Eurika Joy A.

Visitacion February 8, 2024

DMD1J M3 Post Task

1.) Discuss in 5 sentences each of the following in bullet form:

A. Arrhenius Concept of Acid and Base
● Acids are chemicals that ionize to form hydrogen ions (H+) in aqueous
solutions, a concept first proposed by Svante Arrhenius in 1884.
● According to Arrhenius, bases are chemicals that ionize to form hydroxide
ions (OH-) in aqueous solutions.
● Reactions in non-aqueous solvents are not taken into consideration by
this theory, which is restricted to aqueous solutions.
● The basis for eventual advancements in acid-base chemistry was
established by Arrhenius's definition.
● Although it is a helpful idea for beginners, it is not very effective in
describing acid-base behavior for some chemicals or in non-aqueous
situations.

B. Bronsted Lowry Concept of Acid and Base

● The idea that bases absorb protons and acids contribute protons (H+)
was first put out by Thomas Martin Lowry and Johannes Nicolaus
Brønsted in 1923.
● This idea covers both aqueous and non-aqueous solutions, making it
broader than Arrhenius's.
● It makes it possible to comprehend acid-base interactions in contexts
other than watery ones.
● The proton transport between bases and acids is emphasized by the
Bronsted-Lowry hypothesis.
● It offers a more thorough foundation for comprehending acid-base
interactions in diverse situations.

C. Lewis Concept of Acid and Base

● Proposed by Gilbert N. Lewis in 1923, acids are defined as electron pair
acceptors, and bases are electron pair donors.
● This concept is the broadest of the three and encompasses reactions
beyond just proton transfer.
● Lewis acids can accept electron pairs from Lewis bases to form
coordinate covalent bonds.
● It provides a theoretical basis for understanding a wide range of chemical
reactions, not limited to aqueous solutions.
● The Lewis definition is particularly useful in coordination chemistry and
organometallic chemistry.
D. Van der Waals Forces of Attraction
● Weak intermolecular interactions known as van der Waals forces result
from brief variations in the distribution of electrons within molecules.
● These consist of hydrogen bonding, dipole-dipole interactions, and
London dispersion forces.
● When the size and surface area of molecules grow, these forces also rise.
● When determining a substance's melting and boiling temperatures, van
der Waals forces are a significant factor.
● They have a role in the stability of molecular structures by causing
attractions between non-polar molecules.

E. Dipole Dipole interaction

● When two polar molecules with permanent dipoles come into contact,
their positive ends are drawn to each other's negative ends, a
phenomenon known as dipole-dipole interaction.
● While not as strong as hydrogen bonding, these interactions are
nonetheless stronger than London dispersion forces.
● They help explain why polar chemicals have greater melting and boiling
points than non-polar ones.
● Polar substances' behavior and physical characteristics are largely
determined by dipole-dipole interactions.
● The size and direction of the molecular dipoles determine the intensity of
dipole-dipole interactions.

F. Hydrogen Bonding
● When a hydrogen atom connected to an electronegative atom (such as
oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine) is drawn to another electronegative atom in
a nearby molecule, a unique kind of dipole-dipole interaction known as
hydrogen bonding takes place.
● It is far stronger than ordinary dipole-dipole interactions and affects the
characteristics of compounds such as water, ammonia, and hydrogen
fluoride.
● The structure, stability, and characteristics of molecules and
compounds—especially those with hydrogen attached to very
electronegative atoms—are greatly influenced by hydrogen bonding.
● It is in charge of phenomena like water's remarkably high melting and
boiling temperatures when compared to other molecules with comparable
molecular weights.
● The architecture of proteins, DNA, and other biomolecules are influenced
by hydrogen bonding, which is crucial in biological systems.
 G. Intermolecular Hydrogen Bonding
● When hydrogen atoms bound to electronegative atoms (like oxygen or
nitrogen) in one molecule are drawn to electronegative atoms in another,
intermolecular hydrogen bonding takes place between the molecules.
● It is in charge of giving compounds like water and ethanol their distinct
characteristics.
● Hydrogen bonding between molecules affects a liquid's melting and
boiling temperatures as well as cohesiveness and surface tension.
● Although it is not as strong as intramolecular hydrogen bonding, it
nonetheless has a big influence on how molecules behave in condensed
phases.
● Many organic and biological substances' physical and chemical
characteristics are largely determined by intermolecular hydrogen
bonding.

H. Intramolecular Hydrogen Bonding

● A hydrogen atom connected to an electronegative atom establishes a
hydrogen bond with another electronegative atom inside the same
molecule, a process known as intramolecular hydrogen bonding.
● This kind of hydrogen bonding affects a compound's stability and
molecular structure.
● It may have an impact on a molecule's physical characteristics, including
melting and boiling temperatures, and reactivity.
● Molecules with functional groups such as hydroxyl (OH), carbonyl (C=O),
and amino (NH) groups frequently exhibit intramolecular hydrogen
bonding.
● In organic molecules, the existence of intramolecular hydrogen bonding
can result in unique characteristics and behaviors.

2.) Differentiate in 3 sentences bullet form:

A. pH
● pH is defined as the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration
and is used to quantify the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in a
solution.
● The pH scale is logarithmic, with values ranging from 0 to 14. Acidic
solutions are indicated by values less than 7, neutral solutions are
indicated by values more than 7, and basic solutions are indicated by
values below 7.
● pH affects microbial growth, enzyme activity, and the solubility of several
compounds, among other chemical and biological activities.
B. pOH
● The term "pOH" refers to the negative logarithm of the hydroxide ion
concentration, which is used to quantify the amount of hydroxide ions
(OH-) in a solution.
● Similar to pH, pOH is measured on a logarithmic scale from 0 to 14, with
values below 7 denoting basic solutions, 7 denoting neutral solutions, and
values over 7 denoting acidic solutions.
● When combined, pOH and pH offer a thorough comprehension of a
solution's acidity or basicity depending on the amounts of hydroxide and
hydrogen ions.
3.) Draw in a long bond paper the set up of melting point and give 5 sentences in bullet
form explaining the melting point.
4.) Draw in a long bond paper the set up of boiling point and give 5 sentences in bullet form
explaining the boiling point.