : FM ggrerated ky Using, VEO (Nolage Contvalad Cocillaty/) Neo % Sinustdal counter withthe reactive, elmer (€¢ capactve cement) a an calor ts dive Cone by the, mescag sigwal mi) “he Ry Shaws an FM Generate which uses a Harbley Ossilaley Sate em inal = ot Resume j U0 % coca test Frequency, of oscillation ii a(t) oO fewe, [O> E+ ape iD] salar Gas Sn each cayacive Vale of modulation Alter Sebshhution + i a ——————————— 2K [(Lttay Got Ac Cos 2ryt) 1 fe = oe af gg) [i+ SE es) t \ 2 v, fe amt open 4 fo = 4 [4 26 cecal SM ACKEE , approx ea) is fe 2 &[ Oe he & y ; BE Lo AF fF hs tresease by capactance eaenes | sus eet ae lesred whe. laws d + at osGh) pees Fay se the vewve, © Gereraly NORM Gs kenerated. Te obtain ware , frequen ulier © sak worm J FREE] Bh sath comer Beg, = ng, Geo EEE Apviation = Nag center \soeation A Mdabation Sec = NBBigger Mewes ¢ Atmetrong MoouirTor, © yaeasage sigral is Sok weed te reduce a NISRA, followed by frequency yltiplication te Srevease the frequency deviation to he desived level ? se: The carrier feequeniy Stability publ is solved by using Highly shave cacllator (ie) Copal eudlal) in MBF Generation, @ Avo called Atmahiong, wide-band Frequency modulator, I {Pe 7 Amiel —> ine eau sr sy iy dal: med gens a een ain, thase medalatin Fediqae@ dnerder +o winimize, the aicteedon tn Phase modulator , p is Kapl small, eneley vesubting Ih NBFI eve. aug Mubtigmee cerits ofa mererlese menmtinaar device fulostd by 8 and fas filer. Bear Pane eho wih Pecoe [Ry URE] _ ot) per cae ; Lait, (26rd Inboard eM - sreeny he A pane Fig, Biss diatom of Freee, mallee © Wor Linear device being, memensless means ik has no enerey- Storage elements, Inpat- outpct relation fs Ln the form: Ve) = aH +a, Foe HanSwW —O mete O40, y Bre Coefficen, Ww Highest exder of rendineanty Here, Input St fs Fm wave st = Accs [2nick + any frrorae] ushere trotamtanenos frequents ied = fat Kym) A After, bandpass fiSering of he men liear davies eutpud VD, lwebrve, news Fr seve, defined slo = Actes PCO) + 22 vahese Grctnianenns frequen “wk the highes a ns fgg nics we) Baa EN te me ong man eye Onn Bre mremepless, von-dvear daveDEMODULATIONS OF FM SIGNALS Frequenay discriminator Preise Locked Up ‘Slope deletion “plowed Gs demedudation, *) vp ene ial Sndirect manner FREQUENCY Discriminator @ “This FM demodulator, preduce an output vellage Linearky dependents on dnp frequeng © Using Slopedetectio technique yA tingle tinea creait Tuned Siightly, akove or laces remark freeones Diener | exer a Limited vange. iiiy 4 Ewe | __ Emveage ot mtd Fes tga a Detector WO SD = hes (REE + anyl met) a) + AD ce = db Aces ext rer | mcode) = & . a = sn(argssr any Frese) x [28h ange] * geo = camae[ittme | Gee sertg] meee) cote oh Aplus & Bega Mele: S49 Fer cigal uetth fxd, Ftned ovenEnvevere SeeE | so < ALL ems) Ee eet tere te Jane: FO Jem sume, Broan HUD). Ampitde vatio: ef Toned Greik Gonvere aaa, que Vavntin $5 Anta vr acetoe ef Tined dre Reoulding, S04) tee aa $ mm sy eave seus oft efned ora A (ist de Blea) edie, S34 Ce al demodulated Signal. Demedaaled Sigal :WWE Simple shane detection Tedminug, having ‘hoe baste pISbIGRE 1) Debector Yesponds te purines amplde variation, af Inpub Fo4 2 Range =f Amear slye is quite small, Non-Linear Tone e_ [ERE ee] tee | Oa Restucing nea a ‘aoe arama i £ 7 le SHEE re i J Re Ai Salta © The evince cf tuned civuaitt on the Ceeendany are ewvelaye dele separeiely 5 the diffiene of the too ewelepe detec outputs Loculd be proportional te mut, se, Hilt) changes & Ampditude Variation 9, Difference of shece amplitude, im opposite aivetins "Variation fs¥enewen srame we: Fregueneg te voltage. chavacierivke,plitude response of <1 pperhned filler sence nae Ginsetna fier ae Bey Sane, Wee: The width of Mnear frpsony reopese. is ateut 38, fe, the deviation Of or his the cute ip Linear A gre satsfedey eutpabt ts Gren as Case: Mf AF of pst FO is wave than (1188) , distortion eceut due to nentinearity of the chavacteriofic. Ds, operation of this detector is Linibed +e small deviation only. Fact Ee AODULATORS. & Rabo Detector x Another Waloned demodulator widely voed in pak, \ offer beter protection against carrier amplihide, Variation. L confor many feats deltchere were standard on ames: @ Zero cessing, detedrs W Also Web because of advances in digital Inlegraied t Crests. These are frequency counlers measure the instantaneous frequents, by Ame vrandber of Zere Crossings Rnd ecm = $C) fe all PA vecaivers.,