nd

Bilingual
Edition

COMPLETE MATHS

FORMULA BOOK
CLASS NOTES CONCEPTS SHORTI TRICKS

@Baka_260
SOLVED EXAMPLES CALCULATION TRICKS

ADITYA RANJAN SIR

EXCISE INSPECTOR
USEFUL FOR
CET, SSC, RAILWAYS,
DEFENCE, BANKING,
& ALL GOVT. EXAMS

Selected selection f¢or

 nd
Edition
Bilingual

COMPLETE MATHS

FORMULA BOOK)
@Baka_260
• CLASS NOTES CONCEPTS• SHORT TRICKS
• SOLVED EXAMPLES CALCULATION TRICKS

Author
ADITYA RANJAN
o
Excise Inspecto
Co-Author
Rudra Pratap Verma
 INDEX.
S.No.A CHAPTER PAGE No.
1. Digital Sum (fsfMeT ) 1-12

2. Geometry (arfrfa) 13- 84

3. Mensuration 2D (fafty afuft) 85 - 104

4. Mensuration 3D(faq afufa) 105- 123

5.
@Baka_260
LCM HCF (.AT. 3T 4A4) - 127
&
124

6. Number System (HT VGf) 128 - 145

&
Simplification and Surds Indices
7. 146 – 151

8. Algebra (aigfura) 152 - 162

9. Trigonometry (faarurfufa) 163 – 171

10. Height & Distance (al$ sr g) 172 - 177

11. Co-ordinate Geometry (MayA faf) 178- 183

 PAGE No.
CHAPTER
S.No. (ufaryradi) 184- 193
Percentage
12. 194- 198
(rH 3T gIT)
Profit Loss
&&

13.
199 -200
Discount (aceT/)
14.
201- 204
Simple Interest
(HrARUT T)
15.
) 205- 212
Compound Interest (uhgt&
16.

@Baka_260
17. Ratio & Proportion (q4d 3T
HHq4Ta)

219
-
213 218

- 220
Partnership (HIETt)
18.

Mixture (H0T) 221- 223

19.

20.
Alligation (yfriyr) 224 -229

Average (3irua) 230- 233

21.

22. Time & Work (HH ir hle) 234-237

 CHAPTER PAGE No.
S.No.
23. Pipe & Cistern (1T 3R eit) 238-240

24. Time & Distance (H4T R ) 241-246

25. Train (tII) 247-248

26. Race & Circular Motion (ais

N
gy nfa) 249- 252

Stream (G 3ÌT rT) 253 - 255

@Baka_260
27. Boat &

28. Permutation & Combination (GHu sr HU) 256- 259

-
Probability (fhdi)260 269
29

30. Statistics (ifi) 270-274

31. Logarithm (ayua) 275- 276

32. Calculation (TuT) 277-292

 Digital Sum

DIGITAL SUM
01

same way,
Introduction/yfau For decimals, digit sum work exactiy the
to the decimal points the
but we don't pay attention + 6) - 19, eleminiate
t is a method not used for quick calculation but for
answers.
digit sum of 6.256 is (6 +
2+5
auick checking of This technique has 9, digit- sum is
1

diferent useful applications for students giving

competitive & other exams as they are already
provided with four options to every answer.
41T (6 + 2 6)- 19 45-411 I 8
+ 5 +

numbers
Note: (i) Digit sum can be any of following the
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 0.
jt zm frHfefad Hei 1, 2.3. 4, 5. 6, 7, 8. 9 41 0

By adding 9 in any of above digits,

digit sum does
What is
digital sum/tsfeT Y I: not this
change means whiie adding consider 9 as zero.
a
A single digit obtained by adding all digits of number,
is called digit sum.

@Baka_260 Therefore, while calculating the digit

sum of a number,
you can eliminate all the nines and all the digits that
sum of 135 = 1 + 3 + 5 =9 add up to nine. By doing any this you will be able to
For example, Digit sum of number much faster
calculate the digit
Digit sum + 8 =
14 =1+4 =5 no effect on the final resut.
68 =6 the elimination will have
of

'OR' Remember that 9 is synonymous with 0 and can be

Remainder obtained by dividing a number by 9, is used interchangeably as 9 is also divisible by 9 leaves
called digit sum. remainder 0.
(9 =0, in digit sum)

For example, Digit sumn of 34 3+ 4 = 7

'OR'
Remainder When 34 is divided by 9 =7
of 58 = 5 + 8= 13
Another example, digit sum
=
-1+3 4

Remainder when 58 is divided by9=4

(9 - 0. 3ft qin )
The digit sum method
can be used to check answers
lnvolving different arithmetic operations like Ex. Find the digit-sum of 2467539.
subtraction, squares,
mltiplication, division, addition, 2467539 1 34
n
ifui
Square roots, cube roots etc. HINTS:
We will eliminate the numbers that add up to9 (2 &
7, 4 & 5, 6 & 3 and also eliminate the 9) .We obtain
0 or 9.
Digit sum of LHS -
Digit Sum of RHS. Ex. Find the digit-sum of 6372819923

Digit sum can be implemented on percentage or HINTS:

decimals as well. We will eliminate the numbers that add up to 9 (6 &
3, 7 & 2, 8 &
1
and also eliminate the two 9's). We
are left with the digits 2 &3 which also add up to 5.
1
Aditya Ranjan (Excise
Inspector) Selected Selection faT
 Digital Sum
Digit sum of any muttiple of 9 is 9. Ex Swati sold a bag to Ankíta at a gain of 15%. Aasti
(i) bought this bag fron Ankita for 2 24,840. Ankita
earned a profit of 20%. At what price ould swati
For example/sat* frg have bought the bag?
9
x14-1261+2+6918
9x 43 387 -3+8+ 7
+89
(b) ? 18,000
options eliminate
* HET ã c)
16,000 dr 20,000
calculation f HINTS:

tk fat ì Multiplication sfht 9

fra 9 CPw SPt
23
r
ese
multiple fra r 6 9 denominator cancel out I Sa
20 s6rg
ET5s"2 6 3u
digit sum E41 9 iHI
1 E1 E, gu 138
100
Due to pandemic, the population of city reduces at
Swati bought at,
Ex.
the rate of 2% per annum. What will be its total 24840 x100 = Rs.18000
population after 2 years if the present population of 138
the city is 45,000?
sum # multiple
9
ts
A E
digit 9
24840 1
Di cancel o:t î T H
Hf TT# I digit sum 9
(a) 40538 (b) 44521 R Tfrqi B) # digit sum 9 ži
The area of a field in the shape of a hexagon is
(c) 41568
4)

43218lEx
@Baka_260
HINTS:
1944N3m, What will be the cost (in Rs.) of fencing it
at the rate of Rs.11.50 per metre?
tu Population After Two year ti U

= 45000x 49 49 = 43218
50 50
(r ) Tyt?
e f
ts 45000, 9 1 multiple ir yE D
cancel out
digit sum 9 tuI (a) 2,256 (b) 3,200
Ì EÌm ufr TuThA I
fr mg
faaei (d) 1
digit sum 9 1 (c) 2,785 (d) 2,4843t
HINTS:
Ex. 2000 employees are assigned to coimplete a project.
At the end of the first year, 15% of the number of : Area of a hexagon
employees are decreased and at the end of the second
year again 10% of the number of employees are =6 x x a? =
1944 J3
decreased. However, to complete the project in time, 4
the number of employees are increased by 10% at the
end of the thírd year. What was the nmber of a= 36 m
employees working during the fourth yêar? a6
Perimeter of the hexagon
=6 x 36 216màt Sis. sinc
Total cost = x
216
11.5= Rs.2484
rs 216. 9 #1 multiple
I fu TI faaei
gafer u41 digit süm 9
(d)a â digit sum 9 1,
Ex. A hemispherical bowl whose
radius is 21 cm is ful
(a) 1786 (b) 1685 of ice cream. Find the volume of the ice cream.
(c) 1683 (d) 1783 22
(take
HINTS: =7
Number of employees working during the fourth year,
= 85 90 110
2000 x 100 100 100 = 1683 27 Afu)
f 90,9 1 multiple HÍTY JuHh HI digit sum 9
(a) 20000 cm (b) 21000 cm
ETI f T facsei i (c) 1 digit sum9 t (c) 22000 cm (d) 19404 cm
Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector))
(Selected Selection faI 2
 Digital Sum
HINTS:
Ex. If the amount obtained by A by investing Rs 9,100
Volume of hemisphere for three years at a rate of 10% p.a. on símple interest
- is equal to the amount obtained by B by investing a
19404 cm
-21x21x21 certain sum of noney for five years at a rate of 8%
p.a. on simple interest, then 90% of the sum ínvested
afs 21 × 21 x 21.3 x3 x
3#fru V5 3 D'
cancel by B (in Ra) is:

product 51 digit sum 9 tmI

f fri (d) digit sum 9 1
The total surface area of a solid hemisphere is 1039.5
Ex.
cm'. The volume (in cm) of the hemisphere is:
Take
(a) 7,800 (b) 7,605
(c) 8,540 (d) 8,450
HINTS:
3TUTT ( ) fra m?H ifr = sum
51 product fHa digit 9 tI
(a) 2225.5 (b) 2530.6 (b) digit sun 9
(c) 2425.5 (d)
f< fahei
2525.6 Ex. A sum of Rs18,000 becomes Rs 21,780 after 2 years
HINTS: on compound interest compounded annualy. What will
3r2 1039.5
be the compound interest (in Rs) on the same sum for
22 21 the same period if the rate of interest increases by 5%?
=
-3 X
7
xr?= 1039.5 re 10.5 cm
Volume of Hemisphere

2 22

qf 10.5x10.5*10.5,
x
10.5

@Baka_260
x

Hef final product digit sum 9 tmI

10.5

H1
x

3 x 3
10.5
x 3
2425.5 cm

frre y 3 D'
(a)
(c)

HINTS:
Principal
18000
1,845
5,805

Amount
21780
(b)
(d)
4,670
5,500

R fack (c) 5 Ì digit sum 9 t /900 Vi089

Ex Water is flowing through a cylindrical canal with an 30 33
internal diameter of 7 m at he speed of 18 km/h.
Find, the volume of water flowing through the canal Rate = x
100 10%
30
in 30 mnintues, (take n = If rate is increased by 5% 15%
C.I. for two years 32.25%
18000-x 32.25
100
24 3qutn f) fs 18000, 9 61 multiple FHfETR
TursG digit
(a) 3,76,500 -m (b) 3,56,500 m²
sum 9
tmI f< u frcheqi (a) & (c)
1 digit sum
(c) 3,66,500 m
(d) 3,46,500 m²
9 ŽI g
t fs EH ArTd 18000 * 10% 61 A I800

HINTS:
Distance covered in 30 minutes (9 km) will be ....
considered as height. Ex. Find the sum 3 + 3? + 3 + + 3$,s
h 9000 m 3 + 32 +
... + 34 H1
Volume of water flowing through the canal in 30
3+ T
T I
ieu (a) 6561 (b) 6560
minutes r²h (c) 9840 (d) 3280
7 7 HINTS:
7 9000346500m expression 3 H
terms 9
31
f* 1
e5 9000, 9 1 multiple str
& D
cancel out t 6T BI Tuta
H

3R 9 multiple 3
afG sI
qUThA hT digit sum 9
42 fhcyi (d) ai digit sum 9 BI i8 sum 9 multiple 3 3fyca Ž1

Aditya
Ranjan((Excise Inspector)) (Selectedt Selection far 3
 Digital Bum
Ex. 73 - 16 57
Application of Digital sum
HINTS:
(frfrza m
Huam)
Digit sum of LHS1-7 - -6+9 3
1. Additioa/t If the digit sum value comes negative
then just adA
The digit sum of the final sum should be equal to it to 9 & result will be the actual digit sum value
the digit sum of all the numbers used in the addition (Remember it)
process.

- sum
Digit of RHS 5 +7 12 3.
Pet exampie/tK * ferr, 13 + 12 = 25 - l140 =
Ex. 2474 1330
Digit sum 13 = | +3 = 4
of
HINTS:
Digit sum of 12 - 1 +2 -3
Digit sum of
LHS = 4
6=-2 +9 =7
Digit sum of 4 and 3 - 7
Digit sun of 25 is 2 + 5 =7 If the digit sum value comes negative then just add
it to 9 & result will be the actual digit sum value
Thus digit sum of LHS Digit sum of RHS.
!
(Remember it)
RHS
(Why this happens? Because, if you divide 13 & 12
by 9 and add up the remainders (4 + 3 = 7) which is
=
equal to the rermainder obtained by dividing 25 by 9.) Digit
-
sum of
RHS 1
+3+3 =7
( ta ?
if,; f 13
r 12
-
9 Ex. Verify whether 32586 minus 12598 are 19988,
faf aG (4 +
3 7) 25
HIfra EÌ f# 1 32586, 12598 1 s 19988 #I

@Baka_260
HINTS:
Ex. 1.5 + 32.5 + 23.9 = 57.9
HINTS: The digit sum of the number 32586 is 6
Digit sum of LHS6+ 10 + 5 - 21 = 3 The digit sum of the number 12598 is 7
Digit sun of RHS 5 +7 +9 = 12 =3 Subtract 7 from 6 we get- 1 i.e., 1 +9=8
Ex. Verify whether 18273645 + 9988888 + 6300852 + Also digit sum of 19988 is also 8.
11111111 is 45674496. Hence, Digit sum of the question is equals to the digit
Rf f PI 18273645 + 9988888 + 6300852 + sum of the Answer.
1I d 45674496 1
HINTS: i.e., We can assume that the subtraction is correct.
The digit-sum of the numbers is 0, 4, 6 and 8
respectively.
Total of these 4 digit sum is 18 and the digit sum of 3. Multiplication/u
18 is 9.
First we will calculate the digit sum of the first number,
The digit sum of 45674496 is also 9. we will calculate the digit sum of the second
Hence, Digit sum of the question is equals to the digit number
We will multiply the two digit sums
Sum of the Answer. thus obtained. If
the final answer equals to the digit sum of the product
then, our answer can be concluded as to be correct.
i.e., We can assume that the addition is correct.

2. Subtraction/yeTa
The digit sum of the smaller number as subtracted
from the digit sum of bigger number
tothe digit sum of the difference. should equal

For example/3EUI fTU, 15 x 13 - 195

Digit sum of multiplication of digit sumn of 15 & 13
For example/TKU fU, 88- 13 75 (1 + 5) x (1 + 3)
=6 4 - 24 =6
Digit sum of LHS 7-4 3 Digit sum of RHS 1+
9 + 5 6 (eliminate 9)
Digit sum of RHS 7+ 5 12 3
Digit sum of LHS = Digit sum of RHS
Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector)
(Selected Selectionfaeng 4
 Digital Sum

Verify whether 467532 multiplied by 107777 equals 364 x 4

Ex 50389 196364. 7
yum
52x4
zurfra 107777
fr 467532
Hence, DS of LHS - DS of RHS
50389196364 AI ŽI
In the denorminator, if any other digit sum other than
3, 6 or9 is obtained, then we try to make it
1. For
HINTS:
The digit sum of 467532 is 9. this follow the following procedure. n

The digit sum of 107777 is 2.

2 = 18 9
a yfe 3. 6 9 AIAI IÉ sá fefeA
Digit sum of LHS =9
9.
Digit sum of 50389196364 is also
Hence, Digit sum of the question is equals to the digit
equal to
N

sum of the AnsSwer. (5)is1

ie.. We can assume that the product is correct.

38982 =
x Ex. 534
The value of 95 105 is: 73
Ex.
95 X 105
1
HH HINTS:
Digit sum of LHS.
la) 9981 (b) 9935 DS of = 3 DS of
N
D
= 1

(c) 9965 (d) 9975

= 3
HINTS: i.e., DS of LHS 1
3
x = 5 x 6 =3
Digit sum of multiplication (95 105)
sum of RHS = 5 +3 +4 =3
Digit
Digit sum of only option (d) is 3, which is correct (5 &4 add up to 9, eliminate it)

@Baka_260
answer. N
N' x5 N x5 N×5 x
N.
4. Division/Y| (ü) =5
2 2x5 10
the numerator does'nt but impact. So, it's
In division
upto denominator used in the expression.

2343
We can face the sum of digit sum of denominators Ex.
=
213.
11
in digit sum division process as written
below.
HINTS:

=
2343 x 5
DS of D
2
11×5
N
N N N N
N 1
N
N' N
8
DS of
N

=6, DS of
D=
5 6
7' 9or0
1' 2
3 4' = 6
denominator has DS of LHS = 6,
The rule of digit sum fails when the 1
3, 6 or 9. In such situations, firstly try
to cancel out
= 6
sum. DS of RHS
3, 6 or 9 with numerator and then apply digit
If 3, 6 or 9 cannot be eliminated from the
denominator N
x7
N Nx7 =N'×7
then digit sum rule will not apply. () 4 4x7 28

HA fsfLT YT I fr44 12927

9
1 eliminate Ex. 417
apply 31
4i sÌMI
HINTS:
Ex 1092
12927 x7
156 =4
D

DS of
31x7
=
HINTS:
DS of
= 4 D x 7 = 28 1

DS of D
DS of N

=3 8
3
3
Therefore try to cancel out 3 from both N
& D. oQDS of LHS = =3
1
364 =
12 = 3.
, P DS of RHS = 4 + 1+7
52 Now DS of Dr =7
Rditya Ranjan (Excise (Selected Selection fT 5
Inspector)
 Digital Sum

x2
Use of digital sum in some of the
(iv)
NNx2_ N'
Nx2 previous year TCS questions
5 5×2 10

Ex (31% of
260) x ?= 12896
15826
Ex. 386 (a) 150 (b) 140
41
(c) 160 (d) 180
HINTS:
HINTS:
15826 x 2 Operate on digit sum
DS of =5
D

41x2
DS of N = 8, DS of D = 1 4 x
8 x
?=5 x
?=8 =?= 85
5
LHS = 8x2
1-8
DS of

?52 =7
DS of RHS 3 + 8+ 6 = 8
N N
x4_NXNX4
()7 7x4 28 Ex. 12.8% of 8800 - 16.4% of 5550 = 20% of ?
(a) 965 (b) 996
(c) 1004 (d) 1081
HINTS:
31,928
Ex.
52
=614 Operate on digit sum

@Baka_260
HINTS: 2 x7-2 x6=2x?
DS of LHS = 2
5-3-2 x?? 2
= 31,928 x4
DS of D
5 +2 =7 52 x 4 2x5 =
1.
DS of
N=5 +2 =7 & DS of D =
1 2x5

DS of LHS

DS of RHS = 2 Ex. 53% of 120 + 25% of 862 = ?% of 500

(a) 92.50 (b) 55.82
(iv)
N N x8 N
x8 N ×8-= x 8.
8x8 64 10
N (c) 63.68 (d) 38.89
HINTS:
eeteay s

Operate on digit sumlte

8 x 3 + 7x7 =
? x 5
25347 =
Ex. 357 10
71
?= = 2
HINTS: 5x2
Auta answer (3)
25347 x8 1 3t4 2
aÌ fe|
DS of D

=8
71x8
Ex. (1004)² - (998)² =?
DS of N =6, DS of D =1
(a) 11012 (b) 12012
DS of LHS = =6
(c) 22012 (d) 2212
HINTS:
DS of RHS = 3 + 5 +7 =6 Operate on digit sum
Note: f Numerator 52 - 82 = 25
Denominator # Digit sum -64 = 7- 1
=6
fott common factor cancel out Ì T t 3 Cancel t answer (3) 3t4 q1 6 B1 ufE|

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector)) (Selected Selection fat6

 Digital Sum
Dind x. if 30% =
Ex.
of 400 + x% of 70 25% of 536 Ex. A certain sumn amounts to Rs. 4205.55 at 15% p.a, in
(a) 20 (b) 30 2
2 years, interest compounded yearly. The sum is:
(c)10 (d) 40
HINTS:
Operate on digit sum
3
x 4 + 7x=7 * 5
5
3+ 7x= 8
x
a) Rs.3000t (b) Rs.3500
7
(c) Rs.2700D (d) Rs.3200
5x4 2
x* 7x4 HINTS:
Rate of interest for 1# and 2nd
year, = 15%
3reft answer (JHR) 1 3Tt iT 2
fuI
Rate of interest for 3rd year = 2x15
E
= 6%

Ex.
What value should come in place of question mark.
Now,

(115, 115 106)

= 4205.55
9+ 13=% of 3300 + 25% of 184 =
40% of? P100100100)
3
DS of LHS
(a) 1165 (b) 1265
P (7 ×
7x 7) = Px
1

(c) 1365 (d) 965

=
HINTS: DS of RHS 3
3300
.:.
DS of P = 3
SH term D' 3
GÌ eliminate h1
# fre
Only option (a) satisfied.
cancel out 7 à ala?-3a +

@Baka_260
3).
='102, then find the value
a of
If
40% of ? Ex.
9+41% of 100 + 25% of 184 1

qf a = 102 3, a(a² -3a + 3) 1 H7 4dII

Operate on digit sum
= x (a) 1030302 (b) 1010101
0+5x 2+7
x 4 4
?
(C) 1000002 51 (d) 9999992
2x7 -= HINTS:
?= 5
4x7 Digit sum of a = 102 = 3.i
Huf answer (3) I 3 5
s1 afe|
operate on
digit sum Sk 2O

3(9
-9 +3) =9
Ex. What value should come in place of question mark. Only option (a) has digit sum as 9.
+
Ex. If P= 99, then the value of P(P² + 3P 3) is:

15% of 58500 ufk P= 99, Ì P(P2 + 3P

+
3) 51 HT Ž:
12% of 357000
17% of 42 13% of 45 (a) 998889 c (b) 999999
(a) 7600 (b) 7500 (c) 988899
T2 (d) 989898
(c) 7800 (d) 9100
HINTS:
HINTS: = 9 or 0
Digit sum of P= 99
First term Dr 1
DS 3 sefU
N
12 qTD'
P(P? 3P + 3) is a multiple of 9.
+
42 3
aÌ Cancel Out
Io
#d The digit sum of this expression will be 9.
=
of first term 6 & DS of D= 4
N
DS of
Only option (b) satisfied.
DS of first term =
6x7
4x7
6
Ex. IfA = + . upto 8 terms, then
Second term DS 9
N
58500 TT
D' 1
3HÍI
what is the value of A?
à g 3ì Cancel hd I
D
45 Out
DS of
N
of Second term = 3 & DS of D'= 2 qfk A = upto 8 vei 6,

DS of Second term 3x5

=6
2x5
-11.(a) 27272727.5 (b) 25252525.5
DS of complete sum = 6+6 = 3
(c) 77777777.5 (d) 55555555.5
In the given options only (b) has digit Sum
3.

ditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) (Selectedt Selection faà 7

 Digital Sum
HINTS:
If we make the digit sum of denominator of cach term 1.
We have to multiply them by 7. Thus we will get 8
times 7 in complete expression.
Digit sum 8 x 7 56 11 2. (a) 653.75 (b) 693,75
Only option (c)
satisfied (c) 703.75 (d) 600.75
Ex. From his monthly income X spends 24% on house HINTS:
hold expenses, 16% on entertainment, 28% on CP for the shopkeeper
education. Out of remaining he donates 72% money
and left with an amount of 2403.52. Find his monthly -|14,500x 105.5
income? 10 100
DS of CP 5
fr 28% TE 72%
4 I7 6dI SP for the shopkeeper

12,500%x 105.5 2393.75

100
(a) 24725 (b) 26825
(c) 25625 (d) 29325 DS of SP = 9

HINTS: (Digit sum of any number multiplied by 9 is 9)

= 4
Profit = SP- CP= 9-5
32 28 -
X*00*1
100 2403.52 Only option (c) satisfied.
Ex. The average score in an English exam of a class of
DS of LHS X *
5x 1
-X x 5
45 students in a coaching centre is 52. A group of
DS of RHS = 7 6 boys having an average score of 40 leave the class
and another group of eight boys having an average

@Baka_260
7x2 score of 43 join the class. What is the new average
DS of X= 5x2 5
score of the class?
Only option (b) satisfied
Ex, During the first year, the population of a town
increased by 12%.The next year, due to some
contagious disease, it decreased by 8%. At the end
of the second year, the population was 64,400. Find
the population of the town at beginning of the first
year. (a) 48 (b) 53
(c) 49.5 (d) 52uov insk
HINTS:
New Average
45x52 +(8x43-6x40)
(a) 50,000 (b) 54,750 45-6+8
(c) 62,500tby (d) 50,500 Operate on digit sum
HINTS:
9+2-6 5x5
112, 92
100100 64,400
9-6+8 2x57
DS of LHS = xx 4 x 2 xx 8
DS of RHS = 5
fr fhet fr (d) 51
sfa
m
7 ŽI
Ex. The value of/1 HH AIG h|
DS of x= 5x8 -

4 (1018)?- 1019 x
1017 + 1015 x
1012- 1016 x 1011
8x8 (a) 1
(b) 4
Only option (c) satisfied. (c)3 (d) 5
Ex. A manufactured item of cost 12,500, sold at 10% HINTS:
profit. The supplier the sold at a 5.5% profit to the
Operate on digit sum
shopkeeper. The shopkeeper marks it at 2,393.75 +
higher than his cost price and allowed a 10% discount 1-9/0 1-6 =
4+9 5
to the customer. Find the profit earned by the
shopkeeper.

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector)) (Selected Selection faT 8

 Digital Sum
Ex.
X and Y carn an average income of Rs. 72000 per HINTS:
month, out of which they saved an average amount Let total students be 100
of Rs. 38800 per month, such that X saved Rs. 5600
less than Y. If the expenditure of X is 55% of his (20 x77)+ (85 x 25)+ (52x 55)
Average
income, then find the percentage expenditure of Y. 100
Operate on digit sum
+
2 x5+
4 x
7+7x1 1
1+79
Aufa answer (3) 1 5t im 9 qfuI
frs (b) 1 3514 4t1 9
1
(a) 20% (b) 25%
Ex. The difference between C.I. and S.I. on a certain sum
(c) 30% (d) 35%
of money at 16% per annum compounded annually
HINTS: in 3 years is Rs 3792. Then find the principal.
:
X Y
:
(k-5600) k
k+k- 5600 = 77600 k=
41600
(a) Rs.31250 (b) Rs.62500
=
41600 -5600 = Rs.36000
X

Savings of
(c) Rs.39062.50 (d) Rs.46875
45% = 36000
income % X = Rs. 80,000 HINTS: We know,
income % Y = 144000 – 80,000 = 64000 300 + R
– 41600 = 22400 C.I - S.I. =
Expenditure of
Y= 64000 P
100
22400
x100 = 35% 16 316
64000 =
3792
P00

@Baka_260
BI1 ifal 100
34ta answer (3t) yM 8
aI 3614
Operate on digit sum
money
Ex. The compound interest on a certain sum of x 1
P=
3x7
in one year is Rs.6860 and on second
year is Rs.7840. 3 Px 4 =3
4x7
Find compound interest in fourth year.
3tid answer (3) BI fl
m
3
qK agf& q 6860 44 1 3
fa fafT yufI MI
(b) Rs. 11340 Ex. Find the mean height of the persons from the following
(a) Rs.10240
(d) Rs.9850 data.
(c) Rs.10780
HINTS:
(7840- 6860) x100 = 14ž% Height (cm) | Number of person
R=
6860 3
120
4th year C[= 7840 x 8,8 4
t
130
Digit sum of above múltiplication is 7. In the given
sum 7. But the product
1405 6

options, (a) & (c) have digit (c) eliminated.

150
1S
also a multiple of 8, hence option 160 2
1
T the average marks of
of a
class is 77% and that (a) 150 cm (b) 145 cm
5
(c) 160 cm (d) 140 cm
average markS of HINTS:
of
4
of
the class 85% and the
average marks (3 x 120)+(4 x130) + (5 x140)+ (6x150)+ (2x160)
he rest of the class is 52%. Find the Mean =
20
of the whole class?
1 Operate on digit sum
4 1x5
0+7+7+0+5 5
2 2x5

(a) 57.75% (b) 65.25%

(c) 68.55% (d) 43.50%
Aditya
Ranjan (Excise (Selected Selection fI 9
Inspector)
 Digital Sum
5. Perfect 8quare/SquAre Root/uf qttr 6. Perfect Cube/Cube Root/qut vANA
The digit sum of tlhe square root as multiplied by itself The digit sum of the cube root when multiplied by itselt
should equal to the digit-sum of the square. should equal to the digit-sum of the cube.

Ex. Verify whether 23 is the Bquare root of 529. Ex. Verify whether 2197 is the cube of 13.

HINTS: HINTS:e
The dlgit sum of 23 is 5 and wheh 5 is multiplled by The digit sum of 13 is 4. 4 multiplied by itself and
Jtself the answer is 25. The digit sum of 25 Is 7 and again by itself is 64. The digit-sum of 64 is 1 and the
the digit-sum of 529 Ís also 7. digit-sum of 2197 is also 1.
Ex. The cube root of 3375 equal to:
Note: (0) number cannot be a perfect square if its
digit sum is other than 1,4, 7 or 9.
(a) 35 (b) 25
(c) 55 (d) 15
(i) A number cannot be a perfect square if its HINTS:
unit Digit sum
digit is other than 1,4, 5, 6 or 9. of 3375 9

4, 5,6 |9 # ETAI 34 HU ti
Dx Which one of the following is a perfect square?

Ex. (14) - ?

@Baka_260
(a) 6250.49 (b) 1250.49 y
(a) 2544 (b) 2644
(c) 5768,28 (d) 1354.24 (c) 2744 Bie E(d) 2844 j o21
HINTS:
HINTS:
Option (c) 1 hT st 8 8 raf yuf à HEI Digit sum of (14)- (1 +4)g tg a

ti Option (a), (b) &

THfer Option (d) yoi
(c) + 3t n
h: 8, 3 T4 I I
êi i
Ex. Which one of the following is a perfect square? Ex. Find the value of the following expression.

(a) 2361.96 (b) 2758.28 12 +(-8) + (-4)

(c) 7256.84 (d) (a) 952 (b)
6250.49
(c) 1052 1nfdi 852
1152e)
tI Option (a), (c) 8& (d)
3i zt hH: 9.5 T 8 tI HINTS:
sum of (12 +(-8) +
ufer Option (a) quf at Digit
(-4)9-8-10/9
Ex. The sum of three consecutive odd natural number
is 375. Find the square of the smallest of these number
nf frsei frt faqEY (d) 3ft4 n 9
34:

is? Digital sum concept fryu Ifa à

fry 3rTE

d 3
sn f qIK SI4 afe Calculations qt Wrong
(a) 15129 (b) 1309
(c) 15128 (d) 15245
HINTS; |Important Observations/ayot racireh
Let the number be x- 2, x, x + 2 While solving multiple choice questions. In the final
Sum - 3x-375 x
125 O)
step of calculations sometimes one climinate the wrong
Hence, Smallest number x- 2 125-2 123 options by following some of the procedures given
below,
We have to find the value of 123*
Digit sum of (123)²- (1 + 2 + 3)²= 9
fe mu fase (a) 1 digit sum 9 81
Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector))
Selected Selectionfn 10
 Digital Sum
Dicital sum R K4 G yH 3ir Tool, 'Applicability Ex. A hall of 35m x 25m x 5m is to be painted. It has 3
vyindows on its three walls of 1.7m x 1.2m. The cost
of divisibility rule of prime number T t rE1 of the painting of the wall is Rs. 12 per square rneter
Tun Td gy TY Wrong options Ì elmininate
the cost of the painting of. the ceiling is Rs. 18 per
square meter and the cost of the painting of the
t ì ft
Multiplication Process Prime window is Rs. 15 per square meter. Find the total cost
number Yl Prime Number h Multiple frà ah yure of the pninting of the hall.
sâ st
Prime number Multiple ti f options
3R Prime Number divisibility check i
An arc of length 23.1 cm subtends an 18° angle at
Ex.
the centre. What is the area of the circle?

(a) Rs. 24998.06 (b) Rs. 23968.60

(c) Rs. 22978.60 (d) Rs. 22968.36
HINTS:
(a) 16978.50 cm² (b) 16988.50 cm² =
Total cost of the painting of the hall
16878.50 cm? (d) 16798.50 cm? Area of walls x 12+ area of ceiling x 18+ area of
(c) win
HINTS:
dow x 15
Area of circle r? # multiple
tai t
3
12, 18
T
15 prime number
3ufa 3ifeH 3R
f 3 divisible tII fr faH
i
divisible BI
(d)
t 3 divisible
What amount a man would have received on a principal
11
Ex.
f T fami (a)
divisible i11 À ofR 7, 500 after two years at simple Interest at the rate
percent per annum?

@Baka_260
Ex. On the marked price of Rs.1,250 of an article, three of 7
successive discounts of5%, 15% and 20% are offered.
What will be the selling price (in Rs.) after all discounts?
fait T ni 1250 Fy4 qT, S%, 15% 3ÄR 20% T (a) Rs. 8,400 (b) Rs. 8,550
(c) Rs. 7,600 (d) Rs. 7,400
HINTS:
(a) 1,000 (b) 807.50 x 6, HET
3H N7 114% | H17 iIG hI I 114 3eta 19
(c) 975.75 (d) 950.25 multiple stI option (b)
1
(c) 19

HINTS:
JR 19 h| y#
multiple HET 3K 6 37T 3
h multiple TI t
17 4 19
SP = 1250 x o20 5
- Rs.807.5 ifeyl option 1 multiple 1
(b) 3

20 3TA BY 3146t option elimination 3y4it ir Tool,

* 17 TT 19 prime number
I
Hf TuTh
faaei
b)
17
'Applicability of unit digit' qaI Ì fHaI 34T
+

r
AYAI 19 divisible f hd y 3I4 Wrong options at elmininate hch HÌ 3R
19 divisible I
17
341 60% of the
Ex
In an assembly election, a candidate got were declared yf fu T fahei unit digit 34ci-34| t final cal
votes
total valid votes. 2% of the total
of voters is 1,50,000, then
culation AÀ HHY TÀ unit digit HÌ operate ht| ieq)
invalid. If the total number
favor of that The cube of the difference between two given natural
tind the number of valid votes polled in Ex.
candidate.
numbers is 1728, while the product of these two given
numbers is 108. Find the sum of the cubes of these
two given numbers.

(a) 90,000 (b) 78,000 (b) 5616

(a) 6048
(c) 86,400 (d) 88,200 (d) 5832
(c) 6024
HINTS:
Required no. of votes HINTS:
18, b=6 =
12 and a.b = 108
a

a-b= (183 + 6)
= 98 3 We have to find the value of
1,50,000 x
multiplication, just
100 5 Here, n0 need of doing complete
= 8), only option (a)
q6 98, 7 a
multiple è g8 cancel outt 161 Dr
t operate on unit digit (2 + 6
el'
Setei TUA 7 ã1 multiple 34aT 7 # divisible satisfied.

Aditya! (Selected t Selection faeiI 11

Ranjan (Excise Inspector))
 Digital Sum
Marked price of an article is RA, 28000, It can be the volume of a sphere is 24,416.64 cm', find
Ex. 1f
nurfacc arca (take r 314) correct to two places t.or
Ex.
sold at one of the following waya:
decimal.
nfe evt E1 TT4 24 A16.64 cm', t 46) T
Way A : Á single discount of 24 percent. (n 3.14 fifru)
(a) 3069.55 cm? (b) 4069.44 cm?
(c) 5069.66 cmn? (d) 6069.67 cm?
Way B: Two successive discounts of 16 percent and HINTS:
10 percent.
4
7Rr24416.64 N
5832 r 18
Now, 4ar? 3.14
4 x x 18 x 18
Which way will have lowest selling price and what Don't multiply, just operate on unit digits which gives
will be the value of it? 4 as unit digit of answer. Only option (b)
has unit digit 4.
Ex. 4 women and 7 men earn a total of Rs. 11,480 in 7 davs
while 10 women and 17 men earn a total of Rs. 36,360 in
(a) Way B, Rs.21168 (b) Way B, Rs.21280 9 days. How much will 11 women and 9 men together
(c)Way A, Rs.21 168
HINTS:
(d) Way A, Rs.21280 earn (in Rs.) in 13 days?
4 HfEGI sr 7 qeT 7
fa i pa l1480 à
Tufs 10 ,
WAY A: HfzcI R 17 YET 9
fe i qci 36360 F4 44d I| 4fceTi
sir 9 yaq frerst 13 fardI (. ) ?
Discount 24% f
WAY B: (a) 42770 (b) 42640
(c) 42510 (d) 42900
Discount-16+10-l6x10) %
=24.4%
HINTS:
100 (4w+7m) x 7_ (10w+17m)x9

@Baka_260
11480 36360
Lowest selling price means highest discount.
m 3
.:.
WAYB Lowest S.P. after solving we
get, W
(4w +7m) x7 (1 1w +9m) x 13
75.6
S.P. 28000 x 11480
100 41x7 82 x 13
Don't multiply, just check the unit digits of option 11480 X= 40 x 82 x 13= 42640
(a) and (b). Only option (a) has unit digit 8. In the last step don't multiply, just operate on
unit
digits which gives 4 as non-zero number from right.
Only option (b) satisfied.

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) Selected Selection fat 12

 Geometry

GEOMETRY
02
surferft
We have divided the geometry into five sections, (b) Curve line: A line which chages its direction is
which are as follows: called a curved line.

Lines and Angle/ta stt

Triangle /fra
Quadrilateral/fG
Polygon/ET
Circle/qi A
Line Segment: A line segment has two end
Lines & Angle (teTi a AUT)
(c)
points; generally line segment is called line.

1. Point: A point is a circle of zero radius which

determines a location. It is usually denoted by a

@Baka_260
capita! letter.
Types of Lines taBI ycht)
The lines are basically of five types
Types of Point (
yhr)
(a) Colinear Points: If three or more points situated (i) Intersecting Lines: If two or more lines intersect
on a straight line, these points are called collinear each other, then they are called intersecting lines. In
points. the figure AB and CD are intersecting lines.

Example :
Points A, B, and C are collinear.
C a
st CD fao te ŽI
:
A, B, ŽI
TET faz
B

(b) Kon-collinear Points: If three or more points A

are not situated on a straight line, these points (iü) Concurrent Lines : If three or more lines pass through
are called non-collinear points. a point, then they are called concurrent lines and the
point through which these all lines pass is called point
of concurrent.
2. Line: A line is mnade up of an infinite number of points
and it has only length i.e., it does not has any
thickness (or width). A line is endless so, it can be
extended in both directions.

(a) Straight line: A line which does not change its

direction at any point is called a straight line.
A
Concurrent
point
A
>B

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) Selected Selection faHIT 13

 Geometry
Right Angle: If measure of an
angle is equal to 90°,
() then it is a right angle.
A
A

B In the figure, ZAOC and BOC have a common

vertex O. Also, they have a common arm 0C and
0= 90° (ZAOB is a right angle) the distinct arms OA and OB, lie on the opposite
Obtuse Angle: If measure of an angle is more than side of the line OC.
g0° but less than 180°, then is a
it obtuse angle.

A (ii) Complementary Angles : If sum of two angles is

equal to 90°, then the two angles are called
complementary angles.

-B
90° <0< 180° (ZAOB is an obtuse angle)
(iv) Straight Angle: If measure of an angle is equal to D bot t

@Baka_260
180°, then it is a straight angle.

BAD and DAC are complenentary angles, iff+y = 90

A B (iii) Supplementary Angles: If sum of two angles is equal
to 180°, then the two angles are called supplementary
angle.
8= 180° (“AOB is a straight angle)
(v Reflex Angle: If measure of an angle is more than
180° but less than 360°, then it is a reflex angle.

D A B
A
BAC and ZDAC is supplementary angles, if x+
180° < 0
<360° (ZAOB is a reflex angle) y°= 180°
(iv) Linear Pair of Angles: Two adjacent angles are said,
Pair of Angles (aut Y) a
Adjacent Angles: Two angles are called adjacent
to forim a linear pair of angles, if their uncommon arms
are two opposite line.
angles if:

They have the same vertex,

They have a common arm,

120° 60°
Uncommon arms are on either side of the common arm.
A B

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) SelectedàSelection frIT 15

 Geometry
(iii) Parallel Lines : Two straight lines are parallel if they In figure straight lines AB and CD are intersected by
lie in the same plane and do not intersect even if a transversal line PQ.
they produced infinitely. Perpendicular distances
between two parallel lines are always same at all
f af tert AB CD
frus ta PO 3U

places:
IMPORTANT PoINTS OF LINES
There is one and only one line passing through
ERtwo distinct points.
A

TO or more lines are said to be coplanar if they

lie in the same plane, otherwise they are said to
D 7
be non-coplanar.
In the figure AB and CD are parallel lines.
fe T fa AB stt CD HHÍGR
taIËžI
Symbol for parallel lines is ||. a
The intersection of two planesis line.
Hence, AB || CD.

34T: AB || CD. 3. Angles : An angle is the union of two non-collinear

(iv) :
Perpendicular Lines If two lines intersect at right line with a common initial point. The two line forming
an angle are called armns of the angle and the common
angles, then two lines are called perpendicular lines.
In the following figure AB and CD are perpendicular lines, initial point is called the vertex of the angle.

@Baka_260 The angle AOB denoted by ZAOB, is formed by line

OA and OB and point O is the "vertex" of

ta OA 3AR OB T 3
the angle.
u AOB i, ZAOB

Symbolically it is represented as AB CD or we can

1
also say that.CD I AB.

tfes CDL AB
(v) Transversal Lines : A line which intersects two or
l more given
lines at distinct points is. called a Types of Angles (chu
betransversal of the given lines. h yaT): otla
(i) Acute Angle: If the measure of an angle less than
90°, it is an acute angle.

0° <
B
<0 90° ZAOB is an acute angle)
Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector)
(Selected Selection feGIT 14
 Geometry

In figure, OA and OB are two opposite line ZAOC

& ZBOC are the adjacent angles. Therefore, AOC

frà Trà faa ,

and BOC forma linear pair.
OA
r
OB fArta terg ZAOC sN
ZBOC 34T47 U Fuf ZAOC 3r BOC fus m

If a line stand on another line, the sum of the

adjacent angles so formed is 180°. (vii) Alternate Angles: When two parallel lines are
intersected by a transversal, they form pairs of Alternate
Angles. Each pair of alternate angles is equal.
(v) Vertically opposite Angles : If arm of two angles
form two pairs of opposite rays, then the two angles
are called as vertically opposite angles.

D
3
m

In other words, when two lines intersect, two pairs

In the given figure alternate interior angles 23 = 25

@Baka_260
of vertically opposite angles are formed. Each pair
and Z2 = 28 and alternate exterior angles Z1 =
7
of vertically opposite angles are equal.
and Z4 = 26.
f fa aidt 3id:101 3 = 25 T
22 = Z8 3irR

Note: Conversely, if a transversal intersects two lines in

such a way thata pair of alternate interior angles is equal,
In the figure, two lines AB and CD intersect at O.
then the two lines are parallel.
We find that ZAOC and BOD are vertically
opposite angles
fa Àta AB R CD
faOM yfr H à
So, ZA0C =
/BOD (viii) Consecutive Interior Angles : When two parallel
Similarly, ZBOC and ZAOD are vertically opposite lines are intersected by a transversal, they form two
pairs of interior angles. The pairs of interior angles
angles. so formed are supplementary
BOC
= ZAOD
R
ZAOD VÎgifyga
u
So, ZB0C
(vi) Corresponding Angles : When two parallel lines are
intersected by a transversal. They form pairs of
corresponding angles.

Lines l and m are intersected by the transversal n.

Then 21= 25, 24 = 28, L3 = 27and L2 = L6.

Pairs of interior angles are:

24= 28, L3 = L7 R Z2 =
26. 22 + 25 = 180° & Z3 + 28= 180°

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector)) Selected selection fan 16

 Geometry

Angles are shown in the given figure. What is the value Ex. In the given figure, AB is parallel to CD and AD
Ex. = 105°, then
of1+ 22+ 23
+24+Z5+ 26
+27+Z8? parallel to BC. If ZMAD = 40° and ZPC
what is ZNAB equals to?
fzu g
faa a T El 21+ 22 +
23 +
24 +25+
T fa 4, AB, CD HHTiK 3r AD, Bc HHaÍ
/6+ 27+ 28 1 È?T
I4

A a ZMAD 40° 3T ZPCQ = 105",. ZNAB

=
f4
A D

2
Nz
B B

5
P
D
H

HINTS: 7
HINTS:
R
2C= 180- (21+ Z2)
ZF= 180-(23 + 24)
A N
1= 180- (25 + Z6) M B
2L= 180- (27+ Z8) 40
.:.
CFLI is quadrilateral.
S
105]

@Baka_260
:.Sum of angles of CFLI is 360°
= D
720°- (Z1+ 22 + 23 + 24 + 25 + Z6 + Z7+ Z8) 360° C
105°
360° = (1+ L2+23+ 24 + Z5 + Z6 +t L7 tL8)
c = PCO
b 6 ZBCD
Ex. In the given figure, if=a 5 and then what is =
LBCD 105° (Vertically opposite angle)
9rin the value of b. ZCDA = 180°- 105°= 75° (AD | BC)
o doss b C6 ZRAB ZCDA = 75° (corresponding angles)
=

a a ZRAN = MAD = 40° (Vertically opposite angle)

NAB = RAB-ZRAN
= 75° - 40° = 35°

Ex. The measure of an angle for which the measure of

b the supplement is four times the measure of the
C complement is:

HINTS:
x 5 = HINTS:
b:a= (5: 1) 25: 5
C:a= 6 :5 Let.the angle is x.
2iSo, Complement angle 90xq slgnt j
a:b:c=5:25:6 Supplement angle 180=
-x
La + Zb+ Zc = 180° (straight line) According to Question,
Sy36 unit = 180° 3'x Complement angle = Supplement angle

3 x (90- x) 180- x
=
sb1 unit = 5°
=
125° X= 45°
<0= 25 unit

Aditya!
Ranjan (Excise Inspector)) Selected Selection faT 17
 Geometry

TRIANGLE/
The region enclosed by three lines is called triangles. (i) Sides opposite to the equal angles ofa triangle are equal

A A

In AABC, if ZB
=zC, then;
B
faga ABCi zf B= LC,
Fundamental Properties of triangle AC = AB
Ex. In APQR, ZQ = 90°, PQ = 8 cm and ZPRQ = 45°.Find
1, Sum of all three angles of a
triangle is always 180°, i.e. the length of QR.
ZA + B
+ ZC = 180°. APQR, H ZQ = 90°, PQ = 8 cm t ZPRQ = 45° ŽI OR

+ ZB+ ZC= 180° HINTS:

A

Ex.
@Baka_260 BÀ
a
b

ZA, ZB, ZCare three angles of a AABC. If ZA - ZB

R
Using property 2 (i), QR = PR = 8 cm
= 15°,
Ex.
One of the angles of a triangle is 108°, and the other
ZB- ZC = 30°, then ZA, ZB and ZC are: two angles are equal. What is the measure
ZA, ZB, ZC, AABC # TH I yf< ZA - ZB = 15°, of each of
=
6 these equal angles?
B- ZC 30° š, at ZA, ZB 3 ZC 61 7:
HINTS:
We know, ZA + ZB+ ZC = 180o
B - HINTS:
(B + 15° + B +
30° = 180°
3ZB- 15° = 180°
3ZB = 195° 108

B = 65°
.. ZA = /B+ 15° = 80° :2TMIH
We know, LA + + =
..2C = B– 30° = 35°
B
2C 180| 2)
*8
2 () Angles opposite to the equal sides of a triangle 108° + x +
x= 180°
are equal. 2x = 72°
X= 36
3 () The angle opposite to the greater side is always
greater than the angle opposite to the smaller side.

In AABC, if AB = BC,
then
Aya ABC # fR AB - BC, à
ZA = ZC
Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) (Selected Selection faMI 18
 Geometry
In AABC, if BC > AC, then ZA> ZB
AABC À BC > AC, Ì A >
2B
uf 3
(If the side BC is greater than the side AC, then ZA will
be always greater than ZB.) HINTS:

(ii) The side opposite to the greater angle is always greater

than the side opposite to the smaller angle.

112°
A B

D
-
ZACD = 112° :.ZACB= 180° 112°= 68°
3 4

B
ZB= A
.ZA =
B ....(1)13
+
+
ZC= 180°
B
ZA
In AABC, if ZA > C, then
AABC 4 yf ZA > ZC, a ZA+ 268° = 180°
ZB +

.:.ZA ZB= 112°

+

BC > AB
4 + = 1
12°
The ratio of the angle P, ZQ and ZR of a APQR is 2:
B
Ex. From (1), ZB
3
4:9, then which of the following is true ? =
7/B 336°
A
PQR #
vT P, ZQ 3iR ZR 1 4q 2 :4:9 à, à 48°
B =

5. In a triangle the angle between internal bisector of a base

(a) PQ > QR > RP (b) PQ> RP > angle and external bisector of the other base angle is half
QR
>
of the remaining vertex angle.
(c) QR RP> PQ

@Baka_260
(d) PR > PQ > QR
=
HINTS: According to this property, ZBEC
P

=
ZA
9
3H TUH # 3T14R, ZBEC 2
ylsfe srT
R
it
Here, 9x> 4x> 2x
So, PQ > PR > QR
4. Ifa side triangle is produced, then the exterior angle
of
so formed is equal to the sum of the two interior opposite R

angles. Ex. In AABC, ZB is 72° and zC = 44°. Side BC is

produced to D. Then bisectors of and ZACD meet B

at E. What is the measure of ZBEC?

= =
ZACD = LCAB + ZABC faa ABC 4 ZB 72° 11 ZC 44° ŽI YI BC Ì D T5

HINTS:
E
A

B
44AJH tais
B C Da
C D We know, ZA + ZB + ZC= 180
ZA = 180 -72-44
The side BC of triangle ABC is produced to D. If ZACD ZA = 64°
3 ZA 64
then find the measure
=
112° and B= A, of ZB. ."
BEC = 2
32°
4
19
Aditya Ranjan
(Excise Inspector)) (Selected Selection faI
 Geometry
6
In AABC, the side BC produced to D and angle bisector HINTS:
of ZA meets BCat E, then ZABC + ZACD = 2 ZAEC.
AABC À yal BC
yoI BC fgE
D e5 qI
fAcIaI ,
TI sn ZA H HHfgHe5
a ZABC + ZACD = 2 ZAEC
A

58 34>
D C

DAE= LB- 20
B D 58-34 24 =
Ex. The side QR of APOR is produced to'a point S. The 12°
bisector of 2Pmeets side OR in T. If ZPQR = 30° and
2 22.
8. (i)Sum of any two sides of a triangle is always greater
ZPTR = 60, find ZPRS.
than the third side, i.e.

yoI QR H fag T fHeGI , Yf< ZPOR = 30° T

ZPTR
at b>c
HINTS: b+ca
C+a> h
A

b
30° 60°

@Baka_260
T R

a
.. 30° + a (i) Difference of any two sides of a triangle is always smaller
60°=
2
than the third side.
120° = 30° + a
a=90°
7. The angle between perpendicular drawn by a vertex to
opposite side and angle bisector of the vertex angle is |a- b| <c
half of difference between other two remaining vertex |b- c| < a
angles. |c- al <b
A

A
C b

B
a
(Here, | | is the symbol for modulus)
B D E C Note: 1. When one side is longer than the sum of the other
two, they don't meet.
If AD I BC and AE is angle bisector of A

=
Then DAE
2 When one side is equal to the sum of other two
Ex. In AABC, AD is perpendicular to BC and AE is the sides, it is not a triangle (just a straight line back
bisector of ZBAC. If ZABC = 58° and ZACB = 34°, then and forth).
find the measure of DAE.
AABC H, AD TI BC iqad sir AE, ZBAC aT
HHfEIe ŽI gf ZABC = 58° 3R ZACB.= 34° š, at
i.e., if a+ b= cthen point A, B and C are collinear.
Essqefa aft a+b c, faGA, B CHNes 3I
Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) 20
Selected Selection fa
 Geometry

13 B D S R
If AD = PS, then
Ar (AABC):Ar (APQR) = BOC: QR
(ii) If the base of the two triangles is the same, the

Ex Three sides of a triangle are 5 cm, 9 cm, and x cm. ratio of their areas is proportional to the ratio of their
The minimum integral value x is. heights.

HINTS: Pa
A
9

X B D R!
Value of x
lies between, 4 <x< 14. If BC = QR,
then
Thus, Minimum intergral value of x is 5. Ar (AABC)
:
Ar (APOR) = AD: PS

@Baka_260
9. Area of Triangle/ 1 4AA (B) Area of scalene triangle
1
Area of AABC x
(A
2 base height

b
.

Note To calculate area of AABC, we take any of

:

the side as base and the perpendicular from the 0l;rie

vertex to the base is called the height. In triangle
B
ABC,
Area of AABC,= s(s a)(s - b) (s -c) (Hero's formula)
Where (4E),
ABC
Semi Perimeter/ yHY (S) = a+b+c -

2
(C) When two sides and angle between these two sides is
given

B A
D
AD I BC, BE I AC and CF L AB.
1

=x
1
Area of AABC BC × AD = BE x AC

=x CF
Note: (i)
1
x AB
B
Ifthe height of the two triangles is same, the #A5ei
ratio of their area is proportional to the ratio of their Area of AABC/ fay ABC I
base.
=,ab sinC =
bc
2
sinÁ
= 1

5ac sinB

21
Aditya
Ranjan (Selected Selection fI
(Excise Inspector)
 Geometry
10. Sine &
Cosine Rule/ 3R I
I f4 fa ABC # AB = 12 cm R AC = 10 cm, 3R ZBAC
A

60

(a) Sine Rule : Ratio of side and sine of opposite angle of a B

triangle is equal to double of circum radius.
HINTS:

AB² + AC2 – BC2

COS A =
2ABAC
2R; (12)+ (10) -BC?
sinA sinB sinC cos 50°
Where, R is circumradius of triangle. 2x12x10
Ex. In a triangle ABC, ZB = 30° and 2C = 45°, If BC =
- BC?
50cm then find the length of AB/ 144 +100
feh fryT ABC 4, ZB = 30° 3R C =
45°I E BC = 2x120
50 a AB
Ì Cias IG hI
=
120. 244 - BC2
HINTS: BC?= 124

BC = 2/31
Congruence & Similarity in Triangle

@Baka_260
105°

In Geometry, two figures are said to be similar if their

30
45 shape is the same. Note that this shape could be rotated
or even flipped and it would still be fne. They would be
B
50 said to be congruent if the shape as well as the size is
50 the same. So congruence is a more stringent condition
any pair of congruent figures is similar by definition.
sin1050 sin 45

50
1 =
(V3 +1)
sin105°
242
2/2
100 V3-1
3-j-5o(V3-1)
Ns+)
(b) Cosine Rule : If two sides and angle between sides are
given, then we can find the opposite side by Cosine
B
Rule.
A

COsA = D
2bc

COsB=
2ac
a? +b²-c? For example the 5 triangles shown alongside are al
cosC =
IDrsimilar. A, B and E are congruent (but E is flipped)»
2ab
while C and D are of different sizes.
Ex. In the triangle ABC, AB = 12cm and AC = 10cm, and
BAC = 60° What is the value of the length of the
HafrEH, saf C iR D 79 fya
side BC?

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) (Selected Selection fay 22

 Geometry
A more mathematical way of looking at similarity and Once we identify. two figures as similar with sides in
congruence : Two figures can be said to be Congruernt the ratio (say) x:y, then straightaway all their liner
if all their corresponding sides are angles (in order) and dimensions will be in this same ratiox:y. Also, their
the same. area dimensions will be in the ratio : (remember
that any area dimension is the product of two length
dimensions-length x breadth or base x height or ra
dius x radius ......)
Twofigures can be said to be similar if all their angles
(in order) are thesame and all their corresponding sides
are in the same ratio.

For example if two triangles are similar with sides in

the ratio 3:7 then their perimeters, circumradii, inrad,
medians or altitudes from corresponding vertices etc
will all be in the ratio 3:7, while their areas will be in
:
the ratio 9 49.

(The figure may not always look TI

:

similar-one should test 344TG 9 49

l
to make sure)

@Baka_260
Note that, while we normally study similarity and con
gruence for triangles, any two figures could be tested to
check for similarity and congruence. In the case of regular 7x 7y 3x 3y
figures, this is easiest - any two regular figures with the
same number of sides will be similar to each other.

32
7z

Similarity if two cones are similar with heights in the

ratio 4 :
11 then their base radii, slant heights etc will
also be the ratio 4: 11. Their surface areas, base
surface areas, curved surface areas etc will be in the
ratio 16: 121 and their volumes will be in the ratio 64
:
1331.

: 121 344T 3T 316 3YAT 64 :

AAi 3ft 16 À

A
11k
4k
For example if we take two regular hexagons, or two
circles, or two equilateral triangles, or two squares, or
wOregular pentagons, each pair of figures will be simi
lar without any further checking required.

Triangles : Conditions for Congruence and Similarity

23
Aditya
Ranjan (Excise Inspector) (Selected Selection faTn
 Geometry

SSS Test A
If we check the three sides of two triangles, then the
Ted triangles are

Congruent if three pairs of sides of the two triangles P

are equal in length.

Similar if the corresponding sides of two triangles have

lengths in the same ratio.
~
ABC PQR XYZ
ASA Test
A
congruent if the two pairs of angle have the same mea
súre and the sides are equal in length.
R

R<O
B
P
ABC = PQR XYZ ABC POR
Hypotenuse Side Test AAS Test

@Baka_260
If we check the sides of two right-angled triangles, Congruent if the two pairs of angles. have sam
the triangles are
then measure and the sides are equal in length. the

Congruent if the hypotenues arnd one shorter sides are

equal in length. A

Similar if the hypotenuses and one pair of shorter sides R

have length in the same ratio.

B
P
ABC PQR
A
AA Test
If two angles o f triangle are equal then both triangle
are similar.
B
A

~ XYZ
ABC POR B
SAS Test
Congruent if the two sides are equal in length and the ABC XYZ
angle between equal sides is also equal. Spotting Similarity & Congruence

Being able to spot Similarity (and Congruence) is o

Similar if the two sides have lengths in the same ratio
2t
i paramount importahce to the visualisation problems
of
in Geometry; in my experience Similirity stands next
and the angle between then is equal. only to Right-Angled triangle in its usefulness as a con
diiÌ E AR
Ä YAIi TeTÉ EHA HTA À
à st cept. Anda key to recognising similarity is spoting
equal angles. Let me demonstrate through some typi
cal cases.

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) Selected Selection fau 24

 Geometry

Parallel lines : The moment one sees two parallel lines,

one should immediately look out for the possibility of
similar triangles. This is because parallel lines and
transversals centre equal angles galore B C
In the adjoining figure, for example, AABC is a right
angled at B. BD is dropped perpendicular to AC. Then
we can see that if we compare AABC and AADB, they
both have a common angle (A) and a right angle and
In both the situation alongside, AB and CD are parallel thus are similar. Also if we compare AABC with ABDC,
lines. Immediately we should recognise that AAOB and they both have a common angle (C) and a right angle
ACOD are similar as two pairs of angles are the same and thus are similar. So all three triangles (AABC, AADB
in each case. and ABDC) are similar.
àfà à faaÀ, 348U f AABC Îd B HHGI

A B

3Hfr Ht n fay (AABC, AADB T ABDC) HHEY

TT

@Baka_260
(A Properties of Similar triangles/U464 frqa
If AABC and APQR are similar, then
D
qf AABC 3R APR HHRY i, a
P
A

g
C

D B 2pRoa
This is an idea underlyinga lot of proofs - for example a_b_C
we used this in providing (i)
the basic Proportionality and q
Mid-point Theorems, as well as in showing that when (ii) Ratio of corresponding
the diagonals of a trapezium are drawn, the two tri sides3E
angles formed having their base as the parallel sides
are similar. =Ratio of perimeter/4f9 379Td
T h britl idl
- Ratio of semi-perimeter(s) /31-TfRYIT A AqTa
- Ratio of corresponding medians/Ta HfZASi H1 Aqua
=
al 4q9TA
Ratio of inradius/34-1:f|
=
Ratio of circumradius/vffv A1 3qIT
(ii) Ratio of area/a4d HI 4qTA
Altitude to a hypotenuse : Another very useful simi
larity-based result is that when we drop a perpendicu
- Ratio of square of corresponding sides/TA yA
lar to the hypotenuse of a right angle triangle from the
opposite vertex, the two triangles formed are similar to - Ratio of square of perimeter/4fHrH 1 i h
each other and to the original triangle.
4414
=
Ratio of square of semi-perimeter/31-4HIY HI I
= Ratio of square of corresponding medians/HTA

Aditya
Ranjan (Excise Inspector) Selected Selection f<I 25
 Geometry
Hi 1 31HYIT (c) Some of the results derived from this theorem, we will
= Ratio of square of inradius/31-d:f use, are as follows : (b
r
= Ratio of square of circumradius/ATET fa h1 i

Ex. If theratio of corresponding sides of two similar triangles

AD_ AE
then what is the ratio of the area the two
of
is 3:2 (i)
BD
triangles?
AD_ AE_ DE
=
AB AC BC
(ii) AADE ~ AABC
HINTS:
Ar(AADE)
br ar(aABC):ar(APQR) -(V3):(/2)-3 :2 (iv) Ar(AABC) BC

In AABC, D and E are the points on sides AB and AC.

ar (AABC) Ex =
64 respectively such that ZADE
=
If AD =7 cm BD B.

AABC ~ AOPR If AB = 10
Ex. Let
cm, BC =7 cm and AC
and ar (AQPR)
= 16
169
cm, then QR (in cm) is AABC ,
5 cm and BC = 9 cm then DE (in cm) is equal to:

3r E aHNI: AB 3ir
D
=
AC o3
BD 7 H 5
3H yAR fAg
3R BC
equal to: fe6 ZADE=B I Yf:AD

ar(AABC) 64
-9
. at
DE ( ) Hqr :
~ af< AB
H1 f AABC AQPR 3R ar HINTS:
- 10 n, BC =7 Àî , (AQPR)
AC =
16 +î À,
169
à QR (t )

HINTS:

@Baka_260
ar (AABC) 64
~ 5
Here, AABC AQPR &
ar(AQPR) 169

B 9 C
AC 64 16
Using B.P.T,
QR -i69 QR 13
AB BC 12
QR = 13×16 = AD DE 7
7 DE
26 Cm
(B) Basic Proportionality Theorem (Thales Theorem) 63
..DE
12
5.25 cm

Mid-Point Theorem/{faa yau Ty

e
e' oiclT.
a) A line drawn parallel to one side of a triangle divides other (C)
two sides in the same ratio. (a) The line segment joining the mid-points of any two sides
of a triangle is parallel to the third side and is half of
the third side.
(b) If a line divides any two sides of a triangle in the same
ratio, the line must be parallel to the third side.
A line drawn parallel to the one side of a triangle and
the length of the line is half of that of the side, the line
will pass through the mid-points of the other two sides.

B
AD AE
In AABC, If DE || BC, then DB EC
AD AE
'OR' If then DE || BC B.
C
DB EC

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector)) Selected selection faim 26

 Geometry

ID and E are mid-point of AB and AC, respectively, In right angled triangle, aide opposite to right angle is
then known as hypotenuse.
: AB S
AC fag d,
atE
D
uft

DE || BC and DE
- BC
Properties of a Right-angled Triangle
2

- BC (a) Exactly one of the angle is right angle, i.e.

DE || BC and DE 2 then D and E are the mid- |
(c)
2B90°
points of AB and ACrespectivcly. In this casc

DE - BC
(b) Exactly two angles will be acute.
vft DE || BC 3ÂN
,t D 3AtE F1: AB 3 AC
2
<
i.e. ZA < 90°, 90
C

AD_ AE DE 1 (c) One angle is equal to the sum of other two

angle, i.c.
AB AC BC 2

AD AE 1
B= ZA + 2C = 90°
(üi)
DB EC square
Pythagoras Theorem In a right triangle, the
:
(ii) (a)
~ AABC of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the square
(ii) AADE
of the other two sides.
Ar(ADE) 1

(iv) Ar(AABC) 4

yaT If a, band cbe three sides of a right-angled triangle,

Types of Triangles/fratt à then according to the Pythagoras Theorem,

@Baka_260
Triangles are classified on the basis of angles and sides
zf a, b c
st fat n
faya i ra i, ar t
Ahtg
=b
Types of Triangles/faoi vR
potenuse
c perpendicular

On the basis of angle On the basis of Sides

hy
90°
() Right angled (i) Scalene
B base
a

(ii) Acute angled (ii) Isosceles Example 3²

: +
4? 5

(b) Pythagorean Triplets : A set of three integers a, b, c

which satisfy Pythagoras Theorem ( + b- )or are
(ii) Obtuse angled (ii) Equilateral
the sides of aright-angled triangle is called
Pythagorean triplets.
Right Anglo Triangle/HeATUT A
qraurifra fqute :
a qufi a, b sin c #1 HE

Ifone of the angles of a triangle is right angle, then the

triangle is called right-angled triangle. In the figure,
ZB = 90°, then AABC is right-angled triangle.
The smallest Pythagorean triplet is (3, 4, 5).
&

HqH yrqrift fee (3, 4, 5)

tii
If (a, b, c) be a Pythagorean triplets, then (ak, bk, ck)
b will also be the Pythagorcan triplet.
or
c
hypotenuse | yt (a, b, qeTifua fztz ti, aì (ak, bk, ck) 1
a be)
B
27
Rattya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) (Selected Selection faI
 Geometry
Following Pythagorean triplets are frequently used in
B
the examinations.

• (3, 4, 5), (6, 8, 10), (9, 12, 15), (12, 16, 20), (15, 20, C
25)
• (5, 12, 13), (10, 24, 26)
(7, 24, 25), (14, 48, 50), (3.5, 12, 12.5),
(21, 72, 75)
• (8, 15, 17)
(9, 40, 41)
(11, 60, 61)
(a) (i) xx c
• (.1,/2) (i) b= yxc
-X* yx
p
(b)

(1.5.2) (c) a x
b= p C

(2n, n°-1, n² + 1) 1

(2ab, a- b², a² + b)
Whenever a right-angled triangle will be given, two of In other words,/H Yri 4,
its side willbe given and you are required to find the (a) (i) BD x AB
BC?
thìrd side by using Pythagoras Theorem. But now we (ii) AC? =
AD x AB
will find the third side directly from the above
(b) CD² = BD x AD
Pythagorean Triplets. (c) BCx AC = CD × AB
1 1

(d) CD? Rn?t

To prove the above formula, we take the 3 similar

@Baka_260
triangles as shown in the figure.
In the most of the questions of geometry, mensuration
and trigonometry, we will be required to find the third
side of a right-angled triangle
B B

Ex. Triangle ABC is right angled at B and D is a point of

BC such that BD = 5 cm, AD = 13 cm and AC = 37
cm, then find the length of BCin cm.
y ABC, B t Bc
T D A AR
fz fa A C DAD
t
fE BD = 5 AD = 13 4 AC = 37 44 2I BC Now, use the concept of ratio of the sides of
triangles are equal.
the similar
HINTS:
"
ifI
Ex. In AABC, ZA = 90°, AD I BC at D. If AB = 12 cm
AC = 16 cm, then what is the length (in cm) and
of BD?
37 AABC ZA H
90°, fag D AD
12
13 I Bci f AB- 12
sT AC - 16 i Ì, à BD Ga (A4 À) AId Fil
HINTS:
C
B D
:. (12)² + (BC)² = (37)²
»
BCj? (37) - (12)²
BC² = 25 x 49 16 D
20
> =
BC
5x7=35
(iü) In a right-angled triangle ABC, if a perpendicular (CD)
is drawn from the vertex which is right angle (C) to the

HH ,
hypotenuse (AB), then A 12
AB² ×
BD BC
fa 4T faY ABC
Àqf zírá (C) f 144 BD x 20
7.2 = BD

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector)) 28

(Selected Selection fa
 Geometry
(iv) If P and M are two points on the sides BC and AB re HINTS:
spectively of AABC, right-angled at B, then.s C

uf B HHGT AABC yo131 BC AI AB P a41 M

34
AP² + MC? = AC? + MP? M

ML A N B
4(CN? + BM)² = 5BC?

BM? + CN? 5
p
BC? 4
Ex. Points P and Q are on the sides AB and BC respectively Ex. In AÀBC, ZC= 90°, point P and-Q are on side AC and
su of a triangle ABC, right angled at B. If AQ = 11 cm, BC respectively, such that AP : PC = BQ : QC = 1: 2,
PC = 8 cm, and AC = 13 cm, then find the length (in AQ° + BP? ,
algn cm) of PQ. then AB is equal to : ghst
faz P 3ir hHNI: fayd ABC
Q
Yo1 AB
, PC =
r Bc fera AABC À ZC= 90° ŽI fag P siRQJAT AC aR BC M fag
,fay
AC = 13
B HHATU

t ,
uf< AQ = 11 I
PQ
î
8
Gus (î À) AA GI
A 3T
3H YAR
fe. AP: PC =
BQ : QC =1:2, a
AQ?
AB?
+ BP?

HINTS:
=?
A
HINTS:

@Baka_260
P

B C
b)
2x
AQ? + PC2 = AC? + PO²t3
C 2y y
121 + 64 = 169 + PO2 B
= PQ2 AQ² =
Ot16 9 +
4y².
PQ= 4 BP² = 4 + 9y?

+
A AQ° BP?
13x+13y² 13(x +y°) 13.
()
AB² 9x² +9y² 9(
+y') 9

(vi)

2i stL B

D
If AABC is RAT
AD & CE are medians
4 (AD² + CE) =5 AC?
AD² + =
CE 5
ED' BE & CD are mnedians
AD² + CE = AC2 + ED² .
Ex If medians are (BE 1 CD) then,
In a AABC, ZA = 90°, if BM and CN are two medians, AB² + AC? = 5 BC?
BM + CN? or, b²
+
=5 a2
308
s
o lrego3
BC? is equal to Ex. If in a AABC, BE and CF are two medians perpendicular
to each other and if AB = 19 cm and AC = 22 cm then
AABC LA = 90° yft BM
r CN
HfzaI a the length of BC
a
is:att
BC2 r uf AB =19 t AC =
22 BC das :
Aditya Ranjan (Excise 29
Inspector) (Selected Selection fain
 Geometry

HINTS: (i) The sum of the any two angles of the triangle is alwava
greater than the third angle.I4

(a) ZA+ ZB> 2C

22
19
KE
F/ (b) ZB + 2C> LA
(c) 2C+ ZA> ZB
of angles
(i)
Ex. Which one of the following cannot be the ratio
in acute-angled triangle?
B
192 + 222'= 5BC2
361 + 484 = 5BC²
Hehdl 8? (iü

(a) 2:5:8 (b) 4: 1:4

845= 5BC?
BC² = 169
(c) 2:3: 4 (d)1: 1:1
BC 13 HINTS:
Using property (ii), Option (a) cant be the ratio of
angle
Ex. Consider the medians AD & CF intersect at right
AABC (i
angles at G. if BC =3 cm and AB = 4cm, then the of acute-angled triangle.
length of AC is (in cm): (ii) The sum of the squares of any two sides of the triangie
a
AABC
ufadz
fqaR ai, HfyaI AD 3 CF GÁ q HHAT
uf BC = 3
t st AB 4 , aì A
is greater than the square of the third
side.

ars (î
HINTS:
) : (a) AB'+ BC?> AC?
(b) +
BC? AC?> AB?
(c) AC? + AB?> BC?

Ex. Which of the following can be the 3 sides of accute

angled triangle?

..
@Baka_260
AB² + BC? = 5AC?
16 + 9 = 5AC²
25 = 5AC
D
3
(a)

(c)
4 cm, 8 cm, 7 cm
(b) 1 cm, 2 cm, 3 cm

(d) 9
HINTS:
2 cm, 4 cm, 3 cm
cm, 12 cm, 15 cm

AC = V5
In such type of question you have to check each option
Acute Angles Triangle/1hyr fays using property(ii).
If each of the angles of a triangle is accute, then the + 82 > 72, 82 + 72 > 42
Here, 42 & 72 + 42 > 8²
triangle is called an acute-angled triangle.
Satisfied property, Thus Option(A) is right answer.
Similarly you can check other options but all other
options given will not satisfy the property.

Obtuse Angles Triangle/tfHAUT fr

If one of the angle of a triangle is obtuse, then the
triangle is called an obtuse-angled triangle.
B
If ZA < 90° and ZC < 90°, then AABC is a
90°, ZB <
<
acute-angled triangle. ZB> 90°, ZA 90° and LC<90°, then
afk ZA < 90°, ZB < 90° 3ir ZC< 90° Ì, at AABC TEaTU A

Properties of an acute-angled triangle

Each of the angles of the triangle is acute. B

Triangle ABC is obtuse angled triangle. E

< ZA, ZB,

0° ZC< 90°

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) Selected Selection fai 30

 Geometry

Properties of an obtuse-angled triangle Scalene Triangle/fau4a; fau

If all of the three sides of a triagle are of different
In a AABC, ZB is

fa AABC ZB
obtuse,
f# ,thene isipo) a
lengths then the triangles called scalene triangle.
is

(i) Exctly one of the angle of the triangle is obtuse and

other two angles are acute.

ZB= 90° and 0° < ZA, ZC< 90°

(i The sum of the two acute angles of the triangle is less
than the obtuse angle.
B
(ZA + ZC) <
B

AB BC CA
(iiü) The sum of the square of two 'smaller sides lesss
than the square of the third side.(the largest side). or a# b c, then AABC is an scalene triangle.
Properties of an scalene triangle
e (a) AB² + BC² < AC?
+ AC?< BC2
(1) No two sides are equal in length, i.e.
(b) AB'
< AB?
(c) AC? + BC?
Ex. The sides of a triangle are in the ratio 4:6:8. The triangle
is afan:

(a)
(b)
(c)

(d)
Isoceles Triangle

@Baka_260
Obtuse-Angled Triangle
Acute-Angled Triangle
Right-Angled Triangle axa
B

AB ÷
BC CA or
ir
HINTS: (ii) No two angles are equal, i.e.
Here, 42 + 62 < 82
52 < 64 ZA #ZB 2C
Thus, The given ratio of sides is of obtuse-angle triangle. (i) Triangle may be one of the acute angled, right angled or
Ex. In an obtuse angle triangle PQR, angle
Q is obtuse obtuse angled.
angle if side PQ=1 lcm, QR-15cm then find minimum
possible integer length of side PR? Perimeter, Semi-perimeter and Area of scelene triangle

,
(iv)

11 QR = 15 a yI PR #Ì
H
GAI RI EI
A
(a) 18 cm (b) 19 cm
(c) 23 cm (d) 22 cm

HINTS:

=
11 Perimter/ufHIg a+b+c
a+b+c
152Rsiu
Semi-perimeter/31d-ufHTY=
2O 1
Area of AABC/faT ABC h
346 <
ls(s- a)ls - b)(s- c)
Thus, (b) is right answer.
31
Aditya
Ranjan (Excise Inspector) Selected Selection faI
 Geometry

The sides of the scalene triangle ABC are in the ratio (iv) In an isosceles AABC, the median, the angle bisect
Ex.
the semi-perimeter is 42 cm, what is the perpendicular bisector and the altitude of unequal st
3:5:6 and of largest and the smallest sides of the is the same and it divides the AABC in two congruent
difference the
(equal) right-angled triangle.
triangle?

HINTS: A
3x+5X+6x
Semi-perimeter
2 223l2
42 7x
X= 6
Required Difference = (6 - 3) x 6 = 18 cm
pa aeL.rt
Isoceles Triangle/HHfgara fayg B.
Cpt srs rrsd
D
If two sides of a triangle are equal in length, then the
triangle is called an isosceles triangle. In AABC,
AD is the median, the angle bisector perpendicular
bisector and the altitude.

AD 1 BC and BD
= DC, then3 io abie oiT
DABD ACD

@Baka_260
(v) Perimeter, semi-perimeter and Area
B
If AB BC, then the AABC is an isosceles triangle.
= AC +

uf AB = AC + BC Ì, AABC HHÍgaIg aa I

Properties of an isosceles triangle aT

a, a
an isosceles triangle in which AB =AC.
AABC is
AABC q5 THÍgAg faya
fHi AB = AC B
A C

Perimeter/YHq = AB + BC + CA =
2a + b.
Semi perimeter/3-vfuY
AB+ BC + CA

2
=a+ b
B 2
The length of the two sides are equal, i.e. V4a?-b?
AD =
AB = AC 2

(i) The length of the third side will be smaller or larger than
the equal sides. Area of
AABC/AABc #1
A4a²-b?
Note : In isosceles triangle ABC, AABD and AADC are
the two congruent right-angled triangle. Use
BC > AB = AC or BC < AB = AC Pythagorean triplets in these right angled triangle.
(iii) Two angles opposite to the equal sides are equal. te :
fsAg faya ABC À, AABD AADc + atv
ZB= 2C (opposite to the side AC and AB)

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) (Selected Selection fa 32

 Geometry
If a line (which joins the common vertex of two equal
sides of a triangle) bisects the base then that line is
stiperpendicular to the base and vice versa.
HINTS:

17 8
17

B 15 15
Check 30 + 34 = 64
[Apply concept of triplet, to solve quickly]

B Area =x 30 x 4 =
120 cm²
If AB = AC and BD = DC
b )
LADB = ZADC = 90° Equilateral Triangle/H4arE fr
(vi) If AB = AC and BETAC and CF 1 AB If all the three sides of a triangle are equal in length,
yf AB = AC TT BE 1 AC ÀR CF L AB then the triangle is called an equilateral triangle.
A

BE = CF

@Baka_260 E

B C
C
B If AB - BC = AC, then AABC is an equilateral triangle.
(viil) If AB = AC, E and F are the mid-points 92 yf AB = BC = AC a, Ì AABC HHAIE EII
qf AB = AC, E a
F q4 fag
Properties of an equilateral triangle
A

Let AABC is an equilateral triangle in which AB= BC= AC

H AABCv% HHAIE fayG fÄ AB = BC = AC

A
» BE = CF F E

C
B
Ex. cm. If the
perimeter of an isosceles triangle 50
The is
B
base is 18 cm, then find the length of the equal sides. The length of all the three sides are equal,
H4ÍgqIE fAaI yfHY 50 f 3HG1 3A1AIR 18
= BC = AC
i.e. AB
HINTS:
A

ile in enegbiL (ü) All thethree angles will be equal and the value of each
Ferimeter, 2a +he 503 angle will be 60°
2a + 18 = 50
a=16
Ex. The lerngth on on
perpendicular dropped
of
the base
1sosceles triangle is 8 cm. If its perimeter is 64
cm, i.e. ZA= /B= 2C
n
What is the area of this triangle?
Selection fell 33
Aditya
Ranjan (Excise Inspector) Selected
 Geometry
(iüi) Ex. 'O. is a point in the interior of an equilateral triangie.
The perpendicular distance from :0' to the sides are
V3 cm, 2v3 cm, 5V3 cm. The perimeter of the triangle

is:
a a
ciaga gi V3 cm, 2V3 cm, 513 cm l fy yfqTR
î
60
B HINTS:
In an equilateral AABC, A

(a) All the three medians are equal

A
2N3
(b) All the three altitudes are equal
V3

B a
(c) Each median = Each altitude =
2 a
:(V3 +243 +5/3)
3
8V3-V3
(iv) In equilateral AABC/ HHAIZ AABC 4 2
The incentre, the circumcentre, the orthocentre and the a= 16
centroid are the sarme-point.

@Baka_260
.:. P= 3a =3 x = 48 cmn
16

Ex. AABC is an equilateral triangle and ADI BC, where D

(v Ifaltitudes of a triangle are equal, the triangle is an lies in BC. If AD = 4/3 cm, then what is the perimeter
equilateral triangle. (in cm)
fay
of AABC?
ABC V# HHAz fagi Ž TT AD I BC , Tai D, BC
AD =
(vi) If P is a point inside an equilateral triangle ABC, the
R fea afs
43 T frya ABC 1
fAI
sum of altitudes from the point P to the sides AB, BC (H4 À) fehiI a?
and AC equal to the median of the AABC. HINTS:

A
AABC T Tfi461
AB, BC 3r AC T SI T Ti 1 ZT6

|413
cm

a
B D
E
h P W3
a=
4/3 a=8
D
Let the altitudes from point P to side BC, AC and AB be .:. =

h,, h, and h, respectively and the side of the triangle be P=3a 24

a, then Ex. ABC is an equilateral triangle. P, Q' and R are the
midpoints of sides AB, BC and CA respectively. If the
i131
H faz p 3T BC, AC T ABW
S T A AHRI; h,, length of the side of the triangle ABC is 8 cm, then the
area of APQR is :
ABC V* HHAz fayT ŽI P, Q sr R 3h4N1: H91i AB, BO
h, + + =
h, h, 2

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector)) 34

(Selected Selection faI
 Geometry
HINTS: Internal angle bisector of a triangle : If a line bisects
the Internal angle of a triangle, then it is called internal
angle bisector of a triangle.

P R
If line AD is such that ZBAD = 2CAD, then AD is the
interior bisector of the angle A.
zfz tai AD VA f BAD= ZCAD, I AD 3Taf
A

B
S C

.:.APOR=
3 y4x4-4N3
4
g
Centres of triangle/fr
B
We will study 4 types of centres of a triangle D
(a) Internal Angle bisector theorem

() Incentre/3d: h The Internal bisector of an angle of a triangle divides

the opposite side internally in the ratio of the sides
%
(ii) Circumcenter/1A
containing the angle, i.e.
(ii) Orthocentre/ h*
Centroid/h-<5

@Baka_260
(iv)

(v) Excentre/afe
Incentre/3d: s BD
cD
AB
AC
Angle Bisector :A line which divides an angle in two Ex. In AABC, the bisector of Bmeets AC at the point D. If
equal parts is callèd the angle bisector.
AB = 12 cm, BC= 18 cm and AC = 15 cm, then find the
length (in cm) of AD.

, BC - -
A AB = 12 18
sr AC 15 n, AD

HINTS:

lf line OP divides ZAOB in two equal parts, i.e. ZAOP 12 18

- ZAOB
BOP= then 0P is an angle bisector.
2
D

A
LAOB 15
34etAOP = ZBOP =
2 As AD is the angle bisector of ZABC
LEAB
So, RG
"Angle bisector of an angle of a triangle
h 1f DC
12 AD
18 DC
AD : DC =2:3
Also, AC = 15 cm
Interior or Internal Exterior or External
So, AD = 15o2=6cm
(2+3) x
yasts
Aditya (Selected à Selection faI 35
Ranjan (Excise Inspector))
 Geometry

tHow to find length of angle bisector

BD_ AB
(i) CD AC
External Anglebisector theorem/aIA E HHgAE
TÈ

(b)
The external bisector of an angle of a triangle divides
the opposite side externally in the ratio of the sides
containing the angle.
a

B D
K C
AD = of ZA. BD AB
angle bisector
CD AC
JAD² = ab-xy.
C
2/EAD = ZEAC, BC to40 cm, BA
= 8
(i) Ex. If the given figure,
cm and CD =
24 cm, then AC is equal ,
A =
f r fa À 22EAD =
ZEAC, BC 40 BA -8

a b
2ab cos e

@Baka_260
AD
a +b

B D

B Deups
HINTS:
External Angle Bisector of a Triangle Since AD is angle bisector
AB BD 8 64
If a line bisects the exterior angle of a triangle, then it A AC =3 cm
AC CD AC
is called external angle bisector of a triangle.
Incentre: The point of intersection of the internal bi
sector of the angles of a triangle is called the incentre.

F
E

If line AD is such that PAD = DAC=

(). then
B

If AD, BE and CF are the angle bisectors of the ZA, ZB

AD is the exterior bisector of the angle ZA. and ZC respectively, then all the three bisectors of the
). angles pass through a point, which is called the incentre
zf ta AD 3
YR f ZPAD = ZDAC =
of the AABC. It is generlly denoted by 'T.
ufk AD, BE 3R CF A4NI: A, ZB 3r ZC + HHfEHIG E

The external bisector of an angle of a triangle divides

the opposite side externally in the ratio of the sides
containing the angle.

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) Selected Selection faiu 36

 Geometry
In other word, the incentre is the centre of the incircle
of a triangle.

A
E

= +
LA
AABC ZBIC 90°
I Incentre of

I Incentre of
the circle. ZB
LAIC = 90° +
2
Properties of incentre/3a:-a faylua
ZAIB =
90° +
All the three internal bisectors of the angles of a
triangle
pass through a point (incentre).
Ex. In AABC, ZA = 88°. If I is the incentre of the triangle,
then the measure of ZBICis:
AABC À ZA = 88° f I faya 3d: ZBIC G1 HI9 Ž: ,
(i) The incentre of the triangle is equidistance from all the HINTS:
three sides of the triangle and the distance is equal to
A
the inradius.
88°

@Baka_260 B

We know that, ZBIC = 90° +

ZA
2
B 88°
If circle touches the side AB, BC and AC at points D, E BIC =
So, 90° +
2
=90° + 44° = 134°
and F respectively and I be the incentre, then
(iv) The angle between the external bisectors of two angles
< qi gS3
F
AB, BC T
AC
41: fagiD, E R R|
of a triangle is difference between right angle and half of
the third angle.
ID = IE = IF (inradius)
Note The bisector of the angle ZA of AABC may or may
:

not intersect side BC at point E where the incircle

touches the side BC of the triangle and the same in BPC 90
true for other angle bisectors.

Bá:B/2
(180-B)
2

P
B DE Note: If in AABC, the internal bisectors of B and ZC
The bisector of angle ZA meets BC at D and the side
BC touches the circle at E. meet at O and the external bisectors of ZB and /C
meet at P, then
A
HfgTSA BC Ì fagD fAeTGI 3R YI BC q1
1 BOC + ZBPC = 180°.
Aditya 37
Ranjan (Excise Inspector) (Selected Selection fag
 Geometry
Ex, The sides of AABC, AB and AC are cxtended to the points
D and E, respectively. The bisectors of ZCBD and ZBCE
meet at P. If ZA= 88°, is then what will be the measure
of ZP?
ID fr* ?
: fäg D on E HINTS
AABC, AB ÂR AC yont t TT #

HINTS:

AI AB+ AC 15
B C ID BC 9aineoni Te asiirsqon

als
o
2otr,indis
Inradius/3a:fr971it iA
V
D P (i) Inradius of a triangle/ frya an aia:frT0
1

ZP=90°-A2 Area /ai

Semi- perimeter/ 316 - YRYIY
S
= x =
ZP 90° 88° 46° In a AABC, perimeter is 24 cm and inradius is 7 cm.
Ex.
(v The ratio of area of triangle formed by incentre and two Find the area of AABC.
vertex are in ratio in their corresponding sides. AABC qffy 24
,

3T a:fI 7 àI
AABC #I

@Baka_260
Ar ABOC: Ar AAOC : Ar AAOB = HINTS:
a:b:c p= 24 cm
A r=7cm
arAABC arAABC
T= Semi - perimeter 7

ar AABC =
84 cm2

B&
(i) If triangle is not right angled then find out inradius by
(vi) Incentre divides each angle bisector in the ratio of length following relation
of sum of two adjacent sides and opposite side.
A
r S.

-
Where, A- s(s -a)(s b)(s
-c)s n5slo301
Ex. Find in-radius of .a triangle whose sides are 13 cm,
14cm and 15 cm.
, 14
3H fAYT 3
:fA AIA fH fHt yt 13

HINTS:
B
13+14+ 15 = 21
a S=
Here, AD, BE and CF are angle bisectors of ZA, ZB 2
and ZC respectively.
48 AD, BE 3R CF #HU: ZA, ZB 3ZC + HHf5 ŽI A=V21x8x7x6
AI : ID
=b+c:a. V3x7x4x2x7x2x3
BI: IE=a +c:b
CI: IF =a ble =3 x7 x 2x 2= 84 cm²E ib t039eid T
+biC
Ex. The perimeter of AABC is 24 cm and its side, BC = 9
cm. AD is the bisector of ZBAC, while I 84 = cm
is the incentre Now, r= 4
AI:ID is equal to : 21

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector)) Selection faiu 38

(Selected
 Geometry
Inradius of a right-angled triangle/à) agT sa.fI Circumcentre/uth
r= p+b-h bisector:Ifaline bisects a line segment
Perpendicular
2 perpendicularly, the line is called a perpendicular
bisector.

B
b

Ex.
A
circle inscribed in a right-angled triangle. The
lengths of the two sides containing the rightangles are
15 cm and 8 cm.
If the line LMI AB and AO = OB,
then AP = PB and AQ = BQ
Im is the perpendicular bisector of AB
Circumcentre: The point of intersection of the
HINTS: perpdndicular bisectors of the sides of a triangle is called
the circumcentre.

17

@Baka_260
A 2

15

p+b-h 15+8-17
3 cm
2 2
OD L AB and AD = BD
(i) Inradius of an equilateral triangle/H41 fay3a:ÍI
OE L BC and BE = EC
OF IAC and CF = FA
a Side
r= 2/3 2/3 Properties of Circumcircle/uftGh hâ faruat
A
(1) All the three perpendicular bisectors of the sides of a
triangle pass through a point (circumcentre).

600
0
(ii) The circumcentre of a triangle is egqual-distance. from
all the three vertices of the triangle and the distance is'
600 equal to the circumradius, i.e.
B a
Ex.
APQR is an equilateral triangle and the centroid of APQR
IS
point A. If the side of the triangle is 12 cm, then what OA = OB = 0C = R (circumradius)
is the length of PA?

HINTS:
IMAGE

a 12x /3 cm
2/3 2/ xJ& 2/3 B
= x
PA 2 r=2 x2/3 -4/3
APP + BD² + CE2 = FB² + DC² + AE?
39
Adittya
Ranjan (Excise Inspector) Selected Selection faIT
 Geometry
a
(ii) IfO be the circumcentre, then (b) Position of Circumcentre/+% # atd
In a acute triangle, the circumcentre is always
inside the triangle.

Circumcentre

Inacute-angled triangle ABC, mid

T4T1 fayg ABC In a right-angled triangle, the circumcentre is
BOC= 2ZA, ZCOA = 2/B & LAOB = 22C point of the hypotenuse.
In a right-angled triangle, ABC,
HH610| fa ABC
A
Circumcentre
Mid point of
|hypotenuse

BOC= 2ZA = 180° In an obtuse-angled triangle, the circumcentre is

LCOA = 2B = 180° - 2ZC always outside the triangle and will be at the front
LAOB = 22C = 180° – 2ZB

@Baka_260
of the angle which is obtuse.
In an obtuse-angled triangle ABC,
tf
faya ABc Ä,

Circumcentre
B C

LBOC = 2(180°- LA)

2COA =
2B & BOA = 22C
Circumradius/yffaT
Ex If O be the circumcentre of a triangle PQR and ZQOR The radius of the circumcircle of a triangle is called the
= 110°, ZOPR = 25°, the measure of ZPRQis : circumradius. It is denoted by R.
f< O, PR 1 vÍGZ I : T ZQ0R = 110", ZOPR
=

25° Ei, ai PR H14

HINTS: (a The circumradius of any triangle ABC

Product of all three sides abc

4x Area of the triangle 4A

110
/30
350
35 b

P+2Q + R =
180°
55 + 56+ R= 180°
ZR= 180° - 120°= 60°

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector)

Selected Selection faIU 40
 Geometry

In a ABC, AB 17 cm, AC = 9 cm, AD is

= Ex. ABC is an equilateral triangle. If the area of the triangle
Ex.
perpendicular on BC & AD =3 cm. Find the circum is 36/3 then what is the radius of circle circumscribing
radius of this triangle. , , AD the triangle ABC ?
AB = 17
3/CZABc AC-9 AD =3 &

SSE HINTS:
HINTS:

9\b
Ya= 363
= 144
a?
B
a= 12
3
abc ax9x17 = 25.5
12xV3
R=
44 1
4xxax3 R=AJx3443
(b) The circumradius of a right-angled triangle Note: Distance between circumn-centre and incentre in
any triangle is = R? -2Rr
Hypotenuse
2 2
VR?-2Rr
A &

Where, R= circum-radius/tI
b r= inradius/4:I
Ifthe circumradius of a triangle is 6 cm and inradius

@Baka_260
B
Ex.
is 2 cm. Find the distance between circum-centre and
incentre.
Ex. The lengths of the two sides forming the right angle
of a right-angled triangle are 21 cm and 20 cm. What
is the radius of the circle circumscribing the triangle?
HINTS:
R=6 r=2
HINTS:
:. -
A d= /R? 2Rr
x =
=
V36-2 6x2 12 -23
21
Orthocentre/La o
Altitude : If a perpendicular drawn from a vertex of a
triangle to the opposite side is called the altitude of the
triangle.
20
AC=441+400 = V841 =29
29 =
R=P
2 2
14.5
(C) The circumradius of an equilateral triangle A

Side a
J

B D

BC, therefore AD is the altitude.

If AD I
B
(i) Altitudes in' an acute angle triangle ABC

Selected Selection fcI 41

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector)
 Geometry

Properties of Orthocentre/TA h Á farunt

(i) All the three altitudes of a triangle pass through a point
F
(orthocentre)
H

(i) Position of orthocentre/qr % 34affa

B D In an acute-angled triangle the orthocentre is
(ii) Altitude in right-angled triangle ABC always inside the triangle.

Two altitudes of a right-angled triangle ABC are side AB In a right-angled triangle the orthocentre is on the
and BC and the third altitude is BD. vertex of the triangle at which triangle is the right
angled.
4
BDàI
(iü) Altitude in an obtuse-angled triangle.

@Baka_260 H
In an obtuse-angled triangle the orthocentre is
D always outside of the triangle and will be at the
back of the angle which is obtuse.

Three altutudes of AABC are AD, BE and CF.

AG ABC VÍú Ma AD, BE CFŽI
Orthocentre: Point of intersections of the altitudes
a
of triangle is called the orthocentre of the triangle. It
is generally denoted by H. q
H

(ii)

B D
B

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) (Selectedt selection 42

fai
 Geometry

(a)
Ex. In AABC, H
is the orthocenter; O is circumcenter. If
ZBHC =180°-ZA ZBAH = 30° then find zOAC? ti
ZCHA =180°-B H
faga ABCcÀ, fag faya 1
ZAHB = 180°-ZC qf ZBAH- 30° qaOAc HA zI?a
It is true for all types of triangle.

Ex. In an obtuse-angled triangle ABC, ZA is the obtuse

angle and O is the orthocentre. IfZBOC = 54°, then torlt 'stiroškogA
BAC is :

B
f BOC = 54° à, ai ZBAC HI H :
HINTS:
HINTS:
ZBAC = 180° – 54° = 126° Given, BAH = 30°
= BAH= 30°
20AC
(b) ZBHD = 2C and ZCHD =
ZBJA A S

Centroid/g
ZCHE = ZA and ZAHE
=ZC3S
roLAHF = ZB and ZBHF = ZAes o2 Median :Ifa line segmént from a vertex of a triangle
bisects the opposite side, the line segment is called the
(c) (i) ABFH ~ ACEH
median of the triangle.
BH x HE = CH x HF
Also, BH x HE = CH x HF = AH × HD
(ii) BD x DC = AD x DH
BE × EH = CE x EA
CF x FH = AF x FB

@Baka_260
(iüi) (AB BC + CA) > (AD + CF + BE)

S sides > Altitudes

Ex. In the triangle ABC, AD and BE are the altitude of the B
D
triangle meets at H such that AH = 12 cm, HD =9 If line segment AD bisects BC, then AD is the median.
cm, and HE = 4 cm. Find BH?
yf tarGs AD 4 BC Ì HHfEHf AD Hfzcai at I
= = 4 :
yaT fHerà AH =
12 41, HD 9 n, 3ir HE Centroid The polint of intersection of the medians of
the triangle is called the centroid. It is denoted by G.
HINTS:

Properties of centroid/hch ât f4aI

12 E All the three median of a triangle pass through a point
(Centroid).
H

9
(i1
Centroid of all types of triangles are always inside the
triangle.
R D

AH x HD = BH x HE (iii) Appollonius Theorem/3ictf4H YÀ

12 x 9 = BH x 4 If AD is median of AABC, ,
theni.
BH= 27 cm
(d) If H & O are orthocentre & circumcentre (as shown in
A
the figure) thern, 0 = a

C iisz
i
AB? + AC2 = 2(AD2 4 CD2)T
H OR'
= 2J2AC² + 2AB - BC²
C
Length of median, AD
B

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) (Selected Selection faI 43

 Geometry
Ex. If the sides of ZABC are 5 cm, 4 cm and 2 cm, then find
the length of the median inserted on the side of the
side which is adjacent to its smallest angled vertex?

HINTS: 2

Apollonius' theorem has the smallest angle in front ofnd 7h

the shortest side.
A B D
+ AC > 2AD ...(1)
AB
AB + BC > 2BE ...2)
5 cm AC + BC > 20CF ...(3)
4 cm (2) and (3)
Adding (1),
> + AE + CF) GHSS
2 (AB + AC BC) 2(AD
+

AB + AC + BC AD BE CF
> + + A1; Ls
B So, We can say that sum of sides (perimeter) is always
D greater than sum of all median.
2 cm
- BC?
=
2AB? +2AC? |32 + 50 -4
AD
4 (vi) 3(AB2 + BC² + CA) = 4(AD² + BE + CF) i )
4
the triangle ABC, the sum of square of all sides
is
Ex. In
I78 64 cm. Find the sum of square of all three medians.
cm

@Baka_260
(iv) If AD, BE and CF are medians of AABC andG is the
centroid, then HINTS:
G
=
zf AD, BE 3iR CF, AABC rfezes sir Ì, 3(a? + b²
x
+
=
c)
x
4(m 2 +
m? +
mn²)iii Sdt
3 64 4 R
A 48 = R
(viii)

AG_ BG CG 2
GD GE GF 1

B Ds C
D
If AABOC is a right angle triangle
AG?+ BG?+ CG? AD & CE are medians
(v) +
BC²+CA23 4 (AD² + CE) = 5 AC? ... 1)
AB²
=
AD² + CE? 5 ED?
Ex. G is the centroid of triangle ABC. If the length of sides ...(ü)
of triangle ABC are 8 cm, 10 cm, and 12 cm, then find Add both equation x HA
the AG + BG? + CG?? Hil CiH
AD² + CE² = AC2 + ED² axSi
G,faya ABC #1
quas 8 t, 10
Ì 3t
5

12
I
f ,
fy ABC
aì AG²
t
+
TII3
BG² +
CG?| (ix)

HINTS: b

+
308
AG² + BG² + CG² =(64 100 + 144]=
(vi) The sum of any two sides of a triangle is greater than
twice the median drawn to the third side. BE & CD are medians
If medians are (BE
AB? + AC2 = 5 BC?
. I CD) then,

OR, b² + c² =5 a?

44
Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector)) (Selected Selection falN
 Geometry

(x) (xii) The line segment joining the mid points of two sides
divides the line joining of vertex in between line to the
centroid in the ratio 3: 1.

'OR'

B P
=
AB² + PC? BP? AP² + CM² = AC2+ MP2
AC

(xi) If the area of AABC x, AD, BE and CF are three

=

medians and G is centroid, then

qf AABC #I 4a =x i, AD, BE 3R CF H HfaI 3iR G
G
i, a
I

B
D
l
=
BH: HO CI: I0 =3:1
=
AG: GO
B D Note: G is the Mid point of AD and FE
G AD 3ÄR FE A H fag
YI àee
(xiv) If three medians of a triangle are given then

6
4 (Area of
6 6 Area of A= triangle considering medians as
3

@Baka_260
C
Ex. In a triangle ABC AD,BE and CF are medians intersect side)
at G. If area of triangle ABC is 204 cm². Find the area
4
of quadrilateral GDFC.
G q yÍde t
y# fAHT ABCÄ AD, BE 3R CF 41faI

HINTS: Relation between Orthocenter, centroid and circumcenter

In any triangle, orthocenter, centroid and circumcenter

are co-linear and centroid divides the line in 2:1 as in
D
figure

Here, 6 unit - 204 cm?

R
2
.:. 2
unit = 68 cm? two
(xii) Area of triangle formed by joining mid points of H
1
sides and centroid is 12-th of
area of triangle.

1 Orthocenter Centroid circumncenter

12
Ex. In a triangle the distance between the centroid and
Ar AOFE = Ar AOFD = Ar AOED =Ar AABC orthocentre is 12 cm. Find the distance between
orthocentre and circumcentre.

HINTS:
Given, 2 unit= 12 cm
AOFE ~ AOB
(According to Mid-Point theorem FE||BC so that EFO 3 unit= 18 cm
= 20CB, ZOEF = 20BC)
Selection fa 45
Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) (Selected
 Geomety

Excentre/af;:% (a) LBEC = 90° -A

The intersection point of internal angle bisector of one
(b) ex-radii:
angle and bisectors of other two opposite exterior angles.

S s-b D
b)(s - c)

(c)
rss(s-
as-a4 S-a

where, S=
2

B (d) A(area) =
r, 5,

(e) r, +
I,+r,= 4R +r
2S?
(g) r?+r,?+r?= (4R + r)?-

HRA h fchft î Conpetitive Exam

(ufrrîî vgT) À TUTT (Maths)
@Baka_260
farqy
Students h
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Batch
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Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) Selected Selection feI 46

 Geometry

QUADRILATERAL/dy
Quadrilateral/ Ex. Find the value of x in the given figure.

Quadrilateral is a plane figure bounded by four straight

lines. the line segment which joins the opposite vertices 150°
of a quadrilateral is called diagonal of the quadrilateral.
In figure, ABCD is a quadrilateral and AC, BD are its
two diagonals.

3THfd H, ABCD ya 1 AC, BD

H <
facavi
HINTS:
60° + 70° + x= 150°
X= 20°
If diagonals of the quadrilateral intersect each other
at 90°, then

A B D

@Baka_260
=
Sum of interior angles ofa quadrilateral 360°
AB² + CD? = BC2 + AD?

i.e., LA + ZB+ ZC + ZD = 360°

Ex. Find the value of x in the given figure.
A B
Area of quadrilateral/qy 1 51
16°

3x+16°
F

A
HINTS:
=
3x- 16° +
2x+ 8° + x+ 10° + 3x + 16° 360°
1
x= 38° Area =
2
x BD × AE + ,x BD x CF
rayuf farg
Important Points/48
In the figure given below, we have the following result.
1 X BD (AE + CE
9

- x diagonal x
(sum of perpendicular dropped on it)
xo
1

B<z° The quadrilateral formed by joining the mid-point of

y°\ the adjacent side of_the quadrilateral will be a
parallelogram of half area.

Selection faIy 47
Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector)) Selected
 Geometry
D

P R
BOC-5LA+ D)

B C
B C Ex. In a quadrilateral ABCD, the bisectors of 2C and
If P, ,R,S are the mid-point of the side AB, BC,
Q
CD and DA, respectively, then
a
meet at point E. If 2CED = 57° and, ZA = 47°,the

the measure Bis:

ufk P, Q,R,
,
of
A4RT: S
I3 AB, BC, CD 3iR DA
ABCD ZC
T
D *
HT<faHG fag:
(a) PQRS is a parallelogram 5 gf
= ZA =
47° ai
fHd I
3R LCED 57° 3iR È,

(b) If the area of the quadrilateral is x, then

HINTS:
=
Area of the parallelogram PQRS C
D

57
E
A D A B

@Baka_260
Let zB= 0.

P la R
57°=
47+0
2
-
l14° 47° = 9
0= 67°
B
Ex. What is the area of the quadrilateral PQRS, which Square/t
is formed by joining the mid-points of the adjacent A quadrilateral in which all the sides and the angle.
sides ofa quadrilateral ABCD as shown in the figure, are equal is known as a square.
if it is provided that AAPS =8 cm², ABPQ = 12 cm2,
AQCR = 9 cm? and ARDS = 15 cm².
D

T f AAPS = 8 qi i, ABPO = 12 qrt H4Ì, AQCR

=
-9 af 3iT ARDS 15 qi I
A D

A B
P R Important Points/48rayut fg
All sides are equal and parallel.

B C All angles are right angles.

HINTS:
Iar(o ABCD) = 12 + 8 + 15 +9 = 44 cm² Diagonals are equal and bisect each other at right
If BO and CO are the angle bisectors of angles B angle.
and C, respectively, then
Straight lines joining the mid points of adjacent sides
:
of any square forms a square.

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) 43

Selectedt Selection faI
 Geometry

, PB
3< FH
hT f5 PA = 15 7 A 3Âr PC = 20
D

RC
D

S
A
HINTS:
A P B PA² + PC? = PB² + PD2
P,0, R, and S are mid points and PQRS is a square.
225 + 400 = 49 + PD?
P, Q, R
R S H7-fag T4I PQRS y# i
625 - 49= PD²
Side of a
circumscribed square is equal to the diameter PD2 = 576
of the inscribed circle. PD
=
24

Rectangle/UT
A quadrilateral in which all the four angles at vertices
D are right (i.e., 90), is called a rectangle.

D
B A

Area =

@Baka_260
(Side)2 = (al2

D
= alagonal)

a
2
d?

A
Important Points/HEreuT TerguTa
B5
Opposite sides are parallel and equal.

d a
Diagonals are equal and bisect each other but not
at right angles.
A a Bi:
Diagonal/facauj = side /2 = a2 = 2(l + b)
Perimeter where l= length and b= breadth
= x =
Perimeter/yfHrg 4 side 4a
If P be a point inside a square ABCD, then x
Area/4H= AB BC =1xb
- +
Diagonal/fauj (P b)-\'as nisi tnstrbam
D Of all the rectangles of given perimeter the square
will have the maximum area.

PA2 + PC2 = PB2 + PD2

Bisector of the four angles enclose a square

A B When the rectangle is inscribed in a circle, it will have

the maximum area when it is a square.
Ex As shown in the figure, P is a point inside a square
ABCD such that PA = 15.cm, PB=7 cmn and PC=20
cm, the value of PD is :

49
Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector)) Selected Selection fat
 Geometry
IfP is a any point inside the rectangle then, Bisectors of
the four angles cnclose a rectangle.

D
R

A B
B AS, BP, CQ and DR are angle bisectors therefore
AP? + PC2 = BP2 + PD? PORS is a rectangle.
PORS
Ex. There is a point P in a rectangle ABCD, such that LAS, BP, CQ 3i1R DR 1] HTHIGF I Hf
PA = 4, PD = 5, PB = 8, find PC.
two
Each diagonal divides the parallelogram into
3AT4G

PD =
ABCD # 3ET I3 fag P
5, PB = 8 PC aI HH,a I
3 yeaTt
|
f PA 4,
triangle of equal area.
HINTS:
fafT
D

B
A B
A
=
PA? + PC2 +
PB? PD? + Area of AABC Area of AADC &
PC2 = 64 + 25 Area of AABD Area of ABDC.

@Baka_260
16 +
- A parallelogram inscribed in a circle is always
PC?= 89 16
rectangle.
PC² =73
PC = V73

Parallelogram/HHTT ag D
A quadrilateral whose opposite sides are parallel and
equal is called as a parallelogram.
A

A parallelogram circumscribed about a circle is alway

a rhombus.

A B
Important Points/H8yui fa
Opposite sides are parallel and equal.
A B
Therefore ABCD is a rhombus.
Diagonals may or may not be egual. Hfe ABCD (5 HHT
= x
Area of parallelogram Base Height
Diagonals may or may not bisect each other at right
angles. D

any two adjacent angles =

Sum of 180°
A

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) (SelectedSelection fa 5t

 Geometry

Area of parallelogram(Hit qta 1 aG) 1

x (a) Area (AAPB) + Area (APCD) = Area (0ABCD).

AB sin0AD
In parallelogram, the sum of the square of the
a (b) Area (AAPD)+Arca (APBC)= Area (AAPB) + Area (APCD).
diagonals
= 2 x
(sum of the squares of the two adjacent sides)
tsie'

D
DA

Ex. In a parallelogram ABCD, diagonals AC and BD

AC² + BD? = 2(AB² + AD?) intersect each other a point 0. If the area of AOAB
at
cm?, then the area of parallelogram ABCD is
:
= 8

HHÍT TÍG ABCD fqauí C T BD y5-H Ì fa

A B

In a parallelogram, the bisectors of any two

consecutive angles intersect at right angle.

@Baka_260
P B

HINTS:
= 8 x 4 32 cm²
Area of parallelogram ABCD

A Rhombus/H4a
The above figure is a parallelogramn ABCD such
angles A and B
A parallelogram in which all sides are equal, is called
that the bisectors of consecutive
= a rhombus.
intersect at P. Here, ZAPB 90°.

TUT A
3ir B HHfGE P yfd à
šI YE,
=
ZAPB 90° ŽI D
If P and Q are two points lying
on the sides DC and
AD respectively of a parallelogram ABCD, then the 90
area (AAPB) = Area (ABQC).
4f* P 3ir Q y HHiR TÍT ABCD I3T DC
3itt AD frea fag
. a
a (AAPB)
=
a5
(ABQC)
I A Bg s

C
Important Points/4ryuf fara
Opposite sides are parallel and equal.

Opposite angles are equal.

Diagonals bisect éach.other at right angle, but they

A
are not necessarily equal.
B
In the figure given below, P is a point in the interior
of a parallelogram ABCD, then.
Diagonals bisect the vertexangles.

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) (Selected Selection fain 51

 Geometry
Sum of any two adjacent angles is 180o
ZA + B
180° d,

Area
- 2a- sin0
of
2 .-
ABCD/ABCD
2a cos0
2
ie
Ex. If PQRS is a rhombus and ZSPQ = 50°, then RSQ is :
qfk PORS V5 HHAata
i ZSPQ - 50° i, ZRSQ sr a x
2a sin x 2a cos2a?Sincose = dsing
2 2 2
=
d; + d? 4a?
cm.
Ex. The diagonals of a rhombus are 24 cm :and 10
The perimeter of the rhombus (in cm) is
50
P :
FH61 vHTY (H )
HINTS:
HINTS:
Here, PQ = QR = RS = SP & ZPSQ =
50°
.. = 650 180°- 50°
ZPSQ= PQS = 12
2
Now, ZPSR 180° - 50
= =
130°
ZRSQ = 12
130°– 65° 65°
Figure formed by joining the mid-points of the adjacent
sides ofa rhombus is a rectangle. A
AB² = OA² + OB?
= 122 + 52
3414d
tt = 169
D R AB = 13 cm
Perimter = 4 x 13 = 52 cm

@Baka_260
S. o Here, PQRS is a rectangle. 242+102 = 4a?
576 + 100 = 4a2
676
A P 169
4
Area ofa rhombus/44 {G 51 a= 13
bstic= 1
x
Perimter = 4 x a =4 x 13 - 52 cm
product of diagonals (fecui TU15)Ex. If the perimeter of rhombus is 150 cm and length of
one diagonal is 50 cm. Then find the length of second
diagonal and area of rhombus.

HINTS:
D
A a B

ABCD is a rhombus of side a

5
Area of AAOB/ AAOB #1 A9T 37.5 B A
150
*
d,d, AB = BC = CD = DA = =37.5
22°of 2
4
Area ABCD/ABCD 1 .. OB =
NAB?-OA2 = J(37.5 -(25
= x
4 Area of AAOB = ,x d,d,
C
12.5x62.5255
100 2

BD =
2 x OB -
2x5 255 cm
1:d, x d, 1
x x
A
B i Area -5 50 25/5 -625/5 cm²
Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector)
(Selectedt Selection fain 52
 Geometry
Ex. If ABCD be a rhombus. AC is its smallest diagonal and
ZABC = 60°. Find the length of one side of the rhombus
DE CE
uWhen AC=6cm.
EB EA

= 6
AC
Any line parallelto the parallel sides of a trapezium
HINTS:
divides the non-parallel sides proportionally.
D

6
60°
A

Using cosine rule,

= x?+x2-36 A B
cos60°
2xxxx If the above figure is a trapezium ABCD in which DC
| AB and EF is a line parallel to DC and AB, then
2x-36 AE BF
2x?
ED FC
=

22-36
=

36 at
DC || AB 3fR EF Y1 DC 3R AB # HI,
x= 6

AE_ BF

@Baka_260
Trapezium/4A agy ED FC
If a DABCD is a trapezium in which side AB is parallel
A whose only one pair of sides is parallel
quadrilateral to side DC and E, F are the mid-points of sides AD
and other two sides are not parallel. and DC respectively, then
, yf DABCD HHiG TI{G f

¢ HHHIT E 3 F #4N: y AD TT DC q-fag

HI AB Y1 DC

1
E
EF = (AB + DC)

C
A Ex In trapezium ABCD, AB||DC. X is the mid-point of the
Important Points/A8 equt faq side AD and Y is the mid point of the side BC. If AD =
12 cm, DC = 8 cm and AB = 18 cm, then XY is :
Diagonals of a trapezium divide each other
proportionally.
fes tfi HHGA TIHG ABCD
AB||DC IX TT AD I
qzfag T Y BC
qfaig f* AD = 12 DC
AB =
=8 3r 18 tÌ t XY I H17
I
C
C

A B
If the above figure is a trapezium ABCD in which th A
B

DE_ CE HINTS:
diagonals AC and BD intersect at E, then pR BA
AB+ DC 18+8 13 cm
Conversely, if the diagonals of a quadrilateral divide XY =
2
each other proportionally, then it is a trapezium.
53
Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) ((SelectedSelection faIn
 Geometry
trapezium can be divided into smaller ones
by:
The line segment joining the mid-points of the A
diagonals of trapezium is parallel to each of the drawing a line parallel to the parallel sides.
parallel sides and is equal to half the difference of
these sides.
If the line divides the non-parallel sides in the ratio
of x: y then the length of the lineats

D
b
D
ax + by
EF = X+y
P E/

B
a circle it has to be
B If a trapezium is inscribed in
Ifthe above figure is a trapezium ABCD in which isosceles trapezium.
AB||DC and P and Q are the mid-points
of its

diagonals AC and BD respectively, then

ufK
P 3R Q
s4UF
49:
3419afa ABCD
SHÀ faAui AC
A HHGTA frÄ
3r BD
AB| |DC
4-fag , 3r

(i) PQT|AB or DC

(ii) PQ = , (AB- DC)

B

@Baka_260
F
Ex. ABCD is a quadrilateral in which AB || DC. E and
ZADC + 2DAB = ZABC + ZBCD = 180°
are the midpoints of the diagonals AC and BD, respectively.
If AB = 18 cm and CD =6 cm, then EF =? Diagonals intersect each other proportionally in the
Gh41: fquf ratio of 1lengths of parallel sides.
AB|| DC.E 3R
F
ABCD #
TI fr = 6
AC 3R BD qf AB = 18 Ht 3T CD 4, ai
EF = ?

HINTS:
B C

E
A B

B AO DO AB A)
A 18
BO
CD (by similarity/H454GI
1
Co
EF (AB- CD)
2
x 12 = 6 cm Area AAOD=Area of ABOC
of

The length of a parallel line segment (i.e. EF) passing AC? + BD² = AD2 + BÇ2 + 2(AB x CD)

through the intersection of diagonals of the isosceles Area of trapezium/4T Tf YS

trapezium is -
=, x
(sum of parallel sides x height)

1
7x (AB + CD) x h
D a C
D

F =
2ab
EF
a+b

A b B B
A

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) Selected Selection fai 54

 Geometry

Ex. The lengths of a pair of parallel sides of a trapeziumEx. ABCD is a trapczium where AD||BC. The diagonals
are 20 cm and 25 cm, respectivcly, and the perpendicular AC and BD intcrsect cach other at a point 0. If AO
distance betwcen these two sides is 14 cm. What is -3, CO x-3, B 3x- 19 and DO x-5, the
the arca (in cm) of the trapczium? valuc of x is :
ABCD # YqA TYT frT AD||BC I frsví AC
N: 20 cm itt 25 cm , 3r A y3 a
3, CO =
x-3, BO3x-19 3i DO
X-5 i x 1

HINTS:
HINTS:
= x(20 + 25)x14 = 45 x 7 =
Area 2 315 B
If
in a trapezium
ABCD, AB||DC and AB = 2DC, then |3x-19/
the ratio of the areas of AAOB and ACOD is 4 1. :

O
yf HYT TgYG ABCD 4, AB||DC aT AB = 2DC 3

A D
D
For a trapezium ABCD whose side AD is parallel to
BC, diagonals AC and BD intersect at O then,
Area(AOB) 4
Area(ACOD) 1 AO DO
OC OB

A
3x-9 x-5
X-3 3

@Baka_260
(3x- 19)3 = (x- 3)(x– 5)
D
= -
9x-57 5x- 3x+ 15
+ =
-17x 72 0
X= 8, 9

Isosceles Trapezium: A trapezium which has equal

oblique sides.

A B

= x Ar(ABOC)
Ar(AAOB) x Ar(ADOC) Ar(AAOD) Important Points/M8Aquf fad
are,
Ex. In the given figure, AB | |DC. If AAOD and ADOC
respectively, 36 cm² and 48 cm², what is the value D
of AAOB?
AB aft AAOD 3 ADOC +
Tq T 315fd ||Dc
at AAOB
#E5 hHI: 36 ² s
48 Eh Ž

A B
A B
AD = BC
ZDAB = 2CBA
Diagonals are equal, AC= BD
D

= CD
Ex. ABCD is an isosceles trapezium in which AB
HINTS: and AD||BC, If AD 5 cm, BC = 9 cm and area of
find the length of side CD.
= Ar(ABOC) = 36 cm²
trapezium is 35 cm², then
Here, Ar(AAOD) a
AB CD 3
i. Ar(aAOB) × Ar(aDOC) = ArAAOD) x Ar(ABOC) ABCD VE HHfgaIE HHGL
,
fH
= × AD||BC I qfk AD = 5 BC 9
sir HHGA
X X
48 36 36
x=27 cm2

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector); 55

Selected Selection faI
 Geometry
s
HINTS:) LS B b
5

5
B A a D
ar(AADB) = ar(AACD)
k= Jxy
Area 2*14xh
X:y= b²: a?
= 7x h
35 Kite/4a
have two pairs of equal
A quadrilateral is calleda kite, it
= 5
h
= = and adjacent.
CD /s² +2 29
D

P
n
A
a >B
From above figure

=
ma + nb?
PQ
m+n

@Baka_260
If
PO divide into two equal area m :n=1;1

D
(a) Two pairs of adjacent sides are equal.
la' +b
PQ = V 2
(b) The diagonals intersect at right angles.
D.

(c) The longer diagonal bisects the shorter diagonal.

d
d da 1
(d) Area
x
product of diagonals.O
B 2
A
= × OC
OA x OD OB 1
,X AC x BD
+
2ab
d,+ d,? =c' +d²

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) Selection faIU 56

(Selected
 Geometry

POLYGONS/E
Polygon/aEy 2. Each interior angle of a regular polygon of n sides
A polygon is a
n' sided closed figure formed by line
segments. (n-2)180°

Ex. Each interior angle of a regular polygon is 144°. The

There are two types of polygon /44 yGR À zà :
number of sides of the polygon is
1 Regular Polygon (HH frufta Eyo)
2. Irregular Polygon(fayH 3Afrufra E
A regular polygon is one with equal lengths on all sides
HINTS:
and identical angles at each vertex, whereas an irregular (n-2)]180°
polygon has sides that are not equal and angles that Each interior angle of regular polygon
=

differ from one another.

= (n-2)180°
144°
144n =
180n - 360
= 360
36n
n= 10

@Baka_260
=
Thus, Number of suides 10.
3. Sum of all exterior angles of a polygon of n sides

= 360

1. Each exterior angle of a regular polygon of n sides

Regular Polygon Irregular Polygon

360
Some Inmportant Formulae for Regular Polygon n
Ex. The measure of each exterior angle of a regular octagon
n is:
1. Sum of all internal angles of a polygon of sides

= HINTS:
(n- 2) 180°
a octagon is: The sum of exterior angles of a regular octagon = 360°
Ex The sum of the interior angles of simple
360° =
Each exterior angle of a regular octagon = 45°
HINTS:
of a polygon = (n-2)
x180°
The sum of the Interior angles 5 No. of side in a regular polygon
Here, n =8
The sum of interior angles of simple octagon
= 1080° 360° side.
n= Exterior angle Where, n is number of
x
=
(8-2) x 180° =6 180°
a polygon is 1440°.
Ex The sum of all the interior angles of
The number of sides of this polygon is 6. Ratio of the measure of an interior angle of a polygon of
n-sides to the measure of its exterior angle is given by

HINTS:
= x 180°
Sum of interior angles of polygon (n-2)
=
(n-2) x 180 1440° -6-):
n= 10

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) (Selected Selection faI 57

 Geometry
Ex. In apolygon, the interior and exterior angles are 15
If one of the interior angles of a regular polygon is 16
in the ratio 4: 1. The number of sides of the Ex.
polygon is
:
times of one of the interior angles of a regular decagor
polygon.
then find the number of diagonals of the

15
HINTS: 16

Using property, n = 4
n=
-1
2
10
(n-2)x180
Ex. The measure of each interior angle of a cyclic polygon Each interior angle
of a
polygon=
with 'n' sides is 144°. So, what will be the measure of T

the angle formed by each of its arms at the geometric =

(10-2) x180
Decagon each interior angle
center of the polygon? iosn 10
(n-2)x180 15 n
8
ATQ,
=: -x144
16

..
1-
= nn-3) s(8-3) 20
HINTS:
Number of diagonal 2L2 YRHTT
(n-2) x 8 Perimeter of regular polygon/4
4gyT I
Each interior angle of a regular polygon 180°
=

= n X a;
Where, a is the length of the side
-n-x180° =
144°
n n length of
Area of a regular polygon of sides where
n 10
=

polygon 360°.
9.
The angle at the geometric center of the each side is a

@Baka_260
As polygon is regular, the central angle is equally
the
divided into 10 parts. arms at the a“ 180
Thus, The angle formed by each of its -cot
n

geometric center
= 360°
10
= 36° Regular Hexagon/H4YEY
regular hexagon is a closed shape polygon which
Diagonal of polygon/4zT à faau A
has six equal sides and six equal angles.
If we join any 2 (non-adjacent) vertex of a polygon then
that is a diagonal.
B

7 No. of diagonals in a polygon of n sides Larger Diagonal(d,) = 3

AD -BE = CF

Smaller Diagonal(d,)=6
n(n -3) D = AC = BD = CE DF =EA= BF
2
The number of diagonals in a polygon of 17 sides
is:
Ex.
Hexagon HHYT
1. Number of diagonals in regular hexagon/HHYYT
HINTS: t
..
17(17-3-119
Number of diagonals
=

2 2. Perimeter of regular hexagon/f14f4 VEHT AI vfY

Ex. A polygon has 35 diagonals. The number of sides =6 x Each Side
in the polygon is: 3. Area of regular hexagon/fraHa TEHT A AST
= 3/3 (Side)?
HINTS: When Side is given, A 2
No. of diagonal = 35 3/3
When Larger diagonal is given,
n(n -3) =
2 35
When Smaller diagonal is given, A = (d,)
On solving we get, n = 10.
5
Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) (Selected Selection faI
 Geometry
Inradius of regular hexagon(HHYZY
4 sd:fknRegular Octagon/HHTZY
side A regular octagon shape has eight equal sides and
2 eight equal angles.
Circumradius of regular hexagon is equal to the length
5. Tas fuftra 3313ui fa 313 HHTH ya AR313
of its side.

1, The sum of the interior angles is 1080°.

Inradius : circumradius (3d: :
fai fif)
6. =3:2
7.iArea of circumcircle: area of hexXagon : area of incircle 2 The sum of the exterior angles is 360°.

3. The interior angle at each vertex is. 135°.

343 3a?
=na?;a:
2a: 4n:6/2:3r
: 4. Perimeter of regular octagon/fr4f4d 3AZYG YTY
8 Regular hexagon from equilateral A
=8 x Side()
5. Area of regular octagon/f14fHT 342GU 1 9hci
- 2a²(1+2/2); Where, a is side of regular octagon.
6. Regular octagon formed by square
of
side x:

D C

45°

@Baka_260
R

Ar(hexagon) : Ar(AABC) = 6:9 -2:3 S45°

9. Hexagonal form by a rectangle of 2a length and V3a
a
breadth: Ea

a/2 a/2

V3a A B
=
(a) Side of square(qt t yo), x a(1+2)

a/2 (b) Side of octagon(32 it yo), a= x(V2 -1)

a/ 2a

ic

59
Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) (Selectedselection fa
 Geometry

CIRCLE/ qT
Tangent: A line segment which has one common pojnt
Circle :
circle is a set of points on a plane which lie
A

a i.e., it touches ont

with the circumference of circle
at fixed distance from a fixed point.
a one point is called as tangent of the
at only and only at as point of contact
circle. The common point is called
a tangent which touches th
In the given diagram PQ is
Centre: The fixed point is called the centre. In the given circle at a point R.
diagram '0' is the centre of the circle.

Radius: The fixed distance is called the radius. In theP

(Point
given diagram OP is the radius of the circle.
lies on the circumference.) P R Q

(R is the point of contact)

to tangent.
Note: Radius is always perpendicular

@Baka_260 Chord: A line segment whose end points lie

a
In the given diagram AB is chord.
on the circle,

P a
Circumference: The circumference of circle is the
a which is equal to 2tr.
distance around circle,

Diameter: A chord which passes through the centre of

radius of the circle/r gi hÌ A
rSecant: the circle is called the diameter of the circle. The length
line segment which intersects the circle in
A of the diameter is twice the length of the radius. In the
two distinct points, is called secant. In the given diagram given diagram PQ is the diameter of the circle. (O is the
secant PQ intersects circle at two points at A and
B.
centre of the circle)

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) (Selected Selection fariu 60

 Geometry
angle
Arc: Any two points on the circle divides the circle into Measure of an arc: Basically it is the central
two parts the smaller part is called as minor arc and the 6tformed by an arc.. e.g.): rttu
larger part 1s caled as major arc.
It is denoted as In the given diagram Po is arc. = 360°
(a) Measure of angle at the centre of circle

=180°
(b) Measure of angle at the centre of semicircle

Measure of a minor arc

= ZPOQ
(C)

(d) Measure of a
major arc =
360- ZPOQ
ag Hg =
360- ZPOQ
PQ Minor Arc
Semicircle: The diameter of the circle divides the circle
into two equal parts. Each part is called as semicircle.

B
P
R

@Baka_260
m (arc PRQ) = m ZPOQ ol- oxaot2
Central angle: An angle formed at the centre the
of = m ZPOQ
m (4 PR)
circle, is called the central angle. In the given diagram,
ZAOB is the central angle. m (arc PSQ) = 360° m.(arc PRO)
= - m (4 PR)
m (4 PSQ) 360°
same centre at a
Concentric circles: Circles having the
plane are called the concentric circles.
r,
In the given diagram there are two circles with radii
centre. These are
and r, having the common (or same)
called as concentric circles.

B
have one common
Inscribed angle: When two chords between these two Aslatat,
end point, then the angle
included
at the common point is called the inscribed
chords
angle. Joeitioitip
arc ADC:
ZABC is the inscribed angle by the

are called
Congruent circles: Circles with equal radii
B as congruent circles.

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector

(Selected Selection farI61
 Geometry
aSegment of a circle: A chord divides à circle into two Two arcs of a circle (or of congruent circles) are con.
gruent if their degree measures are equal.
s

regions. These twO regions are called the segments of a

circle.
i

(a) major segment/rTE There is one and only one circle which passes through
three non-collinear points.
(b) minor segment/yas
Major Segment Common Chord: If two circles intersect at two points, th
commnon chord.
line segment is called a

F
.Minor Segment
Note: The major and minor segments of a circle are called
the alternate segments of each other.
Cyclic quadrilateral: A quadrilateral whose all the four
vertices lie on the circle. ib T
ielerioime9

Some Results on Congruent Arcs and Chords

Result-01
A B The diameter is the greatest chord in the circle.

@Baka_260
Circum-circle: A circle which passes through all the
three vertices a triangle. Thus the circumcentre is
of arcs of a circle (or of congruent circles) are
If two
always equidistant from the vertices of the triangle. congruent, then corresponding chords are equal.

Circumradius/fAI, OA = OB = OC = R

A
D B= CD
..
AB = CD

C
B Conversely, if two chords of a circle (or of congruent
circles) are equal, then their corresponding arcs
(minor, major or semi-circular) are congruent
Incircle: A circle which touches all the three sides of a
triangle i.e., all the three sides of a triangle are tangents
to the circle is called an incircle. Incircle centre is always
equidistant from the sides of a triangle. A perpendicular from the centre of a circle to a chord
bisects the chord.

If OLI AB, then AL = LB.

bInradius/3d: fRI, OP = 0Q = OR = r
C

A
R LB
The line joining the centre of a circle to the mid-point
of a chord is perpendicular to the chord.

P B

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inmspector) (Selected Selection falU 62

 Geometry
= AB.
If AL LB, then OLI HINTS:de o

If OL AB, then AL = LB and AOLB is a right-angled

I
,
=
triangle, i.e. OL? + LB² OB² M
gf OLL AB ai AL = LB
, 312fq OL? + LB² = OB?
3t
AOLB U5 HTGTU faya P
3

OM = OB - MB =x-3
In AOMP, using Pythagoras Theorem
(OP)² = (OM)? + (MP)²

(32= (x- 3)2 + (9)²

B
L X= 15 cm
Ifin a circle, OD is perpendicular to the chord AB, O is Diameter AB = 15 x 2 =
30 cm. 0D
centre of the circle and BC is a diameter as shown below, are 17 cm and 10
x Ex. The radius of two concentric circles
then CA=2 OD. cm. A straight line ABCD is intersects the larger circle
at point and
A D and intersects the smaller circle at
= 12 cm then the length of AD =?
point B and C. If BC

@Baka_260 ,
t 17 3Ìn 10 TH
OD zI Hà4 gi fi
D B
a1 C sfd Ht ŽI
Yf BC =
12 a AD

HINTS:

If a line intersecting the two concentric circles,

l is
points A, B, C and
whose common centre is O, at the
= CD.
D, then AB D
A B

= I
C 3iR D yfdd HÀ qIei e5 tai t, ai AB CD

Apply the concept of triplets.

AV BN M D 17
10 8

cm. AB
Ex. the chord PQ is of length 18
In a given circle, = 3
1s the perpendicular bisector of PQ at
M. If MB 6
cm, then the length of AB = ? 15
, AB
üà g P0 18 asAI PQ + fag M
AB iAIs
Length of AD = 15 x 2 =
30 cm.
os
ski

G HHfgYIGGE qfk MB =3
63
Aditya Ranjan (Excse Inspector)
(Selected Selection feri
 Geometry
Result-02
Equal chords ofa circle subtend equal angles at the
centre and, conversely, if the angles subtended by the
chords at the centre (of a circle) are equal, the the
B
chords are equal.

If PO and QR are chords of a circle equidistant from

the centre, then the diameter passing through Q bisects
ZPQR and ZPSR.
B

C
If AB
yf
= CD,

AB = CD ,
then ZAOB = LCOD
ZAOB = 2COD
R
Conversely, if ZAOB = ZCOD, then AB = CD. IfL and M are mid-points of two equal chords AB and
FH+ favia, tk ZAOB = ZCOD, AB = CD CD of a circle with centre O, then

,
@Baka_260
Ex. AB and CD are two chords of a circle such that AB =
CD = 5cm and r=4 cm. If is the centre of the circle,
O
CD Eq-fa at
then (ZAOB - ZCOD) is: (a) ZOLM = 20ML(b) ZALM =
ZCML
AB Ar CDU gT Ì ar 34 yHR f Ž
AB = CD = 5
B

HINTS:
Equal chords subtend equal angle at the center
A
M
LAOB = 2COD

Equal chords of a circle are equidistance from centre. D

If AB = PO, then OL = OM If two equal chords AB and CD of a circle with centre O

intersect each other at E, then AD= CB.
= PO i, at OL = OM

D
B

B
If two chords are equidistant from the centre, then
chords are equal.
If A, B, C, D are four consecutive points on a circle
and AB= CD, then AC = BD.
fK A, B, C, D y# q aR hHT fag AB = CD, R

If/f< OL = OM, then,/à AB = PQs AC =

BD

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) (Selected Selection faI 64

 Geometry

Bx. PQ and RS are the two parallels chords of a circle

D whose redius is 10 cm and the centre is 0. If PQ= 12
cm and RS = 16 cm and both lie on the oppsite sides
of the centre, find the perpendicular distance between
PQ and RS.

If bisector AD of ZBAC of AABC passes through the

centre O of the circumcircle of AABC, then AB = AC.
HINTS:
af
SABC # BAC HI HHGHITG AD, NABC vfq

R 8 M 8

10
10

B
D
6N 6

If AB and AC are two equal chords of circle whose In AOMR and AONP by using Pythagorus theorem
centre is O and if OD l AB and OE l AC, then AADE -
(OMP = (ORJ? (MR)²
-
= (10)2 (8)2 on9
o

@Baka_260
is an isosceles triangle. –
(ON)² = (OP)² - (NP)? (10)² (6)²
=

uf
ODl AB 3R OE 1 AC , A SADE e HHÍGAE OM = 6and ON 8
=

= OM + ON
Perpendicular distance between two chord
A
=8+ 6 = 14 cm
Ex. AB = 8 cm and CD = 6 cm are two parallel chords on
the same side of the centre of a circle. The distance
:

between them is 1 cmn. The radius of the circle is

B
a centre HINTS:
Iftwo equal chords AB and CDa of circleaswithshown in
at point E,
0, when produced to meet = DE and AE CE.
the given figure, then BE
3 4
= CEI
4
fa à. BE DE 3T AE,=
D
/B
4/
A 3
L Basic approach go by Pythagorus theoremn
Short approach work on triplets and options.
Triplet 3, 4, 5 satisfy all conditions
= 5 cm
Radius
D
M Result-03
C
two chords of a circle bisect one another they must
If The angle subtended by an arc of a circle at thé centre
be diameters. isdouble the angle sutended on it at any point on the
same side in which
remaining part of the circle on the
the centre lies.

65
Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) (Selected Selection f<I
 Geometry

The angles in the same segment

of a
circle are equal ie

315fa R
ro In each of
the below figures/ Tt B

ZPOQ = 2/PRQ. p
R

D
P
P = ZCBD in (i)
20 20 ZPRQ = ZPSQ = ZPTQ in (), ZCAD
In the given figure, AB is
a chord and P and Q are
Ex. = 54°, then
x two points on the circle such that ZAQB
Ex. If O be the centre, then the value of the in the given :
ZAPB is
figure is:
= APB 3:
fag 3H yHR E f ZAQB 54°, at

P S4

A
40(

HINTS:

@Baka_260
In APOQ,ZPOR= 180°-

ZPRQ
100
2
=
50°

O is the centre of the circle passing through the points

(40° +
40) = 100°
HINTS:
ZAPB = LAQB 54°, as the angles in the:
=

segment of circle are equal

If AB is a chord, O is the centre and P and Q
same

are any
points in the major and the minor segments of the
Ex. circle respectively, then
A, B and C such that ZBAO
=
30°, BCO = 40° and
7t
. The angles in the major segment and the minor
ZAOC= What is the value
of
x? segment are supplementary.
= x hI HH
BAO = 30°. ZBCO= 40° 3iR ZAOC Ž

HINTS:
B

20
C B
T-0
In AAOC,
20 + x= 180 ...(1) If ZAPB = 0,then ZAOB = 20 & ZAQB = I-0.
=
Ex. In the given figure, ZONY = 50° and ZOMY 15°, then
In AABC.
the value of the ZMON is:
ZONY = 5o OMY = 15° at MON
+ 30o+ +40° + =
180° EAei2 f fa
2

X
+ =
20 + 70° 180°

180°
M
 Geometry
HINTS:
3
Ex. AB is the diameter of a circle with centre O. C and D
ZMON = ZMYN =0 are two points on the circle on either side of AB, such
OM = OY = Radius that ¿CAB = 52° and ZABD = 47°. What is the
.G 2OMY = Z0YM = 15°? l 2
difference (in degrees) between the measures of ZCAD
=
ON= 0Y radius
and zCBD?
/ONY = 20YN= 50°o sicy adibi
ZNYM = 50° - 15° = 35°
ZMON = 2 x 35° =70° 3 s
t feg C t D H YOR f ZCAB = 52° 3R ZABD

The angle subended by an arc in the major segment

=
47° ŽI ZCAD r LCBD HI9i À
I sR (fst )
is acute and that in the minor segment is obtuse.
HINTS:
D

O47
A B
52°
B

=
ZBAD = 90° 47° 43°
Let AB is an arc and P and Q are the points on the = -
circumference, then ZCBA 90° 52° =38
= + = 95°
ZCAD 52° 43°
= + =
ZCBD 47° 38° 85°

@Baka_260
ZCAD - ZCBD 95° - 85°
ZAPB < 90° and ZAQB > = 10°
=
90°
If a line segment joining two points subtends equal
The diameter of a circle subtends
angles at two other points lying on the same side of
the line segment, the four points lie on the same circle,
is they are concyclic.
(a) An obtuse angie at a point in the interior of the

(b) An acute angle at a point in the exterior of the

R

(c) A right angle at a point on the circle.

on AB
Ex. Inthe given figure, the centre of the circle =lies P
35°, then
and P is any point on the circle and
ABP

ZPAB is It is given that ZPRQ = ZPSQ.

TYI =
ZABP =
: f feh ZPRQ ZPSQI
feg š, 35°, i PAB
Hence the points P, Q, R
and S are concvclic.
P FHÍ 3R GÁu I
fag P, Q, R S
The circle drawn on any one of the equál side of an
isosceles triangle as diameter bisects the base.

A B
A

HINTS:
LAPB = 90°
ZBAP =
90° - ZABP
D
ZBAP = =
90°-35° 55° B

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector)) Selected Selection ften 67

 Geometry
If in a AABC in which AB AC and a circle is drawn
= -
(100°+70°
by taking AB as diameter which intersects the side BC LAPC 180° 2
of triangle at D, then BD DC.
ZAPC = 180°- 85° = 95°
uf fai AABC fsHi AB AC # i AB h 4
Two chords AB and CD of a circle with centre 0.
=
intersect each other at P. If ZAOC and ZBOD
y°. Then the value of ZBPD is:
Ex. Chords AC and BD of a circle with centre O intersect
to at right angles at E. If zOAB = 25, then the value of
LEBC is: 6e z ZAOC- R ZBOD=
y 4 BPD A

HINTS: A

D
ZBPD (x+y)
2
P
B

Ex. Two chords AB and CD of a circle whose centre is 0

= 50° and
meet each other at the point Pand ZA0C
BE D ZBOD = 40°, then ZBPD is equal to:
=
= BOD 40°
OA = OB (Radius) 1 fag P fr à
3in AOC 50° 3
2OBA
=
20AB 25o
a BPD 44TU :
HINTS:
LAOB =
180° - 50° =
130°
A

@Baka_260
130° =
ZACB= 65°
2
= = 25° B
90°- 65°
.
ZEBC
Two chords AB and CD circle with centre
of a O, P
= =
intersect each other at P. If ZAOD and ZBOC
y°. Then the value of ZAPC is: D

y 50 + 40
ZBPD =
2 2

When chords are intersecting at an external point.

D

= 180°
ZAPC
2

Two chords AB and CD of a circle with centre O, ZBPD - -y)

Ex.
= 2
intersect each other atP. If ZAOD 100° and ZBOC
= ZAPC is:
70, then the value of
D

AB is diameter of circle & If ZBAC is given

HINTS:

100 ZDAC
=
90°-2ZBAC
P 70

D
A

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) Selected Selection favIa 68

 Geometry
Dy In a circle with centre O, AB is the diameter and CD Result-04
siTis a chord such that ABCD is a trapezium. If ZBAC =
9 40° then ZCAD is equal The tangent at any point on a circle is perpendicular
to the radius drawn through the point of contact.

=
ABCD HG ŽI YR BAC 40°, ì 2CAD A AI
HINTS:

A
400 B

m
P
D Ifthe m is a tangent, O is the centre and P is the
ZACB =90° e
iog
point of contact, then OP1 Im.lun
= =
ZABC 90°–40° 50°
ZADC =
180° - 50° = 130° A line drawn through the end-point of a radius and it
ZBAC = ZDCA = 40° (AB || CD) to seie is perpendicular to the radius. It is the tangent to the
A

In AADC, circle.
ZCAD = 180° -
(40° 130) 10°d + =

In a circle with centre 0, AC and BD are two chords.

,
AC and BD meet at E when produced. If AB is diam

@Baka_260
eter and ZAEB = then the measure of ZDOC is:
o %

a fait ga AC TT BD AC T9I BD

6
m
lA
DOC = ZAEB. P
180° -2
A the centre, P is the point of contact and
If O is
OPl Im, then m is the tangent.

The tangent lines at the end points of a diameter of a

circle are parallel.
D
R B
B
Ex. In a circle with centre 0, AC and BD
are two chords. AC
and BD meet at E when produced. If AB is the diameter
and ZAEB = 68°, then the measure of ZDOC is
:

q fHc q AB ZAEB 68°

HINTS: P A
If AB is a diameter of a given circle, and PO and RS
are the tangents drawn to the circle at points A and

68°>E
B respectively,
aft AB
then PQ || RS.
fa f T qa R , sr PQ iR RS I:

D In two concentric circles, all chords of the outer circle

B which touch the inner circle are of equal length.
2DOC =
180° 22AEB
=
180°2x 68° = 44°

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector)) (Selected Selectionfa 69

 Geometry
In the above figure, if O is-the common centre of twn
D concentric circles and AB is a chord of the larger circle
touching the smaller circle at P, then AP BP,
Therefore, AB is bisected at point P.

a AP = BP 34d: AB f4« P HHffa ŽI

C
If circles are concentric/tf< gT Ho4 i
If in the and CD are two chords of
above figure, AB
the outer circle which touch the inner circle at M and
N respectively, then AB = CD.

AIaft qT Ì H4: 3Ìr N M Í hi AB CDI , =

Two tangent PA and PB are drawn from an external

point on a circle, whose centre is O, thenC

PB
= =
Lenght of AB 2AC

If AABC is an isosceles triangle in which AB = AC,

p 90-0 circumscribed about a circle, then the base is bisected
90-0 by the point of contact.

@Baka_260
(a) APAO APBO
A
(b) PA = PB
= = 90°
(c) ZPAO ZPBO
=
(d) ZAPO /BPO
Ex. From point P, 13 cm away from the centre, a tangent
a
PT of length 12 cm is drawn. Find the radius of the circle.

HINTS:
R E C
In ÀABC, AB = AC then BE = EC.
13 cm
P Ex. ABC is an isosceles triangle with AB = AC. A circle
through B touching AC at the middle point and
12 cm intersects AB at P. Then AP: AB is
=

oT - 5 cm (by
T
Pythagorian Triplet)
ABC y# THfgeig
fa fr AB AC Tt B

In two concentric circles, a chord of larger circle which

is tangent to smaller circle is bisected at the point of
contact.
HINTS:

A B
P B

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) (Selected Selection fain 70

 Geometry

Since D is the midpoint ACi9S If a circle is touching the side BC of AABC at P and
AC AB touching AB and AC produced at Q and R respectively,
AD
==(:AB- AC)
0-A then
AP X
AB= AD sott )alttog cF 5
Dhon AQ =,(Perimeter of AABC)
=

AP x AB

AB 4
AQ = (AABC 1
yfHIg) 1 i
If the incircle of AABC touches BC, CA
AB at D, E and
, the sides
F respectively then
and
A

AF + BD + CE = AE + BF + CD = Perimeter of AABC)
2

uf AABC #1 3d: gi aHN: D, E R F

Y3 BC, P
CA 3iR AB # N HI, t AF + BD + CE =
AE+ BF

+ CD= (AABC hl yfATg)

2

Ex. In the given figure, circle with centre

O

have two
tangents PA, PB. CD is also tangents, then 2PB is.
F
2PB I
at

CD rR,

@Baka_260
A

B
Ex. A circle is inscribed inside a triangle ABC. It touchesR
sides AB, BC and AC at the points P, Q and
= 6.5 cm, =
4.5 cm and AR = o
respectively. If BP C
ABC is
5.5 cm, then the perimeter (in cm) of the triangle

B
H41, CO = 4.5 H4 3R AR
=
5.5 H4T à, ai fa
BP =6.5 HINTS:
ABC I vfHrT (H H) H zI? 1 es
HINTS: PB (Perimeter of APDC)e3t
A

5.5cm PB (PD + DC + Pc)

2PB =
PD + DC + PC
R
In the given figure, from a point T, 13 cm
away from
Ex.
the center O of a circle of radius 5 cm, the two tangents
6.5cm/
PT and QT are drawn. What is the length of AB?
Q4.5cm C

Perimeter of AABC
= 2(AR + BP + QC)
=
2(16.5) = 33 cmn
a circle then
Ifa quadrilateral ABCD circumscribe P A

A D
T

AB + CD = BC+ AD
B
B

(Selected Selection fT 71
Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector))
 Geometry
Let ZAPB=
20, then 210hosik sieraia
ZAOB =
180° - 28
A
ZARB = 90°
ZASB = 90° + 0 -OA E OfT c
ACA b
Ex. P and Q are twO points on a
T 13cm circle with centre at 0. p
is a point on the minor arc.at
5cm the circle between the
points P and Q. The tangents to
the circle at
B P and meet each other at the point S. the
Q point
If ZPSO
QT= 12 cm (Pythagoras theorem) 20°, then ZPRQ =?
Let QB = x cm
ET = 13 -5 = 8 cm
BT = (12 - x) cm
In ABET, APSQ =20°1, ai ZPRQ
BT² = BE² + ET? hlH::)+IE +A
HINTS:
- x)² =
(12 + 82
x= 102Cm
AB = 2BE = 2x10 20
3 3 Cm )20° RK.
If a circle touches the sides
of a quadrilateral ABCD
at P, Q, R, S respectively, then the angles
subtended
6at the centre by a pair of opposite
supplementary. sides are
=
20 20° 9 =
10°
4f 5gi Hi ABCD at H1A 1 sAH1: IP, Q, R, S ZPR =
90° + =
90° + 10°= 100°
The tangents at the extremities of any chord make
equal angles with the chord.

D R

@Baka_260
A

A P B
In the above figure, a circle with centre O
touches B
sides AB, BC, CD and DA of a quadrilateral ABCDthe
at If in the above figure, AB is a
the points P, Q, R and S respectively, then chord of the circle with
centre 0, and AP, BP are
ZAOB + 2COD = 180° the tangents at A and B
and ZAOD + BOC 180° respectively, then ZPAB =2PBA. In
OP is the perpendicular the above figure,
bisector of AB.
yo13A AB, BC, (CD
R DA6Ì HRI: Ífagi P, Q, R AR
AP, BP shHNI: A 3R B R HÍ EI
a, t, ZPAB = 4PBA
2AOBt4COD=1180° ATAAOD + ZB0C=1180 34ÜH Hf H, (OP, AB 51Ga HHÍGHT#ŽI
Result-o5 If two tangents TP and T are drawn to a
circle with
PA and PB are two tangents, O centre O from an external
point T, then PTQ = 2
is the center of the ZOPQ.
circle and R and S are the points on
the circle, then
AR TO
di ž, PTQ:= 2 40PQI .àj

0+06
0808

PO20 s
R T

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector)

(Selected Selection faol 72
 Geometry

Ex.
Two tangents from a point P are drawn to a circle which HINTS:
touch the circle at points A and B, respectively. If O is
the oentre of the arde and ZPAB = 64°, then ZAPB is :

APAB=64° B, ai ZAPB H RI PU
HINTS:

B
Let ZAOB = 5xand ZAPB = x
+ ZAOB = 180°
ZAPB
= 180°
6x
B X= 30o
..ZAPB 30°
= =
/OAB 90° -64° 26° =
=
If x°
&
y° is given. then ZQSR 180- (x+ y)
ZAPB 220AB
x = 52°
ZAPB =2 26°
The angle between two tangents drawn from an
external point to a circle is supplementary to the angle
subtended by the line-segments joining the points of

@Baka_260
Contact at the centre. S >P

R
M
A
In a circle with centre 0, PAX and PBY
are the
Ex. an
tangents to the circle at points andA B, from
external point P. Q is any point on the circle such that
=
ZQAX = 59° and ZQBY 72°. What is the
measure
of ZAQB?

= T

f# ZQAX =
59° 3iR ZOBY 72° žI ZAQB h1 H4
B

are two tangents drawn HINTS:

If inthe above figure PA and PB
to a circle with centre 0, then
irom an external point P X
are supplementary, ie ZAOB
the angles ZAOB and ZAPB A
+ ZAPB = 180°. From the above, it
can also be concluded
that quadrilateral AOBP is cyclic.
59

=180° 34Utf A, 48 4 fMn4 >P

E
7, 34a ZAOB + ZAPB

on the circle with

Ex. Thetangents at two points A and B 72°7
If in quadrilateral PAOB,
the centre O intersects at P.measure
ZAOB
:
ZAPB =5:1.the ZAPB of is: B
Y
ý
PAOB Å
ZAOB:ZAPB =5: = 180
-
(59° +72°) = 49°
HIdofa h
ft ZAQB

73
Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector)
(Selected Selection friu
 Geometry
Result-o6 HINTS:
ZTPR ZPSR 40°
Alternate Segment Theorem/Uhit 3ia:GUS YAY (Alternate segment theorem)
ZSPT = 90°+ 40° = 130°
A chord is drawn through the point of contact of a ZRTP = 180° - (130° + 40) = 10°
tangent, then the angles which the chord makes with Result-07
the tangent is equal to the angle made by that chord
in the alternate segment. Secant-tangent theorem
PA x PB = PC2

B
R
VA

Secant theorem
x = x PD
PA PB PC
L P M B
Let ZMPQ = 0, then PRQ = 0

and let ZLPR = a, then ZPR = a D

asat9
The converse of the above property also holds true. If

@Baka_260
PA x
PB = PC
>x
PD
a line is drawn through an end-point of a chord of a
circle so that the angle formed with the chord is equal B F

to the angle subtended by the chord in the alternate

segment, then the line is a tangent to the circle.

D
Radius of circle (gT i fag)
Note : Whenever you see the terms Chord and Tangent +
JAP²+ PD² +CP? BP?
together in a question and you have to find angle then
you must check the applicability of alternate segment 2
theorem. BC²+ AD
If ZAPD = 90°, r=
2
Ex. Chords AB and CD of a circle intersect at and are
perpendicular to each other. Segments AE, EB and ED
are of lerngths 2cm., 6cm., and 3cm. respectively. Then
the length of the diameter of the circle (in cm.) is
Ex. In the given figure, O is the center of the circle and
PT is the tangent at P. If RPT = 40°, then RTP is : R qdT àI
GS AE, EB 3N ED as HN: 2 f, 6 H

. HINTS:
af RPT= 40° ZRTP:

R A
B
409
T
P D

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) Selected Selection farg 74

 Geotnetry

AE BE = CE x ED
x
HINTS:
x
2x6= CE 3
=

AP x PB = x PD
PC
CE 4cm = x x
AD =J4+9 =J13
4 x9 (6x-35i
36 = x(5x- 3) L

BC - V16+36 =\52
36 =5x-3x
VBC² + AD? V52
+13J65 5x-3x- 36 =0
2 2 2 X=3 cm
V65 Result-08
= 2 x
Diameter 2r= 2
=J65 :
If two circles are given, then
Two circles
If CD = 2b, AB = 2a, EO =cando is any point inside
the circle. 2
Number of common tangents

(a) When two circles are separated

Number of common tangents

+

B r= a² +b²
2
-4 (2 Direct/37 + 2 Transverse/4q)
When two chords AB and AC of a circle are equal.
on the angle bisector
Then the centre of the circle lies
of ZBAC.
DCT

@Baka_260
B
TCT
(b) When two circles touch externally

A
D
Number of common tangents

=3 (2 Direct/34J4R + 1 Transverse/3qY)

C Direct common
bisector of ZBAC then
In the figure, AE is angle tangents
H1Fd 4, AE., ZBAC H1 HHEE U

tb
f
= AE
Transverse1bs
B
AB.AC + DE.AE Common
tangents
common
(c) When two circle intersect, Number of
tangents = 2(2 Directs)
= X Cm and
E = cm, PB = 9 cm, PC
Ex,
n the given figure, PA 4 of x =
CD = 6x-3, then the value is: 3ir PC = x
HT AR HN 2 (2 Direct/3g)
Te T4 fH À PA = 4 t, PB=9

D Direct common
tangents

of
(d) When two circles touch internally, Number
common tangents =1(1 Direct)
P
B Ridi
HA1 (1 Direct/3
3

(Selected Selection faI 75

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector
 Geometry

Direct common R
tangents A

-B

S 1
(e) When one circle is inside the other U
Number of common tangents = 0 Length of the direct common tangent

He =0
=
AB and CD Ja-(R-r?
Length of the Transverse common tangent

RS and TU =
Jd²-(R +r
Case-0 1:
Note: When two circles of radii R and r touch each ther
B,
(a) When two circles touched each other atA and extrenally, then
C
are the centres of the circle; and A, B and C are
collinear points then the difference between their A
R
centres is equal to the difference of their radii, ie
= AB
BC AC-

@Baka_260
R

AC- AB

Distance between the centre =

R+ r

Length of the direct common tangent

A
B DCT =R +r)²-(R-r? - 2/Rr
Case-02:
If radius of circles are same R =r=R'
(b) If two circles whose centres are O and 0' intersect
gf gai f H47 a =t= R'
R

at P and through P, a line l parallel to O0

intersecting the circles at A and B is drawn, then
=
AB 2x 00. P

k
Gl
ai Ì A 3R B heit
, AB
= 2 x
Oo DCT =JPO)?-(R'-R)
0
AB =JPQ)²
AB = PQ i.e. length of direct common tangent equal to
distance between the centres of circle.
O

Ex, Two circles are of radii 7 cm and 2 cm their centers

Length of the common tangent: being 13 cm apart. Then the length of direct common
tangent to the circles between the points of contact is :
(a) When two circles of radii R and r are separated
such that the distance between their centrers is
d, then

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector)) SelectedSelection fag 76

 Geometry
HINTS: b
lzts4ecnd
7em
A
B co-Q
TCT and line joining of centre meet at a point.
2cm

/d= 13

AB = DCT
DCT = Ja² -(r, -, 169 –(7-2
V169-25 = V144 = 12 cm P
Ex. The distance between the centre of two egual circles
each of radius 3 cm, is 10 cm, the length of the
C divides PO is the ratio of radius of two circles i.e.
transverse common tangent is:

HINTS:
CQ E (by similerty)
R x
CP = PQ
R+r
CQ= -x PQ
R+r
d = 10 cm r=3 cm = R

TCT J²-(R +r= touch each other at P. AB is

Two circles externally
- S100 direct common tangent (DCT) of the circles.

,
= 8 cm
-36=V64 Then, ZAPB is always right angle.

@Baka_260
Two circles having radii 12 cm and 8 cm, respectively,
Ex. If ZBAP = then ZABP = (90 – )°.
touch each other externally. A common tangent is
drawn to these circles which touch the circles at M
JYuf3 sfra (DCT) a ZAPB. aHNI , HACGOT BIT

f g ,
and N, respectively. What is the length (in cm) of MN?
fAT 4: 12 cm sit 8 cm y5 qH yf BAP = x.at ZABP= (90- x).

HINTS: MN =2Rr 2J12x8= 8/6

are extended
If and line joning of centre of circle
DCT

and meet each other.

Ex, Two circles touch each other externally at T. RS is a

R direct common tangent to the two circles touching the
circles at P and Q. TPQ = 42°, ZPQT (in degrees) is:

externally divides PO in ratio of radius two circles.

C

H ŽI ZTPO = 42°21 POT AI H4 (fs ) ?

HINTS:
CP R R
r (by similerty) D
C
CP R 42°
CP- CQ
R-r
CP
R-r.

CP R
CP R = =
ZPOT 90° -42° 48°
CP -CQ R-r
(Selected SelectionfI 77
Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector)
 Geometry
O and P are the centers of circle and AB is common chod
Common Chord/34uf8 at
If two circles intersect each other at two points then
the line joining their centres is the perpendicular AQ = BQ =
AB
bisector of their common chord. 2
AB?)
OP =
2
=
ZAQP = 90°
ZAQ0
Ex. The length of the common chord of two intersecting
are 30
O circles is 24 cm. If the diameters of the circles
cm and 26 cm, the distance between the centres (in
cm) is:
E

In the above figure, the line joining their centres, ie OP,

is the perpendicular bisector of the common chord AB. Ì gâ (Ì )
:

HINTS:

If two equal circles intersect at P andQ and a

straight line through P meets the circles at A and Scm
B, then QA = QB.

@Baka_260 B

AE

BE
=2
=
24 =
12 cm

J225-144 = /81 =9cm

D

Line of centres of two intersecting circles subtends CE = /169 - 144 = /25 -5 cm

equal angles at the two points of intersection.
BC = 9 + 5 = 14 cm
(b When/a ZOAP = 90° i.e.
The tangent of a circle at point A or B pass through
the centre of the other circle.

b
In the above figure, two circles with centres A and B
=
intersect at C and D. Then ZACB ZADB.

B
Two circles of radii R and r intersects and AB is the OP =
(a
common chord, then R+r
R2

QP =

2Rr
AB = R? +
B

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) Selected Selection farlgt 78

 Geometry
te

(c) When radii of

both the circles are equal, then R=r. Ex, Two equal circles of radius 4 intersect each other cmn

such that each passes through the centre of the other.

The length of the common chord is
:

HINTS:
A

B
=
OP J4R'-AB?
P
0Q
=
PQ= OP

Ex. Two equal circles whose centres are O and 0' intersect B
each other at the points A and B. O0' = 12 cm and r= 4cm
AB = 16 cm, the radius of the circle is :
AB =/3 r= 4/3 cm
two circles with radii 9 cm and
Ex. P and Q are centre of center
yde Hà 00'= 12 3iR AB
2 cm respectively where PQ = 17 cm: R is the
x cm, which touches each
of another circle of radius =
of the above two circles externally. If ZPRQ 90°, then
the value of x is
:
HINTS:
h
gai
P a7 Q 4Y: 9 qT 2 H fYI

00'= J4R?-
@Baka_260AB?
HINTS:

122 = 4R?- 16? xCm

=
144 256 4R?
+

4R? =
400
9cm A
B1o
2cm
R= 10 cm
(d) When radii of both the circles
are equal and the both 2cm Q
centres of the other circle,
the circles pass through the
iLe. R= r
PQ = 17 cm

In APRQ,
PQ² = PR? + OR?
172 = (9 + x)2 +
(x+ 2)2

289 =
81 + + 18x
+
x + 4 + 8x
= 0
2x+ 22x- 204
P x? + 11x– 102
= 0

X=6 cm
B x
Cyclic Quadrilateral/ait4 gt
aup ouO
R
on the
n4OPA is an equilateral triangle. all the four vertices of a quadrilateral lie
circumference of circle, then the quadrilateralis called
a

a cyclic quadrilateral.
OP = r, AB
=3r
. OBPA is a rhombus.
79
Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) (Selected Selection fa
 Geometry

= a AC
6
A 3t DA, 4 T
Žu qf, BD I HIA7 4H

HINTS:
B 9cm

Properties of a Cyclic Quadrilateral/ 4

aqT favNGIT
8cm 6cm

If ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral, then 7cm

The sum of the opposite angles is 180°. D

A 4cm
+ x AD
AC x BD = AB
x DC BC
= 8 x 6 x 4
D AC x7 +9
7AC = 48 + 36
7AC = 84
AC = 12cm
If one diagonal of cyclic quadrilateral bisects other
diagonal then

o +
ZA ZC= 180°
ZB+ZD = 180°
Exterior angle at a vertex = opposite interior angle. If
=
BC is extended to E, then A
DCE.

@Baka_260
= AD
= AB BC
X
CDx
e5 qaT AI A
DCE

D
D
Ex. a
In cyclic quadrilateral ABCD, diagonal AC bisects the
diagonal BD. If AB = 16.5 cm, CD = 19.8 cm and AD
11 cm. Find BC.

B
fontít
su gH ABCD facauf AC
,
AR
-
fAGAUf BD

Ex. If an exterior angle of a cyclic quadrilateral be 50°, the

HHfGHIfTÄ
T I Tfr AB.= 16.5 CD 19:8 Á

interior opposite angle is: HINTS:

HINTS:
A D

ZDCE = =
ZA 50°
D50°
A D
E
Ptolemy's Theorem :If ABCDis a cyclic quadrilateral, then
AB x =
BC AD x DC
A D 16.5 x BC = 11 x 19.8
198 =
AD =
BC 13.2cm
|AB× DC+ BCx ACx BD| 15
Ex, In a cyclic quadrilateral PORS, diagonal OS bisects PR
1 at point 0. If P = 8 cm, PO = 4 cm and OS = 6 cm,
then what is the value of RS?
Ex. In a cyclic quadrilateral ABCD, AB = 8 cm, BC =9 cm, feet at4 gyo PORS facavi Qs, PR a fag o
CD = 6 cm and DA = 4 cm. If the value of BD
is 7 cm,
t
the value fo AC is :
HHfGAIfT
aI 4f PQ) 8 A, PO, = 4 OS= n
Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector)
Selected Selection faIt 80
 Geometry

If AD |BC, then
(a) AB = CD
R (b) AC = BD (Diagonals are equal)
(c) If AD||BC and ZBAD =0, then
= =
8cm
ZBAD = ZADC = 0 andZABC /DCB -0
6Cm The quadrilateral formed by the bisectors of all the four
a
angles of a cyclic quadrilateral is also cyclic
quadrilateral.

OP = =
0R 4cn
AQOP AROS (By AA)
D
A
OP QP
OS RS KR
4 P
6 RS
RS = 12 cm
B
C
The cyclic quadraliteral ABCD is a parallelogram too.
If AQ, BS, CS and DQ are the bisector of the angles
ZA, ZB, ZC and ZD respectively, then the
quadrilateral PQRS is a cyclic. 3iR ZA, ZB, Zc ZD
D
4< AQ, BS, CS TYT
D HHRI:
Ui
a, b, cand d,
the sides of a cyclic quadrilateral is
If
then
uf aG4 agýa ya a, b, aAI d ai
c ,
@Baka_260
B Area of the cyclic quadrila teral

ABCD will be rectangle i.e. =Js(s -a) (s - b)(s - c)(s - d)

ABCD G 314i TI
S =
a +b+c+d
= = =
where/, 2
ZA
B

=/ /D 90°
Ex. Find the area ofa cyclic quadrilateral whose sides are
= =
AB CD and BC AD 5 cm, 2 cm, 5 cm and 8 cm.
Ex If a cyclic quadrilateral in which ZA= 4, ZB
ABCD is
, I
=7, ZC 5, ZD = f, then x: is:
= y 2 5 3r 8
= HINTS:
à fH4 ZA = 4x, 7, ZC
G
B

ABCD 14
2cm c= 5cm d= 8cm
a = b
:
5cm
5y, ZD = à, aix:y 1 417
Ž
=
5+2+5+8_ 20 =10 cm
S=
HÍNTS: 2 2
ZA+ Z0C =
/B+ ZD Area of
the cyclic quadrilateral
4x+ 5y =
7x+ y - sls- a)ls - b)(s - cls-d) - i0x5x8x5x2
3x= 4y = 5 x 2 x = 20V10cm?
2V10
If a, b, c and d are the successive sides of a cyclic
x4
y quadrilateral, and s is the semi-perimeter, then the
3
a trapezium, then radius is
1 the cyclic quadrilateral ABCD is
ABCD will be an isosceles trapezium
A

A D D

Re.
1
(ab + cd)(ac + bd)(ad + bc)
4(s -a)(s -b)(s -c)(s -d)
81
Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector)) (Selected Selection feI
 Geometry
= = 40° then
59°, ZAPD
If a, b, c and d are the sides of a cyclic quadrilateral Ex. Inthe given figure, if PAQ
what is the value of ZAQB?
and p &q are the diagonals, then ZPAQ =
59°, ZAPD
=
40° #, ZAOR
af a, b, c sTt d ya at4 TgýA yan 3t p 3Tt q ý 3fa i, zf
fauí
A

B.

B b 59 D

+
(ac + bd) (ad + bc) (ac + bd)(ab cd)
&q= HINTS:
ab + cd ad + bc ZAPD+BQA
The bisectors of the angles formed by producing the =

opposite sides ofa cyclic quadrilateral (provided that

ZPAD 90 2
they are not parallel), interesect at right angle. =
(40°+ZAQB
59° 90°

40°+ZAQB
=
31 2
22° =
ZAQB = 62° -40° ABCD.
Ex. In the figure given, a circle is inscribed in a quadrilateral is
= DC 25cm. and AD
Given that, BC 38cm., OB 27cm.,
=
circle.
D perpendicular to DC. What is the radius of the

@Baka_260 = = = 25cm 3R AD,

à, BC 38cm., OB 27cm., DC
T
B
In a cyclic quadrilateral ABCD, AB and DC when
produced meet at P and AD and BC when produced
meet at Q. Bisectors of ZP and 2Q meet at a point R.
=
Then PRQ 90°
3iT
UG TAT4 YG ABCD 4, AB DC #1 4ari 7P
=
90°
/R1
HHEHTAÆ
fa R fHrd I
4 ZPR
In the given figure, if P is the centre of the circle, then D
C
LXPZ = 2 (2XZY + 2YXZ) HINTS:
BC = 38cm, QB = 27cm
ZXPZ - 2
(2XZY +
YXZ) DC = 25 cm
BQ BR = 27cm (tangents from an exterin point
are equal)
CR = 38- 27 = 11 cm
CR = CP = 11 cm
DP = 25 - 11 = 14 cm
p
DPOS is a square
DP = 0S =r= 14 cm
In a cyclic quadrilateral/3 q TIT -
B

a +B
x= 90 d
2 d d, b
C R

82
Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) (Selected Selection fa
 Geometry
PR QS - (PQ x SR) + (PS x QR)
'OR'
d, x
=
(a xc) + (b x d)
d,

ABCD is a square (cyclic) of side 'a'

and X is point on
the circle, then

a
R

3 circles are of radius R touching each other. A small

circle is also present touching the circles. The radius
X
(r) of the smallest circle.
PX² + QX? + RX2 + SX? = 4a2

If CDl AB
AD =X, CB = y
OC = a, OD = b
OA = c, OB = d and radius = R

R R

@Baka_260
D
b d

B
3 circles are of radius r touching each other. A large
circle is also present touching the circles. The radius
of the largest circle

then, + y² =
4R?
'OR' R
a? + b² + c² + d² = 4R?
PQR is a triangle with inradiusr. AB, CD & EF are 3
QCD,
tangents to the circle of PQR the inradii of PAB,
REF are r,, r, & I,, then
PQR
qi
3G:f|
3
AII UE fay Ž AB, CD
r
.
wfteri PAB, QCD, REF
3År

3d:41
EF, POR
r,,
-21
(R)

Two circles are of equalradius (r) and touching each

other externally, and a square having side x is also

B touching the circles. then side of square () =I

PQR isa triangle with inradius r. The radius of circle

drawn as shown in the figure are r,, I,, I, Then

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) (Selected selection 83

fain
 Geometry
Two circles of radius r and R, a triangle with height H In the given figure, radius of smaller circle is
in between, thenr+R= H
+
R= H -x[2a(v2 - 1)] = (W2-1ao su a
a3a

A
a a
a
a

With A, B, centres, three circles are drawn such that

C
a
they touch each other externally.
The sides of triangle AABC are x cm, y cm, z cm then Ba a C
sum of the radius of the circles
the given figure, find the radius of bigger circle
is
In
x+y+z
2
-/2a + a -(V2 + 1)a

x+y+z a

2 A a B
a a
A
K

@Baka_260
a.

D a

B Ig C

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) (Selected Selection facluT 84

 ea

Mensuration-2D

MENSURATION 2D
03
fafau afuft
What is Mensuration?/af T? What is Area? /TT
T ?

The literal meaning of the word Mensuration is 'to a

measure'. It is a branch of mathematics that deals The area can be defined as the space occupied by
with the measurement of perimeter, area and volume flat shape or the surface of an object.
squares
of the different geometrical figures. The area of a figure is the number of unit
a Area is
that cover the surface of closed figure.
measured in 'square units such as square centimeters,
square meter, etc.
The mensuration is divided in the following two parts

(i) Two-dimensional mensuration/fg-fqriy taf4fa

(ü) Three-dimensional mensuration /fa-fag
affd
In two-dimensional mensuration we will study the two

@Baka_260
dimensional figures (plane figures), like triangle,
quadrilateral, polygon, circle etc.

In three-dimensional mensuration we will study the three

cone,
dimensional figures like cube, cuboid, cylinder,
Prism, Pyramid etc.
frustum, sphere, hemisphere,

Perimeter / uf
Perimeter can be defined as the path or the boundary
. as
In mensuration, We will use Pythagorean triplets and that surrounds a figure It can also be defined
divisibility tricks. the length of the outline ofa shape.

AYIUT
Important Unit Conversion/HEyu FaI
1
Kilometer (km) 10 Hectometer
1 Hectometer 10 Decametre
10 Metre (m)
1
Decametre
1 metre 10 Decimetre (dm)
1
Decimetre 10 centimetre (cm)
10 milimetre (mm)
1
centimetre
1 Mile 1760 Yard
1
Yard 3 Feet
1 Feet 12 Inch Mensuration 2D
1
Inch 2.54 Centimetre (cm) measurements of
0.3048 Metre In this section, We will study the
1
Feet on a plane.
5 Mile 8 Kilometre (km) perimeter and area of figures which lie
1 Hectare 10000 metre? (m²)
1
Cubic metre (m) 1000 Litre
1 Litre 1000 cubic cm (cm)

(Selected Selection fru 85

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector)
 -aissiueas Mensuration-2D
(ii) Area of triangle when two ofits.side and angle between
Triangle /fay them is given
A

b
B
=
(a) Perimeter/q414 at b+ c
(b Semi-perimeter (s),/3¢-vfHrq
= a+b+c
2

(c)
It is denoted by s.
Area : The area of a triangle is denoted by the symbol
|Area =x
1, besin
a=xcasinß =x<absiny 1

A and can be calculated by the following five meth

area if
ods: A triangle with two given sides has a maximum
these two sides are placed at rightangles to each other.

) Area/4i Js(s - a)(s - b)(s -c)

=
A )

Ex. The area (in m) of a triangular field, whose sides are

85 m, 85 m, and 154 m, is :

š,
HINTS:
@Baka_260
aHA (

Area of triangle
) :
s
(s-a)(s - b)(s -c)
B a
b

a+b+c
Where, s = and a, b and c are the sides of the
-2 If a,b are two sides of a triangle
triangle.
Max. Area =ab
85+ 85+154 324 =
S=
2 2
162 (iv) If perimeter and in-radius are given then the area of
triangle.
Area of triangle = x
J162 77x77x8
= x =
4
x9 77 2772 m²
= x Semi-perimeter (346uHTY)
(i In-radius (37:)
Ex. The area of triangle is 15 sg cm and the radius of
its incircle is 3 cm. Its perimeter is equal to:

3 I 3H yfrfu fadâ :
HINTS:
15 3
xs
B s =
D 5cm
.:.
perimeter = x 2 = 10 cm
5
Area x
side x corresponding height (v) If three sides and Circumradius are given then
of triangle.
the area

BC x AD=X
1
AC x
1
abcn
A=X BE=7*AB ×
CF 4 x Circum-radius(Ü )

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector): (Selected Selection fa 86

 AS-f2OLIRT2139 Mensuration-2D
The perimeter and the area of a triangle made by
joining the mid-points of the sides will be half of
original perimeter and one-fourth of the original area
respectively.
P

B
IfP, and R be the mid-point of AB, BC and Ac,
Q a length.
Ex. Consider an equilateral triangle of side of unit
respectively, then A new equilateral triangle is formed by joining the mid

triangle is formed
zf P, Q R RH|: y3 AB, Bc sit AC q points of one, then a third equilateral
of seconds. The process is
by joining the mid-point
formed
continued. The perimeter of all triangle, thus
A is:

P R

B HINTS:
C = 2 x perimeter of original triangle
Sum of all perimeter
= 2
x3 =6 unit
x 1

-
If three medians of a triangle m,, m,, m,
are given
=x
1

The perimeter of APQR Perimeter of AABC - m,,

(a m,, m,
t

@Baka_260
2 qfz feaî frY fT HfI
4 -
x AABC hI yfug Area A

=VS(S. -m,)(Sm m,)(S,m -m,)

(b) If the area of AABC is A, then m, + mn, + m.

Where, S.= 2

Ifmi = m +
m, then
4
R Area A
=m, m,
A 4
A Equilateral Triangle/H4Tz ryG
4 4
C

(C Let a triangle PQR is formed by

joining the mid-points
of the sides of AABC, then
again a AXYZ is formed a

by joiningthe mid-points of the sides of APOR, if this

process continue till infinite, then
B. a
495i
- 3a
Perimeter/4ftHTY

3a
(i Semi-perimeter/4¢YHIY (s) =
E
triangles/H YG
1 475T
) The area of all -
hac (i) Height/3a () 8a
2
4 x Area of AABC h
a T

9) The perimeter
of all triangles/4t fayIvHTT (iv) Area/4Y 54 Va coibanqi97
=2 x Perimeter of AABC SE
(Selected Selection foIT 87
Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector)
 Mensuration-2D

(v)

HINTS:
a
=
Area of equilateral triangle J3
R (9-273 cm?
J3
triangle is
h Ifthe length of each side of an equilateral
increased by v.
(a) In-radius/F1: fan (r) =
2B3 increased by x then area is found be
to

= Ta
(b) Area of the incircle/34-7: gT I A5i 12
(a+x - Ya+y
(c) Circum-radius /4A (R) =
a 4 4
In equilateral triangle/H44Ig faya

(d) Area of circum-circle/ftg 4= 3

Radius of in-circle (r)

(e)
2 Radius of smaller circle1
Radius of circum-circle(R)
Radius of bigger circle 3

@Baka_260
Area of in-circle
(£
Area of circum-circle 4

(g) The ratio of

r :
a:R=1:2J3:2 The area of an equilateral triangle formed by taking
(vi) and P, are the lengths of the perpendiculars
If P,, P, the hypotenuse of a right-angled triangle
as the base
to its areas
drawn from a point inside an equilateral triangle is always equal to the sum of the of the
sides then, equilateral triangles formed by taking the other sides
of the right-angled triangle as the base.
T ii Á cHS P., P, 3N P,
A

P
P C

Pi

B a c B

(a) P, + P, + P, = =h (height/3)
2
Area (AC) = Area (AA) + Area (AB)
2 +
a = Ja P, +P, P)
The area of semi circles formed by taking the
hypotenuse of a right-angled triangle as the diameter
(b) Area
1
A
of the equilateral triangle/H41z faya
is always equal to the sum of the areas of semi circles
formed by taking the other sides of the right-angled
v3 triangle as a diameter.
Ex. 'p' is point inside an equilateral triangle and if lengths of
perpendiculars drawn on each side of triangle from 'p'
are 2 cm, 3 cm and 4 cm. Find area of equilateral triangle.

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) (Selected Selection faT 88

 Mensuration-2D
A

As AB =
, AC =
r4 T 21 28 4 gg1 BC= 35
Ag

B
cA,

Area of semi circle (A) = Area of semi circle (A)+ Area

semi circle (A,)/A, RH GqT I 4ai =A, + A,
It
HINTS:
= Ar. AABC
Find the area of shaded region, where BC =8 cm, Area of shaded part
Ex.
AB = 6 cm and AC = 10 cm. 1
x x =
21 28 294
2
3itr AC = 10 If3 cows are tied to each corner of an equilateral triangular
-6 tt I field of side 'a' cm with ropes of lengths I,, I, and r, cm, then

A
A

B
A 50

HINTS:

@Baka_260
area = Ar. (reg. A) + Ar. (reg. B) + Ar.
Total required
60 60
(reg. C)
B

(reg. A)=2 x n x 25 = 257

=2 Ar.
The area of grazed by the cows:
Area shaded region (p)/G
of (p)
a ci

(r) AR (s)
=

sum of area of region (g), (r) and (s)/4a, (),

The area ungrazed by the cows:

++)
4

C
Isosceles Triangle/u4fgalg ryt
an isosceles triangle such that AB
If ABC be
= AC = a
Area shaded region (s)/NuÍHd
of a (s)
T 75= and BC= b,
then
NC=
Sum of area of region (t) and (u)/a
(t)
R (u) # 4aH a sirt

= at
BC b,

e
a a

Ex. are drawn three on

In the given figure, 3 semicircles
= cm, AC 28 cm and
Sides or triangle ABC. AB 21
BC = 35 cm. What is the area (in cm) of the shaded
B b C
part?

(Selected SelectionfT 89
Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector)
 Mensuration-2D

AC = a HINTS:
(i) Side/ AB=
= 2p
=
2a+ b Perimeter
(i) Perimeter/f4
= (2p(3-22)
(ii) Area/ =
4
PN4a'-b-a sina Area 4

- p² (3-2/2) unit?
V4a?-b? a

(iv) Height/se -a'D 4 2 2R Right-Angled Triangle/44GIUT fA

a A
=
(R)
(v) Circum radius/fAI V4a?-b?

= a V(2R+a)(2R- a) h
(vi) Base/3|R R
Ex. Find the area of an isosceles triangle whose sides are
I8 cm. 5 cm and 5 cm.wik

, ŽI

HETÉ H: 8 5
3R 5 4Ì
B b C
=
(i) p² + b² = h? i.e. AB2 + BC2 AC2
HINTS:
8
(ii) p = Vh²- b², b =
yh²-p², h = /p+ b²
= =
Area = o V4x5-82 4J(36) 24 cm?
(iii) Perimeter/4HIY
=
p+ b+h
HHGTU faYG

@Baka_260
(vi) Isosceles-right triangle/HHTGAIE 1
(iv) Area of triangle/fa4 hl A91=7xpxboT

(v)
a ay2
H

B
a
(a Perimeter/vfurg (P) - a(2 + J2) Area of right angle triangle/HHchU fayg AAHT

Ex. Iftheperimeter of an isosceles right triangle is 8(V2 +1) H

-sin² 0
4
cm,then the length of the hypotenuse of thetriangle is:
afz Hfgag HHG fay vftfr 8N2 +1). , at
Ex One of the angles of a right-angled triangle is 15°
and the hypotenuse is 1 m. The area of the triangle
(in sq. cm.) is
HINTS:k
s(V2+1) - axv2N2+1)
HINTS:
a = 4V2
= 100 x100
:. Hypotenuse x 2 = 8 cm Area x
sin30° =
1250 cm²
aJ2 -4 4
Ex. If hypotenuse of a right angle A is 10 cm.
What can
(b) Area/*7d =a 2 2(6+4/2)
P?
-3-2/2) 4
be its maximum area?

Ex. The perimeter of an isosceles, right-angled triangle

is 2p unit. The area of the same triangle is HINTS:

Areamax
10x10 = 25 cm²
4

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) (Selected Selection feI 90

 Mensuration-2D
Pythagorean Triplets : A
set of three integers a,b. c
which satisfy Pythagoras Theorem ( + or the Maximum possible square inscribed in right angled
sides of a right-angled triangle is called b )
Pythagorcan
triplets.
1: When side of square lies on hypotenuse

The snallest Pythagorean triplet is (3, 4, 5).

h
Some important Pythagorean
tripletsn t

(3, 4, 5), (6, 8, 10), (9, 12, 15), (12, 16, 20),
(15, 20, 25)
(5, 12, 13), (10, 24, 26), (21, 72,75), (8, 15, 17),
(7, 24, 25), (14, 48, 50), (3.5, 12, 12.5), b
pxbxh
(9, 40, 41), (11, 60, 61), (1, 1,2 ), (1, N3, 2) |Side of square/ t yl=
p²+b²
+
pb
(2n, n' - 1,
n'+1), n'+1n'-1]
2 2. When side of sgaure lies on other side
2
According to figure radius of circum circle and incircle

@Baka_260 B{

ac
Side of maximum square, x = a+c)
a

latc
o,1

hs

(v) Inradius/3: fI (r) So, area of the square DEFB

Perpendicular + Base - Hypotenuse
a+c)
p+b-h
'or' 2 Circle/qT
2

(R)
(vi) Circumradius/U farl
h Hypotenuse
;'or 2
Side of largest square inside a triangle whose
base is
H
B'and height is

Area of Circle (gT a 9) = r?r

() Circumference of circle (3T Ì fu) 2r
=
(ii) Area of Semi-circle (346GT i 74i)
2
(iv) Circumference of Semi-circle (31sqT t ff) =
r + 2r
Quadrant/aqatyr

= BxH
Side of square/Tt át yi
B+H

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) Selected Selection fan 91

 Mensuration-2D

) Area of quadrant of circle (q * Tqui 51 aTTBE) IfR and r are radi of two concentriccircles, then

(i) Arca enclosed by two circle

() Circumference of quadrant of circle (9a quta
(ü) Width of path/Tà i úgTs
+2r
2 outer circumference - ínner circumference
R-r
Sector/fats
2

The area enclosed between the concentric

circles is 770
Ex. 21 cm, then
cm² and the radius of the outer circle is
find the radius of the inner circle.

HINTS:
=
Area enclosed between two circle (R?- )

V196= 14 cm
21- )=770 cm² >r=
A

Ex. The area of a circular path enclosed by two concentric

2r0 circles is 3080 m². If the difference between the radius
(0 =
Length of the Arc AB/ AB 1 of the outer edge and that of inner edge of the circular
Y
(i) GaŠ
360°
path is 10 m, what is the sumn (in m) of the two radii?
AAp = (Take n 22/7)
(iü) Area of Sector/ fG 1

@Baka_260
= 0x r?
(iii) Area of Sector/ fas H 7
360°
Ex. If length of the arc = 6 cm and radius of circle = 5
cm. Find area of sector of a circle.
HINTS:
=
z(R-) 3080
22
HINTS:
R+n(R-r) = 3080
= x =
Area x6 5 15 cm² R+r= 98 cm

Ex. Find the area of the sector of a circle of radius 7 cm The number of revolutions completed by a rotating
with a central angle of 90°. wheel in one minute.

Distance covered in one minute/1 f4e T S U

HINTS: Circumference/ vftfu 68
RX7x7 =
Ex. An athlete runs 8 times around a circular field of radius
Area = x 90°= 38.5 cm? 7 m in 3 minutes 40 seconds.
360° 4 speed (in km/)
His
Area enclosed by two concentric circle is: (Taken n =

y qeh 3 f4e 40 Hhs 7 m fa a gdlT

$? (T = 22

R
HINTS:
44 X8,18 144
S=
220 525

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) (Selected selection fari 92

 Mensuration-2D

According to figure three circles which radius

are a. b When three circles of cqual radius is inscribed in a
c right angled triangle as shown in the figure. Then
-
and touch each other externally and all the three b

circles touch a line.

1
1
1,

C b
What is the total area of three equilateral triangle ab
inscribed in a semi-circle of radius cm?
r Radius/frI ()=
5a b +c +

three
An equilateral triangle circumscribes all the
the
circles each of radius r. What is the
perimeter of
equilateral triangle?

I A
bgi T

Area =

@Baka_260
V33V3
3X4 -r= 4
When a circle is inscribed in a qudrant
figure. Then
as shown in the
21

2r X C
ZABC
In ABPQ, ZPBQ =30°
2
|r= (V2-1R
PO
tan30°=
B \zirihesi
1 r
R:
inscribed in a right x
When two circles of equal radius is . = (V3 + 1)
angled triangle as shown in the
figure Side = 2x + 2r= 2V3r + 2r 2r
= = + 1)
Perimeter of triangle 3 side 6r(V3
x

Note: In case of six circles e

J:
B

A
C

ab 41
Radius/favr (r)= Side = 2x + 4r
=
2V3r +4r = 2r(v3 + 2)
3a +b+c

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) Selected Selection faIu 93

 Mensuration-2D
Ex. An equilateral triangle circumscribes all the circles, According to the figure two semicircles are inscribed
each with radius 10 cm. What is the perimeter of the in a quadrant.
equilateral triangle?

() Area shaded region (p)/BTfhd #A (p) hl

of

= Area of shaded region (g)/ST4tehd 4a (q) #1 a

(ü) Area of shaded region (r)/3IfHd Aa
(r)
1 AHA
(s) 1 T
=Area of shaded regions (s)/BTYIÍHT Aa
(s)
(iü) Ratio of the area of the region (p), (q), (r),
HINTS: respectively/ (p), (q), (r), (s) # A hl 4T414
Perimeter = 3 x 2 x 10 (V3 +2)
P:q:r :s
- 60(V3 +2) cm 4 :4:7:7
XBD is quadrant of a circle where, XB
=
4a cm, XA
When a semicircle is inscribed in a right angled = AB = XC = CD. are
triangle, as shown in the figure. Then Four semi-circles drawn taking
area of
XA, AB, XC and CD as diameter. Find the
the shaded region.
,a
@Baka_260
XB = 4a Hit, XA = AB
XBD gi 1 ,
N
B - XC =
CD, XA AB, XC 3R CD #
H
H1H HI

X A B
|Radius/fari (r)= ab HINTS:
a +c
XB = 4a cm
When a semicircle of r-radius is inscribed in a right Area of shaded region
angled triangle lies on hypotenuse as shown in the
figure. Then =Area of quadrant of radius 4a - 4 x Area of
Semicircle of radius a + Area of leaf of radius a
If side of square = 2a cm, find the area of shaded
B
region.

a
Radius/ffI (r) a ab
=

+b

D A

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) (Selected Selection feIt 94

 Mensuration-2D
HINTS: HINTS:
bac Area of shaded region = Area of square of side 2a - cYT Length of
string = 2 x 5 (r+ 3)6s
ox Area of semicircle.of radius a + Area of leaf of
radius a one another.
Three circular rings of equal radii of r cm each Three equal circles each of radius r touch
areThe radius of the circle touching all the three gven
touching each other. A string runs all around the set circles externally is
of rings very trightly. What is the minimum length of
string required to bind all the three rings in the given
manner?

A B

=
AABC equilateralA
2r fraqR y# HHAIE fay ŽI
A, B, C

3x
(2nx120=?2rr OB = circumradius/fkgd t fa
Length of three arc
=
360 Let radius of small circle/H1 qd s t f=x

@Baka_260
= + x = + 3)
.:.
Length of string 2rr 3 2r 2r(r
side of
equilateralA 2r
Note: In case of six rings OB
/3
2r
4r

In the given figure, when all the outer circles have

radii R' then the radius of the inner circle will be

4r
= 6) +
Length of string 2tr 3 4r 2r(
.. =
+ x

cm each, are bound

Ex. Three circles of diameter 10
as shown in the figure.
together by a rubber band,
cm) if it is stretched
The length of the rubber band (in
as shows, is

HINTS:

AC = 2x2R
2R 2r=2/2R
+

R R 2r=2/2R- 2R
r= R(V2-1)
RR
A

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) (Selected SelectionflI 95

 Mensuration-2D
Two circle of equal radius are touch cach other as shown Ex. In the figure given below, AB is line of length 2a, with
in figure, a square of side, 'a' is placed between two M as mid-point. Semi-circles are drawn on one side
circle. On side of squre is on direct common tangent of with AM, MB and AB as diameters. A circle with centre
both circle, find r/a? O and radius r is drawn such that this circle touches
rP
all the three semi-circles. What is the value of
à
fà à fg AB YI Ar 2a M 34h
z ,
fag èl AB, MB, AB Y11 Ì A HA 3Ta 7à

•O, O2

5
2 HINTS:
Three equal circle each of radius r are circumscribed 2R = 2a
by a lrger circle.
R a

Circum radius
of Equilateral As per the given figure, a big circle and 4 small circles
are given inside it, then the ratio of their areas will 1:1.

2r

@Baka_260
-rx29
Radius of larger circle =
V3
B

8 |A
A = B
:B
=
l:1
Note: In case of six circle

Quadrilateral/
.Area of quadrilateral/TÍ Thel

. Radius of
larger circle =
4r
rtv3+4)
F

According to figure radius of each circle

1
Area = x BD x
AE +,x BD x CF = 1
BD (AE + CF)
2 2 2
R

7x diagonal x (sum of perpendicular dropped on it)

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector)

Selected Selection fait 96
 Mensuration-2D
In ä quadrilateral ABCD, AC =12 cm. If length of the A
Ex.
ot perpendiculars drawn from B and D to line AC are 5
cm and

fati agya
7 cm,
ABCD ,
the area of the quadrilateral ABCD is :
AC - 12
ri t gft B
ai D À
a

B b C
HINTS:
1 (iv) Perimeter/tfury = 2(length/ran + breadth/yr)
Area = x 12 x (7 + 5) = 72 cm² + b)
2 2(a
Area/79 length/aI breadth/sr-
= x ab
(v)
The quadrilateral formed by joining the mid-point of = Area of ADOC/
AAOB/AAOB 1
the adjacent side of the quadrilateral will be a (vi) Area of

parallelogram of half area. ADOC hI Ei

= Area of AB0C/ABOC
Area of AAOD/AAOD I aG
ab
D 4
circle
(vii) Radius of the maximum large possible

P R

, @Baka_260
b
If
Q, R,S are the mid-point of the side AB, BC,
P,

CD and DArespectively, then

yfk P, Q,R, S 4: 13 AB, BC, CD 3it DA

qg fag - B

b
a

(a) PQRS is a parallelogram r= Breadth_

ol 2 2

x, Radius of the circle circumscribed the rectangle

(b) If the area of the quadrilateral is then ABCD be R, then
=
Area of the parallelogram PQRS

X D

B C

P x/2R
Va'+b?
R= 2
x times and
B C () Ifthe length of the rectangle will become
area
y
breadth will become times, then of the rectangle
xy
Rectangle/T4T will become times.
= a and BC = AD
(1)
AB = CD =b
(i) AC = BD = Ja?+b² (ii) Area of the path of uniform width d all around outside
Va'+b? the rectangle ABCD
(i) AO =
0C = OB = OD =
2

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) Selected Selection felar 97

 Mensuration-2D
P
Ex. The diagram given below shows two paths drawn inside
a rectangular field 50 m long and 35 m wide. The width
of each path is 5 metres. Find the area of the shaded
d portion.

Area of
the path/Fà I A= 2d(?+ b+ 2d)
HINTS:
Ex. A street of width 10 metres surrounds from outside
a rectangular garden whose measurement is 200m 50m
180m. The area of the path (in square metres is) P

35m
:
ia À)
A
M
N B
HINTS:
5

Area of the path

= 2 x 10 (200 + 180 + 20) = 20 (400) 8000 m? R S
=
(ii Area of the path of uniform width 'd all around inside
Area of
shaded portion (l + b-dd
=
the rectangle ABCD = (50 +
35- 5)5 400 m?
Ex A rectangular plot 20 m long and 14 m wide is to be
covered with grass leaving 2 m all around. Find the
area to be laid with grass.
S

@Baka_260
b d d

R
HINITS:
E

= + D
Area of
the path/ 1 ah b-2d) 2d(l
Ex A path of uniform width runs round the inside of
rectangular field 38 m long and 32 m wide. If the path
occupies 600 m², then the width of the path is RI
2m
GreenLawn
2m
(a) 30m (b) 5m
T2m
(c) 18.75m (d) 10m A B
HINTS: 20m
Area of path = 2d(l + b- 2d) Length of grassy lawn = 20-2 x 2
600 = 2d(38 + 32 - 2d) L= 20-4 = 16 m
300 = d(70 - 2d) Breadth of grassy lawn = x
150 = d(35 d)
–
(d- 30) (d- 5) =
0 d =30 &5 14-2 2
B= =
14
–4 10m
.From option (a) 30m and (b) 5 m are satisfied above grassy lawn =length
equation but 3m width is not valid so answer is 5m. Area of x
breadth
(ii) Area of the path of uniform width d along the length = 16 x 10 = 160 m²
and the breadth

s2 btu B D

Area of the path/Tà

I E (+ b-d)d

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) (Selected Selection faIT 98

 Mensuration-2D
Area of shaded region (p)/BifGd
- Area of shaded region (q)/fd
a (p) 5 TE When diagonal is given then,A s4
(a) I T

()
Area of shaded region (r)/ifhd
- Area of shaded region a 5 (r) I
f, (diagonald
(s)/ifha T (s)
5 Te Area =
2 2
(iü Area of shaded region (t)/IHd a (t) h AeI (iv Straight lines joining the mid points of adjacent sides
Area of shaded region (u)/yifad A (u) aA of any square forms a square.
(iv Area of shaded region (p), (q), (r), (s)/hd (p),
(), (r), (s) 1 A
= Area of
rectangular region/ 3T4dTGTK
A R C
A carpet has fix width

W Tw
P
P, Q, R, and S are mid points and PQRS is a square.
P, Q, R
3iR S H4-fag a4I PORS V# qf I
() Let carpet of width w covers floor of dimension lx b (v) Area ofA AOB = Area of ABOC= Area of ACOD

= = a
= Area of ADOA
Area of carpet/ae Area floor/i 1
of
4

@Baka_260
x w

Al, =l xb
Length of carpet required/3TGYYG Hie aâ a ,=
W
Let in rectangular tiles of dimension (x
x y) cover the
(
floor of dimension (l x b)
314IhI{ USH ([x b) 314T4
H (x x
y) 3414 t hÍ

Area of n
tiles/n ZsH H Area of floor/ B a C
(vi Radius of the largest circle drawn outside the square
lb of side 'a'
n xx X
y= l x
b n= xy
of square
(ii) If the floor is covered by the minimum number length
tiles, then the side of square tile is HCF of the
and breadth of floor. R

Square/at A B

a
A
Radius of circuncircle (R) =ä
Radius of the largest circle inscribed inside the
square
(vii)
of side 'a'
V2a
a
D

2
E Radius of incircle (r) =
D
2
x
Perimeter/yfurq =4 Side 4a A

Area = (Side)? =
a
(Selected Selection fac 99
Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector)
 Mensuration-2D
(vii) If one of the diagonal or the perimeter become x For the follwing igure, Side of square is 'a'
times then the area will become x times or increases
by (x - 1) times.

(ix) For two squares/ qi fralite

(a) Ratio of sides/Y 4qd
= Ratio
of diagonal (fu 4q)
- Ratio of perimeter (ufy
1 4qua)
(b) Ratio of area/ T
AT ATIA
- (Ratio of sides/a13 = 3a?
I Aqa 2 Area of non-shaded region/3HAYHT 4T bi 14
= (Ratio of diagonal/faavi 3qTa)? area
radius of all the circles is 14 cm, find the
of
= Ex. If
(Ratio of perimeter/419 1 TTa? the shaded region
Find the area of the largest square that can be drawn
inside a semi-circle of radius r.

(xi)
@Baka_260 |Area of square

Area of the square inscribed in i

-2r

of radius 'r(As shown in thequadrant

- r

of a circle
HINTS:

= 3 =
Area of red region 28 x 28 168 cm2
14
( fa fa frGRI TI Ž)1 According to the figure area of shaded region

|Area of square =

a
P
A

(xii) Area of the square inscribed in the quadrant of a

circle of radius 'r(As shown in the figure).

( fa fafrt TI Ž)1

D a
Area of square =

A P A
B

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) (Selected Selectionfn 100

 Mensuration-2D

D D According to the figure area of shaded region

A A a B

Area shaded region/fbd y1 oA

a plr-12+63
a"

Area of shaded region is equal in each case. = a

If side
of
square/qf qi yi
Yellow

Area of shaded region in each case

area Blue
Ex. ABCD is a square whose side is 14 cm, find the
of the shaded region.
fHGT TI 14
H , Bfeaa y1 I

@Baka_260
ABCD h
qi

Red
t
Radius of yellow circle/itt qT fI16
ga át f = 1
Radius of blue circle /

D = 3a
C
Radius of red circle / IT gi h 8
HINTS:
For the following figure, side of square is 'a.
4
Area of
shaded region= -a2
7
Red
=
,x 14 x 14 112 cm?

region
According to the figure area of shaded
tYelloy+ Yellow

Blue

Area of blue Region/ a 1 A5 2 4

/3, a?
Area of yellow Region/t 4a 61 4Ah 4
12
a

Area of shaded region

a
-3(1- N3)+ n) Area of red Region/ig a E
=a a324
6
3

(Selected Selection fa 101

ditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector)
 Mensuration-2D
For the following figure, side of square
is 'x. HINTS:
16 x x
=
Area 24 x10
D C x 15 cm
(vii) Area of all triangles of same base and between the par.
allel lines are the samc.

A A
-Q
B

Area of shaded region/Brifhd HT 1 tT: If XY || PQ, then

Area AABC = Area AABD = Area AABE
-12-2x-3/3) Ex. In AABC, D and E are mid points of sides AB and BC
respectively BC is extend up to F such that CF BC.
Parallelogram/4uiaT agýT Then what is relation between Ar.ADEF and Ar.AABC.
In Parallelogram ABCD, let side AB - a cm and BC = b AABC À, D E THI: YoIs AB iR BC * fg T Bc q
cm, then
HHTT TgA ABCD À,
fk AB= a
sr BC b ,t
A
D
HINTS:

@Baka_260
h,

B G
Let G is mid point of BC
AB = CD and BC = AD
(i) Each diagonal AC or BD divides the parallelogram in
. Ar.ADEG = Ar. AABC
4
the congruent triangles.
If D and are mid points of AB and AC respectively
then DE || BC || BF
Ar.ADEF = Ar.ADEG (triangles in between || lines with
AC² + BD²
=
(ii 2(a+ b)
same base) = Ar. AABC
(iv) Perimeter/vfyry = 2(a + b)
4
(v) Area/$4he|= Base x Height = ax h =
bx h, Rhombus/44ag
The length of one diagonal is d/y fa+uf
(vi) iar d In rhombus ABCD,
Then/d,
Area of parallelogram ABCD/4T TgHT ABCD I D
a= 2
Js(s - a)(s- b)(s d) d

- a +b+d
where/e s 2
Ex. Side AB 24 of a parallelogram ABCD is 24cm and
side AD = 16 cm. The distance between AB and CD
is 10 cm, then find the distance between AD and BC.
B
a
AD =
16 ŽI AB
q
CD y
t t 10
Let the side BC = a, AC.= d, and BD = d,,
then

Aditya Ranjän (Excise Inspector) Selected Selection fa 102

 Mensuration-2D

AB = BC CD
= DA
=a
- 15m (DC)I TTdq
A

ftr, sr
1 <
(AB)
Side/ =a- Vdj + d? (BC) " 10
ABCD 5 YHY (ftzr ) 7
or, 4a² = d² + d HINTS:
15 m
(fiü) Perimeter/ifHY = 4a A

10 m 10 m
=
1
8m 8m
(iv) Area/#h|
F
D E m

(V)
Perimeter of a rhombus is 2p unit and sum of the 6m 15 m -6
lengths of diagonals is m unit, then the area of the = JAD? - AE?
rhombus is Pythagorean theorem DE

- DE-JAD²- AE? =
102-8² = V36=6m
m HzG# I
3HhI 5i
Perimeter of trapezium m
=
AD + DC + BC+ AB=10 27
+ +10 + 15 62
BC parallel sides,
ABCD is a trapezium with AD and area
-(m² -p)sq, unit Ex.
of the of ABCD to
E is a point on BC. The ratio
that of AAED is
ABCD, AD 3 BC HHTIR yI3 acI VG HHGA , E
cm and one
Ex. Length of each side of a rhombus is 13
of the diagonal 24 cmn. What is the area (in cm²)
of the rhombus?

@Baka_260
HINTS:
D

HINTS:
= + d,?
4 x 13 x 13 242

d, = 10 cm
B

x = 120 cm?
Area
= x 24 10 AD+BC)xh AD+ BC
Area of trapezium ABCD

Trapezium/4 ag Area AAED ADŽA AD

AB
Ex. ABCD is a trapezium in which AB L| DC and
2CD. The diagonals AC and BD meet at O. the ratio
of area of triangle AOB and COD is
AB
ABCD eH4CY
H rH AB || DC 3it
BD O W fGTt f AOB
h 2CDI faauÍ AC 3r f
HINTS:
D

b
Area of trapezium/ THGA
O ahel
G1 YT X height/
parallel sides/HHIT YAA
B
2* sum of A
Let CD=xthen AB = 2 CD 2x
ACOD AAOB
ABCD. AB and DC parallel are to each
na trapezium
a perpendicular distance of 8 m between them. Area AAOB AB?
With = < (DC). What CD?
Also, (AD) = (BC) 10 m, and (AB). 15m
= Area ACOD
ABCD?
1s the perimeter (in m) of the trapezium
Seleted Selection fain 103
Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector)
 Mensuration-2D
Ex. The ratio of the length of the parallel sides of a Ex. A wall is of the form of a trapczium with height 4
trapezium is 3:2. The shortest distance between them and parallel sides being 3m and 5m. What is the cos#
is 15 cmn. if the area of the trapezium is 450 cm², the of painting the wall, if the rate of painting is Rs. 2e
sum of the length of the parallel sides is
per sq. m?

HINTS:

+ x HINTS:
450 =(2x 3x) 15
x 4 = 16 m?
5x=30
..
x
2 x= 12 Area of trapezium
=
(3+ 5)

Sum of the length of the parallel sides = =

= Total cost of painting 16 x
25 Rs. 400
5x =5 x 12 = 60 cm

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Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) 10

(Selected Selection faN
 Mensuration-3D

MENSURATION 3D
04
afaty afufi
Indroduction/uftag Lateral Surface Area (LSA) VIgd yo aAT
LSA ofa solid is the sum of areas of all the surface
A 3-D solid is a figure that is not flat, it is three
dimensional, namely length, breadth and height or excluding top and bottom surface.
thickness. The flat surface that binds it is called faces.
The intersection of surfaces gives us a line known as
edge. The intersection of edges gives point known as
vertices. Total Surface Area (TSA) hT you AT
TSA of a solid is the sum of the lateral surface
area and
the areas of the base amnd the top.

TSA = LSA + Area of top surface + Area of bottom

surface
Euler derives a law to establish relationship between
number of vertices, faces and edges. It states that

@Baka_260
number of vertices pius the number of faces in every
3-D solid will will always equal to number of edges plus
two. If V, F andE denotes the number of vertices, faces Cuboid/qr
and edges respectively then, by Euler's law A cuboid is a rectangular solid object having six
rectangular surfaces. It is sometimes also called as
rectangular parallelopiped.

V+F =E+2
Height
Let us consider an exampie of cube:

Length
Face For a cuboid with base length (), breadth (b) and
height (h)
+ Edge ciais (), sIÉ (b) 3n 3iS (h) aI y4 f
1
() Lateral Surface Area /RG y4
=
+Vertex 2(l+ b)h
(ü) Total Surface Area/ yst aci
- bh + h)
2(lb +
i ES
3TYdA.
(iii) Volume of Cuboid/4I9 I
Clearly, x h
S
= b

V= 8, F = 6 andE- 12 lx
= = 14 faaui
From Euler's Rule, V+F =8+6 = E+2 12+2 (iv) Diagonal of Cuboid/q4
In general a solid has two types of surface areas:

(Selected Selection fa 105

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector))
 Mensuration-3D

Note:- Length of longest rod that can be placed in the tFolded up

= Diagonal faesuf
1-2x
Relation between area of faces and volume

yG

Volume of rectangular box/AI4AIhR fs aT

Volume = JA, xA, xA,
(l-2x (b-2)x
=

Ex. The areas of three adjacent faces of a cuboid are 32 a rectangular sheet of
cm², 24cm² and 48cm². Find the volume of cuboid. Ex. From the four- corners of
dimensions 25 cm 20 cm, square of side 2 cm is
x cut

roff from four corners and a box is made. The volume

of the box is
HINTS: 25 t x 20 t 31414 AIcit y 31YAIHK Ye
Volume= /32x24x48 = 192 cm

Relation between diagonal and total surface area of a

cuboid HINTS:
Volume of rectangular box
x 2) x 2 = cm
=
(25-2 x 2) (20-2 672
(l+ b+ h)² = P + b² + h² + 2(lb bh + h)
+

square.of side 3 cm is cut off from each corner of

a
(Sum of dimensions)? = (Diagonalj? + Total Surface Area Ex. A
cm
rectangular sheet of length 24 cm and breadth 18
and the remaining sheet is folded to form an open
Ex. The sum of length, breadth and height of a cuboid is rectangular box. The surface area of the box is

@Baka_260
20 cm. If the length of the diagonal is 12 cm, then
find the total surface area of the cuboid.

HINTS:
HINTS: Surface area of the open box
+ (- 2) (b- 2x) + 2 (b - 2x) () + 2() (l -2:x)
(20)2 = 12 x 12 + 2(lb + bh h)
- (24 -2 x 3) (18-2 x 3) + 2 (18-2 x 3) (3) + 2(3) (24
Total Area =
Surface 256 cm? x
-2 3)
Volume of hollow cuboid/t at HTY 1 34T4T = 18 x 12 + 6 x 12 + 6 x 18
=
bh - (-2) (b-2x) (h - 2x) = 216 + 72.+ 108 = 396 cm²
Where, xis the thickness of walls of the cuboid

Ex. A Wooden box measures 20 cm by 12 cm by 10 cm.

Note: fH YHR 3H Question
surface l area (b) stg
Box open at upper
3t yar yf f 4 i ,
paint Ì GTA ygi 4 5Í (Floor) 1 area (b) a1
5
Thickness of wood is 1 cm. Volumne of wood to make
the box (in cubic cm) is
x 12 x 10
s3
square unit cost
h
r
H surface area(lb + 2bh + 2h) per
yG 14GIR qeH át faHT h491: 20 multiply ht I
Ex. The length, breadth, and height of a room are 10 m, 8
m and 6 m respectively. Find the cost of whitë washing
HINTS:
the walls of the room and the ceiling at the rate of Rs.
7.50 per m?.
Volume of hollow cuboid/a 4
YAT
= x 12 =
20 x,10- (20-2) (12 -2) (10- 2) 960
Making a box from rectangular sheet
(a) Rs. 2,220 (b) Rs. 1,850 ei
We can make an open rectangular box by cutting off
equal squares of side x unit at four corners and the
(c) Rs. 2,150 (d) Rs. 2,000
remainder is folded up HINTS:
(10 x 8+2 x 8 x6+2
= =
Area x.6x 10) 296 m²
cost of white washing = 296 x 7.5= Rs.2220

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector)) (Selectedselection fangt 100

 Mensuration-3D
JEi ZT7 A 3T4NYH Mesuration t* per sequare
15 Hu Consider 'a' is the side of the
init cost š prime
number 34Yal prime number hi multiple
cube.i3
ttsfA TR Ì prime number multiple rm, fk g
t l () Lateral Surface Area/NA yt A5 4a? =

g
a
multiple l correct answer hl digit sum 9 aI (i) Total Surface Area/hT yi 4AG =6a?
(i) Volume/34d
= a
3u 31EZU # 7.5 prime number 3 1 y6 multiple =
(iv) Diagonal/ fau 3a
multiple Ex. Six cubes, each of edge 2 cm, are joined end to end. What
(a) Rs.2220 &t
3 1 is area of the resulting cuboid in cm ?
the total surface
A rectangular tank is'T metres long and 'h' metres deep.
If 'x cubic metres of water be draw in off the tank, the
level of the water in the tank goes down by 'd' metres,
then the amount of water (in cubic metres) the tank HINTS:
6 = 12 cm, cm h=2 cm
&
x
xxh l=2 b=2
can hold is given by cubic metres and the .:. =
2(12 2)
T.S.A. x +12)] = 104 cm²
(2 x 2) + (2 x
of volume 1728 cm², are kept in
Ex. Four solid cubes, each row. They form a
is metres. two rows having two cubes in each
breadth of the tank d,
square base. The total surface
rectangular solid with
area (in cm) of the resulting solid is:

( ld (H ) AIA
H
HINTS:
Ex. A rectangular tank is 50 metres long and 29 metres Side of each cube. = 1728
= 12 cm
deep. If 1000 cubic metres of water be drawn off the x
l= 12 2 24 = cm, b= 12 x 2 = 24 cm & h =
12 cm
tank, the level of the water in the tank goes down by 2 .:. x +
T.S.A. = 2[(24 x 24) + (24 12) (12
x 24)
metres. How many cubic metres of water can the tank

@Baka_260
=
=
2[(576+ 288 +288)] 2304 cm2
hold? And also find the breadth of the tank.
Right Circular Cylinder/HHq ríry aeA
A solid which has uniform circular cross-section is
called a cylinder (or, a right circular cylinder)

HINTS:
1000 × 29 -=
Volume of the tank
= 14500 cub m.
2
even if the length of the
Note: We may conclude that
tank can
rectangular tank is not given. Volume of the length h
the tank is
be calculated. To find breadth of
needed but not the height the
of tank.

Let r bethe radius of circular cross-section ánd h be

the height of cylinder, then

. 1000 10 metres.
Breadth of the tank= 50 ×2 (i) Area of crosS-section/ 3M4 He I h= r?
(ii) Perimeter (circumference) of cross-section/Ay4
Cube/T are square is
solid object having all the six surfaces ysty
A
known as cube. Thus, length, breadth and
height of a (ii) Curved Surface area/46 (ING) aT
cube are equal. Perimeter of cross-section/34 ae HI yHIY x

height/iš = 2nrh
(iv). Total Surface area Hu yo4 a= Curved
5 e
surface area dsh (IRd) ys ah+2x Area of

= +
h)
2rh + 2(r) 2nr(r
(v) Volume/34d Area = of crosS-section/34 hle
x
a1 height/

tya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) Selected Selection fzn 107|

 Mensuration-3D
Ex. The curved area of a cylindrical
pillar is 264 m² and
Hollow Cylinder/aret arT
volume is 924 m°.Taking - 22
Find the ratio of its
diameter to its height.

h
n
AKGA 924
mTaking

HINTS:
(i) Curved Surface Area/Å ys4 HAH
=
Diameter 2r 2x 8rv? 2x8x 22x 924 x 924 7
2rh + 2rRh = 2nh(R + r) Height h (CSA)
.

7x264 x 264 x264 3

(ii) Total Surface Area/hi yo
ah (ii) If curved surface area (c) and height (h) are given the
= + + –
2rh(R r) 2z(R² r)
(ii) Volume of material of hollow Cylinder
volume of cylinder/ fr Nd ys tast (c) TT
3É (h

= z(R? - r)h c

V=
(iv) Mass (weight) of hollow cylinder/a d al 7 4n h
(R)
Ex. A right circular cylinder of height 16 cm is covered by a
= x x
Density Volume of material/4G VqIÉ I rectangular tin foil of size 16cm x 22 cm. The volume of

@Baka_260
the cylinder is:
Ex. A hollow cylinder is made up of steel. The difference
in its outer and inner CSA is 132 cm². Height of
cylinder is 21 cm and sum of its inner and outer
radius is also 2l cm. find the TSA of the hollow HINTS:
cylinder (in cm).
If tin foil covered cylinder then curved surface area of
cylinder is equal to area of tin foil.
C.S.A. = 16cm x
22cm
h= 16cm
HINTS:
We have, Volume
16x22x16x22x7
4th 4x 22x16 =616 cm
2Th(R - r) = 132
R-r= 1
Folding and revolving a rectangular sheet
R+r=21 cm (given)
Also,
R= 11 cm, r= 10 cm
Rectangular sheet to be fold
So,
TSA of hollowcylinder = 2rh(R + r) + 2 (R² –)
= +
2(R +r) h R-r]
b
=2 xx
22
7
21 (21+1]

=6 x 22 x 22 = 2904 cm?
If curved surface area (c) and volume (v) are given then
ratio of radius to height
h =b
2rr =1

81 V²|
h=1,2r=b r 2r
b

h Folding along length Folding along Breadth

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) Selected Selection faa 108

 Mensuration-3D
S
Rectangular sheet to be revolveT BE
slis Let the right angled triangle ABC be revolved about
its side AB to form a cone: then AB is the height (h)
of the cone formed, BC is the radius (r) of its base and
AC is the slant heightin

h =b
r=l
h =l,r=b h

Along length Along Breadth

Ex. A rectangular paper sheer of dimensions 22 cm x 12 cm

is folded in the form of a cylinder along its length. What C
will be the volumne of this cylinder? () Slant height/ faf# lVre+h? as =
Taker = 22 (ii) Curved Surface Area/ YNG Yt ahT rl
(ii) Total Surface area/ yaty.#ah
=
rr +
)
1
(iv) Volume/34dT=r´h
3
area of
Ex. The volume of a conical tent is 1232 m³ and the canvas

@Baka_260
its base is 154 sq.m. Find the length of the
canvas is 2 m.
Taken = required to build the tent, if the width of

HINTS:
=
2r 22
HINTS
22x7 7 LR2 = 154 m² R=7m
cm., h = 12 cm
2x 22 1
h 1232 m

& TR'h = 1232 m3 h=24

154
..
V= rh
22 49
7
=
=
12 462
xx
a rectangular sheet of
3
l= 25 m 9
=
Area of the canvas required.to build the tent rl
Ex. A figure is formed by revolving Which will equal to the area of the rectangular canvas.
What is the
dimesions 7 cm x 4 cm about its length.
22
volume of the figure. thus formed? x = 2 x
the canvas
7 x7
25 Length of

Length of the canvas 275 m

=

All triangles formed by cutting cone are similar to each

frda other.
HINTS:
h=7 cmn

r=4 cm
volume = rh h
N
p

=x4
x 4
x7352 cm3 H

|Right Circular Cone (HH qit Ng

a triangle
The solid obtained by revolving right-angled
D

of its sides (other than hypotenuse) is

about oneb
called a cone or right circular cone.
wt (i) AOCD ~ AOAB(ZA = 2C=90, 20= 2O)
a1
Sec0 H RL H h is ie toc:
hr =oR
Selected Selection fei 109
ditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector)
 Mensuration-3n
Let V is volume.of larger cone and v is volume of smaller
Cone

(i)=V 3 R°H h

Frustum
(iii)
H' R
L

R
(iü)

(i) Volume of
frustum (fs 3414G1)

h Rr)
4 (ii) Curved surface area (rA yS4 AENT)= n(R +
5 l
(ii) Total surface area ( yST Ah)
= nl(R + r) + r (R? + r) Where l= h?
+(Rr2
a
Rotation of right anlged triangle. (HH6 faya

A
A
CSA of 5 parts of cone/iE 5
b I 3TTYIG
12 :
22– 12 :
32- 22: 42 - 32: 52-42

@Baka_260
B
= b
1:3:5:7:9
Volume of 5 parts of
cone/i + 5
Mi + 34GA hl
a C
-
13: 53 – 43
23 –
13:33- 23: 43
33: Along
=
19:37 :61
1:7:
Base Perpendicular Hypoteneous
If S denotes .the area of the curved surface area of a A B A
right circular cone of h height and semivertical angle a
then S equals ?

r=c r=a
h=a h=c
l= b
l=b
By.Similarity rb = ac
sum of volume of two cones

h
Ex. A right AABC with sides
5 cm, 12 cm and 13 cm 1s
revolved about the side 12 cm. What is
the volume o1
the solid so obtained?
, 12
S
stt 13
yISi AI
UA
ri AABC tg
tan a = h
COS a =

HINTS:
r=h tana
l= h seca r=5cm
S= rl= thiseca. tana, h
12 cm

Frustum/fs-ch Volume of
cone=,rhie S

If a cone is cut by a plane parallel to its base, the

portion of solid between this plane and the base is =
x
known as frustum of the cone. IX 5? 12 100 rcm3 tEÂV

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) Selected Selection fn 110

 Mensuration-3D
Cone formed by rolling up sector liA
a

Curved surface area of cone Area of

sector= 2

When a sector is rolled up in such a way that the two

binding radii are joined together then a cone gernerates. 2

Volume of cone (VIE AI 31407)

1.
A
right angled sector of radius a cm is rolled up into a 1

Cone
-h2
Note: Canvas required to
8/3
construct a conical tent
=
Curved surface area of cone
Ex. A semicircular sheet of metal of diameter 28
cm is bent
cup
into an open conical cup. The capacity of the
1
uset
=

Rolled Up

use n=
:
HINTS:
22x 14 x 14x14
=r=
2ur'
2 4
&l=r Capacity of cup
= Tr
8/3 7x8x1.7

@Baka_260
Height of cone (yE áÌ 3hars) (h) 622.36 Cm
=

Sphere/iteTt
a
W15r
A sphere is a solid obtained on revolving circle about
any diameter of it. t
4

Curved surface area of cone = Area of sector=

4

Volume of cone/yE hI 3A4i

V15r 15zr
d
4 192
a cone.
2. A semicircular sector of radiusrcm is rolled into

=
Surface area (yy ) 4ur?

=
Volume (314d1)
h
Rolled Up
Let v,and v, be volume and S, and S, be area of two
11E
2

sphere then
271
2
Height of cone yia G () 3/2

4 2

(Selected Selection fIN 111

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector)
 Mensuration-3D

Ex, The surface area of two spheres are in the ratio 4 :

9. Ex. A hollow spherical metallic ball has an external diamet.
Their volumes will be in the ratio. 6cm and is cm thick. The volume the of
ball (in cm
is
n =
|Take riargot
HINTS: irodd
y3/2
a\3/2

Ex. The rartio of weights of two spheres of different materials HINTS:

is 8:17 and the ratio of weights per lc of materials of
each is 289 : 64. The rartio radii of the two spheres is:
=
Volume of the ball

HINTS:

Density = Mass 2291 143 =47 cm'

Volume 3 3
i
Hemisphere/Hr
289 8x64 When a solid sphere is cut through its center into two
Ratio of the volumes of sphere = 17 equal (identical) piece, each piece is called a
289 x 17
64 hemisphere.

@Baka_260
4
3 8x8x8
4 17x17x17 17
3

Spherical Shell/ag I
It is solid encosed between two concentric spheres.

Let be the external radius and r be the internal

radius of a spherical shell then (i) Curved Surface area (NG ySY Ai) - 2r²
(i) Total surface area (i ysty a) =3r?
2
(iii) Volume (3I4G1)
Ex. The volume of asolid hemisphere is 19404 cm.Its total
Surface area is:

(a) 4158 cm2 (b) 2858 cm?

R (c) 1738 cm2 (d) 2036 cm?
HINTS:
2 = 2,22
Tr 19404 19404
3 3*7 Xr=
its volume = (R-r)= Volume of material in 19404x3x7 sit l
=9261
spherical shell 2x 22
(9261)3 =2lcm

Total surface area = 4n(R?- )

.:. Total surface area =3r2 =3 x x 21 x 21 =4158 cm
7
Total surface area is always multiple of 3 and 11. It is
only possible for option (a).

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector)) (Selected Selection faigt 112

 Mensuration-3D
cs
Hemispherical Shell/3tieîu ti Height of cylinder/A Í
- Diameter of sphere/iA 1 =
2r 4

R Volume Cylinder/àH#1 314d4:Volume

of of Sphere/

-
(i)
Curved Surface area (9N4 yn àHa) r(2r):-2: 3:2
=
2n(R?- r)
(iii) A maximum cylinder inside cube then
(i) Total surface area (4 yša 5) =
3z (R² -)

(ii) Volume (3141) -r

2
(R° - r)
Summary/HUN

Sphere Hollow Sphere Hemisphere Hemispherical Shell

Tslo

4
|V=R-r)|
Radius of cylinder/i t fa

@Baka_260
Combination of3-D Objects = a
-xedge of cube
2 2
A solid maximum 3-D object inside another 3-D object Height of cylinder/a hIg =
edge of cube/7 1
a
fh
Volume of cube/A 51 3T4GT: Volume of cylinder /d1
() A maximum cone inside a cylinder

-1:14:11
h (iv) A maximum sphere inside a cube then

Volume of cylinder/ 1 344dT: Volume of cone/

= 1
r'h:=rh =3:1
3
A cylinder just encloses a sphere then

do13tiot a
Diameter of sphere/ HT
A (2r) = edge of cube/

Volume of cube/A I 3TYTT

:
Volume of sphere/t

H
= 21: 11
d-H

(Selected Selection foIU 113

acitya Ranjan (Excise Inspector)
 Mensuration-3D
(v) A maximum cube inside a sphereh ntaoA (viii) A maximum cube inside a coneCinsriqe}an

=
an-Diagonal of cube/1 1 fraui Diameter of sphere/

B
A
a
a

R
V3a=2r a 2r C
D
V3
Volume of
sphere/ 31447 :
Volume of cube/47 AOCD ~ AOAB

OC CD
4 8 OA AB
11V3:7
H R :AB= 2a a
(vi A maximum sphere inside a cone H-a a/2
(ix) Largest cube inside a hemisphere

@Baka_260
then, AOCD ~ AOBA
A

OD CD
OA AB
R Let R be the radius of hemisphere and x be the side of
cube. C is the centre of hemisphere.
h-r
lxr= hR- Rr
hR
l+R BD = J2x
(vii) maximum cylinder inside a cone
.. =

BC

In AABC, AC? = AB² + BC²Cpt 5

A R? =
2

When we transform one object into another object,

~
volume remains constant.
AOCD A0ABssige o
579urCl
=
(ZA LC= 90°, Z0 common)
() Concept of Melting & Recasting
OA AB
H R Volume of Melted object/fyart A ATAGT = Volume
H-h of recasted object/ytgt
K ag I A4GI

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) Selected Selection fain 114

 Mensuration-3D

Two right circular cones of equal height of radi of base (i) Concept of digging & earth taken out.
3cm and cm are melted together and made to a solid
4

sphere radius 5cm. The height

of of a cone is:

Volume of earth taken out/ftealei Tf I 3147

=Volume of ambankment or volume of cuboid cylinder

HINTS:
Volume of two cones
=
Volume of sphere

*h*x*xhx?
9h + 16h = 4'x 125
4x125 = 20 cm
h= 25
Dy Three cubes of metal whose edges are 6cm, 8 cm and
10 cm, respectively are melted and a single cube is
formed. What is the length of the edge of the newly formed
cube?

-
Tr°h = nl(r + w)² r]xx
a or
Note: Generally, the soil taken out from cuboidal
HINTS: a the
cylindrical well is used to make platform around
Volume of recast cube = Sumn of volume of three cubes same well or to fill another cuboidal / cuboidal /
= + + 1000 of the
a³ = 63 + 83 + 103 216 512 cylindrical / hemispherical vessel. The volume
to volume of the

@Baka_260
=
1728 removed soil figure is made equal the
used soil figure.
.:. a = (1728)3 = 12cm

NOTE: When many cubes integrate into one cube the

side of the new cube is given by

all the cubes

=/Sumof cubes of sides of

6cm
Ex. Ahollow sphere of intertnal and external diameters Ex
A
well 20 m in diameter is dug 14 m deep and the earth
a circular m to
and 10cm respectively is melted into cone
right taken out is spread all around it to a width of 5
is:
cone of diameter 8 cm. The height of the form an embankment..The height of the embankment
is:

HINTS:
Volume of cone = Volume of hollow sphere HINTS:
=
Volume of embankment Volum of well (Volume of
x4° xh=5-3')
1

earth taken out)

t
125-27 98
24.5cm 49 r(152 – 102) h
= X 102 x
14s
h= 2
4 4
12 sphere of the same size
are made by melting a solid 10x10x14 56 = 11.2m 12
l:Lic'ty)
cm height. The diameter h=
cylinder of 16 cm diameter and 2 125
field is 125m long and 15m wide. A tank 10 m 7.5 m
x
of each sphere is: Ex. A

x6 m was dug on in and the Earth thus dug out was

spread equally the remaining field. The level of the
field thus raised is equal to which one of the following?
HINTS:
Volume of 12 spheres = Volume of cylinder"
4
12 x

12x4
(Selected Selection fI 115|
Aditya Ranjan (ExciseInspector)
 Mensuration-3n
HINTS: Ex. Water flows througha cylinderical pipe, whose
radiye:
Rermaining field - Area of field - Area of tank Tcm, at 5 metre per second. The time, it takes to fli
- 125 x 15- 10 empty water tank, with height 1.54 mnetres and ares
7.5 = 1800
x

Volume of
earth dug = 10 x 7.5 x
6= 450n
By given condition, 1800 x the base (3 x 5) square metres is (Talker
h= 450
450
m= 100 cm =25cm
1

h=
1800 4
(iii) Filinga container by another shape container.

Volume of filling
container/ E 31477 = A

Taker = 22
tobe filled container/ TA AA A 31447
Volume of

Ex. A hemishphere bowl ofinternal radius 15cm contains a HINTS:

liquid. The liquid is to be filted into cylinderical shaped
Kr (vt) = Area of base x height
bottles of diameter 5 cm and height 6cm The number of
bottles required to empty the bowl is: 22 7 7 x = (3 x 5) x 1.54 3

7
5t
100 100
=
t300 seconds = 5 minutes
Ex. Water flows at the rate of 10 metres per minute from a
cylinderical pipe 5 mm in diameter. How long it take to
HINTS: fill up a conical vessel whose diameter at the base is 30
Volume of hemispherical bowl = cm and depth 24cm?
Number of bottles x Volume of 1 bottle
- Nx R°h =
N × 55
TX,**o

@Baka_260
N=
2rx15x15x 15 = HINTS:
60
3xX 55 X6
2 ar (vt) =
1
R°H
Ex. The diameter of the base of cylindrical drum is 35dm.
and the height is 24 dmn. It is full of kerosane. How many
tins each of size 25 cm x 22 cm x 35 can be filled with
0.25 x 0.25 x = x
1000t 3
15 x 15 x 24
kerosene from the drum?Usez
7
Ha g4 3ATYTT
35 dm 144 28T minutes =
itT 24 dm ž
t =
28 min
4
x
60 seconds
5
= 28 min 48 seconds
HINTS: Ex. Water is flowing at the rate of
3km/hr througha circular
pipe of 20cm internal diameter into a
Volumeof cylindrical drum circular cistern of
Required number of tins = diameter 10m and depth 2m. In how much
Volumeof tin time will the
cistern be filled?
22 x
350 x 350 x 240
=
7x2x2x 25 x 22x 35 1200
(iv) Filling or emptying a tank.
HINTS:
Volume of water flowing through pipe (Cylindrical Water flowed in t
/ hours through the pipe = volume o
Cuboidal) in t time/t 44 4 1E9 (aT141IA) T circular cistern
ard rf 1 444 =Volume of the tank (Cylindrical r? (vt) = RH
/
ac Cuboidal]/z (á4E41E1) 314AI R’H 5x5x2x100 100 x
x x t= 5
Area of base speed of flow time/31T I Ex 10x10x 3000 3
yaTE d x
H4 = Volume of the tank (Cylindrical /
Cuboidal) = 2 x
/2 (aA1AR) I 31447! 1 hour, 60 minutes = 1
hour, 40 minutes
Ex. Water flows into a tank vhich is
(a) r? xvx t= tR?h or LBH or 200m long and 150m
wide, through a pipe of cross-section 0.3m x 2mn at 20
(b) lx bxvx t
=
LBH or tR'h km/hour. Then the time (in hours) for the water level
the tank to reach 8m is:

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector))

Selected Selection faau 116
 Mensuration-3D
HINTS:
Volume of extra cylinder x
frrtni t nfa
1000 em' literT
rhx
22 35 35
HINTS:oe smyo
tot time for the water level in the tank to reach Bcm be
80
t hours .
. Water supplicd by pipc in t hours- Volumn ofof watcr Ex. A
7
rectangular tank whose length and breadth
are 2.5 m
tank area of eross scction (v x t) 200 150 x 8 water. I750 L more of

and 1.5 m, respectively is half fill

L more warter is pourcd into the tank, then what is the
d

200 x 15 x8 - 200 hours goes up?

x height through which watcr level further
3x2x 20 10
Concept of inserting an object into another object.

3TTH - Volume HINTS:

Volume of inserted object/31e T R1 Volume of cxtra cuboid Volume of water
of water/1iquid displaced by inserted object/"1Î1 T
750 - 2Ocm
2.5 x 1.5 x h 1000 h0.2m
Two irons sphere cach of diameter 6cm are immeresed
L
Ex. Concept of cutting a solld
in the water contained in a cylindrical vessel of radius
6cm, The level of the water in the vessel will be raised (a) Volume of solid does'nt change
by.
Ex. A sphere is cut into hemisphere. One of them used as
a
bowl. It takes 8 bowlfuls of this to fll conical vessel of
height 12cm and radius 6cm. The radius of the ylinder is:
HINTS:

@Baka_260
=
Volume of two iron sphere volume of extra cylinder

4 = x
X X T X 3 X
6² h
-2 3 HINTS: cone
Volume of 8 hemishpere- Volume of
h=2 cm
cm is filled with 2
cylindrical vessel of basc radius 14 12
Ex. A

water to some height. Ifa rectangular solid dimensions of

8 x
r*r*6x
22 cm x 7 cm 5 cm is immersed in it what is the rise
x in 6 x12
6 6

8 2
water level? 8x2

-3cm
(b) Surface area of solid increases.

HINTS: Ex. A cuboid of size 50 cm x 40 cm x 30 cm is cut into 8

area
Volume of extra cylinder
= Volume of rectangular solid identical parts by 3 cuts. What is the total surface
(in cm) of all the 8 parts?
22 x 22 x
x
14 x 14 h 7x 5
7
H) ?

5
(a
h==4 1.25 cm HINTS:
DX. A cylindrical tank of diameter 35
cm is full of water. If
11 litres of water is drawn of the
water level in the tank
will drop by:

3 cut 3rtfa oEI cut THU cut MgT TI ted cut hi

=
Usen

ditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector)

(Selected Selection faI 117|
 Mensuration-3D

i.e., 25cm 20 cm x 15cm dimension # 8 Cuboid t

x HINTS:
TSA = 8 x 2 (b + bh + hl ) We know that

=8x 2(375 + 300 + 500) = 18,800cm² Total surface area of solid sphere.= 4nr?
Ex. A solid cube has side 8 cm. It is cut along diagonals of When it cut into half parts in two hemispherei
top face to get 4 equal parts. What is the total surface Tthen,
area (in cm²) of each part. = 6nr?
Total surface area 3r? + 3r²
=
=
So, increase in area= 6nr? -4r? 2r2
-
HINTS:
2x7 2
17.5
2
=
481.25

4 N2 Prism/fyv
A prisn is a solid that has two faces that are paralle
and congruent and their faces (Polygon) join by vertey
to vertex. A prism has a polygon as its base and vertical
side perpendicular to the base.

= x
(a Curved surface area of a prism Perimeter of base
1 height
= x + x x 4V2 x 2 = 96 + 64N2
TSA 2 xx8 4 8 8+8

@Baka_260
Ex. A right circular cylinder has height as 18 cm and radius
as 7 cm. The cylinder is cut in three equal parts (by 2 (b) Total surface area of a prism = curved surface area +2
x area of
cuts parallel to base). What is the percentage increase base
in total srface area?

(c Volume of a prism = area of base x heights1la A 3

HINTS: (1) Equilateral triangular prism:

h
TSA = 2ar(h + r) = 44 x 25 = 1100 cm?
Increase in surface area
4112 = 4 x 154 = 616 cm2
616 x100% =
a
% inc. =
1100
56% C.S.A./# y3 hl a =
3ah
A Solid sphere of diameter 17.5cm is cut
Ex. into two equal
halves. What will be the increase (in cm) in the total T.S.A./yuf ys h 3ah +
2x
surface area?
=
Volume/31447
4

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) (Selected Selection facgt

 Mensuration-3D
(ü)
Square Prism/feaTE f Ex. The height of a right prism with a square base is 15
cm. If the area of the total surface of the prism is 608
sq. cm, its volume is;

h HINTS:
Let side of
base =xd
+
4xx 15 2=608
2 + =0
60x– 608
On solving, x = 8
=
C.S.A/4h y8 I al 4ah V= Area of base x height = 82 x
15= 960 cm

T.S.A/Hui ys l a5 =4ah + 2a2 Pyramid/frerfrs

=
Volume/34d4 a?h A pyramid is a three-dimensional shape. A pyramid has
(ii Hexagonal Prism:/TUty fq a polygonal base and flat triangular faces, which join at a
common point called the apex. A pyramid is formed by
connecting the bases to an apex. Each edge of the base is
connected to the apex, and forms the triangular face,
called the lateral face. If a pyramid has an n-sided base,
then it has n + 1faces, n + 1 vertices, and 2n edges.
ncla baose
h

@Baka_260
=
C.S.A/ y3 | A 6ah

T.S.A/qui ya 1 A7 = 6ah + 3/3a?

=
6x \3
Volume/314d7 aPh Height
4.

The perimeter of the triangular base of a right prism

EX,
is

60 cm and the sides of the base

are in the ratio 5: 12
of the prism being () Lateral/Curved surface area of Pyramid/frufE aF
:13. find its volume, if the height
50 cm.
ysy hi = Sum. of areas of all the lateral triangular
faces.
:
Yf fH hg
=x
: ŽI
3T7417 5 12 13
SHTR
T 4G13 51 Perimeter of base/31 at RHIY x slant height/
2

HINTS:
(b Total surface area of Pyramid/fufM HI ysty aG
= areas of all lateral faces+ Area of the
: 30 unit =
60 Sum of the
". 1 = 2 base.
unit = Curved surface area + area of base/4F ys #ai +
Sides 10,24, 26

x 10 = x
of-base/1||R AI YHY slant height/
x 1
Area of
base 24 120 Perimeter
-* nata
YOlume Area of
base x heightsoio frrsi a$
+
Area of base 3,tgiori
=
120 x 50 = 6000 cm
Selected Selection fal 119
Aditya
Ranjan (Excise Inspctor)
 Mensuration-3D

(c) Volume of a Pyramid/ffHS hl 3|4d7 1agd

=
it257B1Sp2
f
Slant edge/frtcs
x
area of base/31K HI DA height/S
3
(iii) Rectangular Pyramid/314GIGTE fuf4S
(1) Equilateral triangular Pyramid
There are two slant height/t faB GAE a
(h) Slant
Height height ()doi

Slant h
Edge

A..0
Circum In raius (r) b
radius (R) /2
Vb/2

ys ni =x3al V32
+
T.S.A./4gui =
First slant height /48cT far HAS (,)

1, V3axh -
Volume/ 3|4d7 3*4 Second slant heigh/Trt
fri ut (4) t+

@Baka_260
-

Slant height () = Vh²+r²

=
na5)
(Slant edge)/fr4a f4 T.S.A./Hqui ya al ah = C.S.A + lb

1
lb x
Volume/3AT4AA h

(i) Square Pyramid/aifaR fRfs (iv) Hexagonal pyramid/4evi frufasAA.25

A.2.5
Slant
edge

\SE

h
Slantrq bT a
-height (): 00

2
1
T.S.A./yui ya l A =x4al+ a?
2

Volume / 31447 = T.S.A./tyyi yo m ATA - 6al

+6xa
2 4

=
Slant height/frtes Volume/3rTA
-axh 4

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector)) 120

(Selected Selection feII
 Mensuration-3D
slant height/fret 3 ps s
HINTS:
are = = 12/2cm
Diagonal of square ay2
=12 cm
For square base of pyramid
Slant edge/farøt fah| =/h+a?
Ex.
What is the total surface area of a pyramid whose base Slant height, 1=
is a square with side 8 cm and height of the pyramid is
3 cm? of
pyramid
h height
a side of square

HINTS: =
=V360 6/10cm
Side of square=8 cm
and height of pyramid = 8 cm
Now, TSA of pyramid

1
x
Slant height l =
=
Area of Base + xperimeter of base slant height

4
- (12)? + x12610
=/9+16 =V25 =
5cm 2
= 144 +
144J10
Total surface area of the pyramid

@Baka_260
144(/10 +1)enm
1 1

=, x
4a x + a? =
,x4 x 8 x 5 + 82
Ex. The base of right pyramid is a square of side 14 cm
+ =
and its height is 24 cm then the area of its lateral
=80 64 144 cm? surface is.
Ex. The base of a pyramid is a square with each side of
16m. If the height of the pyramid is 15m, then find
the total surface area of pyramid?
HINTS:

12
,Slant height (9 - (height) + side

HINTS:

Slant height =
JHeight + (Half of base)

= + = 17
V15 g²
Total surface are of the pyramid
|= 576+ 49
1
I= J625
x
Slant height + Area of square
(Perimeter)
l= 25 cm
1

64 x 17 + (16)2 = 544m + 256 m =800m² Lateral surface area of pyramid ,perimeter of base

x
slant height
ASquare whose Diagonal is 12J2 cm is made base
of
1
cm, then
he pyramid. If height of the pyramid is 18 x 4 x (side of base) x slant height
What is the total suface area (in cm) of the pyramid?

7*4
x
14 x 25 =700 cm²

Aditya Ranjan (Selected Selection fel 121

(Excise Inspector)
 Mensuration-3p
Ex. If E, F and V are respectively the number of edges, (a) There are four equilateral faces.
faces and vertices of a square pyramid, then the volume
of
(2E -F+2V) is:

Ten , à
(b) All edge are equal in length
- F + 2V)
i Ì (2E 17
HINTS:
(c) Slant edge is same as side of base

(i) C. . A. = Area of 3 equilateral triangle

In a pyramid, T.S.A. = Area of 4 equilateral triangle

Number of faces/HAEi HI = n t 1

Number of
vertices/4i t HA|= n+ 1

Number of edges/f-ri H=2n

F(faces)/ Hd = 4 + 1 = 5
= 5 (iii) Height/
V(vertices)/gi vid= 4 + 1

@Baka_260
E (edges)/ f- = 2 x 4 = 8

Hence,
(2E - F + 2V) = (2 x 8-5 + 2 x 5) = 16– 5 + 10 = 21

Tetrahedron/44qunc (iv) Volume/3||4d7 (V)

O08

Pyramid on a triangular base is a tetrahedron. When

a solid is bounded by four triangular faces then it is
x
a tetrahedron. A right tetrahedron is so called when 3
Area of
base/3RI A9Tx height/sA
the base of a tetrahedron is an equilateral triangle and .

other triangular faces are isosceles triangles. When we

encounter a tetrahedron that has all its four faces
equilateral then it is regular tetrahedron.

Ex. Find curved surface area of a regular tetrahedron is

side 6V3 cm.

HINTS:
CSA of tetrahendron

a
=3xa

3xx4 108 813osic ferot 3tt

R=

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) (Selected Selection faI 122

 Mensuration-3D

Summary/HLYT
Solid Figure Volume Total Surface Area Curved Surface area

Cube Side3 6.x side? 4 x side2

Cuboid lx b x + 2(
h + bh)h
h 2(1 b+ lh bh)

Cylinder Tr²h 2Tr(r + h) 2rh

=
Cone Tr(r + ) TTl (where l r?+ h)

Sphere Tr 4Tr? 4 u?

@Baka_260
Hemisphere 3ur? 2r?

+
Frustum of cone -n[R°+r +Rr]h n(R + r)l +r(R? +r) (R
r)

3
4 4 nr?
Hollow sphere n(R r)
x height
2
Prism Base area x
height LSA+2 x
Base area Base peri.

Pyramid
1
-x Base area
3
x H LSA + Base area x2 Base peri.
1
x
Slant h.

(Selected Selection faIN 123A

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector
 LCM and HCp

LCM AND HCF

05

LCM/Ty4 Method-02: Shortcut Method using factorization,

HTdr Taking the above example in consideration.
LCM stands for least commnon multiple. In other words,
LCM of two or more given number is the least number 2 18, 42
which is exactly divisible by each of the given numbers. 39, 21
3, 7
.:.
LCM (18, 42) = 2 x 32 x 7 = 126

For example: LCM of 10, 15, 20 HCF/ HaT4 HHTYdt

Multiples of 10 = 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100,
110, 120, ... HCF stands for highest common factor, sometimes also
Multiples of 15= 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105, 120, .... termed as Greatest Common Divisor (GCD). This is the
... largest number that can perfectly divide two or more
Multiples of 20 = 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, given numbers.
1# number common in the list of multiples of 10, 15 and
20 =60.
Therefore, 60 is the LCM of 10, 15, 20.

@Baka_260
In other words, 60 is the first number divisible by 10,
15, 20. Giving the second thought, 60 is the lowest Process to Find out HCM /HCM A HÀ BÌ VfaI
number divisible by 10, 15 and 20.
LCM is only defined for positive numbers: Method-01: By the method of factorization
Process to find out LCM /LCM AId t t VIShT
Step-1: Factorize all the given numbers into their prime
Method-01: By Method of factorization/ UHGGT H fafa factors.

Step-1: Factorize all the given number into their prime Step-2: Take the product of common factors. This will
factors
be the HCF. For example, find the HCF of 18 and 42.

Step-2: Out of those prime factors, collect all the distinct

prime factors. 3IEU| * fer, a1 HCF IA
18
3r 42 HI
Step-l: Factorize 18 and 42
Step-3: Raise each of the prime factors to its maximum 18 3R 42 .1 TU-Gs H
available power and then multiply. 18 = 2 x 32

42
= 2 x
x7 3
Step-2: The common factors are 2 and 3
:
For Example Find the LCM of 18 and 42. U-2: 3Yfs TUTGS 2 3ir 3
18 3i1t 42 h1 LCM IG hI .:.
HCF (18, 42) = Product of common factors
Step -1: Factorize 18 and 42.
18 3TT 42 h1 TUTTS =2 x 3 =
6
HI
18 =2 32x
Method-02: By division method/| fafY GRI
42 = 2 x 3 x 7.
Find the HCF of 18 and 42
Step-2:The distinct factors that occur in either 18 or 42
are 2, 3 and 7 18)42(2
18 42 34caJ gas G TuTGs 2,3 ir 7 -36
Step-3: The highest power of 2 is 2', 3 is 3² and 7 is 71. 6)18(3
Therefore LCM (18, 42) = 2' x 32 x 7'= 126 -18
00
FHf LCM (18, 42) = 2' x 32 x 7' = 126 HCF (18, 42) = 6

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) (Selected Selection fr 124

 LCM and HCF
Important. Properties and Standard Formulae relating HINTS:
nMand HCF /LCM 3T HCF Hafra HEquf Tur hhou
sT L.C.M.of Numerators
=
L.C.M of fraction
H.C.F.of Denominators
1
Product of n numbers/n HAN TU9 HCF * LCM 1
LCM for a given set of numbers has to be greater than or (1, 2,4,6) of LCM 12
2.
egual to HCF the same set of numbers
of

(2,5,7,17)of H.C.F 1
Ex. What is the HCF of the following fractions?
fffud fyi 1 HCF I ?
3.
If the HCF of x

af x 1
H BII
y #l HCF, H E ,
andy is H, then the HCF of t
à t Ts HI AI HCF Ý 4 24 16
5'25'35
(i) x, (x + y) is also H HINTS:
(ii) x, (x- is alsoH
y) HCF of Numerators
HCF of fractionLCMofdenominators
(iiü).(x +
y), (x- also H y) is
HCR and LCM are not defined for negative numbers.
4. HCF of (4,24 & 16) 4
UHA GI fe HCF aT LCM yfrftd (4 24 16)
Ž
HCF2535) LCMof (5,25 &35) 175
By The HCF and LCM of two numbers is 6 and 5040
respectively. If one of the numbers is 210, then the other H.C.F. and L.C.M. of polynomials
number is: ( agYa Gat HHV, TT I.H4.)

L.C.M. x H.C.F. Product of two polynomial

x 2nd polynomial
LC.M=l'polynomial

@Baka_260
HINTS: H.C.F.
We know that,
Product of two numbers
= LCM x HCF =. 1"polynomial x 2d polynomial
H.C.F,
L.C.M.
6x 5040 = 210 x x
Where x= other no. Note:
(a) H.C.F. of two or mor polynomials is the "Common
X= 144
factor of highest degree".
Ex. Product of two numbers is 2028 and their H.C.F. is
13. The number of such pairs is:

HNi 1 TU4i 2028 3ÀR 311 H.C.F. 13 ŽI

H (b) L.C.M. of two or more polynomials is the
he "Common
multiple of least degree".
HINTS:
Let, first no. = and Second no. =y Find the HCF of the following polynomial
x
Ex.
According to question,
=
13x x
13y 2028 15 +
8x- 12, 3+ x-2, 32x, 9x-12x+ 4.
y= 12 HINTS:
= x x
Number of possible pairs 1 12, 3 4 Factors of the polynomial/qy TUHdg
15 Hence, The number of such pairs is 2.
15 + 8x -12 = (3x-2)(5x + 6)
L.C.M. and H.C.F. of Fractions 33 + x-2 = (3x-2)(x 1) +

9x- 12x 4 = (3x-2) +

x(3x-2)
L.C.M.of Numerators h

L.C.M of Fractions
Hence, HCF= (3x–2)
H.C.F.of Denominators
Ex. Find H:C.F of the following
'2 2o 43
H.C.F.of Numerators 6xy²z, 8xyz?, 12y°z 8a
H.C.F of Fractions L.C.M.of Denominators HINTS:
6xy°z=2 x3x x y x y Xzuisitis t dtssa
X

1
2 4 6
>8*y²g? 2 x 2 x 2 xxx x*y xy x z xzut
=
Ex. Find the LCM of
2'5'7 and 17
12x*y'z= 2 x 2 x3 x **x* **y xy x yxzx z xz
Jtl2 4
Hence, HCF = 2 x xxyxy xz= 2xy°z
17
Selected Selection faI 125
Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector)
 e

LCM and HCF

Ex, What is the largest number which divides both 235 - 1 Ex, What is the smallest positive interger which whe
and 291- 1? divided by 4, 5, 8, 9 leaves remainder 3,:4. 7
respectively?
Huà ta ytG quis 4
Ht f 4, 5, 8,9 fa
HINTS: 4HI ?
h 4I: 3,4, 7,8 T
First find the HCF of the power number. HINTS:
HCF of (35, 91) =7 LCM of 4, 5, 8,9 = 360 k=1
Largest number = 27-1=128 - 1 = 127 .Required number =
360-1 =359
Ex. What is the HCF of 329 –9 and 338 – 9? Ex. What is the greatest five - digit number which on beine
329 –9 3t 338 –9 I HCF
I? divided by 6,7,8 and 9 leaves remainders 4,5,6 and 7

respectively?
HINTS:
HCF of (329 – 9) and (338 – 9)
(329 – 32), (338 – 32) = 32 (327 – 1), 3(336 – 1)
faufa À
AHI: 4, 5, 6
3t 7 qTd ?
= 32 (3° - 1) = (311 - 3) = - 9) HINTS:
HCF (31
Common difference - (6 -4)=(7-5)=(8–6) = (9-7) =2
Application of LCM/AAT, AT
Auar LCM of 6,7, 8 and 9 = 504
(1) Find the smallest no. which is exactly divisible by x, y, Required Number = 504k - 2, where k is any integer.
Since we need to find the largest five- digit number, it
= LCM (x, y, 2)
has to be a multiple of 504 and nearest to 99999.
() Find the smallest no. which when divided by x, y, z put k = 198
leaves remainder r in each case. 504k = 504 x 198 =99792
.:.
Required number 99792 - 2 =99790
=

@Baka_260
9. 5 bells ring together at 10am. They at intervals of
seconds, 18 seconds, 24 seconds, 36 seconds and 45
= LCM (x, y, 2) + r seconds. At what time do the bells ring together again?
(ii) Find the smallest no. which when divided by x, y, z HAE 10 qs yfe ã
HY q ži 12 Hhs, 18 63, 24
leaves remainder a, b, c respectively

GhHRI: a, b 3r c yI EÌI HINTS:

=
LCM (x, y, z) - k where, k = (x- a) = (y- b) = (z- c) LCM of 12, 18, 24, 36, 45 = 360 seconds
Ex. Find the smallest no. which is exactly divisible by 105, 360
91 and 130 =
60 min 6 min
Allthe bells ring together again at 10 : 06 AM.
Ex. Swapnil, Aakash and Vinay begin to jog around a
HINTS: circular stadium. They complete their revolutions in
LCM (105, 91, 130) = 2730 36 seconds 48 seconds and 42 seconds respectively.
After how many seconds will they be together at the
Ex. Let x be the least number, which when divided by 5, 6,
starting point?
7 and 8 leaves a remnainder3 in each case but when
divided by 9 leaves zero remainder. The sum of the digit
of
xis:
H7 Af fes x Haà st ,
Hei fr 5, 6, 7 sU 8 À fayfa

HINTS:
HINTS: They will meet at the time of which is equal to
- 840 LCM (36, 48, 42)s
LCM of (5, 6, 7, 8) r=3
= 36 = 22 x 32o EOi
Number 840k +3
Number is divisible by 9, remainder 0. 48 = 2 x 3
put k = 2 42 = 2 x 3 x 7
2 x
3 x3 x7 - 16 x 9 x 7= 1008
=
LCM (36, 48, 42)
Required Number - 840 x 2 +3 = 1683
Hence, at 1008th second all three racers will meet
Sum of digits =1+6+ 8+3= 18 together at the starting point.

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector)) Selected Selection faIn 126|

 LCM and HCF

Application of HCF/HH4, hl ur HINTS:

-
(4309-2388), (8151 4309), (8151-2388)
Bind the largest number which will exactly divide x, y
5763
1921, 3842,
andz HCF(1921, 3842, 5763)
=
1921
Factor of 1921 = 17 113
x
?
=

HCF (X, y, 2) So the three digit number 113

will get
Bind the largest number which will exactly divide x, y When we divide.2388, 4309 and 8151 by 113,
(i) remainder 15:
and z leaves remainderr
.:.
Required remainder =15
a room are
Ex. The dimensions of the floor of rectangualr
cm. It has to be coverd with
HCF (E-r), (y -r), (z-r)]or HCf [(x- y), (y - z), (z - c)] 3m 60 cm 5 m 40
square tiles. What is the dimension of the largest
Bind the largest number which will exactly divide x, y square tile that can be fitted? How
mnany such tiles
and z leaves remainder a,b and c respectively are required to cover the floor?
x
faHI 3 60 5ft 40
y# H4GIeGTE H4 Í

=
HCF (Xx- a), (y - b), (2 - c]
Ex Find the greatest number which divides 216, 248 and
312, leaving the same remainder.
aE yat qst HeI IG fH 216. 248 3r 312
1 HINTS:
room =3m 60cm
Dimensions of floor of rectangular
i.e. 360cm and 5m 40cm is 54Ocm. sot
HINTS:
= 96
=
square tile that can be fitted find HCF of
(248-216) =32,(312 -248) 64 and (312-216) The largest

@Baka_260
Among 32, 64 and 96, the least number which exactly 360 & 540.
divides all the given numbers is 32. 360 = 2 x 180
Therefore, the largest number which divides all the 540 = 3 x 180
numbers leaving the same remainder is.32. .
HCF= 180
Ex What is the greatest number which when 156,181 and Which means the largest square tile should have
a
331 are divided, the remainder is 6 in each case? dimensions of 180cmx 180cm.
Number of tile requred.
y4hi 6 31G1 3?
Area of floor 360 x 540
HINTS: =6 tiles
Area of squre tile180 180
×
= 325
156 - 6 = 175, 331 -6
=
150, 181 -6
=
HCF (150, 175, 325) 25 Ex. In finding the HCF of two numbers by division method
on dividing 2675 and 2320 leaves four successive quotient ate 4, 3, 6 and 5 respectively
Ex. The greatest number that
and final divisor is 12. What are two number?
the reminders 5 and 6 respectively, is

Gh41: 5 3iR 6
Y
gt 3? HT57 hHRI: 4,3, 6 3R 5 ŽI 3iT 3AG4 YgE 12 HAi
HINTS:
remainer 5 it means
lfa number divides 2675 and leavescompletely and same HINTS:
this number willdivide (2675-5)
in the case of (2320- 6).
1176)5076(4
2670 = 178 x 15 4704
2314 = 178 x 13 372)1176(335ytael io
= 178
So, HCF of 2670 and 2314
divides 2675 and
**
178 is the greatest number which 60)372(6
2320 leaves the reminders 5 and 6, respectively.
a 360
3
Ex, When 2388,4309 and 8151 are divided by certain same, 12)60(5
case is the
angit number, the remainder in each
the remainder is.

Hecne; two number are 1176, 5076.

Selected Selection faTn 127

itya Ranjan (Excise Inspector)
 Number System

NUMBER SYSTEM
06

Number

Real Numbers Imaginary Numbers

Rational Number Irrational Numbers Complex Numbers

Integers Fractions (Decimals)

@Baka_260
f (THCTE)

Positive Integers Zero Negative Integers

Non-Negative Non-Positive

Whole Numbers Natural Numbers

Prime Number Unity Composite Numbers togne

Classification of Numbers/HTt T qtchUTEx. 3.S

Real Number/aafaca HT Note: -1) i, i =- 1, =i. it=
=
1* tE
Which can be denoted on number line/f N
ta Rational Numbers/ufteu zmts te Hi .o

Which can be written

13 15 inform, where q 0and p andq
Ex. +5, -9, 2, 17.0.0754,\13 etc. is integer.
Imaginary Numbers./alefrA HEA fo
Cannot be denoted on number line./HGI
tI fefYa 5-12 22
Ex.
3'10.33333 7
etc.

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector)

(Selected Selection failt 128
 Number Systemn
Trrational Numbers/3rufu Hen Standard form =
2n+ 1oi aL
s

t5, - 3, -
5
1, 1,3, 5, 7, 11)
which cannot be written in the form of P
es S
a+b=even]even+even
a = even
a-b= even 2bri
q
a+b=even even+odd odd natural
Ex. 0.1232607....
a-b=odd
as 2 2
Decimal Numbers /qTATa I
Terminating/ l THTA
Prime numbers/ 37H HA
It has only two factor- 1 & itself.
= 73 81
0.5 =
0.73 0.648
100 125
Prime number between 1 to 100
Non - Terminating repeating/ 3IG ZBIG GRIHGG

56
0.333333...
=
0.565656 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53,
2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19,
99
59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97
137 HAH BIt 3444 HOA
0.137137137..= ggg Even and smallest prime no/ HH 3it
2
Non-terminating Non-repeating decimal Smallest 3 digit prime number/Hq S 3 3fhi t 3TYY

HG 101
gc
Ex
V2 = 1.414 Irrational Numbers largest 3 digit prime number/HH
Tgt 3
3jh 34
Integers/ quia HGI 997

@Baka_260
Only pair of consecutive odd prime no/
aR fay4 3YY
All integers are rational number of the form of P Where HN AI hai qH3, 5, 7
± 1)
Note: Each prime number can be written in (6p
q=1. form, But every (6p ± 1) form may not be necessarily
prime no.

.., - 4, -3, ..., +

-2, - 1, 0, + 1, + 2, + 3, + 4, o}
fo, x
Ex.
136 2+ 1 (prime)
Negative Integers/ UIT4G quiH o n

... - 1} 25 6
x 4 + 1
(not a prime number)xi
Fo, -4, -3, -2,
Number of prime no.
Positive integers/ AIHA uiG Between

{+ 1, + 2, + 3, + 4, + c} .., 1-50 15
1-100 25
Note: 0 is neither positive nor negative integer.
1-200 46
1-500 95
Whole Number/ qut HeT 1-1000 168
... o}
2, 3, 4, 5,
the given number is prime or not?
{0, 1,
How to check
Natural number/ Icafda HA To check whether a number is prime number
or not,
{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ...o}
of the
first talke the square root of the number. Round
square root to the immediately lower integer. Then check
Even number/4 HI divisibility of number by all prime below it. If number is
toc
The number which are divisible by 2.ishat not divisible by any prime number then number is prime
number.
Standard form =
2n
t8, -6, - 4, -2, 0. 2, 4. 6, 8)ee20
Odd number/ faqH HI 2.
The number which are not divisible by

oligt.2

(Selected Selection fain 129

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector
 Number Systern
Ex. 137 is prime number or not? HINTS:
If all the numbers are even, then,
V137 = 1]prime number less than or equal to 11 are x+y + z =6
s
a5s
2, 3, 5, 7 and 11, 137 is not divisible by any of there. So, two of them are odd and one of them is 2
Hence it is prime numbers. Let z be 2
11 vi M TUT 344 H
2, 3, 5, 7 T4I 11, 137 44 X+ y
=
36

The closest prime number to 36 is 31. If x = 31 then

we get y = 5, an odd prime
Ex. What is average of prime number from 80 to 100? number.icsaioot
:.31 is the maximum value ofxiira
V100 = 10
Prime number less than 10 are 2, 3, 5, 7 Co-primne numbers /H{-3Yg
Hence, even number and ending with 5 will not prime
If the HCF of two numbers is 1.
numbers so only check divisibility of 3 and 7. etc.
(2, 3), (11, 13), (16, 9),, (25, 19)
104 t
rA ni 2, 3, 5, 7,A YAR H HA sir Ex.
Twin-prime numbers /44 3TH HAteco
7
fay When two consecutive prime numbers are with an
II interval of 2, then they are called twin prime numbers.
Prime number between 80 to 100 are 83, 89 and 97.
AYA HeN 80 100 g 83, 89, 97aI
+
83 89 +97 269 . Ex. (3, 5)(5, 7)(11, 13)
Required Average = =89.67 HGAT
3 3 Composite Numbers/HYTT T
Ex. x, y
and z are distinct prime numbers where x<y<z. If It has more than two factors.
x+y+z = 70, then what is the value of z?

@Baka_260
X, y
q1 z fafrz 4
,T
H
x<y<z Žl tfk x
, z AT Ex. 4, 6, 8, 9,10, 12,14,15 etc.
+
y+z= 70 ai H P ?
Smallest composite no. (HTH Stei H4 HG) 4
(a) 29 (b) 43 no. (Hat
(c) 31 t (d) 37 Smallest odd composite tit fav A HG)9
HINTS: Note: (1) 1
is neither prime nor composite number.
Sum is 70, means, at least one of the number is even,
because odd + odd+ odd = odd (ii If a
andb are any two odd primes then a? + b

As we know, only one even prime number exists, and and a? - b² is composite numbers.
that is 2. a + b² 4i
fk b
i faqH 314/4 j a?
2 is also the smallest prime number. Thus, x = 2
Now, 70 - 2 = 68 = y + z
Now, let's use the options Ex. How many composite numbers are there from53 to 97?
Option-1:
z= 29 HINTS:
y = 68 - 29 = 39 (y is non prime)
Option 2: The composite numbers from 53 to 97 are
Z= 43 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 60, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 68, 69, 70,
y= 68- 43 = 25 (y is non prime) 72, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 80, 81, 82, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88,
Option-3: 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95 and 96
z= 31 Hence, The composite number from 53 to 97 is 35
y= 68- 31 = 37 (z< y) Perfect Numbers/Hut HT
Option-4:U If the sum of all the factors of a number (except that
z= 37 number) is equal to the given number, then that301num
y.= 68 -37 = 31 (y <z, satisfies the requiremnent) ber is called a perfect number od.Ttit
Hence. z= 37rla
Ex. x, y and z are prime numbers such that x+y+ z= 38.
What is the maximum value of x? Ex. 6, 28, 496, 8128 etc.
x, y 3R z AYRA HGN RE x+y +z = 38, a x
A f Factor of 28 1, 2, 4, 7, 14 gzaárin bbt
1+2+ +7+ 4

14=28dsirk 1TSÁ ei
(a) 19 (b) 23 Thus, 28 is a perfect no.
(c) 31 (d) 29 Note: 6 is a smallest perfect no, (6 HTR
s uuf el

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) Selected Selection faI 130

 Number System
Unit Digit/zealg sich Ex. What will be the unit's digit of (382)**?
no fnd the units digit of a
given expression, we do not
have to solve the entire expression, but by operating on Step/u 1:
Divide last 2 digits of power by 4 and find
out remainder.
+he units digit of all the numbers, the units digit of
the
resulting expression is known.
y
4) 75 (18
35
32
3
Let us consider N = a x b, N = a + b, N = a- b, to
calculate the unit digit of N, we only consider the unit Step/U| 2:
power of unit place number and
digit of number a and
b.
Put remainder as a
find out answer.
x
Ex. Find the unit digit of 232 235.

HINTS:
23 =8
Note: In Step 1, if remainder is 0 is then put power equal
232 x = to 4.
unit digit (0)
235
+
493 + 589. cases.
Ex. Find the unit digit of 628 Ex. Find the units digit in each of the following
HINTS:
x (343)236
() (187)282 x (529)921
628 + 493 + 589 = 8+3 +9 = unit digit (0)
+ (528)253
(iü) (789)315 + (232)644
of 2383 - 1689.

@Baka_260
Ex. Find the unit digit (iüi) (982)481 – (219)241

HINTS: HINTS:
(i) Divide last 2 digits of power by 4 and put remain
- + 10 = 4
2383 1689 =-6 der as a power of unit place digit.
Concept of Cyclicity/iuat t 3aUTUT

After a certain frequency or cycle length, the unit digit 72 x

9'
x
34 9 x9x 11
starts repeating for a given number.
(i) 93 + 24 + 8' 9+6 + 83
12-9 3
(ii) 2! –9'
[If first number is less than add 10 in it]
Number Cyclicity Power cycle
1 Ex. Find the unit digit of the exprssion.
2 4 2, 4, 8, 6
3,9, 7, 1
+ + +
3 4 1! + 2! + 3! 4! 100!toot oiis
4 2 4. 6 HINTS:
5 × x x + x x
3 x 4 x +
1 x 2 + 1 x 2 x3 + 1 2 3 4 1
2
|5
6
1+1
... +
6
1
100!
7, 9, 3, + + 0 + 0 + 0
.... +0 =3
7 4 1+2+ 6 4
ln 'te
4

8 4 8, 4, 2, 6 Hence unit digit of the expression is 3

2 9, 1

Factor/TUTeS
10 o1
ap x

us
Any number N can be expresséd in the form of
Let consider N=xy x ds x....so on, Where, a, b, c, and d'are prime number.
we bnly consider the
To calculate the unit digit of N,

unit digit of number x.

can be calculated by
HodI , TEi, a, b, c, 3R d Yg Hei
1

1ne unit's digit of an expression

getting the remainder while
power of the expression is Ex. 15
= 3
x5
divided by 4. 45 = 32 x5S
100 = 22 x 52 and so on.

Selected Selection faT 131

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector)
 Number System

Finding total number of factors of a nümber Ex. Find the sum of all. factors of 7056.

...., HINTS:
Iff4t< N = aPx b9 x cx dx Then/d = x x
Prime Factorisation of 7056 24 32 72
Total Number of factors (hel TurG it HOA)
Sum of all factors (Ht TuHTG AI
)
= (p + 1) x (q + 1) x .......
(r+ 1) x (s + 1) - (2°+2' +22 + 23 + 2) (3° +3' + 3) (7° + 7' + 7)
Ex. Find the total number of factors of 300:
- (1 +2+4+ 8+ 16) (1 +3 + 9)(1 +7 + 49)
= 3I x 13 x 57 = 22971
HINTS:
= 22 x Sum of even factors/44 TUTGs H TGA
Prime Factorisation of 300 3! x 52 ....,.
If/4f< N = aP x bax cx dx
Total number of factors(
= (2 + 1) x (1 + 1) x (2 + 1) = 18
us HGI),
Sum of all even
Then/at
factors (Ht H4 TuGG I n).
= (a'+ ... + aP) +
Finding total number of odd factors a?+ (b°+ b'+..b9) (c+c+.. c)th
b
-1 cl-1
Iff4i N = aP
bax x
cx d'x ..., Then/i J
b-1 C-1
Total Number of odd factor = (q t 1) × (r + 1) × (s + 1) ....... 'OR'
Note: When we find the number of odd factors, we ig
nore the exponent of a, where ( a = 2) aP-a b* -1
a -1 b-1 c-1
a Ex. Find the sum of all even factors of 270.
Ex. Find the total number of odd factors of 240.

@Baka_260
HINTS:
HINTS: = x 33 x tid
Prime Factorisation of 270 21
51it
Prime Factorisation of 240 = 2 x 3! x 5!
Sum of all even factors (Ht HH TUTGS q)
Total number of odd factors (gi faqy JUTGS Ì H), =
(2') x (30 + 3! +32 + 3) x (50 + 5)
= (1 + 1) x (1 + 1) = 2 x
2= 4 =2 x
40 x
6 480
Finding Total number of even factors 'OR'

....,
If/4G N= aP x b9x c x d x Then/d
Total Number of Even factor ( HY TuTGEi t HI)
=p x (q+ 1) × (r + 1) x (s + 1)..... = 2x 80 480
4
Ex. Find the total number of even factors of 1200.
Sum of all odd factors/î faq TU-TGs H rat
....,
If/4Í N aP x bax cx ds x
=
HINTS: Then/d
Prime Factorisation of 1200 = 24 x 31x 52 Sum of all odd factors (H faq4 TU-TGs Y) a
Total number of even factors (hc H4 TUEs Ì HG), = a° (bo ...
b'+ + b) (co+ c'+
+
+ c), Where a = 2
=4 x (1 + 1) x (2 + 1) = 4 x 2 x 3 24
=
'OR'
'OR'
We can also
ba" cl -1
Use,y b-l c-1
Even factors = Total Factors - Odd Factors
Ex. Find the sum of all even factors of 360.
Total number of Even Factors = 5x 2 x3 -2 x3 =
24
Finding Sum of factors of a given number
HINTS:
cs Prime Factorisation of 360 = 29 x,32.x
If/4R N = aP x b x
cx dx...,. Then/dl: 5elsale:ot
SE Sum of all odd factors({t faq4uTGG AI A)t!
Sum of all factors (H quTgSI hI ). =
hp 2° (30 + 3' + 3) (50 + 5')
= (a°
(b0+ b' + .. + b) (co+ ...
c) .... =
+
a'+...+ aP)
cl+ t 1
x13 678 x

'OR'
liuit 1shnie 9dl itJJD2
'OR'
apl -1 ba" -1
c-1
a-1 b-1 c-1 3-1* 5-1 4

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector)

Selected Selection farlg 132|
 Number System
a
Prime and Composite Factor of Natural Number Ex. Number of sets of factors which are co-prime to each
other.
We know that
otal numbers of factors of any natural number HINTS:
Given that
= 24 x 32 x 51
N=720
=1+ prime factors + composite factors. Number of sets of factors which are co-prime to each
other
Note: 1
is a factor of all natural numbers. =(p + 1) (q + 1) (r 1) t pq qr+ rq + 3pqr6
+ +

= (4
+
1) (2 + 1) (1 + 1) + 8 +2
+ 4
+3x 8
When we do prime factorization, the number of prime =5 x3 x 2 + 38 =30 + 38 = 68
factors can be given by just counting the number of Ex. Total number of factors which are perfect square.
prime factors present in it.
HINTS:
Given that
Therefore, Total number of composite factors = Total N= 720 = 2* x 32 x 5!
For the factors of 720 to be a perfect square it should
number of factors - Prime factors-1
have even power of its prime factors.
Power of 2 Power of 3 Power of 5
30 50
56 = 23
= x 7
Ex. N
2
Here, Total number of prime factors = 2(namely 2 and 7)
Total number of composite factor
Therefore,

@Baka_260
- |(3 + 1)(1 + 1)] – Total number of factors of N=720that are perfect square
2
-1 =8-3 =5
=3 x 2 x 1 =6
To find factors which are c0-prime to each other Ex. Total number of factors which are perfect cubes.

N = aP x la, b are prime factors of N]

b
HINTS:
Then Number of co-primefactors will be
Given that
=I(p + 1)(q + 1) + pql
N= 720 = 24 x 32 x 51
IfN= aP x b x c
For the factors of 720 to be cube, it should be use the
Then number of co-prime factors will be
= [(p + 1)(q + 1)(r + 1) + pq + qr + rq + following powers of its prime factors:
3pqr]
OR take two at a time and then calculate. Power of 2 Power of 3Power of 5
Ex. How may sets of two factors of N = 56 will be co-prime to 30 50
each other?
Thus,
Total number of factors of N = 720 that are perfect cube
=
HINTS: 2
x1x1 =2
N= 56 = 23 x 7 Ex. Total number of factors which are perfect square and
Then Number of co-prime factors will be perfect cube both
- (3+ 1)(1 + 1) + 3 x 1| = 11
Given thatN =720 = 24 x 32 x 5' find HINTS:
Ex. Total number of prime factors
Given that, N = 720 = 24 x 32 x.51!
For the factors of N= 720, to be a perfect square and
HINTS: perfect cube simultaneously, it should use the below
Clearly, there are three prime factors namely 2, 3 and b. powers of its prime factors.
k. Total number of composite factors
Power of 2 Power of 3 Power of 5
20 430
HINTS:
= Hence, Total number of factors of N = 720 for which the
Otal number of composite factors Total number of
lactors - Number of prime factors - factors are perfect square and cube simultaneously
1
=30-3-1 =26 =1 x 1 x 1= 1

tyaRanjan (Excise (Selected Selection fau 133

Inspector)
 Number System
Ex. Total number of factors divisible by 10 but not by 20. The above expression have one pair of 5 x 2. Cleariy
there is only one 5 and an abundance of 2's.
HINTS:
Given that It is clear that in any factorial value, the number of s'%
=
24 x 32 x will be always lesser than the number of 2's. Hence, the
N=720 5
count of 5's in a factorial will give the total number t
For the factors to be divisible by 10, minimum power of zeroes.
2 to be used = 1, and minimum power of 5 used is 1.
Hence all the factors of 720 that are divisible by 10 will
be of the format = 21-4 x 30-2 x 5!
Therefore, Number of factors = 4 x 3 x 1 = 12 Power of number contained in a factorial
Factors that are divisible by 20 should be of format
22-4 x 30-2 x 51 Highest power of a prime number p contained in n! is
= =
x
3
x3 1l
=9
Therefore, factors divisible by 10 but not by 20 given by
= 12 – 9 =3

Ex. Total numnber of factors which are divisible by 10.

HINTS: where (x denotes the greatest integer less than or equal

to x.
Kindly, refer to the above question for solution.
Ex. Find the number of zeroes in 47!
Number of Zeros/yi ât GT
HINTS:
Number of zeros in an expression
number of zeroes in 47!, we need to find
For finding the

@Baka_260
the maximum power of 5 in 47!
Let us assume we have to find the number of zeroes in a' Thus, Highest power of 5 in 47!
product 24 x 13 x 52 x 27 which can also be written as
25 x 34 x 132. Clearly, this product will have no zeroes 47 [47
t...
because it has no 5 in it.
x x x ... =
AIEU HIT
Id f gÀ 24 13 52 27 ¢ TuH9T Yi =9+1 +0 +0 10
Hence, the nunber of zeroes in 47! will be 10
Ex. Find the number of zeroes in 300!

HINTS:
However, if we have an expression like: For finding the number of zeroes in 300!, we need to
find the maximum power of 5 in 300!
8 x 15 x 24 x 13 Thus, Highest power of 5 in 300!
The expression can be rewritten as 3007 |3001. 3001
25 |125 625
26 x 32 x 5 x 13 = ...
60+ 2+ = 74
+
12
We know that zeroes can be formed by combination of 2 Hence, the' number of zeroes in 300! will be 74
and 5 i.e. (2 x 5).
Counting of Numbers/GA ât frt
Counting a Digit/eteht an frTt
In the above expression, there are two's and one five. Ex. How many times 5 will come from 350 to 600.

Hence, we can only form one pair of (2 x 5).

HINTS:
5 600
Therefore, there will be 1 zero in the product. 5 120
5 24 Frequency of 5 = 120 + 24 + 4 = 148
Finding the number of zeroes in a factorial 4
Again,
Let us assume that we have to find the number of zeroes in 7! 5 | 350

5 70
7! =7 x 6 x 5 x 4 x 3 x 2 x 1 Frequency =
5 14 of 5
70+ 14 +2 =86
=7x (3 x 2) x 5 x2 x 2x 3 x 2 x
x
1 2
=7x 5 32 x
24 x 1
Frequency òf 5
from 350 to 600 = 148-86 = 62

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) (Selected Selection faIn 134|

 Number System
Jtot many numbers are there irom 400 to 700 in which Ex. 1682512 is divisible by 8 because the number 1ormed
the digit 6 occurs exactly
twice?
by last three digits i.e. 512 is divisible by 8.
3js Yr S12
fa4
A
1682512, 8 À fayrrq ifs
8
HINTS: faA ÜI

In 400 - 500 in 466 only

= 1 time When Divisor is 3 and 9
500 - 600
=
In =
in 566 only 1time
In 600- 700 = 660 - 669 1=9 times = (660,
-
661, A number is divisible by 3 or 9 when the
sum of digits of
662, 663, 664, 665, 667, 668, 669) the number is divisible by 3 or 9.
-
.66-666 -10 1=9 times = (606, 616, 626, 636,
646, 656, 676, 686, 696) 9 fay sla à
Hence, in between 400- 700, in total 1 + 1+9 +9 = 20 Ex. 523872 is divisible by:3 or 9 because
sum of digits = 5+
times 6 digit will appear twice. 2+3+ 8+7+2
= 27 is divisible by and 9. 3

a = + 2 + 3 +
523872, 3 I9 fayrg 3ji YI| 5 E

Digits required to write counting 9

8 +7 + 2 -27, 3 3it faqŽI
..., 5

Bx How many digits required to write counting from 1 to When Divisor is 5, 25, 125,
....,
400? viq I 5, 25, 125, 5 t at
A number is divisible by 5'when the last digit is
0 or 5. A
fadf ?. two digit is 00 or
number is divisible by 52 when the last when
Number of single digit 1
to 9 a
divisible by 25. Similarly, number is divisible by 5

= or and so on.
9 number digit per number 9
x 1
the last three digit is 000 divisible by 125
Number of double digits 10 to 99
90 number x 2 digits per number = 180
Number of three digits 100 to 400
301 number x 3 digits per number = 903

@Baka_260
Required number of digits = 9
+180 + 903 = 1092
Ex. 156625 is divisible by 125 because the number formed
Sum of digits/3chi at T by last three digits i.e. 625 is divisible by 125.
Find out sum of all digits from to 100. 625, 125
Ex.
1
156625, 125 fa PI 3f4
d 34c6
3ta
fag
HINTS: When Divisor is 6
Sum of unit place digit/3hT3 346 h AT5i
=
10 (1 + 2 +.......9) 450 A number "N" is divisible by 6 only when "N" is divisible
Sum of tenth place digit/<aIŠ 35 1 YT51 by both 2 and 3.

+2 +...........+
10 (1 450 9) =
VeF HA "N" 6 aa fayg alt qa "N" 2
i 3

Sum of hundredth place digit/HhSI 3jF

Gal
YTT
Ex. 56934 is divisible by both 2 and 3. Therefore, it is
-1 divisible by 6.
Total Sum =
450 + 450 + 1 = 901 S6934, 2 3ir 3 i faygaI BHfeI, T 6 fa
Divisibility Test/farat T G When Divisor is 7 or 13
GG IG# 7 3r 13 at at
A divisibility rule is a shorthand way of discovering
a divisor A number "N" is divisible by 7 if the difference between
Whether a given number is divisible by fixed sum of the triplets at odd places and sum of the triplets
without performing the actual division. at even places is divisible by 7.

When Divisor is 2, 4, 8, 16, 32,

.., 2" Ex. 12348 divisible by 7. How?
..., fayg
n

eT 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 2a at ...,

2n when the
12348 7

Step-1: Divide the number into triplets 012/348

A number is divisible by 2', 22, 29, 21,
mumber formed by last one, two, three, four,
..,
...n digit is HA -a H48 012/348 fafrd
and sign alternately,
divisible by 2, 4, 8, 16, 2 respectively. Step-2: Start putting the '+' sign
22, 2°, 24,.... 2n fag da sit 3faH starting from '+ sign on top of triplet from right 012/348
te.2', .., 2n #
3, 4, ...n 3jG qt jeI H4: 2, 4, 8, 16,
I2,

Aditya Ranjan(Excise Inspector) (Selected Selection fan 135|

 Number System
Step-3: Divide the resulting number by 7. Ex. 123123, 147147, 164164, 574574.
Ex. If the product 4864 x 9P2 is divisible by 12, the valueof
+348-012
7
336 =
7
48 Hence, 12348 is divisible by 7.
P is:
zf TUThi 4864 x 9P2, 12
à fayy ,à P Ia
.
When Divisor is 11 HINTS:
know, 4i
We 12 3x slsf
A number "N" is
divisible by 11
if the difference between Given Number = 4864 x 9P2
sum of digit odd places and sum of digits at even places Here, The first number 4864 is divisible by 4(since tha
is divisible by 11. last two digit is divisible) and this number's sum of dieit
is 22 is not divisible by 3. So, The other number which
is 9P2 must divisible by 3.
Ex. 91718 divisible by 11. Sum of Digit of 9P2 = 11+P;
91718 11
fa. Thus, P = 1.(Using the divisibility rule of 3)
Ex. If the seven - digit number 35345xy is divisible by 40.
Step-1: Start putting '+ sign and ' sign alternately on
then the minimum value of (4x+ 5y) is:
+-++
the digit from right to left 91718 - HGH 35345xy, 40 (4x+
uf Id ji faH,a
t-+-+
HINTS:
= 5 x 8.
We know, 40

Step-2:
(9+7+8)-l+)_2 -2 Given Number =35345xy
11 Then last digit must be
ATQ, 35345xy is divible by 40,
Since, 22 is divisible by 11. Thus, 91718 is divisible by 11. y = 0.
0.So
qIG, 22, 11 faHY ŽI 3H YHR, 91718, 11 fayyI As we know, If any number is divisible by 8. Last 3 digit
must be divisible by 8. In other words, 5x0 must be

@Baka_260
When Divisor is 12
divisible by 8.
G HG# 12 zt t
Thus, Minimum value ofx= 2
A number is divisible by 12 if the number is divisible by Hence, 4x+ 5y = 4 x 2 + 0 = 8
both 3 and 4.
Ex. If the 8 - digit number 7y9745x2 is divisible by 72, then
the value of (2x- y) for the greastest value of x is:
When Divisor is 14

01
If the number is divisible by 2 and 7 both, then the HINTS:
number will be divisible by 14. The number 7y9745x2, is divisible by 72
Divisibility by 8- Check last 3 digit
When Divisor is 17 Divisibility by 9 - Check sum of digit lo

5x2 is divisible by 8 ifx= 1,5,9

the maximum value of x is 9 :
Subtract 5 times the last digit from the rest. If the The number 7y9745x2 is divisible by 9 ify =
2
resulting number is divisible by 17 then "N" will be
divisible by 17. Thus x=9, =2 y

Hence, (2x-y) = 2 x9-2 = 16.

Ex. If the 5-digit number 535ab is divisible by 3, 7 and
11, then what is the value of (a? - b² + ab) ?
Ex. 391 :39– 1 x 5 = 34 which is divisitble by 17. Thus, 391
will be divisible by 17. afz 5-3tu Hen 535ab,3, 7 11 fag, à sr
a-b?
+ ab) 417 4I ?
391 :39 - 1 x5 = 34 at 17 fay ŽI 3H aR, 391 17
HINTS:
LCM of3, 7, 11 = 231
When Divisor is 7, 11 and 13 together
Divide 53599 (take the maximum possible values of a &
sa Ych 7, 11 3r 13 Uch HIy at b) by231.
When any 3 digit number multiplied by 1001 then it We get 7 as remainder
repeats itself and always completely divisible by 7, 11
Now, subtract 7 from 53599 & get the correct number
and 13.
a 3 23592
fh 3iii4 HA GÌ 1001
a= 9, b= 2
AEU
st EAII 7, 11
3r 13 yufd: fayg t ..
a²- b² + ab = 81 – 4 + 18 = 95

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) Selection 136

(Selected faI
 Number System
Ex. If the six digit number 4792xyz is exactly divisible by
11 and 13 then {(y + z) x is equal to: HINTS:

(ly
g
si HI
+
z) x
479xyz 7,11
R
13

: Tufa: fa r Numbers from 1 to 950 that are neither divisible by 3

HINTS:
nor by7 = 950 *x26 (since 950 is not divisible by 3 x

= e s
LCM of7, 11, 13 1001 7=21, let's take 945 instead of 950)
when 3 digits of a number are repeated twice then
that x 26
imber will be divisible by 7, 11 and 13. 945 3^7540
479479 is divisible by 7, 11 and 13
= 7, z Betwéen 946 and 950 number 948 is divisible by 3
So, x= 4, y =9 whereas no number is divisible by 7. Hence there are 4
Hence, y
+z) x x = (7 + 9)·x 4 = 64 numbers which are neither divisible by 3 nor by 7,
Ex. 225 + 226 + 2 is divisible by Total = 540 + 4 = 544 numbers
g25 + 226 + 227 fehtHH faYq2
HINTS: Numbers from 1 to 699 that are neither divisible by 3
225 (20 + 2! + 22)
6 x
= 225
(1 +2+4) = 225 7
x nor by 7 =
699 x X
(since 699 is not divisible by 3
25 + 226 + 227 is divisible by 7 7=21, let's take 693 instead of 699)
Ex. How many numbers between 100 and 1000 are divisible x 26
693 x=396
by 17? 37
100
3t 1000 + a fadîi HN 17 fayrg? Between 694 and 699 numbers 696 & 699 are divisible
by 3 whereas no number is divisible by 7. Hence there
HINTS:
102, 119, ... 986 are 4 numbers which are neither divisible by 3 nor by 7.
Total = 396 + 4 = 400 numbers
986-102 Numbers between 700 &950 which are neither divisible
n =
17
+1 by 3 nor by 7

@Baka_260
=
numbers between 1 & 950 which are neither divisible
884 by 3 nor by 7 - numbers between 1 & 699 which are
n = +1= 52 + 1
=53
17 neither divisible by 3 nor by 7
= 544 - 400 = 144
Ex. How many numbers between 300 and 700 are divisible
by 5, 6 and 8?
Remainder/qhT
300 3Tt 700 ig fhdîi 4A 5.6 3r 8 faYy?
HINTS: Introduction/ ufy
LCM of5. 6 and 8 = 120 Remainder is the amount left over after division when
one divisor does not divide the dividend exactly.nl
Numbers between 300 and 500 which are divisible by
120 = 360, 480, 600
Required number= 3.
DA. HoW many numbers are there from 1
to 100 which are Let us suppose number N when divided by divisor D,
leaves the remainder as R and quotient as Q.
neither divisible by 3 nor by 5?

HINTS: QQuotient
Divisor -D) N Dividend
100 4
x*
let's take 90
(since 100 is not divisible by 3
instead of 100)
x 5 = 15,

The number "N"

N Remainder
can also be expressed as below:s
+R| N= DQ
90
x43^F48 Ex. On dividing a number by 38, the quotient is 24 and
and 100 numbers 95 & 100 are divisible by
Between 91 the remainder is 13, then the number is :
whereas 93, 96 & 99 are divisible by 3. Hence there
O

ae 5 numbers which are neither divisible by 3 nor by 5.

Total = 48 + 5 = 53
Ex.
How many
numbers HINTS:
numbers are there from 700 to 950 which
are neither divisible by 3 nor
We know that,
by 7 ? Dividend- Divisorx Quotient + Remember
Here, Divisor = 38, Quotient = 24 and Remember = 13
..
7 Required number, Dividend = 38 x 24 +-13 = 925
faf ?
Aditya
Ranjan (Excise Inspector) Selected Selectionfim 137
 Number System
TUT Clearly, product of R,, R, R. is free of D, therefore
Properties of Remainder/NThT the remainder when P is divided by D is the remainde
AR .... divided by D.
Remainders are Additive/yyqhi yiG when the product R,R,R, is
1.
Q ..
Let us suppose N,, N,, N,,
....ives quotients
leaves the remainders R,, R, R,
when divided by common divisor
Q,, Q
respectively,
D.
..
H7 GIM
f# N,, N,, N,,
... Ì 34uf3 YNG D fayf
For Example.
1 3

Therefore, 361x363| 1x3 =3

N, = D x Q, + R, 12 12 R
N, = D x Q,+ R,
The remainder when 361 and 363 are divided by ie
19
N, = D x Q, + R,
...and so on. final remainder
are and 3 respectively.
1 Hence, the
Let S be- the sum of N,, N,, N: the renainder when the product
1 x 3 is divisible bv

then, S = (DxQ, + R) + (D xQ, + R,) + (D x Q, +

R)+ 12. Therefore final remainder= 3.
Ga 361 3r 363 h 12
faT fh4i GT
yya
x + + (R, + +
-D (Q,+Q, +Q, ..) R R, +...)
= D x K + R, + R, + Ry .... 1 x
3, 12 fag I FHÍ 3iH
q
-3
Tu5
where Kis some number. Concept of Negative Remainders/U||H# yqGA
3.
Therefore, the remainder when ...S is divided by D is the 3TTUIT
remainder when R, + R, + R,+ is divided by D.
+ Remainders by definition are non-negative in nature.
FHfT,
q
S D fafG fai SII t ghi R, Hence, even when we divide -26 by 6 we say remainder
is 4 (and not-2). But, sometimes to make the calculation

@Baka_260
For Example: easy we look at the negative value of remainder.

6
+
1+4 1
==1
5|R yrqHi 4 alai (3n -2 Ti)| fa1, -t TUI
36 30 +6 21+9+ 6
5
5 Let us take a exanple to explain the above concept
more clearly. Let us write 109 as the difference of two
i.e. If use divide 36 into two or more parts and find out
numbers and then divide it by 11
the individual remainder and finally add up those
individual remainder to get the final remainder.

s
tLipa
3
WoH
109 118–9 1189itOsT
idiaih T9titisg
2 Remainders are Multiplicative/qoT TUHA EIA 11 11 11 11
...gives the quotients Q,, Q,
....
Let us suppose N,, N,, N,,
leaves the remainders R,, R, Ry,
.. respectively, Remainder obtained from
118
11
-is 8 and remainder
when divided by common divisor D.
9
H7 cíf fF N,, N,, N, 3Tuf3 YgE D faf obtained from -is 9.
h .... YhT Q,, Q, Q,, qi qh ..
4NI: R,, R.,
11
Therefore, Net remainder
=8-9 =-1 + 11 = 10
R
IA aI
ŽI
Thus, we can say that remainder obtained = -1 when
Therefore, 109 divided by 11 is the number which is 1 less than
N, = D x Q, + R, a multiple of 11. Also, remainder = 10 means, same
N, = D x Q, + R,
number is 10 more than the previous multiple of 11.
....
N, = D x Q, + R and so on.
Let P be the sum of N,, N,, N

then, P= N,N,N, ....

= (D x Q, +
R) + (D x Q, + R,) + (D xQ, + R) +
...
- D x K+ R,RR .... Ex. What is the remainder when the product of 335, o00
where Kis some number. and 853 is divided by 13?

138
Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) Selected Selection faln
 Number System
335, 608 3it 853 #
quThT h 13 faf
Some important rules of remainder
HINTS:
= = 10
335 + 13 Remainder
= 10 Rem a'+ b°)) 0; Where n is odd number.
608÷ 13 Reimainder
+ 13 Remainder = 8
à (a+b)
853
So,
Ex. Find the remainder of
(81 +571
10 × 10 x 8 = 800 13
then,
= HINTS:
800 + 13 Remainder 7
Here, 8 + 5 = 13.
De When positive number x, y and z are divided by 31,
reminders are 17, 24 and 27 respectively. When
e
Thus, Remainder of the expression is 0.
(4y-2u+ 3z) is divided by 31, the remainder wil1 be:
Rem (a" +bª + c))
Where n is odd number.
(a+b+c) 0:
siutC h4NI: 17, 24 3417 27 atd BI TG (4x - 2y + 32)
(361 + 261 461
+

Ex. Find the remainder of

HINTS: 9
the number be,
Let
HINTS:
=
X=31 1 + 17 48
>x

y= 31 x 1 +24 = 55
Here, 3 +2 +=9. 6

= Thus, Remainder of the expression is 0.

z=31 x 1 + 27 58
Rem a" +b" +c+...
Now,

@Baka_260
(4x-2y + 3z) = 4 x x + 3 x 58 = 256 0;
48-2 55 (a+ b+c)
:: Rem(256 + 31} 8 Where, a +b+c+... and so on in Arithmetic Progression
Ex. On dividing a certain number by 72 we get 11 as and n is odd number.
remainder what will be the remainder. Ex. Find the remainder of the following expression
167
+177 +180 + 1973

70
) If the same number is divided by 8 HINTS:
Here, 16+ 17+ 18+ 19 are in A.P and 73 is odd number.
(ü) If double of the number is divided by 6 Thus, remainder of the expression is 0.

() If square of the number is divided by 9 Rem Ja-b 0; For all value of n.

(a-b)

HINTS:
Ex. Find the remainder of
72)x (a
HINTS:
11 Using concept defined above, Remainder of the
x=72a + 11 expression is 0.
) When the number divided by 8, then remainder
Rem ar-b| 0; Where n is even number.
72a +11 (a+b)
=3
(ü) When double of the number is divided by 6, then Ex. Find the remainder of
2(72a +
remainder = l)4 HINTS:
6
Using concept defined above, Remainder of the
(4) When square of the number is divided by 9, then expression is 0.
remainder
Rem a+1S1; For all value of n.
(72a +11 5184a+5184a + 121 =4 St
a
9

Aditya
Ranjan (Excise Inspector)) (Selected fn
Selection 139
 Number System

----.
Ex. Find the remainder
of73 Remainder
HINTS:
Using concept explained above, the value of expression
1.
Where E = and
nd is known
as
is
Euler's number.
When n is even number.

n is
-xl---)-.
a, b, c ...... are prime factors of O.
Rem (a-1}or-1; When odd number
a, b, c ...... Q #Ì 344 Tugug
n

Ex. Find the remainder of the expression 342*2 + 35. Lets understand the Eluer's theorem
HINTS: by analysing the
question given below.
35 = (35-1)282 + 35
34282 + 1

Ex. Find the remainder of the expression 34281 + 35.

HINTS:
Ex. Find the remainder when 117is divided by 7.
34281 + 35 = (35-1)2%1 + 35 (-1) or 35 -1 = 34
Ex. If 2" is divided by 5, then what will be the remainder?
Step-by-step solution of the given questions using
Euler's theorem.
HINTS:
+ =
21 (2)7 x 23+ 5 = 167 x 23 + 5 =8+ 5
5
=3
Ex. (7"+ 2) is divided by6, the remainder will Step1. 7 and 11 are c0-prime to each other, therefore
be: we can apply Euler's theorem here.
(7°+ 2) t 6 faf h aM: 4 YI 7 3iTR 11 5
Ht HE-344|-4 7..34Í ZH 4 Eluer's

@Baka_260(--6
HINTS:

72
6 6
= 1 + 2 = 3
Euler number of 7 is: E, -7
=
Ex. 9- 11 is divided by 8 would leave a remainder of :

Step 2. Remainder
HINTS:

9° 11
1-3_-2 = Remainder =

8 8 8 8-2 =6 =
Remainder - Remainder
7
Fermat's Remainder Theorem: Let N and P arc two
co-prime numbers. In other words HCF (N, P) = 1 Important point to-note/
For all the primne numbers, Euler
T
r Harquf fag
(N, P) =
number will be. the
1
number one less then given prime number.
The remainder obtained when NP is divided by P is
always 1.

-5x1-.
E,

Therefore, =
lprovided HCF (N, P) = 1
p
Using fermat's remainder theorem we can directly say

that Remainder of
3
= Remainder of
4
E,-7---6
5
Remainder
7
5
of
-1 Wilson's Remainder Theorem: If P is a prime
number
Euler's Theorem of Remainder : If P and O are two then (P --1)! + 1 is divisible by P. In other words,
numbers co-prime to each other, i.e. HCF (P, Q)= l and remainder obtained when (P-1)! is divided by -1. Pis
Q = ab' c² YtG P h
374 HeA a (P - 1)! + 1, P faH tal al
GH
Ya À, (P-1)! P fayfsra 5À H
-4 Td
=| 3iR Q= abyC

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) 140

SelectedT Selection fai
 Number System
Ex. Find the remainder when 401 is divided by 41
41 à 8tep-2: Add to the 16 i.c 17
1

Solution: Using the Wilson's theorem, Step-3: Multiply the reult of step 2 by 3, we get 51
Step-4: Add 2 to it ic. 51 +2) 53
-41 Thus, the value of N 53
Remainder
*t) 40vn Now, Let's look at how successive division
worked.
Few Important Results/4 H6quf yftug Quotient Remainder
.(r+ k) is the factor of a polynomial f) is f(-k) =
0 53
17
3

2
(ax + k) is the factor of a polynomial
f() is f|-0 1
4
a)
= 0 4
k 7
a -0
The above example clearly explain the concept of
successive Division.
3 (ax- k) is the factor of a polynomial f(x)

Ex. When a number is successively divided by 3, 4 and 7,

the remainders obtained are 2, 3 and 5, respectively.
What will be the remainder when 84 divided the same
4 (x- a) (- B) is the factor of a polynomial f{x) number?
is f(a) =0
and f(ß) =0 ga fa Hen a h4i: 3, 4
3it 7 faufd faq Ii
=0 71 f(D) =0
If a

@Baka_260
5 polynomial f() is divided by (x + k), the remainder HINTS:
is the value of f(x) at x = -k i.e. f(-k)
Divisor 3 4 7

6 Ifa polynomial f(x) is divided by (k - ax), the remainder Remainder 2 3 5

x
Step 1. Multiply5 4 20
is equal to the value of fx) at x = Step 2. Add 3 to the 20 i.é. 23
a
Step 3. Multiply the result of step 2 by 3, we get
69
Step 4. Add 2 to it i.e. (69 +2) 71 aTE

Thus, the value of N= 71

a
Least number to be added or
subtracted to given
Concept of Successive Division/af4c6 farT ñt number so it becomes divisible of a divisor.

Lets take an example to explain the concept of

Successive Division
Ex. What is least
number to be added to 42072 to get a
Suppose a number 'N' successively divided by 3, 4 and number which is divisible by 93?
7the remainder obtained is 2, and 4 respectively. 1

IHEN 93
HH lqu f# fai en N' aft F 3, 4 3in 7

We need to find
the value of N, we need to follow the 93) 42072(452D} ttk of slebeg ron es tl
below steps.
4f N
372
487
465
Divisor 222
3 4 7
186
36
Remainder
Step-1: Multiply
4 x 4 = 16
So least number to be added is/FafTy, HAR aà att
Ha qIcît Hl 93-36 =
57
Aditya
Ranjan (Excise
Inspector) (Selected Selectiòn ferg141
 Number System

25809 N
Ex. What is the least number to be substractcd from 24
to get a number exactly divisibly by 139 is.
qrs Ex. How many pairs whole numbers are there snck'
of
139 yufa: faur I
I HÀ fu 25809
difference of their square is 36?

HINTS:
HINTS:
25809 + 139 36 can be written as the product of (Odd x Odd)
= = 94
We get quotient 185 and Remainder or, (Even x Even) in two ways.
So, If we subtract 94 from the given number 25809 i.e. i.e. 36 = 2 x 18 = 102 – 82
25809 - 94 =25715 is exactly divisible by 139.
=
= =6 x6 62- 02

Thus, Number of such pairs = 2

Concept of Number as a difference of squares
Note:
1 Prime numbers other than 2 i.e. odd prime numbers
We know that/54 Ž,
A
has exactly one natural number solution as a differenee
can of two squares.
If a number N be written as the product of two
x
number (a b) then

= 12
N= ab
For Example: 3 A-2-
Only one way
Thus, To write N as the difference of two square we have

@Baka_260
to first write N as the product of two numbers. 2 4k + 2 nunibers i.e. even number not divisible by 4
cannct be written as difference of two square for the
set of natural numbers.
(4k 2) yR H sfa 4 fay AIeî H

Lets take an example to explain/3 HY fer y

N=x- y?
Arithmetic Progresion/HHdT SUt
Suppose N= 24 is given. We have to find out in how
many ways N can be written as difference of two square A succession of numbers is said to be in arthmetic
number, considering we need to find natural number progression (A.P.) if the difference between any two
solution for the same.
Consecutive term is constant. This constant is called
common difference (c.d.) and generally it is denoted by d.

Step-1: Firstly, we have to think in how many ways we

can write 24 as (Odd x Odd) or (Even x Even)

(faua x
fayy) (44 x HH) fera Hht StandardForm
Therefore, E x E a+ (a + d) + (a + 2d)+...*
24 = 12 x 2 = 6 x 4 5 A

a
It is not possible to write 24 as (Odd x Odd) Where bethe first term andd is the common difference
Step-2: of the sequence of an A.P, then
- - - 52.
24 12
(--;
x 2 - 72

Also, 24 =6 (-( x
4 =
- 52- 12 (i) nth term of an A.P,

Hence, we can say that there are two ways in which N

24 can be written as the difference of square of two
natural number. t, =at (n -1)d

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) Selected Selection f&un 144

 Number System
sum of the first
n
terms of
anAp n'h term of a G.P.
fi) The

a
The sum of the first n terms of G.P,.

s,2a+(n-1)d| -+a+ (a-)ala tn

+]
S, all-.l
1-r
and r<1

s, First term + Lastterm S, a(r"-)..l and r >1

2
r-1
common ratio is equal to 1, then the
sum of the
Arthmetic Mean/HHI HT If the
Har(4IA V# # UU
first n term of the GP is given by/4f<
when three or more numbers are in A.P., then the
numbers between the first and last terms are known as
arthmetic means (A.Ms) between them. (Geometric Mean/TUit H4
When three or more numbers are in G.P., then
the
terms are known as
numbers between the fist and last
geometric means (G.M's) between them.

(n If A be the AM between two numbers a and b then,/

(i) If G be the GM between two
,,
numbers a and b then/

@Baka_260
tfk G HON a 3ir b TuiaR
H
aa+b G= Vab
In general, if a, b, c,
... n terms are in A.P., then
(i) Ex. Find Geometric mean of4,2 &27
a, b, c, .... 4. 28 3it 27 61 IA
4
TE, HHI ufi at, uiaR fIt
their/14IA:, YK ni HINTS:
a
+b+C+....n terms GM = abe
JAM =
GM = 4x2x27 =2 x3 =6
(ii) In general, if a,,a,, a,, .....n terms are in G.P., then/
() Three consecutive terms A7 hHA K
HIHPd:, a,, a,, a,, ..... Vi 6, yuiar of
n a,
k
=a-d, a, a +d

") Four consecutive terms /I hHId 5 |GM =(a,.a,..a.a

=
a-3d, a-d, atd, at3d Three consecutive terms
G

huua ve

|Geometric Progresion/UIT Uit =a, ar, ar' or

a a, ar

Asuccssion of numbers is said to be in G.P. If the ratio YG

OT
its each term to its previous term is always
constant. Four consecutive terms/ hHG
Tnis constant ratio is called its
common ratio and is
generally denoted by r. a, ar, ar, ar or2ar,ar
Some Standard Formulae for Addition

Standard From
a+ ar + ar² +......... Sum of first 'n' natural numbers
is the common ratio
of
Where a be r
the first term and
the sequence of a G.P. then
=
n(n+1)
1+2 +3 +........+ n 2

Selected Selection faIN 143

ditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector)
 Number System
Arrange all the remainders from last to first
Sum of the squares of first 'n' natural numbers.
: (127),o " (1111111), M

Ex. Convert (576)., to binary number.

n(n +1)(2n +1) 2| 576
12 + 22+ 32 +.........
+

n²= 6 táe 2
288
2
144
Sum of the cubes of first 'n' natural numbers.
2 72
2 36
13 + 23 + 33 2 18
+.........+n?
9
Sum of even integers/H4 yuiai THT
2 4 1

2 +4 6.....+ 2n =n (n+ 1) +

Sum of odd integers/fa4 yuriesi a1 9I

-
1+3+ 5 + +.......... 2n 1) = n?
HGAI
Arrange all the remainders from last to first
Binary Number/fgTT (576),, = (1001000000),
In binary number, the radix(r) or base is 2 and the Conversion ofFraction Decimal Number into Binary
number represents in terms of 2 digits in binary Number System
number are 0's and1's.
Fractional decimal number can be converted into binary

@Baka_260
number by the successive multiplication, by 2.
After
every multiplication note that the integer parts and
Ex. (10101110), (number),ase or
radix
the
nrocedure of multiplication is continued until
Decimal Number System/THTA HGT YUTt fractional part of the products becomes zero, sometimes
In decimal number, the base or radix is 10 and the the fractional part does not become zero in that
case,
number represents in' terms uf 10 digits. The digits the multiplication process is stopped after getting four
in decimal numbers are 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 or five coefficients or till the number occurs.

Ex. (328),,, (440),, etc.

Conversion of Decimal To Binary Number

Step I: Divide the number by 2./I à faf hI 2

every step in the braces

Step II: Write the remainder at
either its 0 or because
1 our divisor is 2.
Ex. (17. 125)
,, = (?),

BHRI # 2 I First, convert the integer part

becomes
Step III: Repeat the steps until the quotient 2 17
2.
less than 1

Step IV: Now, arrange all the remainders from last to first. 2 4 0:

2 2
Ex. Convert (127),, to binary number. 1

2 63
Convert the fractional part
2 31
=
15 1 125 x 2 0.250
=
2
7 1 .250 x2 0.500
STE
F500 x2= 1.000 r 1 Y jr
1T
= (10001.001)2
(17.125),0
14"
Inspector) SelectedSelection fagt
Aditya Ranjan (Excise
 Number System
Conversion of
Binary Number To Decimal Number/ Ex. (1011001).0101),-
(?)y
For integer
the binary number is
Since,
a
positional number x
parto
system. That means the each bit or digit of binary
1
0x 25 1x 2 + 1x 2! 0 x 22+0x 2'
25 + + + + 1
x + =
number multiply with their position Weight to obtain 20.64 +0 16+ 8 +0 +0+1 89
the conversion of binary to decimal number.
Position weight from right to left are 2°, 2', 22, 2, 24
rFor x fractional part + + 2-3 + x x
25, 2%, 27,....n and for the fractional part are 2-1, 2
0 2-1 1x 22 0x 1 2
0+ 0.25 +0
=
left to right. 0.0625 0.3125
2,
2... from
(1011001.0101), = (89.3125),0
fa as 1 IHT HEN EyaU yI 4À à fu Ex. What is (11 10011), + (10111), equal to r
(1110011), + (10111), qma ?
TUT I
T feta qaR 2°, 2', 22, 2", 2*, 2, 24,
f4
HINTS:
<I 2-', 2-2, 2 We have,
Ex. (11001), (1110011), + (10111),
= x 25 + 1 x 2* + 0 + 1 x 2!
HINTS: (1110011), 1 x 26 + 1
+0
Decimal value = (1 x 2) + (1 × 2) + (0 x 22) + (0 x
2') +1 2°
x

+ (1 x 20) =
16 + 8 + 0 +0 + 1 = 25 = =
32 + 16 + 2+1
64 +
115
Ex. (11111),
(10111), = 1 x 2' +0 +
1 x 22 + 1 x 2! + 1
x20
HINTS:
=
Decimal value = (1 x 2*) + (1 x 2) + (1 x 2) + (1 x 2") + 16+ 4 +2 + l = 23
(1x 20)
115 =
5= (101),

@Baka_260
= 16 + + 2 +
8+ 4 1= 31 23

Adikya
Ranjan(Excise Inspector) (Selected Selection faun 145
 Simplification

SIMPLIFICATION
07

CONCEPT-01) CONCEPT-02)
(BODMAS Rule) (Fraction Series/frr4G sruî)
This rule is the basic principle of solving algebraic or
numerical expressions.

ir
axb
1 1|
axbxc (C- a)lab bc
Order to solve/B h h4 1

a xbxcxd
11
(d- a)labc bcd
B Bracket A3E)
(
1 1

O of (HI) Ex.
lx3 3x5
HINTS:
+
*5x7t 199x 201
D Division ()

@Baka_260
1 1
=
Sum
first term

ath
M Multiplication (T" ) difference of terms| last term
A Addition (S). 100
Sum =

S Subtraction ()
21 201 201
1 1 1
Ex.
V Vinculum (tai agH) 26 12 20
30 42 56 72tsars
HINTS:
Types of Bracket & Solving order 1
11 1
+
1

9612 20 30 42 56
1 1 1
(i) Vinculum/Line/ Bar bracket (Tu 3E)
x3 3 x 4 4 x5 5
x6.6x7 8 x9
(ii) () Small bracket( 3I gE)
Sum = -
(ii) {) Curly bracket(Hgci I3E)
(iv) [] - Square bracket (4EI hGE) Ex. If series is
1
1
Ex. Simplify the expression/HG si 1x2x3 2x3x43x4yst. 10 x11x 12
HINTS:
25-[16-{14-[8-3}) Sum
1 1

2x diff.of term first three terms last tvo term

HINTS:
11
Sum -
25-[16-(14-[18-8-3)] 24
Ex. If series is
25- [16-{14- [18-11)] 1 1
22x23x24x 25
lx2x3x4 2x3x4x5 3x4x5x6 +....1
25-[16-{14–7}) HINTS:
=
1 1
Sum
25-[16-7] 3x diff.of term first three terms last three term

25-[9]+ 16 Sum =

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) Selection fa 140

(Selected
 Simplification
x33+3
x +

1x2+ 2 4+4 X5 + n(n+1) 2tncONCEPT-03)

5

+ 3)
n(n + 1)(n 2)(n
+

4 ad (Comparison of Fractions)
2 x 3 +3
1 x 2+
X 4 + 4 X

3+... .+ 10
×
11 Ex. Writc in descending order:
HINTS:
10x11x12x13 -
4290
4

8 9 7 23
9'11'9'3'5
HINTS:

HINTS:
Clearly,
97. 3(Same
and 82 3
19 5
difference

Now,

sir
>
10 9
4.5 88 99 2 1

=3xx*X...*gg*i
=
100 100 50k 18 <
21
7
Note: First term # N #1 Last term + D
# multiply
8 7 >
72 63
>
Ex: 88 31

9
HINTS:
Descending order is

@Baka_260
Aat
Ex. The greatest value among the fractions.

21 53
7'3%7is:
3,8,15,., x
67
49 16 100

35 48 - 63 80 99 11
3
81524 X
4^91625 3649 6481 100
Bx. Value of following series is: 20> 18

5
15 So is greatest fraction.
5 13
2.3?*3.4? 72.83
4.5?s.6 67 CONCEPT-04
17 19 (Continuous Fraction/Haa fa)
8.g2 9².10² Ex.
HINTS: 1+
1+ 1
1 1
5 1+
The term
2a2 can be break down into 3 1+
1

1+.2
Omlar pattern will continue, so we can write the whole
series as follows:
Step-1: First write the last term
1 1 1 1' 1.,11

1 1 1 1 3,
'3'
8g g*gi 10 Step-2: Write '2' first in the last term and then write
1 1
25-1 24 6
4
100 100 100 25 2 3
Aditya
Ranjan (Selected Selection faiu 147
(Excise Inspector)
 Simplification
Step-3: As many times as '1' is given in the question Step-4: And finally, write the last number as a
immediate preceding number will be added to the next fraction
with the number immediately preceding it.
number.

40
3+58+5 13 +8 21+ 13 Required answer =
31
2 3 5 8 13 21 34 CONCEPT-05
Step-4: And finally, write the last number as a fraction
with the number immediately preceding it.
(a C Types of numbers/yhrT Á HTÝ
(a) If denominator of a numnber samne as multiplier
Required answer = 34
21 999. 994
Ex. 1
Ex. 999 x999
1
1
Same
1 1 Add 5 in 994 so it becomes 999
1-2 994 5
Gi 4E 999 GÁ
3
Hints: (994+ 5)
Step-1: First write the last term 999 999
999
(999 1) 999 =
999000
2
Now substrate 5
3
=
Step-2: Write '2' first in the last term 999000-5=998995

@Baka_260
and then write '3
If difference between numerated and denominator is 1.
2 3
Step-3: Then immediately subtract the number from
the previous one to the next one. Ex.
791 x99
999792
8

2 3 1 -2 -3 Here 792 -791 = 1 so we can write 791192 1

Step-4: And finally, write the last number as a fraction 792

with the number immediately preceding it.
(999+1-9299

ity
99 -=
Required answer = -1 1
=+99000 99000
792
-3 3
(C) Series Type/uft yHK
Ex. 1+
3+
2+ Ex. 999+999+....
5 5
+999 4
4
Step-1: First write the last term x4+1+2+3+4
999
5
1

4
- (400-4)+ (4*5)/2
Step-2: Write '1' first in the last term and then write '4' 5
= 3996 +2 =3ggg
li o3ag teucr
1 4 2
Step-3: Then immediately add the previous number by
multiplying it by the next number.
Ex.
99+99..*991
11 11

=99 x10 + 10 995

2
x2 x3 x1
+
(1+2+3 +... 10-12
+
40

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) (Selected Selection fa 145

 Simplification
cONCEPT-06)
Surds and Indices/huft 3irT aacA
(Bar Type Questions/ar aI y)
Indices/Urdia
0.7777....... co =0, 7
Jet x= 0.777......o
Power is greater than 1/d zÄI
1
ssfuE BIi t
10 x= 7.777..........00 (2)
Surds/u
Subtract (1) from Power less than 1/d zAI 1 H HH TII
is

7 Ex. 57/3. Hence 7 is indices and 1/3 is surds/57/3 47 IdF

9x=7x=
Dy
0.535353.........oo H

53
Laws of Indices/d à
(i) an x an = amtn (ii) am + an = am-n
99 =
(iüi) (am)P = amn D
iv) (ab)n arbr
Ex. 0.28383. =0.283
n
Let x = 0.2838383.. ..o0 1
(v) a (vi)
10 x= 2.838383............00 ....(.1) Abn
1000 x =
283.838383.........o ***...(2)
Subtract (1) from (2) a

990 x = 281 (vi) (vii)am/a Wam

bm an
281 (ix) à° a a
X=
990
=l (a# o) (x)

(i) apla (a)/a (xii) a = a' x=y

Ex. 0.573
1

573-5 568 Va an

@Baka_260
ath
990 990
Ex. 0.387
(civ) Vabe Vaxb= anxbi

387-38 349
900 900 (xv)
3 1
b
Ex. =
0.003 m
900 300 i)(Va) =an =a"t! 'g
Ex

The value of 11.4 +22.567-33.59 is: totiboic.Lti esiy tir

ya
n
114+22.567-33.59 1 4782 (xvi)
(a)' = an = a
HINTS:
=
567 -5 + 59-5) (xvi) Vva Van 1

990
-33 90
amn

mno
4, 562 54 =a yz
9 990 90 (ix)

440+562-594 1002-594 408 = 0.412

990 990 990 (xx) Vayavava..... =a
=
IfA 0.312,B = what is the
0.415, and C=0.309, then
value of A + B + C? (xxi)
JalaJa.n times =a 2 =a
= , at A + B + C
0.312, B
0.415 aI C=0.309
(xxi) aaa...=Va
HINTS:
(xxiil yaava....o =a
A+B+ C= 312-3 415-4 T 309-30
309 + 411
990 990.: 900
(xxiv) Va+ya +ya+a +.....co= a
279 720 + 279
990 900 990 900 (xv) a+ Na + Va..co =
Va
80 31
110 100
800 +341 1141P (Xxvi) a xa xa Xa x .... n times = an fé
1100 1100
Adtya
Ranjan (Excise Selected Selection fai 149
Inspector)
 Simplification

Ex. V56+56+ V56+...8 (56 = 8x7, larger is

ansl
Ex. V1If thenx -?
Ex. y90-/90-V90..0 =9 [90 = 10x9, smaller is ansl
HINTS: (ü) If 'a' can not factorise into two succesive integers

then ya tyatat..0 1+4a t1

1 2
V1+4x5+1 V21+1
Ex. J5+y5+5+..*
2 2
CONCEPT-01)
Ex. i---..l+4x1-1_ 5-1
(Some Special Type of Series 2 2
(CONCEPT-02
(a) Infinite series in product type (Square root expression inside square root

Ex. Javava... In this type question try to make a square of expression

Solution of this question is a inside square root.

Ex. Jaybya b..0

Ex. J542/6 -(a)(2 2/3 x y2
HINTS:

@Baka_260
Let yaybya/b.. =X

Then Ja bx = x CONCEPT-03
Squaring both side a bx= (If square root in denominator
Again squaring both side a? bx =x
=
a? bx- (a?b)!/3 In this type questions rationalise terms by multiply and
(b) Finite series in product type/T AIC divide by conjugate terms
i frf4a uft
Ex. yavavava

Ex.
HINTS:
Count square root
24= 16
Ans is al5/16
=
4
ditya Ex.

HINTS:

2+ V3x
6
+
32+J3R
6x V3
2-V3,
1

V3+2
equals to

+
1
-1
= 763/64
(:: 26 = 64)
6V3
(C) Infinite series in addition or.subtraction from =
2+ -+2-N3- 3-2 =2
.3,.0-ü,01E.0A1
Remember this
short
JatyatNa t...co formula:-1a sit0i

There are two type of questions Va+vb,Va-Vb

(i) Factorise 'a' into two successive integers
V5+N3
Ex. If x = 5-3
If it is addition series then answer is greater one and J5-V3 and y = 5.a then (x+ y) equals:
HINTS:
If it is subtraction series then answer is smaller one.
x+y=

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector)

Selected Selection far 150|
 Simplification
(CONCEPT-04) TUTa =
qfk N3Í 1 4HT1 (95 15 x3 45)
(Smallest and greatest value
+ =
9 +5 14, 15 3 18
There are various type questions/H yar yya
Greatest is and smallest is
15-J3 V9-/5
Some other important examples

: compare (number) LCM of 2, 3, 4 &6

l .
We
Ex. The value of the expression given below is:
ZH (He) 2, 3, 4 & 6 H. qrI A t
1 1 2
I. Here LCM of surds 2, 3, 4, 6 is 12] V12-J140) J8-V60) Vio+ Ws4
(2)9, (3/j", (4/4|2, (6/9)12, HINTS:
= 24, 34, 4°, 62
1
=
64, 81, 64, 36 -
..
12-/4x35 8-4x15104V4x21
Smallest is 6 and greatest is 3 1 1
+ V5
8+V3, V9 t2,/7 +4, V6

Here sum of numbers are equal (8+3 = 9+2 = 7+4 =

6+5 = 11) then greatest of product of number terms 2
will be greatest and smallest will be smallest.
qai
eni Th RrR ad (8+3 = 9+2 =7+4 = 6+5

@Baka_260 7-5 5J3 V7+v3

TOB
8x3 = 24, 9x2 = 18, 7x4 =
28, 6x5 = 30 Rationalizing in above equationS
Greatest is /6+5 and smallest is /9 +J2 (J J5)(5+ 3)
(7-J3)
2 2 2
i9 7-,/9 -47,V5-V3,V11-V9
If difference number same (Here 7-5=9-7= 5-3=
of V7+5-N5-/3-V7+V3
11-9) then smallest of productof numbers will be greatest 2
and greatest of product of number will be smallest 0
J29.16 +
Jo.2916, Vo.0036
Ex.
J1.1664 V116.64 Vo.36
HINTS:
=
35, 9x7 = 63. 5x3 =
15, 11x999
7x5 V29.16, Vo.2916 Vo.0036
.. J1.1664 J116.64 Vo.36
Greatest is 5-JB and smallest is N11-9
V8+V3 and V6
the product
+4
two numbers is same (8 x 3 = 6 x 4 =
of
=O.103
10Va"10r1 10
24), then the number whose sum is maximumn will be 1
5+ 11 103
the largest and the number whose sum is minimum
will be the
a*10*a10*10 20 10 20
smallest.
HENH H u
a (8 x3 =6 x 4 =
24) at Ex. 10+ y25 + 108+ 154 + V225 =?
HINTS:
Remember, these types of questions are always to be
=
8+3 11.6+ 4 = solved from the right side.
10
Greatest is E
and smallest is V6+V4
V9-5 and 15-/3 V10+y25+V108 +154 + 15
1( the =

numbers is same (9
=
product of two 15 x3 x 5
45), then
sum
=10+y25+ V108+ 154 + 15

the largestthe number whose maximum will be

is

willbe the and the number whose sum is minimum =J10+ 25+J121 = J10+/36 = V10+6=4
smallest.
Aditya
Ranjan (Excise
Inspector) Selected Selection nn 151
 Algebra

ALGEBRA
08

HINTS:
Square Formulae/at qa
Method-01:
1. (a + b) = a? +
b² + 2ab. or (a - bj² + 4ab (x+y+z)? y² + z² + 2(xy
=
x+ + yz + zx)
or (a + b)² - 4ab
- = a? +
2. (a b)² b²-2ab 169 =91 2(xy + yz + y)
+
3. a? + b? = (a + b)?- 2ab 3978 = 2y(x +z+ y)
4. a? + b²= (a - bj² + 2ab =yx 13
39
5. a² - b² = (a + b) (a - b) y= 3

6
(a + b)² + (a - b)² = 2 (a² +
b) (x- z)² = +
2?- 2xz
b) (a -
= x
(a + + b} (x-z)? 82 -2 9
7. =2 = 64
a² +b² (x-z)²
8 (a + b)² - (a - b)²= 4ab X-Z
=
8
Method-02:
(a + b
-(a - b) = 4 put x =1, y =3 and z = 9.

@Baka_260
9
ab
Hence, -x= 9-l=8 z

(867 + 289 - (867 - 289; 13. 2(ab + bc + ca) = (a + b c)?- (a? + b² + c) +

Ex. =?
867 x 289 14. (a -b- cj² = a? + b² + c2- 2(ab + ac - bc)
HINTS: 15. (a- b)² + (b- c)² + (c- a)² = 2 (a? + b² + c²-ab- bc- ac)
The value of the expression is 4. Ex. If a + b+c= 10; a? + b² + c2= 38, what is the value of
(a - b)² + (b- c² + (c- a)² ?
10. ab
a +b)² a -b)2
afz a + b +c= 10; a² + b² + c² = 38, è, (a - bj + (b-c?
2 2
+ (c - a)? HT IG |

Ex. HINTS:

HINTS:
ab + bc + ca =
(a + b+ c)² - (a?+ b² + c)
4x?+9y? +12xy 2
4x?+9y?-12xy 24xy = 6xy
4 4 4
ab + bc + ca = 62 31
The value of the expression is 6 xy. 2
11. (a + b+c²= a² + b² + c'+2(ab + bc+ ca) Now,
12. a? + b2 + e= (a + b+ c²-2(ab + be + ca) (a - b)² + (b- c?+ (c- a)?= 2(38 - 31) = 14
Ex. If a + b +c= 10 and ab + bc + ca = 30, then the value of (a + + (b (c+ a-5) =0
Ex. Ifthe value b-2)2 +c-5)
of a² + b² + c² is:
af< a + b + c= 10 AR ab + bc + ca =30 , a? + b² + c²
then the value of Jb+c)" (c+a)
- 2)² + (b +c- 5)² +
+
-1 is:
,
ufz (a + b (c + a- 5)° = 0 i
HINTS: H7
+ +
V(b+c +(c +a) -1 1 d ati.
a² b² c²= (a b+ +
c)²
-2 (ab + bc + ca)
HINTS:
(10)2- 2(30) = 40
(a +
b- 2)² + (b + c- 5)² + (c+a- 5)
=0lee
Ex. If x+y +z= 13, ty² * z t ?x is: =91 and z =
y², then the a +
difference between
Í< x y z= 13,
+ + xe
and
y² + z² =91
+ 7 2 = y? ,å z
st b+
b=2.............1)
c = 5..........(2)t 9 i

c+ a= 5.............3)
Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) (Selected Selection fa 152
 Algebra
equation 1, 2 &3
(b+ cllc + a)a + b) + abc - (a + b+ c)(ab
Adding +
(V) be + ca)
= 12
.2(a + b +c)............ (Vin) a² (b-c) + b² (c - a) + (a - b) - (b- c cllc - alla - b)
a+b+c=6 4)
(vi) a(b - c) + b (c² - a°) + c (a² - b) (b- cllc - a)la - b)
1, c = 4
(ix) (a?+ b)(x+ y) (ax by)? + (ay - bx)? +
a
=1, b=
(x) (ax + by t cz) + k 2 (px qy rz) then x" p/a, y +

.: Jb+c) + (c +a)' -1 J(5) +(5-1 =

/9 =3 q/b, z =r/c
(xi) a? + b² + c² + d² +
2ab + 2cd (a + b)² + (c + d)?

lax+ by + c) (ax+ by - d) = px + qy² + 2hxy + 2gx+ 2fy + r 1

(lax + by² + (by + cz)? + (cz +
16
If (2x+ 3y + 4) (2x+ 3y - 5) is equivalent to -ž ax²}
Ex
lae + by? + 2hxy + 2gx+ 2fy + c), then what is the value - 2a?x +2by? + 2c°g + 2astby + 2byz + 2axcz)
(g +f-c)
of (abh)

aft (2x+3y + 4) (2x+ 3y -5), (a + by² +

2hy + 2gx+2fy + c)
Cube Formulae/7 a
1 (a +
bj³ = a + 3a?b+ 3ab² +
b

lg+f-c) =
(abh) a' + b + 3ab (a + b)
2
a³ + b³ = (a + by³ - 3ab (a + b)
- 5) =
(2x+3y + 4) (2x+3y a+ by² + 2hxy + 2gx+ 2fy + c 3.
a³ + b' = (a + b) (a?- ab + b)
On comparing, 4. (a -bj3 =
a-3a?b 3ab².- + b

-
=
a°- b³ -3abla - b)
a - 4, b
-9, c= - 20, h 6, g=- 1,
f- 5. a- b³ (a- b)³ + 3ab (a - b)
=

@Baka_260
6. a°- b = (a- b) (a? + ab + b)
(a + b+c) = a + b³ + co + 3a² (b + c) + 3b² (c + a) +
g+f-c
-1-+20 35
7.
+ b) +
3c² (a 6abc
abh 4x9x6 432 8. (ma + mbj³ + (na - nb)° = (m + n)a + (m - n)b}
17. (a? - ab + b) ab + b) = a + a?b² +b
(a? + {(m² + n?- mn) a² + 2ab (m²- n) + (m² + n² + mn) b}

Ex If at + ab² + bi = 24 and a² + ab + b² = 8, then find ab.

Some Special Cases/H3 fayrr fefaai
uk a' + a?b² + b = 24 3R a? + ab + b² =8, 74 ab
G

Special Case 1: If a² - ab + b² =0 then a³+

= 0 b

HINTS:
at + a? b² + =
b
24
24 Special Case 2: If a +
a+ l= 0 then a -1 = 0 or a= 1

+ =
a²- ab b² 3
= a +
a? - ab + Special Case 3: If
1
then b
=0
b² =3 ..) b a
+ +
a? ab b² =8 ...ü)
1 1
Subtracting eq (i) from eq" (i) Special Case 4: If then a + b = 0
-
2ab =-5
a b a -b
=
ab 2.5
a,b
=-1 then a' - b³
= 0
- b)(a² + b') Special Case 5: If
18. = (a + b)(a
a-b'
19,
a'- b =
(a)² - (b)2 = (a² +
b)(a² - b) -+
Special Case 6: If b a a+b
then a- b = 0

Some Important Result/s ECqut uftunH 1

(i)
(a b+ c2 + (a-b- c² = 2 {a + (b +
+
c)*} Special Case 7: If ab (a
+
b) = 1
then- a- b
=3
(i) (a +b+ c) - (a-b - c? = 4a (b + c) = Bxy + Cy), then find
+ -Ex. If 8(x+y}- (x- y) (x+3y) (A+
a
+b+c+ d)? = a2 4 b2 + c² + d2 + 2a (b +c+d) 2b
the value of (A - B- C) is:
(c+ d) +
2cd (Ax* + Bxy + Cy) ë, ai
+ + 8(x+ y) - (x- y)° =
(x+ 3y)
b
D)
+ (b +
c² + (c+ a)² = 2 (a² + b² + c?+ ab bc ac)
- -
R HT Ž:
e
b} +
(b- c² + (c
-
al2 = 2 (a² + b² + -ab bc ca) (A-B- C)
1

Aditya Ranjan (Excise (Selected Selection faig 153

Inspector
 Algebra
HINTS: A =3, B=-4, C=9, D= 16
(2x+ 2y) - (x- y)° = 2x+ 2y) - (x- y)} (4* + 4y² + 8xy + x3+ (-4) 3 (9)
4 + + 2
(16)
ty²-2xy 2x-2y²] +
» 12-4 + 27+ 32 =67
(x+ 3y) [2+ 6xy + 3y]
12. (a + b) + (a - b)3 = 2a + 6ab²
Here =7, B = 6, C = 3
A

Ex. What is the simplified form of

A- B- =7-6-3 =-2 C
the followino
expression?
9 (a + 1)3= a'+ 3a² + 3a + 1

Ex. If a =
999, then the value of la(a?+3a +3)+1 is
HINTS:
(
As we know, (a +
Here, a = 999
1)3 = a + 3a? +
3a + 1
HINTS:e
Then, la(a? +3a +3)+1 = (a +1)
999 +
11000 13. (a + b)³ – (a- b)³ = 2b + 6a²b
Ex If (2x-5y)³ - (2x + 5y)³ = y [ Ax2+ By²], then what is the
10.
a-b' = - b) a'-b³ value of (2A B)? -
(a 'or =(a² + ab +
b)
a'+ab+b? (a- b)
(2x-5y)- (2x + 5y) =y [Ax+ By²]– 10y (4*+ 25y²
20xy + 25y² 20xy + 4x-25y2
+
Ex. If (5/5x-3/3y') +(N5x-V3y) = (Ax + By² + Cxy),
A =- 120
then the value of (3A + B- J15 C) is: B=-250
2 (- 120) - (- 250) = 10

@Baka_260
af (5/5x-3/3y')+(V5x-N3y) =
(Ax2+ By? + Cxy)
.14. (a + b+ c)3 = a +
b + c + 3a? (b + c) + 3b² (c+ a) + 3c

(a + b) + 6abc
i (3A + B-15
C)

1 H17 AIG
hl
(0.1) + (0.2)' + (0.3 +3(0.005 +0.016+0.027) + 0.036
HINTS: Ex. If A =
+
(0.1' (0.2) + (0.3) +0.04+0.06 +0.12
(5V5x°
-33y') - +
then the value of 60A is:
V5x-V3y (Ar By²+ Cxy)
=
(0.1 + (0.2 + (0.3} +3(0.005+0.016+0.027)+0.036
4f A
W5x-V3y(5x +3y° + 15xy) (0.1' + (0.2) + (0.3 +0.04 +0.06+0.12
(V5x- V3y)
= (Ax + (0.1j +(0.2)° + (0.3 +3(0.005 + 0.016+0.027) +0.036
By² + Cxy)
Comparing both sides (0.1) + (0.2) + (0.3) +0.04 +0.06+0.12
A = 5, B=3, C = J15 0.216 = 0.6
Then (3A + B - J15 C) 0.36
.".
60A= 60 x
=
0.6 =36
(3 x 5 +3- J15 ×J15) = 18- 15 =3 +
15. 'a b³+ c-3abc
= (a + b
a +c) (a? +
b² +
c2- ab- bc -
ca)
a' +b h2 +b'
- ab
11. (a + b) 'or' = (a? + b²)
a-ab+ (a + b)
or (a?+a+b +c-3abc =
b' +
c?-ab-be- ca) (a + b + c)
Ex. If 27 - 64y = (Ax- By) (Cx* + Dy? + 12xy), then the
value of 4A + B + 3C + 2D is: Ex. If x +
y+z=7, xy + yz +zX =8; then what is tthe
af< 27-64y' = (Ax– By),(Cx + Dy² + 12xy), 7, at
value of x + y + z - 3xyz ?

4A + B + 3C + 2D H17 AG
x+y+z= 7, xy + yz+ zx =
8 ,a +
y'+ z*
a|
3xyz H7 h
z?
HINTS: HINTS:
A- B³ = (A - B) (A2 + B²+ AB)e =
7(49-3 x 8)
(34- (4y)
A
|=7(49- 24)
=
(3x– 4y) (9x + 16y² + 12xy) =7 x 25 =
175

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector),) Selected Selection faII 15

 Algebra

c= 10 then Special Case-1:

Ifa=- 5, b=- 6, If a = b =c
Ex.
a+b'+c-3abc then a? +
b² +
c?- ab- bc - ca 0
ca - a'- b² -c²)
(ab + bc +

uf a=-5, b=-6,
c= 10 , Ex.
OR,
If
a' + b³ + c-3abc
= +
a²+ b? + c² ab bc
+
0
ca then find the value

a+b+c-3abc HI7 Ad ŽI of a+b, b+c,c+a

ab + bc ca
-
a'- b²-c?) + C a b
btc
a+b
HINTS: Y< a? + b² + c² =
ab + be+ ca ž,
at+ c a
- ac)
la +b+c) (a'+b+c-ab- bc
(ab+ be + ca - -b²-)
a C+a
b
+ 10] = 11 - 10 = 1
HINTS:
-[-5) + -6) a? + b2 +
c2- ab- bc- ca
= 0
16.
a3+ b + c-3abc
Then,
za + b + c)[3(a? + b +
)- (a + b+ c) a
Now,
=bc

Ex.
Ifa +b+c=6,a² +b² +c 32 and a+
-
= b
+= 189, then
a+b, b+c,-+ c+a
the value of abc 3 is: a
qt a +b +c=6, a? +b +=32
R a + b + = 189 a
2+2+2=6
abc - 3 T HI GISI Special Case-2:
+ + co = 3abc
HINTS: If a +
b+c
=
0 then a³ b³

@Baka_260
a³ +
b³ +
c-3abc a
Ex. If
a +
b+c
= 0 then find the value of b+c
(a+D+ 3(a? + b² + ) - (a +
b+ c)°)
2 b C
=?
3[3 x
32-36]
a
+c a+b
189-3abc
189 -3abc =3
x
60 4fk a+ b+c=0 a4b+c a+c a+b
C

abc- =6 3

+ be + ac)] HINTS:
+b³+-3abc = (a +b + c) [[a b+ c²-3(ab
+

17. a
= a +
b³+ c- 3abc 126, then
a
+b+c=0| b+c= -a
Ex If a + b +c=6 and a+b=-cc+a =-b
ab +
bc + ca is equal to:
U< a +
b+c= 6 3T a'
+ b3 + c3-3abc = 126 3, t Now,

+ ca qc Ž:
b =-3
ab bc
b+c a+c a +
b
Method-01: If (3x -2x) + 6 (3x + 1) (x- 3)(x- 2)
+ 1) + (x-3)³ + (4
+ + Ex.
126 = 6[(6)²- 3(ab bc ac)) =
0, then what is the value of x?
- 3)
,
+ +

uft (3x+ 1)³ + (x- 3)3 (4 2x33 6 (3x 1) (x–

+
ab + bc + ca = 5
Method-02: (x- 2) = 0 t x I HIH AIG HI
Put a = 5, b = 1, c= 0
(
given conditions verified) HINTS:
+ co- 3abc = 0
.:.
ab 5 x 1
=5 a³ + b

=
a +b+ c 0
(a +b+C) +
18 a + b3 + c-3abc = a-b2 (b- c)?+ (c- a)]
3x+ 1
+x-3 t 4-2x= 0
2
expression X=-1
EX. Ifx= 32, y = 33 and z=35. then evaluate the Special Case-3:c
1R
+y +
x= 32,
z- 3:xyz.
y =
33 i z = 35 . at t y³ + z³
If two number are equal and
than the numbers.
third number-is one more

HINTS:

100
(1 + 4 + 9) =
a + b3+ c-3abc = a
+b+c
700

aditya Ranjan (ExciseInspector) (Selected Selection fan 155

 Algebra
Ex. Ifa - b 336 and c- 337 then find the value of
a'+ c3abc b + Function & Inverse Function
a , nt
ft -b 336 ande- 337 a'+ b' *c3atbe 51

HINTS: Based On Square Formulae/4t m TUnfa

4
a-b 336 and c 337
1
Herc, two number are equal and third numbcr is one Ifx+ k, then x

more than the numbers. Jk'-2

Now, a + b' + c-3abc a + b+c
336 + 336 + 337 1009
Case-4:
If x+k then,
Special
n + b +
c-3abc
x

-a +b+c)[(a - b)° +
(b - c' +(c-a'- 9bd
x"+ k then, -tk'-4
Where a,b,c are in A.P. and commnon difference is d
and middle term is b.

Ex. If a = 199, b =
200, c= 201 then find the value of a' +
+
x= k'
b
c-3abc
4t< a= 199, b = 200, c= 201 , i a'+ b +
c-3abc hl
If-k then +2

@Baka_260
HINTS: m then, x+*=+ym² +4
Here, a= 199 b 200 and c= 201 a, b, c are in A.P.
Because common difference = 200 199 = |
–

d=1 1
In then, x"+
b
200
Now,
=
a'+ b
t c'-3abc 9bd?
x x =
=9 200 1
1800
Special Case-5: +
x*
a? + b? +
c?- ab- ba- ca

;a - bj' +

(b-c'+ (e-a)']- 34

Where a, b, c are in A.P. and common difference is d.

GrE a, b, c A.P, H 34 d I t st
= =
2002 and c = 2003 then find
a
Ex. If 2001, b
ax+= ka'x'+ k²- 2ab
the value of a? + b² + c?- ab- bc - ca.
f a =2001, b = 2002 3r c = 2003 8, a a? + b² + c'-ab
- be - ca 51 TA IA h|
ax =k =k+2ab
HINTS:
Here, a = 2001, b=2002 and c =
2003 a, bandc are
A.P b b =
=
because common difference is
ax + k then ax tyk?- 4ab
2002-2001
= 1

Now,
a?+ b² + c²- ab - be - ca = 3d2 ax-= kax+ tk²
+
4ab
=3 x (1)2 =3

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) (Selected Selection farI 15

 Algebra

a T
Based On Cube Formulae/g 3Tunfta
Ex. 1 -4 then find the value of

+
a, then y3a-3a (x+ 2)21 + (x+ 2
1

l
f x-= =b, then x3b-3h 1

qft x+ -4, (x+ 2)1 + ix+221

b
+ =
at+
k,
then a'r k-3kab
X
HINTS:
b
=
ax k, then a'x- k+,3kab
Given, x+ *+2 *-4
Special Case-1:
1
+
If x+-=V3 then
x
0 or
»
(x+ 2) (x+2)-2
X
=-1
x+2=-1
=
/3 then find the value of x012 + x=-3
EXx.
X
1
+ + + 00 + Now, (x+ 2)231 + (x+2)
y1006 + x506 + 00
x00+ 06
06 6 +5

x+-= V3 a x012 + x
o06+ ys06 +
00 + x100 +

@Baka_260
afz
= (- 1)231 +
X

A06 + 06 + 200 + x
+ 5
h HH d
hisU
=-1-l=-2
HINTS: Special Case-4:

know that, x+
=
=-1. If
x+=v2, then
We
3 then
Now,
x2-0 or x + or x

x012 + x1006 + S06 + 500 + x400 +x06 +

06 y200 +
1
=0 =-1
= 4
+5 =-1+5
Special Case-2: Ex. If x+-= 2; then. ind the value of %
+00 +
x
1 x112 + xl16 +
If x+ = 2
then x= 1. +3.
X
,
xl21 +
yf x+= 2 6 + xi0 + x12 + xl16 +
*+3
Ex. If x+ =2 then find the value of

1 1

qft x+ =2 t x2 +121 HINTS:

HINTS: x+-= V2 then =- 1 x

X
1
=
We know that, X+
= 2 then x 1
Now,
=
6 + l00 + x!12 +
+
x!16
+3.
Hence, x21
+aT - 1
+1 =2 =0+0 + (-1) + 3 =2
Spècial Case-5:
Special Case-3:
If x+ =
X
1
then =-1
If x+ --2 then x=1
x+1=0

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) (Selected Selection fI 157

 Algebra

Ex. If x+ -1 then find the value of xl03 + i00 + 90

+x87 + x60 + 7 + 0 + x7 + +xot x+ 4.
uft x+ 1è,ai x03 +
x100 + 0 +
7+ t0 +
7
X 1
Tips: Answer must be a multiple of x
+.
HINTS:
x+ = 1
then =- 1
Tips: Answer must be a multiple of x

+ x

&
Componendo DividendofarRTAT
+*+ 4

d
=
X a+b x+y
=0 +0 +0 +0 + 0 + (-1) + 4
=3 If
b
then a -b =
X-y
Special Case-6: Case:
Special
If x+ =-1 then = 1 or 2ab x+ 2a x+ 2b
X
-1 =0 If x = then = 2
a+b X-2a x-2b
Ex. If x+ =-1 then find the value of x + x5 + 21 + x15
If
4V15
x= J5+Jthen find the value of x+V20,
x+V12
Ex. x-V20 x-/12
+
x+ 4.

@Baka_260
4V15 x+ V20, x+/12
yf x+ =-1, + + + xl5 + V5+ V3
51
x5 l + 4 h1 H4 x-/20 x-/12
HINTS:
HINTS: Using the concept explained above, we will get the
result of the expression is 2.
1
We know that, if x + =
=-1 then 1
x+ 20 x+ V12
+ = 2
Now, xsi + 5 +
l t x15 + x + 4 X- /20 x-V12
- ()7 + ()15 + (rj + ()5 +
+4
=
1+ 1+ 1
+1 + 1 + 4 = 9 Important Result Based on C & D Rules

Some Important Results/gs Harayui vfuTH

1.
Vx+ y,E-y 2*+y
1 Or
If the value of +or
x
x-is given, then
2(a + b)
x va then *+ x
Va-b +b (a-b)
=
2. If Ala' 4 Ba +C, Then
Tips: Answer must be a multiple of x + (a-a+1)
=
1
= -1:
A
=0;B a -j ;C a-1

= 1
Ex. If a4+ b2 +c and. a. b, c
J4+2
2+1 is-ajpru
Tips: Answer must be a multiple ofx - number, then find the value of a + b tC.
1
= a.
/4+2+1 a4 +b2+c 3 b.c (5 M

HA , at a + b+c HH I otI
Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) 158
(Selected Selection fait
 Algebra
HINTS:
1
a
the result(3), =0, b= 1, c=-1
Using
Hence, a
+b+c=0+ 1- l =0 l+altb' ltc
1,1 1

If xy
= 1 then 1+x 1+y =1
3 y

V87-V71 V87 Ex. If ax + by

= 1
then find the value of
y = +71 by + cz ax + cZ
Ifx
= /55+ V39 and V55 -N39 then
Ex. X
y_
1 X+a y+b zta :
1,
find 1+x l+y -? HINTS:
Check the value
of = y =z = 2 and a = x
b= c= 1in
J87- W71 V87 + V71 above eqn and these value is satisying.
rK y =
af
xT55+V39 J55-J39 Put x
=y=z= 2 & a =
b=c= 1

1
1,
1+x 1+y x+a y
+b z+c
HINTS: 2 22
Here, 2+1 2+1 2+2s
+
V87-V71 V87 V71 87-71 16
=
1 a' (b' -c)+ b'(c² -a')+c (a? -b) ca
55+ V39 V55- V39 55-39 16 -
a'(b-c) + b°{c - a) c°la b)
+
=
ab + be +

**

Degree of
1

1+x1+v
1

@Baka_260
Polynomial/4¿4
1

The degree of a polynomial is the highest power

t d
a' x (b+ c). + b'x(c +a)' + (a b)
(a - b)(a -c) (b-c)(b- a) (c-a)(c-b)

ax(b-c), bx(c- a . Cx (a - b)? =a

c x +

ab + bc + ca

(a - b) (b - c) (b - c)(c - a)
+ b+c
(c - a)la - b)
of the variable in a polynomial expression.

1 1 - 2xy?
If x= a+ and y = a- then x*+y' -4
a a
Example, 6x + 2x+ 3+9
= 4 vftUTA
Here, Degree Some other important results/Hs
Concept of Symmetricity/HHafa at 3JATUT
1
(x+ ax + bx+ ab) = (x + a)
(x + b)
1+A +
B + AB = (1 + A) (1 + B)
Whenever the degree of each term in an expression
2.
(1 + a) (1 + b) (1 + c) = 1
+a +b+c+ab + bc +
ca + abc
1S same & they come in same numbers in the given
3

expression, Apply the concept of symmetricity. i.e 1 1 1

equatethe eachvariable/ terms to another and simplify 4 If xy = 1 or x= y then 1+ 1+y =1

the expression. + (s -c+s?
2s. then Saj"+(sa -b)' =
Ifa +b +tc=
1
5. + -
b²+c?
1 1 1

Ifx+ t z= 0, then
y
6. |x- yzy'-zx
-0 (x, y, z 0)
Ex.
a=b+ c, b² =c+a and c² = a +b then find the value
p

7. If pq + qr + rp= 0, then q-rp

1 1 p´-qr
l+a 1+b 1+c
Ir
a'+b° +ab)+ J(a' + b' - ab) 1,
HINTS: 8.
wACCK the value aa=b = c = 2
in a² = b + c, b² =c+a
a 3
and c² = + b
and these value in satisfying the then (1 -a? (1- b) ) =
equation. 4

Selection faITn 159

aitya Ranjan(Excise Inspector) (Selected
 Algebra

9. If bc + ca + ab abc, then HINTS:

Let y x-6
a
b+c C+a +b Xy +6
ca(b-1) ablc- 1)"1
bc(a -1)
Now, (y + 6)? - 16(y + 6) +
59 0

If + y² - z+ 1, y? + z'+x+1, z
+
10.
+ =y+ 1, then xyz y²+ 36 + 12y- 16y-96 59 -0
y²- 4y =1
l or -
3

11 abla - bc (b - c) + ca (c - a) = (b - a) (b- c) (c - a)
b) + y-,-4
12 (a + b+ c) (ab + be + ca) - 3abc = a² (b + c) + b² (c+ a) +
c² (a + b)
»y*- 18
a + =
Ct(where a b
c) then abc is
13. If
=b+ a
1
C
(x- 6) + =
(x-6)?= 18
equal to ±1
= + + c) +
x
(ab + bc + ca)
14. (x+ a) (x+ b) (x+ c) (a b+ Concept-02
abc
what is the value of. at
of
+ + = 1, then
Two Important Concepts Ex. If a³ 3a² 9a
3 RI ?
yf a? + 3a? + 9a
=
1, at a'+a1
a
H
Concept-01
Ex. If x + x = 19, then what is the value of (x
+ 5)? + HINTS:

@Baka_260
1 + = 1)
3(a+3a2 9a
(x+ 5)7=? a
+3a'+9a =a
4fk ,
etx= 19
+
aÌ (x 5)2
+ 7
1

S2 HA 4I 8?
a
a

=
-27a =a-3
28a –3
=
HINTS: a' +3 28a
Let y = x+ 5 a + 28
»X=y-5
Ex. If a² +3a +3 = 0 find the value of a' + 6a? + 12a + 10 =?
Now,
uft a? +3a + 3 = 0 a³ + 6a? + 12a + 10 47 AA ify?
(y- 5)2 + (y - 5) 19
=
HINTS:
y² + 25- 10y +y-5= 19 a²+ 3a +3 =
0
= a +
y² +
20-9y 19 +3a² 3a
=
0
y²-1 =9y & 3a? + 9a + 9 = 0
a' + 6a? +
12a +9=0
y-,=9y a + 6a? 12a + 10 = 1
+
+ 2 - 2x,
Ex. If x
then the value of x-+HG +
2 is:
4t t+
2 = 2x at + 2
-x+ h Ž:2
y' -83 HINTS:
A-2x+ 2 =0
+ =
x-2 2
0
(x+ 5)² t (x+5) 83 *-2x²
+
2x = 0
- = x*-x+ x
+2 = 0
Ex. If 16x + 19 0, then what is the value of
(x-6)² +

1 Factor Formulae/qures R
(x-6j=? 1
(x+ a) (x +
b) = + (a + b) x+ ab
= - (a + b)
,t
x +
2. (x- a) (x– b) ab
-(a - b) x-ab
1 5
= + 3. (*- a) (x+ b) =
yft -16x+ 19 0 (x-6)² (r-62 1 IA H ?
4. (x+ a) (x- b) =
x+ (a- b) x- ab
Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) Selected SelectionfIT 160
 Algebra

Ouadratic Dquation/tura cHTU

4ac-b² a
the form of a + F(,ma AWhen > 0
An equation bx + c 0,
is called
quadratic equation.
Ex. Find the maximum value of the quadratic equation
a a bx+of c=0 hR 6
+
2+3x+ 4 +0.
Two Roots the equation a? +
bx +
c=0 are
1.

HINTS:
f(x) = 2+ 3x+4
Vb-4ac and ß= -b-Vb²- 4ac
2a 2a When a> 0
TÊgand B are the roots of the equation ax? + bx + c= 0 4ac -b? 4x2x4- (3 32-9 23
2 f (x)ma
af a sirB H4tGq1 ax bx
+
ya +c=0 à 48 4x2 8
h
(i) Sum of roots/yi 5 Vpíd
6. Nature of roots/ei
(a+B) =ba Coefficient of x (a) If roots are real and equal.
=
b²- 4ac 0
Coeficient of x? 4 +
Ex For what value of m the roots of the equation
(ii) Product of roots/i I TUT 6mx +9 =0 are equal.
m 4x +
6mx
+
9 =0 HT
Constant term fh HI7
f Hia{U
(a.ß) =–=
Coefficient of x?

If the roots a and B are known then the equation is HINTS:

@Baka_260
3
given by - (a +B )x+ (a.ß) = 0 f< yd a B
T
A
Bi,
i Standard eqn. of quadratic equation
fgara TiatU x- (a + B )x + (a.B) = 0 EII ax + bx c= 0 and + 4 +
6mx+ 9 = 0
Ex. Find quadratic equation whose one roots is 2 +
J3. comparing standard equation then we get
a= 4, b =
6m and c= 9
If roots are equal
HINTS:
+
b² -4ac = 0
a=2 J3 = 144.
36m?
B=2- /3 m = + 2
- (2
If b² - 4ac
Sum of roots (a + B) +
/3) (2- 3)= 4 (b) > 0 & not a perfect square roots are
.
B) =
real, unequal.
Product of
root (a (2 + V3)(2- V3) 1
+ =
Ex. 12x+35 0
Using Formula,
- = HINTS:
(a + P) x+ a.B 0
=
*-4x+ 1
=0 Hence, a
=1, b= 12, c 35
4. If a, b are rational numbers and one roots of
and c D = b²- 4ac = 144- 4 x 1 x 35 = 4
quadratic equation is a + b then other roots is (a D>0
Vb) i.e (vice versa) a, b c
f4 Hei 3ir f
.:.
Roots are real, unequal and rational.
(c) If b² - 4ac < 0 roots are imaginary
+ =
5
Ex. J2 t-3t 3J2 0
Maximum and Minimum value of a quadratic equation/ a =
Here, J2,b=-3, c =3 J2
F (x) =
a+ bxtc D =
b²- 4ac= 9- 24 =-15
4ac - b²
D<0
F( = a
min When <0; :: Roots are imaginary
4a

Aditya Ranjan (Excise (Selected Selection fai 161

Inspector)
 Algebra

Conditions for Common Roots Cubic Equation/frara Heatu

If a,ß and y are the roots of cubic equation
Consider two quadratic equations: ax + b+ cx+ d= 0/4K a, ßAR T7 HSTUI Y
ar
+ =
bx cx+d 0 *T à
9a, +
b,x+c =0 Then /d4q
a,+ b,x+c, =
0
(i) Condition for both root common. Sum of roots,

Coeffioent of x?
a+ B t y= Coefficint of x

Sum of product of two roots,

a, b, C

Coefficient of x
aß+ B
y+y a= Coefficient of x
(ii) Condition for one root common a
Product of roots,

(b,c, - b,c,) la,b, - a,b,) = (c,a- C,a,)? Constant term

x
a Coefficient of
If a , ß and y are the roots of cubic equation, then
the equation is, i.e.

@Baka_260
- (a +
B+ Y) + (a ß + By ty a) x- a ßy=0

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) (Selected Selection faIgi 162

 Tirgonometry

TRIGONOMETRY (09)

Basic Angular Systems/Y1 hUT Vagfrut Circular System/qir Vat

Meásurement of Angles
Sexagesimal System tZ Ysfa
x degrees
Gxradians
1 = 1° 180
of a right angle
90
(180 xdegrees
= 1°
X radians
90
57°1622"
1
of 1° = 1' [1 min.]
60 = 57°17'21"
1°c (n 3.141592...)
1
=1'|1 fAT 0.01746 radian
60

@Baka_260
Where l= length of arc
s60 of 1' = 1" [1 sec.]
-= radius of arc
angle on centre (0 is always in radians
1' al 47
60
Ex Convert the radian measure to degree measure/
Ex Convert degrees, minutes to decimal degrees.
941° 27' 8"
-53
10
HINTS:
941° 27 8". -53
HINTS: 10
We know that,
27 8 9º 180°
= + = 941° =
941° 27' 8" 941° 60 x60 20 450 1
radian
60
=
941° + 0.45° + 0.0022°= 941.452° -53 180° = =
18 x (-53) -954°
Ex. Convert the decimal degrees to dgree, minutes and 10
seconds.
Radian System/fsyT Vgf
48,630

Circumference - Fixed Number

48.63°. Diameter
=
HINTS: n(Irrational number)
48.63°D°M'S"
D° = 48°

M= 0.63° x =
60 37.8
180° 1

M=37'
S" =0.8 x =
60 48"
D'MS" = 48.63° = 48°37'48" 2Tr 360°

Aditya Ranjan (Excise

Inspector) Selected à Selection feIn 163
 Tirgonometry

360° 180° = 1
radian (1)
27

Circle radius 44 t arc centre l radian hl

angle ayî

M
In the figure,
P perpendicular/ia
b.= base/31R
h = hypotaneous/u
By the 'pythagoras theorem'
AB = L=2rr x
p² + b² = h?
360
Note: h is always greater than that ofp and b.

L=rx
180° () Sin0
=
Perpendicular /
Hypotenuse /uf h

L=rx x 180°
Where, 0= ° Base /31T
(ü) Cos =
Hypotenuse/uf
Ex. A rail road curve is to be laid out on a
circle. What

@Baka_260
radius should be used if the track is to change direction
by 25° a distance of 40 meters. =
Perpendicular / A

P
(iii) tano Base/3A1T b

= Hypotenuse /uf h
(iv) Coseco
Perpendicular / a

HINTS:
Given, Length of the arc =
40 m = Hypotenuse /uf h
(v) Sece
5
Base/341R b
= 25= 25x radian
180 36
(vi) Base/3TT b
Cott = Perpendicular
We know that, =re Important Pythagorean triplets.
/a p

40 40x36x7 (3, 4, 5) (5, 12, 13) (7, 24, 25) (8, 15, 17) (9,40, 41)
51
=91.64m (11, 60,61) (12, 35, 37) (13, 89, 85)
5x22 (16, 63, 65) (20, 21, 29)
(28, 45, 53) (33, 56, 65) (36, 77, 85)
.36 (39, 80, 89) (48, 55, 73)
(65, 72, 97) (20, 99, 101) (60,91, 109) (15, 112, 113) (44, 117, 125)
So, radius of track should be 91.64m (88, 105, 137) (17, 144, 145)

Trigonometric Ratios/faarufrfa 3qra Relations Between Trigonometric Ratios

Consider an acute.angle YAX=0 with initial side AX
and terminal side AY. Let P be any point on the terminal =
1
(a) sin0
side AY. PM perpendicular from P on AX to get the right COsec0
angled trianlge AMP in which PAM = 0.
1
(b) coseco =
sin0
cosece
(c) sino. 1Ech
Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector)) (Selectedà Selection farg 16
 Tirgonometry

(a) cos0 sec

Values of Trigonometric Ratios of Special Angles

seco:
(b) |=
cos 0
= J3 -1 = cos 750
= sin 15°
cos0. seco 242
1
(c)
.

(a) tan = 10 V3+1 =

cot (ii COs 15° = sin 75°
242
1
cot0 =
(b)
tan) = V5-1 =
(ii) sin 18° Cos 72°
= 4.
(c) tan. cot0 1

sin 0 =
V10+2/5
(a) tan cos
(iv) COs 18° sin 72°
4
= cos
(b) sin tan0. V10-2/5
(v) sin 36°= Cos 540
sin
(c) cos0
tan

COs 0 (vi) cos36°= 5+1 = sin 54°

(v) (a) cot 4
sin 0

@Baka_260
(b) cos cote sin0 (vii) sin
22 J2-2
2 2

Cos 0
(c) sin
cot ) (viii) cos
2

Some Trigonometric Ratios of Angles

Values of the trigonometric ratios for some special angles are given below:

Ratio of Standard Angles

Degree 30 45° 60 90° |120°135° 150 180° 210°225°240°270°300°315°330°360°
Radian
2 3
.!ol
51 77 57 41 3T 5 7
11r
T 21
6 4 3 3 4 6 4 2 3 4

sin 1
V3 1 1
-V3 -V3 1 1
1 0 -1
2 V2 2 2 2 2 2 V2 2 2 2
V3 1 1 1 -V3 1 1 1 N3
Cos
-1 1

2 J2 2 2 2 J2 2 2 2
1 (ND) 1 (ND) 1
tan 1 V3 -V3 -1 1
-V3-1
J3 o8 V3
(ND) (ND) 1 1 (ND)
-3
1
Cot0 -V3
/3 1 -1 1
J3
-1

seco (ND) 2 -2 (ND) 2

1
2 -2 -V2 -1 -V2 -2 2 V2 1
L8
cOsec ND) 2 2 (ND) 2 (ND)
2 1 2 -2 -42 -V2 -2 8
8
V3

Aditya
Ranjan (Excise Inspector) (Selected Selection frlI 165
 Tirgonometry
C cosec'0 =1+cot?
Trigonometric Identities/faearufft HHfrGTE cosec?e - cot? 0 = 1
A. sin?0 +cos?0 =1 (cosec0 -cot0)(cosec0 + cot 0) = 1
.

sin0 =1-cos?0
cos sin 0 Note: If (cosec® - cot 0) = p, then (cos eco+ cote) =
=1-
B. sec0 = 1+ tan?0 p°+1 p'-1
COsec 0= &&
cot 0 =
sec'9- tan' 0 = 1 2p 2p
(sec0+ tan 9) (sec0 - tan0) = 1 a
Note: If (sece+ tan 0) = k, then (seco - tan) = If sec 0 + tan
1/k b

k²+1 a +b
k-1 then, cosec 0 + cot =
sec 0 2k%
& tan
=

a -b
2k
(Trigonometric Ratios in Terms of other Trigonometric Ratios

sin COs tan cote sec COsect

sin0 sin Cos A tan 1 Vsec*01

V1+tan0 1+cot? 0 sece coseco

cos0 V1-sine Cos

1
cot 0 Vcosec²e -1
V1+ tan'e V1+cot? 0 sec COsect
tan sin0 J1-cos0 1 1
tan Vsec²0-1

@Baka_260
V1- sin0 COs 0 cot Vcosece-1
e
V1-sin cos 1 1
cot0
sin0
Cot Jcoseco-1
V1- cos²0 tan Vsec²9-1
1
seco V1+tan?0 V1+cot29 Coseco
1-sin 0 cOs
seco
cot Vcosec?-1
1
cosece
1 V1+ tan?0 seco
sin J1-cos? 0 tan 1+cot Vsec?0-1
coseco

Sign of Trigonometric Ratios (i) First Quadrant/3 gufgi

All trigonometric ratios are
positive/ frvfufa qa
90°
y-axis (i) Second Quadrant/fgr qeyT
II quadrant. I quadrarnt. sin0 and coseco are positive. /sin0 341 cosect
A
(90° + x)
(180° - (iii) Third Quadrant/Jt qaf
(90°-x)
Only sin and cosec All ratios are positive tano and cot are positive./tan0 3R cot0 #
ad EI
ratios are positive (iv) Fourth Quadrant/
0, 360°
zqzii
1800 cose and sec® are
-X-axis III quadrant IV quadrant
+X- axis positive./cos iR seco -il4F EId
90°, 270° (will convert to an odd multiple of 90°)
T
(180° +) (270° + x) 0°, 180°,360° (Will not convert to an even multiple
(360° - ) of 909)
x)

(270°-
Only. tan and cot Only cOs and sec Remember:
ratios are positive ratios are positive In Quadrant: I II III
270°
T-ratios: All sin tan COS +Ve
y-axis

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector)) (Selected Selection fa 166

 Tirgonometry
Trigonometric Ratios of Some Special Angles =
Yf tan20. tan70 18.i sin30 t cos120 1 HG AA

HINTS:
sin(90° - 0) cos cos ec(90°-0) = s ec0
=
20 + 7090°
- =
cos(90O 0) sin t sec(90°-0) = cos ec
0 0= 10°
=
tan(90°- 0) cot0 cot(90°- 0) = tan 0 Now,
sin30 + cos120
sin(-0) - sin 9
= cOs ec(-0) =
COSec0 sin30° cos120° +
318te oar Bmo
cos(-0)= cos 0 sec(-0)= sec0, 1 1

tan(-0) = - tan cot(-0) = - cot0 -50

= cos
B

If A + B = 180,
sin(90°+ 0) cosec(90° +0) =
sec0
= 1 0t
cos(90° + 0) = -sinesec(90°+0) = -cos ec e sinA cosecB

tan(90°+0) = -cot cot(90° +0) = -tan

0
C. If A + B = 45° = 225°,
(1 + = 2
(i) (1 + tanA) tanB)
sin(180°+0) = -sino cosec(270° +0) = -sec0 (ii) (1 - cotA) (1 - cotB) = 2

cos(180°+0) = -cos 0 sec270°+0) = COS ec 0

tan(180°- ) = -tan cot(180°+0) = cot Ex.

sin(270°+ 0).cos(360°+ 0).tan(170°+ 0). sin 60 HINTS:

@Baka_260
Ex: cos(180°+0). sin(270°- 0).cot(260°+ 0). cos 30°
1
HINTS: Here,
22
+*-y + 2 +y-x= 45°

-coš0 cos0 tan(180°+ 0-10°)

Y
Hence,
2
cos cos cot (270° + V3
0-10°)
Ex. Find the value of (1 + tan119) (1 + tan 219) (1+ tan 24°)
-lx tan(®-10°) (1 + tan 34°) (1 + tan 45°)
=-1
tan(® -10°)
(1 + tan11°) (1 tan 21°) (1 + tan 24°) (1 + tan 34°)
Ex Find the value of cosec (1020°)
(1.+ tan 45°) 417 Id o|
cosec (1020°) H7 IA
|
HINTS: HINTS:
x (1 + tan 119) (1 + tan 21°) (1+ tan 24°) (1 + tan 349)
=
COsec(3 360°- 60°)
(I + tan 459)
-2
=- cosec60° =
V3 >2 x 2 = 4

If A + B = 135,
When sum of two angles are given D.
=
() (1 - tanA) (1 -
tanB) 271t
=
A. (ii) (1+ CotA) (1 + CotB) 2
If A + B = 90°
1) sinA secB = 1

(ii) Ex. If x+y= 135° then find

cosA cosecB =1
(ii) tanA tanB = 1

(iv) ufk x+y = 135° a

cotA cotB = 1

HINTS:
Ex. of sin30 +
tan20. tan70 = 1
then find the value
Cos120. ATQ, x+y= 135

167
Aditya
Ranjan (Excise Inspector)
(Selected Selection fal
 Tirgonometry

On dividing both the sides by 3, we get Multiple and Sub-multiple Trigonometric function eto

*,y345°
33 3 3
2 tan A
• sin 2A =2sin A.cos A =
Hence, 1+ tan 1+ tanA
A
• sin A = A 2 tan
Some useful results/q3 Juuri tfUTH 2sin, cos A

(A) l+ tan?
2
a
• cos 2A = cos A-sin' A = 2 cos? A-1
1, sin' + sin' B =2 'or' sin a + sin ß = 2
1- tan? A

L.
A

=1-2sin
a =ß =
90° 1+ tanA
• cos A = cos A -sin? A = 2cos?A
2 A

2. sin' a + cos* B 2 'or sin a + cos ß =2 2 2 9l-2sin?

F2 2

L.
a = 90° & B = 0°
1- tan?
A
2
1+ tan? A
2
3. cos.a + cos* B
=2 'or' COS a + cos B = 2
cos A = 2sin2
•1-
2
a =ß = 0°
= 2cos2A
•l+ cos
A

(B)

@Baka_260
2
a + = • tan 2A 2 tan A
1. sin² a= ß= 0
sin?B 0 when
1- tanA
2. sin? a + cos?B = 0 when a = 0 & B = 90° A
2 tan
3. cos? a + cos? B = 0 when a = ß= 90° • tan A =
A
Identities based on Sum Difference of angle of T-Ratio &% 1- tan?
cot
cot 2A =
A
-1
2 cot A

(a) sin(A + B) = sin A cos B+ cos A sin B Trigonometric function of 3A

(b) sin(A - B) = sin A cos B- cos A sin B
(c) cos(A+ B) = cos Acos
B- sinAsinB
(d)cos(A - B) = cos A cos B+ sin A sin B • sin 3A =3 sin A –4sin A • cos 3A =
4cosA -3cos A

A + tan B
(e) tan(A + B) = tan -
1- tan A tan B • tan 3A = 3 tan A tan A cot A -3 cot A

• cot 3A =

= tan A - tan B 1-3tan?A 3 cot? A -1

() tan(A -B) 1+
tan A tan B
cot cot
B-1 A
Transformation of a product into sum or difference
(g)cot[A + B) =
cot B+ cot A
cotA cot +1
B

(h)cot(A -B) =
cotB- cotA (1) sin(A + B)sin(A - B) = sin' A -sin B= cos?B- cosA
(i) tan(A +B+C) = tan A + tan B+ tan C- tan A tanBtan C
= -
(2) cos(A+ B)cos(A -B) cos? sin²B= cos?B-sin
A
B

1- tanAtan B-tanBtan C- tan CtanA (3) 2sin A cos

B= sin(A +B) + sin(A - B)
(4) 2 cos A
sin B = sin(A + B) - sin(A - B)
(5) 2cos A cos B =
cos(A + B)+ cos(A - B) oete
(6) 2sin sin
B= cos(A - B)–cos(A + B)
A

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector)

Selected Selection ftcut168|
 Tirgonometry
Transformation of sum or difference into
product Results to find constant values

sin0+ bcos0 = c&

a

sinD= 2sin C+D

(1)
C-D
sin C+
bsin-a cos =d 'or' a cos - bsin0 = d
2
a'+b?= c² +d?
sin C- sin D
--2cos|in
C+D' C-D' (2) a
sec0 + btan0 c, bsec0a tan0 =d
2

cOs C + COs D
=
-2coosC-D
2
(3) a cos ec 0±bcot0 = c.
bcos ec 0 a cot
=
d

= C+D -
cos C- COs D 2sin 2 Ex. If psec® qtan =
10 and ptan0- qseco = 8 then find the
value of
p²- q² +2.
UG psec® - qtan = 10 3R ptan
-
qsec® =8 p² -
Some Important Results
(go HErqut yftu) HINTS:

= 1 Using formula(2),
(1)
sin A. sin 2A.sin 4A sin 3A
4
1
p-q= 102 –
82
=
(2) cos A.cos 2A.cos 4A -cos 3A p- q=36
4
=
13) tan A.tan A. tan 4A tan3A Adding both the side's '2'

@Baka_260
(4) sin(60°-A).sin A. sin(60° + A)=sin 3A p²-q² + 2 = 38
4
Important Facts Useful for Solving Question on Trigonometry
(5) cos(60- A).cos A. cos(60°+ A) = cos
4
3A

(6) tan(60°- A). tan A. tan(60° + A) = tan 3A (1) (sin' A + cos² A - sin A cos A)(sin A + cos A) = sin A+ cos° A
3
(7)
sin(60°- A)+ sin² A + sin (60°+ A) =
2 (1- tân0) = tan
(2| 1-cot 0)
3
cos²(60° -
=
(8) A) + cos? A +cos (60°+ A)
2 1- sin0 1- sin - tan0
= Sec
(3)
V1+sin cos 0
Some Standard identities in triangle cos cos
(4)
1- 0 1+
= COS ec 0+ cot 0

V1+ cos 0 sin 0

(A) + =
B+C
A
If 180° 'or T, lcos ec0+1
(5) sec +
tan 0

cos ec -1

) tanA + tan B+ tan C= tan A tan Btan C

seco + tan sece +tan0
A (6)
(2).tan: A
.tanB + tanB .tan tan- .tan =1 Vseco- tan
2
B C COs ec 0+ cot0 &z08 X KC)
(3) A
sinA + sinB+sin C=4coscOS,cOS (7) cos ec 0- cot0
cos éc 0+ cot0to
cos A+ cos B + cos C =1+ A B - Cot 9)2 = 1-Cos 0°<0<90°
() 4sin.sin.sin, 2
(8) (Cosec
) sin 2A+ sin 2B+sin 2C = 4 sin A sin BsinC
(9)
tan + cot ®, , tan,.cot 6,
tan(90- 0,)+ cot(90 -0,)
(B) seç 80) = tan80
IfA B+C=90° 'or
+
then, (10) tan(1+ sec 20) (1 + sec40)(1+

tan?Aoiz9i)
COtA +
cotB + cotC =´cotA.cotB.cotCil*iLEU
t

(11) sc*0- tan0

=
F
sec²0 +tan 0-1+2
Selectionf 169
tya Ranjan (Excise (Selected
Inspector)
 Tirgonometry
(12) cOsec0 - cot'0 = coscc'0+ cot"0 1+2cot? 0 (ii) (a) cos1".cos2"........cos90º 0
2coscc?0-1 (b) cos1°.cos2......to greater
tharn cos90) 0
Cos 0 Sin0 + 1+ tan0 (lii) (a) tan 1° .tan2°..........tan89 1

Cos0 - Sin0
(13)
1- tan0 (iv)Sn?0 + Sin? (0 + x) t........*Sin"
[90-(0+ l+ sin)
(14) If coscc-sin m and sec-cosn then Total tcrms
(90- 0)
2
(m'n"*(mn "-1 Ex, 1. Sin? 5° + Sin? 10° + Sin? 15°+ + Sin? 85° 4
(15) If cot 0 + Sin? 90
tan0 = X and scc0- cos = y then
(*'y- (y =1 Total terms 90-5 +1 = 18
5
(16) If sin +sin'0 =1 then
sin= cos?0 and cos?0+ cos'0=1 =
Total terms 18
and cos'?0+3cos"0+ 3cos'0+cos'0+2cos'e+2cos'0-2=1 Sum =9
2 2
2. Sin? 5° + Sin? 6° + + Sin? 84° + Sin? 85°
(17) If tan 0=1-a then sec0+ tan°0 cos cosec
-(2-a" 85-5,,
Total terms = -+1 =81
(18) If sin+ cos =3 then sin2 0 = 2 1

(19) lf cosece + cot = mand cosec - cot = mn = Total terms 81

nthen =1 Sum
2 2 2
(20) If cose +sin@ = 1and sine –
cos= 1 then Max/Min Values of Trigonometric Functions
a b b

(21) If x

(22)
+-2
=
@Baka_260
If cos A + cos A
åcos

=1, then sin

and y =
bsin°e then

A+ sin" A
2/3

=1
A. m sin0 t n cos
(i)

(i1)
Maximum value/3fhdH H7 =

Minimum value/H A -m?tn

m²tn?)
i0)
(23) Ifsin +2cos =1 then 2sin 0-
0 0 Ex: Find the maximum and minimum value of
cos=2 9sin +

(24) If cosecx - sinx.= a' and secx- cosx= 40cos0.

b' then
afb (a +b°)=1 9sin0 + 40cos0 51 3ferhH 3R
I1 IA ifI
H

HINTS:
(25) If cot x(1+ sinx) =
4m and cot x(1- sin x) =
4n then 9sin + 40cos0.
m² - n? = mn
(26) If cos ec 0 - sin 0 =l and sec0 - cos Maximum value =
W9+(40-=81+1600 =
= m, then 41

Pm (P+m +3) =1
Minimum value =
-V9 +(40)? -
=-1681 41
b?
B. +
asin?0 bcos?0
(27) If x= asin 0 andy= btan0 then =1
(i) Maximum value/34füehdH HA = Max a, b]
(28) X=rsin A
cosC, y =rsin Asin C and z =rcos A
(ii)Minimum value/T4 H7 = Min la, b] R

=
then. r² x²+y²+2? Ex. Find the minimum value of 12sin?0 + 23cos?0
(29) If tan +
sin = m and tan - sin = n, then 12sin 0 + 23cos?0 h1
TGH H17
IT I
m² -n =
4Vmn
HINTS:
(30) (i) (a) sin 1°.sin2°.sin3°.sin4°,......sin 180° 0
12sin?0 + 23cos?0
(b) sin 1°.sin2°.sin3°.sin4°.....toteT Maximum value =
23 e -
Al
Greater than sin 180° =0 Minimum value =
12+0=12)) i*

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) (Selected Selection fa 170

 Tirgonometry
asin'0 + bcosec0
atan 0 + bcot0
When, n is even/*e n ,
acos?0 + bsec0 -
) Maximum value/
sH
) Minimum value/4 " 2Vab, when
azb (i) Minimum value/4 40
(a + b), when
Minimum valuc/"H H" <'h Ex. Find the maximum and minimum value of sín9. cos9.
Find the minimum valuc of 16tan0 + 4cot?0, sin0. cos0 5 frEan sAr iI
+ HINTS:
16tan²0 4 cot°0 51
iaH HA A fa|
HINTS: Maximum value sin 0.
cos0.
Minimum value 2Vab +1 1

- 2V16x4 16 64
Find the minimum value of 5 cos?0 + 8 sec20. Minimum value0
5 cos?0 + 8 sec²0 1 H
HI7 IA Gtfsi (ii Find the maximum and minimum value of sin 0. cos'0.
HINTS:
Minimum value= a+ bwhen b2a HINTS:
-5+ 8 = 13
Maximum value- sin'0. cos'0.
D sin0. cos"9
When, n is odd/4 n fqy , Here, n = 5 (odd)

1 1
1
7 = + Maximum value
(Ö)
Maximum value/3tfrh4 32

@Baka_260
1

(ii) Minimum HIH = Minimum value

value/4

Aditya
Ranjan (Excise Inspector) (Selected Selection faN 171
 Height and Distance

HEIGHT & DISTANCE

10

The height and distance problems are solved with the If one of the angle of a right-angled triangle is
30
help of trigonometric ratios of angle of elevation in a the other acute angle must be 60° and the ratio of
right-angled triangle. the sides will be shown as follows :

Object
A •Horizontal line
Angle of depression
Line of sight
60° 30°
1
Angle of Elevation
R
30 60°
Observer
Trigonometric ratios are
AB BC
sin0 = AC: Cos =
If one of the angle of a right-angled triangle' is 45°, then
AC
the other acute angle will also be 45° and the ratio of the

@Baka_260
AE AC
tan =
seco = sides will be as shown below :

BC BC
AC = BC
COsec0 cot
AB AB
In most of the problems of height and distance, we come
across the two special right-angled traingles as follow :
45°
(1) Angle of elevation is 30° or 60°.
2
(i) Angle of elevation is 45°
43
Ex. The angle of elevation of the top of a building at distance
of 70 m from its foot on a horizontal plane is found to 30°-60° Relation
be 60°. Find the height of the building.
In more than 50% of height and
distance problems in
which two right-angled triangles are
of elevation or angles of depression
formed, angles
will be 30° and
HINTS: 60°.
In AABC

In these height and distance problems

in which two
angles of elevation or angles of depression
J3 are 30° or
60°. In these problems two right-angled
triangles' will
be formed. If one of the side of these two right angled
60° triangle is common or of equal length, the
will be in the ratio 1: 3.
other side
Given that,
1
unit (BC) = 70 meter
then,
=
J3 unit (AB) 70/3 meter

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector)) (Selected Selection fang 172

 Height and Distance
Some Important

la)
Results. (d)

60 3
30°

The angle elevation of the top from the starting

of
Ex
position of 43.
a m

.5 tall tower to a woman standing on 60°(30

be oround floor was 60°. It rises in a straight line from
the of the tower in such a way that the angle
elevation of the tower becomes 30° from its final (e
position. How far did she move from her initial position?

30
3

HINTS:

60

@Baka_260
()
3
30°
60 60
30°

1
30°
60
Be1c2>0
Given that,
Ex A vertical pole and vertical tower are placed on a flat
J3 unit (AB) = 43.5 meter ground such that the angle of elevation of the tower
Then,
from the top of the pole is 60° and the angle
depression of the base of the tower from the top of the
2 ünit (CO) =
29/3 meter pole is 30°. If the height of the tower is 76 m, then find
the height of the pole (in m).
(b)

HINTS:

30° 60°7

3 3
(c) S60°
30 J3 76

W3

A60° 30° 30
A

Aditya
Ranjan (Excise
Inspector) (Selected Selection faIm 173
 Height and Distance
Given that, Given than,
4 unit (AB) =76 meter 2 unit (MN) 5 meter
Then, Then,
unit (AC) = 19 meter
1

In most of the problems, of this type 2943 (AB) meter

(c)
(1) If AB will be given, then CB is asked
uft AB
f à, a CB AS yi Gt
(ü)
tft CB f at AB
A
,
If CB will be given, then AB is asked.
ys tI

60 45tGil
B D
h
V3-1
(d)

B CE
d = h(cot, - cot®,)
1

OR
For this we will see the relation between AB
in different cases. and CD 15
B
FHG fe Z4 AB 3r CD q fafya feerfri Hay t ž

@Baka_260
(a
A

h
1

20
R D
30°

V3-1H h? =y? - x?
(b)
Ex. A man standing at
the top of the tower of height 200 m
observes a car at an angle of depression of 60° after
some time angle of
depression becomes 30°. The
distance travelled by the car during
this period is.

60° 30° D
2 HINTS:
Ex. Shadow of a pole decreased by 5 m when Sunil altitude
increase form 30° to 60° then height of the pole will be: 30 60°

HINTS:

B 1
C2
30 D
Given that,
J3 unit (AB) = 200 meter
Then,
S30°2
M
A60°
1. B
2 = 400/3
unit (CD) meter

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector)

Selected Selection faeI 174|
 Height and Distance

If both
angles of elevation are complementary |Important Result/4, rquf ftuTHh

h²= xy orh
= xy

(90°-0)

y a cot 0,
An Important Result/y Tyui yfu!
HE
h=
cot 0, - cot ®,
m high, the angle
Ex. From the top of an upright pole 17.5
tower was 60°. If the
of elevation of the top an upright
away (in m) from the
tower was 57.5 m tall, how far
h or foot of the pole was the foot of the tower?

a
=h (cot®, + cot,) HINTS:
Ex
Two poles of equal height stand on either side of 60
meters wide roadway. At a point in the roadway between
the pillars, the elevation of the top of poles are 30° and
60 what will be the height of the pillars? 3

@Baka_260
60

HINTS:
D 1
E
5
Given that,
3
unit (AB) 40 meter
J3 Then,
60 30° 4043
A 1 3 B
1
unit (DE) = 3 meter
Given that, In this type, we will study the question in which
4 unit (AB) = 60 meter the figure will be formed as shown below:1
Then,
/3 unit = 15/3 meter
Exactly midway between the foot of two toweres P and
DX

the angles of elevation. of their tops are 45° and 60°

respectively. What is the ratio of the height of P and Q?

HINTS: B D
D ()
+ 90° or both the-angle of elevation are
a =
B
complementary.

PA
a= H,H,or
x=HH,
1
V3
45) H,
60°
-1E1A
Ratio between
(90°-0)
P: Q =1:J3
Aditya
Ranjan (Excise Inspector) (Selected Selection fa 175
 Height and Distance
(ii) Height of the point of intersection of the lines joining Second Method:Given ZADB = 0,, and ZADC 0
from foot of one to top of the other from horizontal line
is h.
h
B

.A
In most of the problems of this type
H

(1) If h will be given, x is asked 3nhj0l 3

B
(ii) If both angles of elevation are not complementary, then (ii) If x will be given, h is asked
we will solve these pröblem by using
the right-angled
triangles ABD and BCD.
a tan,
h tan., – tan, and
-
h=x (tant, tan,)
The angle of elevation of a cloud at height h above the
H,
level of water in a lake is 0 and the angle of the
depression of its image in the lake is Then the height
of the cloud above the surface of the lake is:
.
0,

@Baka_260
Ex. Two trees are along the opposite sides of a road.
Distance between the two trees is 400 meters. There is
a point on the road between
the trees. The angle of
depression of the point from the top of the trees are 45°
and 60 if the height of the tree. Which makes 45° angle cot 0 + cot
H=h - cot
is 200m then what will be the height of the other trees? cot )

a
HINTS:
H+n
ATQ,
R45°
H
60°
1

Ex. A man of height 1.2 m walks towards a building of

4560° height 49.2 m. If the angle of elevation of the building
2
changesfrom 30° to 60°, the find the distance travelled
by the men?
1
unit = 200
2 unit = 400
Then,
Height of the other tree = 200/3 HINTS:
To solve this type of question, we can use following
methods.

First Metho ds : In this method we use the two right 3

angled triangles separately. A
30° s60° B
1.2m 2 1

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector)) (Selected Selection 17

faI
 Height and Distance
Given that, Ex. From a distance of 78 m from the base of an unfinished
a unit (BC) =
48 meter tower, the angle of elevation of the top of the unfinished
tower is 30°. How high (in m) should the tower be made
Then, so that the angle of elevation of the top of the finished
=
/3meter
2 unit (AP) 32 tower from the same point becomes 60°
7

at an
pilot in 1 an aeroplane altitude of 200 observes
m
A

on either side of a river. If

two points lying the angles of
the angles of despersion of the two points be 45° and
60°, then the width of the river is.
GIU?

HINTS:

HINTS:
A

V3
60
B45 D
60
D+ E N3 A
Given that,
Given that, =
J3 unit (AD) 78 meter
B unit (AD) = 200 meter
Then,
Then,
=
2 unit (BC) 523 meter

@Baka_260
(V3 +1)
J3+1 unit (BC) = 200 V3 meter

Aditya
Ranjan (Excise (Selected Selection fel 177
Inspector)
 Co-Ordinate Geometr

CO-ORDINATE GEOMETRY
(11)

Rectangular Coordinate System - There are two

mutually perpendicular lines, called co-ordinate axes.
(i)
A

X-cordinate
or abscissa
y y-cordinate
or ordinate y Intercept = OA
+X
Origin
(0, 0)
(ii

@Baka_260
SOME IMPORTANT POINT/
The abscissa of a point is its perpendicular
from y-axis.
h HEyUT fad

distance
y Intercept = OB

The ordinate of a point is its perpendicular distance y

from xX-axis. (ii

The abscissa of every point situated on the right side of

X-axis is positive and the abscissa of every point situated
on the left side of y - axis is negative

The ordinate of every point situated above x-axis is y Intercept = 0C

positive and that of every point below x-axis is negative For x-axis y intercept
x 314 fe y 3Td:qUg = 0

For every line parallel toy-axis, y intercept

The abscissa of every point on y-axis is zero y- 314 HHHAR
YG aI f y 3d:aUG =0
y intercept is -
The ordinate of every point on x- axis is zero
i. Positive, If measured above the origin (Fig. (1))

Co-ordinates of the origin are O = (0,0) Negative, If measured below the origin (Fig (i),(ü)

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) (Seleted selection fa 178

 yatstio Co-Ordinate Geometry
4G:Ag between two points (k+1,9) and (4, -6)
x- Intercept/x- Ex, If the distance
meets the x-axis at point A, then the distance is 17 units then find the value of k.
line t
1f a
of point tA from the origin (i.e =OA) is called x-intercept.
0
K fugt (k 1,9) 3r (4, -6)
+
zâ 17 AÍ t
i= OA) HINTS:

(k+ 1, 9) (4, - 6)
A B
Using distance formula
A
AB +(y, -Y)
xIntercept --xf
+
»17-J(4-k-1' (-6-9)
=
On Solving, k (11, -5)

(fig. 1)
Section formula/fa R
= 0 divides the
For y axis, X intercept The coordinate of a point which internally
(a ,
(x, y) in the ratio
,

line joined by the point (x, y,) and

=
6 T, x 34d:4Ug
y 314 0
-
= m :n, then
For every line parallel to x axis; x-intercept 0

(1) Positive, If measured above the origin

(i) Negative If measured below the origin. mx, + nx my, + ny

@Baka_260
X
+n m

Inclination and Slope/hla 3iT GIT

The angle which a straight line makes with the positive
-m -n
clockwise
direction of x-axis (measured in the anti (x,, y) R (*, y) (X2 Y2lag
direction) is called inclination of the line.
If R (x, y) divides the line segment externally in the
ratio m:n then
R
(x, y) tarss t m:n 3T AA EY À fayfd
fk
The inclination of line is usually denoted by 0 (theta)

mx, - nx my, -
nyi
X =
m-n m -n
P ......R
(x, y,) (x, y)

45°
Note: If point is mid-point then m=n=1
m =n =1
af
fäg qq-fag

x=**y -Y*1
2 2
y
Find the coordinates of the point which divides the line
Ex.
0 = -
joining (5, 2) and (9, 6) internally in the ratio 1
:3.
Inclination, 45oD
Distance Formula/<t a 34 fag fIA IA f (5, -2) 3it (9,6) #Ì s
(a)
Distance of point (x, v) from origin/4G f4g H ag (X, y)
HINTS:

mx,tnx_1(9)+3(5)_246
X n
(b) T
m +
1+34
Distance between two points P(x,, y) and Q(x,, y,)/, y- my,t ny 1(6) +3(2).0-0
m +n 1
+3 4,
point (6, 0)
PQ = x the coordinates of the required
(x,- +(y,-y,}
179
Aditya
Ranjan (Excise Inspector) (Selected Selection fai
 Co-Ordinate Geometry
Ex. A line segment AB with coordinates A(6, 3) is divideda) slone of line / GÌ yqul in general form ax + by +c
by a point P(0, 5) in the ratio of 2 :3 find the coordinates
of B? m= Coefficient of x
0, then
frE A(6, 3) areT y tEI G AB Ì fag P(0, 5) À2:3 Coefficient of y)
(b) Slope of linepassing
through (% y,) and (x, y,) is -
HINTS:
(6, 3)
2 3
Slope, m =

A P(0, 5) B

nx,
X=t Mirror Image/quT ufafara
m

+n
0=2x, +
6 x 3 (a) Mirror Image of(x, y) with respect to x-Axis is (x, -y)

-9 = X
(b) Mirror image of (x, y) with respect to y-Axis is (-x, y)
y=tny, y- 14 vRÄ: (x, y) 1 Ý yfdfqr (-x, y) ŽI
m +n
(c) Mirror Image of (x, y) with respect to origin is (-x,-y)
52xy,
+
3x3
5
G fag vd: (x, y) qÝUI wfafqra (-x, y)I
1
25-9 = 2y, y-Axis
8=y2 P-x, y) P<, y)F
:. B(,, y,) =
(-9, 8)
Ex. What is the mnid-point of MN between the points M(2,
6)and N(8, 4)? P(, y)

@Baka_260
fag M(2, 6) 3ir N(8, 4) # MN T -f4K
? XAxis
HINTS: (0,0)
M
P
Using Midpoint formula, Potx, y) P, (x, y) ?
i

T3-1t:
Note: Use this concept to find the coordinates of the
image of a point,
2

2+810-5
2 2 The perpendicular distance from the point to the mirror
and the perpendicular distance from the image to the
644 mirror are equal and both lie on the same straight line.
y=
2
E5
The midpoint of MN is (5, 5)
Slope of line (m)/a t yuAAI Ex. Find the reflection of the point G(5, +3) across the line
X= 1.

Tangent (tan) of angle between line and +ve x-axis

HINTS:
We know that,
(m)
=tan Reflection = 2 x Mirror point - Given point.
line
Slope of vertical
Slopeof
=2x
-
1- (+3)
=2-3 =-1
line (m) = tan 90° Reflection (-1, 3)
Horizontal Angle between two lines of slope m,
=0 and m, is 0 tháne10
90
of tan0° tan =+
Im-m
1+mmn2
Slope(m).=
line
m =-ve If line are parallel then = 0° f linés are perpendicular therf = 90°

..
tan0° 0 =
m-m, >m, = m, 90°=o m,- m,
1+ m,m,
1+ m, n,
ma =0m,.m-
1+m -1

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) (Selected Selection fa 180

 Co-Ordinate Geometry

Aint of
etion of two lines aj x+ b y tC0and a, x +
by +c0
TRIANGLE/ fr
A (x1, yi)

a, b, C

other lines are parallel lines are Intersecting

overlapping cach
lines are

Solution
No Solution One Solution C b
o0

value of m will +the system of equations 17x+

Ex.
For what 0 and 23x 299y
=
+
138 = 0 have
infinite
my + 102
solutions?
number of
m
my + = 0
fer Hithu 17x+ 102 stt 23x B (X, y2) a C (x3, y3)
T

Area of AABC /AABC h|

HINTS:
system ofequations, - y)+x,(y, - y.)|
Given
-lx9.-Y,)+ x,(y,
17x+ my 102 =0
+

= fI<NIe6
23x+ 299y + 138 0
-
Coordinates of
centroid/E
IÜsing conditions for having infinite solutions

3 3
a b, Cz
Coordinates of incentre/ 34-: + f#
17
m
299x17 .=
221
ax, + bx, t cx ay,+by, + cy,
m=
23 29923 a+b+c a+b+c
vertices
Find Area of triangle whose coordinates of the 6).

@Baka_260
For what value of m will the system of equations 18x Ex.
72y 13 0 and 7x- my - 17 =0 have no solution?
Ex. 3) (8,
+ = A, B and C are respectively (3, 4) (4, and
=
m H7 fat HTG{ 8x-72y + 13 0 3R 7x
# fei
(3,4) (-4, 3) AR (8, 6) E

fRE AH:
HINTS: HINTS:
y, = 4, y, = 3, y, = 6
Given.system of equations, x =3, x,=-4, X, =8 and
= Area of triangle
18x- 72y + 13 0
7x-my - 17
= 0
- 1
Using conditions for having no solutions

a,
1
6) - 4(6- 4) + 8{4
-3)
18
b,
-72
C

72x7 = 4 x 7= 28
-33-
**
7 -m 18 9
sq. unit
Ex, If 3x + 4y =
two lines 16 and 6x + ky= 19 having unique
solution then find the value of k. Find centroid of the triangle whose coordinates of the
Ex.
= = HHIT
AIK
tGI3 3x + 4y 16 3R 6x+ ky 19 1 vertices are respectively (3, 8) (5, 6) and (7, 4).

HINTS:
Given system of equations,
(3, 8), (5, 6) r (7, 4) ŽI

HINTS:
3x + 4y = 16
6x+ ky = 19 Centroid, G- +*, +x ty, +y,
3
Using conditions for having no solutions -
(3+5+7 8+6+4 - (5, 6)

b, C2 3 3
of the
3 4 16 Ex. Find Incentre of the triangle whose coordinates
(-2, -5).
vertiçes are respectively (-4, 6), (2, and
3)

19
k= (4, 6), (2, 3) sir (-2, -5)
4
181
Aditya
Ranjan (Excise Inspector) Selected Selection fain
 Co-Ordinate Geometry

HINTS: HINTS:
(4, 6) -16,15)

(x, y)

(2, 3) (-2, -5)

d=
(4,0) (8,0)
X
a = V(2+2) +(3+5 - V80 - 4/5 units
Line (1), 3x+ 4y = 12 tiGi l aD
= – Put y = 0, then x= 4
b J(2+ 4) +(-5-6' 125 5V5 units
Line(1) cuts x-Axis at (4,0)
c= = Line (2), 5x+ 8y = 40 S

(2+4) +(3-6Ý 45 –3/5 units Put y =

0, then x=8
Let coordinates of the Incentre = (x,, y) Line(2) cuts x-Axis at (4,0)
Base = 8-4 = 4 Unit
X
ax, + bx, + cx4/5(-4)+5/5(2)+ 3V5(-2) To find height, we have to find the intersection point of
a
+b+c 4/5 +5V5 +345 =-1 both the lines and the value ofy will be considered as
height in this point.
ay, + by, tcys 4V5(6)+ 5/5(3) + 3/5 (-5) 3x+ 4y= 12 ----[1]

@Baka_260
a +b+c 4/5 +5V5+3/5 =2 5x+ 8y= 40 ----(2]
Solving [1] and (2), We gety =
Thus, coordinates of the incentre is (- 1, 2). l5t 5
So, Height = 15 unit
Ex. Find the coordinates of vertex C of triangle ABC
if the coordinates of other two vertex A
and B are Area of triangle
1
x
(-2,5) and (4, -4) and coordinates of
centroid is =x4
2
15 ,30 sq unit.
(3, -2). Ex. Find the area of quadrilateral formed by. four lines 8x +
15y = 120, 3x+ 4y = 12, x-axis and y-axis
sat
3iR
frRTA (3, -2)
B *
fr<IG (-2, 5) r (4, -4) 7T Gh +
AR
ta3 8x + 15y =
120, + =
3x 4y 12, x-344 AR y-3
I HINTS:
HINTS:
Let the coordinates of the vertex C (x, y)
C
Here, x,= -2, x, = 4, y, = 5, y, =
-4 D
and X =3, Y =-2
O|4A B
Centriod (X,
n-*** 3 3
15

3=
-2 +4 +X 8x+ 15y = 120
3
X=7

X4-1
15 8
2= 5-4+yy-7
3 Similarly,
Hence coordinates of the vertex C is (7, - 7).
Find the area of tringle which is formed by three lines
XY-1
3
4
Ex.
3x+ 4y= 12, 5x+ 8y = 40 and x- axis?
ry AA9d AIA if Area of quadrilateral ABCD, > ArA OBC-ArA OAD
t7
tasi 3x + 4y -12, 5x +
t
I
8- x
= 40 3R X
-314 1
8y x
7*15
2
3 x 4
54 sq,unit

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspectori) (Selected Selection feULT 182

 Co-Ordinate Geometry
Coordinates of
circumcentre/yfh HINTS:
C (3, 4)
(x, Sin 2A + x, Sin2B+x, Sin2c
Sin 2A + Sin 2B + Sin 2C
y, Sin 2A+y, Sin2B+y, Sin2c
Sin 2A + Sin 2B + Sin 2C
equation of line AB 2x +y +3-0...)
y -
of orthocentre/ slope (2)x- 3
Coordinates
fA m, = +2
y tan A +x, tan B+ tanC y, tan y, tan B + y, tan C
X, A
+

slope of CP

tan A + tan B +
tan C tan A + tan B+ tan C
The equation of a line passing through points (x,, y,) equation of CP > (y- 4) = z(x- 3)
- 2y.......
and (x,, Y,) =-5 (i)
we get
On solving equation (ij & (ii)

-11 7

y-y 2x3+1x4 +3
D= V22+37
Ex.
Bind the equation of the line whose end point are (3, 2) 13
and (4, 5). D13
Theperpendicular distance between parallel line ax +
by c, 0 and ax + by + c, 0 is:
+ =
5)
HINTS:
(4, 5)
HHK ax + by + c, = 0
t 1l ax + by + c,= 0* EAd
(3, 2)

@Baka_260
ÄTQ,
Ex. Distance between the lines 2x + 3y + 5=0 and 4x+ 6y
Slope of line
=
-
5-2_3-3 1
+1 = 0 is:
X,
x,
4-3 tai 4x+ 6y + 1
-0 tt 2x+ 3y+ 5 = 0 *a t gt
Equation of line, y - y, = m (x- x) HINTS:
= Given line is -
y-2 3(x– 3) 2x +3y + 5 =0......Line(1)
3x-y =7
1
Ex The eguation of
straight line on a point (0, O)
au4x+ 6y +
o.Line(2)
slope is 2.
1
=0»2x +
3y+
The distance between the given line is -o s

HINTS:
5
Equation of line, y -y, = m (x- x) 9
y--5) =
2(x-3) D= Ja' + b² 2/13
J2+32
2x-y- 11 = 0
The coordinate of point of intersection of two lines a,x +
CIRCLE/g
b,y+c, = 0 and a,x + b,y + c,=0 is
Equation of circle when center is origin/q al H5U
a,x + b,y + c, =0 1 ax + b,y +c,= 0 * fdoz
tai =
x2 + y? ?
b,c,-b,c, Ca, - C,a, Where, r is radius/ Ti, r far
a,b, - a,b,'a,b, - a,b,, Standard equation of a circle
Perpendicular distance of a line ax + by + c-0 from a Equation of circle having center (8 -) is/* (-g, )
point (x, y) is
=
x² + y?- 2gx + 2fytc 0,
ax +
by + c= 0 T fag (x, y)
44d t & o
+ Radius/fr|= Ng'+f-c h
i
-lax by, +c| + +
Va?+b If be the angle between two straight linesa,x b,y
0
Ex. c, =0 and a,x + b,y + c,= 0, then
From the line 2x to
thee point (3,4) a line perpendicular a,x + b,y + C, = 0 a,x + b,y + c, = R

*y+3=O is drawn, Find the coordinates the foot of of

ufk
et tai
Lne perpendicular and àlso find perpendicúlar distance.
tag (3 4) 2x+ a -
tan0 =,b, a,b,|
a,b, +a,b,l
Aditya
Ranjan (Excise Inspector) (Selected Selection ferlI 183
 Percentage

PERCENTAGE 12)

=
Percentage/ufyA: Percentage refers to " Per hundred" (135-99) x100% 26%
135
37 This can also be solved by taking ratios:
i.e., 37% means 37 out of hundred or 100 Percentage
99 135
is denoted by "%'. Simplified form

37
37 4I
100 4 x100 =
26%
2 o

oo
15 3
In other words, it can be said that 'percentage is that
fraction whose every denominator is 100 and fraction Ex. 24 is what percent more than 20
per
is any fixed amount, this fixed amount is called
(24-20)x 100 = 20%
hundred. 20
This can also be solved by taking ratios:
24 20

@Baka_260
Simplified form
6 5
=
P = 19
P% T21 19%
100 100
1
x100
=
20%
Basic Concepts / felt 5
(i) If you have to find the y% of a number x then,
X
(iv)
%
of y= y% of
x 100 *y= 100

= XX y Ex. 10% of 20 = 20% of 10

y% of x 100
x
10 = x
20
= x 30 = 20 100
10
100
-
600 I
30% 600 180
100
2= 2
If x is to be expressed as percentage of y, then required
(ii (v) (p t g)% of x =
p% of x + q% of x.
percentage
Ex. Find 111% of 500
(100% + 10% + 1%) of 500
100% = 100% of 500 + 10% of 500 + 1% of 500
y*
=
500 + 50 +5 = 555.
40
If a fraction is to be converted into a percentage,
= 25%
Ex. 40 kg is what % of 160 kg cX 100 (vi)
multiply the fraction by 100 and put a %' sign.
Ex. 180 is what % of 125
180 =
x
100% 144% 4 = 80%
P125 x 100%
5
(i) If vou have to find x is what % less or more than y,
a fraction or decmial
then (vi) To convert a percentage to
fraction: Remove the sign and divide by 100.
%

% GT f EUIH 100
= (y-*) x100%
Required %
10
Ex: 99 is what % less than 135
r3ie- 10% =
100
-=0.1

184
Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) Selected Selection faoI
 Percentage
Braction to Percentage Conversion Derived fraction from base fractions
(3TUTT fq fy)
Fraction Percentage Decimalt
&

100% 100%
1
L25%
4
50% 50% J x3
3
=75%
1
33%
3
33.33%
3
1 25% 25% 2
4 =33%,-667%e
20% 20% 4
5 2
F=20%, 40%,¿60%, 80%
5
16.66%
56 88%
14-% 14.28%
3

12.5%
8
=
1
11.11% 'OR -14%,e1--100% -14-% 8s%
9
1
R=12%, 38 5 -

@Baka_260
10
10% 10% 62%, 0rhn
1
11 % 9.09%
11 "OR'
1-100%
1

84 % 8.33% 4 4 5 5
12
22% g=44,%, 9
-55%,
1

7 9 7.69%
13 130 7 7
1
G-776%
14
7.14%

15
1
6,% 2 6.66%
'OR' G1--100% -
8
91
1
7
16
6% 6.25%
1
10 10
17
5.88% 1190%
1
55 =
5.55% 11 73-%
18
15-67%, S-llx66%
3 3
1

19
5
51g% 5.26% =
1
-6%,11x6-%
16
68%
20 5% 5%
1
1
16% sos1 24
4%-2=17x2,%-35%
6
24 4%4
-6,e-13x64% = 814%
1

25 4% 4% 16
=
40
13 =1-=100% -18% 81-%
2% 2.5% 'OR'
16 16 4

Aditya 185|
Ranjan (Excise
Inspector)) (Selected Selection faI
 Percentage

(Important points/ 6yuf fag Important Concepts/:L8yut fr

(i) When x is increascd by x%, total value will be (CONCEPT-01)
(Successive Percentage Changers
10 + 10 x 10% = 10.100 - 11.00%
+ x = When two or more percentage changs are applied to
20 20 20% 20.400 24.00% a quantity consecutively, thec percentage change i
30 + 30x 30% = 30.900 = 39.00% called a "successive percentage change." Here, the
final change is not the simple additíon of two or more
40 + 40 x = =
40% 40.1600 56.00% percentages. In a successive percentage change. a
+ x = = quantity is changed by some percentage, and the
50 50 50% 50.2500 75.00%
obtained new quantity is changed by another
60 + 60 x 60% =
60.3600 = 96.00% percentage, i.e., both the percentages are not applied
to the same actual value.
x 70% = =
70+ 70 70.4900 119.00%
80 + 80 x
80% = 80.6400 = 144.00%
Note: x.
qeta g4 Y8 x ferei f decimal GII

digit decimal
x carry
$ right i a decimal À left
Ata Ì q1 If a number is increased by a% and then it is decreased
(ii When x is decreased by x%, total value will be by b%, then resultant.change in percentage will

x
bela-b-0%
10- 10 10% =9

@Baka_260
x =
20- 20 20% 16
30 -30 x 30% = 21
40 40 x 40% = 24 100
50- 50 x
50% = 25 (Negative sign for decrease, Positive sign for increase)
60-60 x 60% = 24
70– 70 x 70% = 21
(i) Ifa number is decreased by a% and then it is inreased
x =
by b%, then net increase or decrease percent is
80- 80 80% 16
90- 90 x
90% = 9
100 - 100 x 100% = 0
-a+b ab
pg pq |%
(iii) (a) pq-pqpq...%= (100-1) 99 100
23 (Negative sign for decrease, Positive sign for increase)
Ex. 23.23% =
99 (ii) If a number is first decreased by a% and then by b%,
=
18 2 then net decrease percent is
18.18%o
99 11
per 8t3
pq
(b) pq.2pq% = (100
-2) 98
= 28_2 -a-b+;1ab00/%-ve sign for decrease)/-ve hd 1
Ex. 28.57%
987
= 33 fu)
33.66% If a
98 (iv) number is first increased by a% and again
pq Pq increased by b%, then total increase percent is
(C) pq.3pq%= (100-3) 97
|4
Ex. 14.42% =
11 a+b+: ab |%
11.33%= 100
97

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) (Selected Selection faUT 186

 Percentage

3 varriable wi 2varriable formula 2

times apply
2%, 4%, 7%
falu'-&,(Apply csn Hhd 3a Ratio Method 3y4m hi
percentage Successive Method)
Types of = +1 +3
& 50%
=
3S 20%
1
5Ct30% 10 2
";%,12,16%..
dhd (Apply Ratio Method) B 10 13

Length and breadth of

a
rectangle are increased by H 2 1
Ex = LBH
n0 and 20% respectively. What will be the percentage
V

100 78
increase in the area of rectangle? 227
% decrease
22y100 = 22%
100
HINTS:
Ex. A number is first increased by. 40% and then
decreased by 25%, again increased by 15% and then
By Successive percentage formula decreased by 20%. What is the net increase or decrease
percent in the number?
= + + 10x20
%increase 10 20 = 32%
100
By Ratio Method

+1 = +1 HINTS:
10% and 20%
10 5
H yHR successive percentage # formulae
N
ym
solve G(| lengthy HÍ ratio method hl
at
10 11 H

B 5 6
Area = L x B
50 66 +2 -1 +3

@Baka_260
40% =
25%
=
15% = 20% =
25 33 5 4 20 5
+8
:
5 7
% incre ase 9E X100 =32%
=

4 : 3 p

:
20 23
Ex. Base of a triangle is increased by 33% and its height 5 :4
3 sy loss1t
4832
:
500
is reduced by 16, %. Find the percentage change in area = 17
% decrease x100% =3.4%
of triangle? 500
1 2 CONCEPT-02 )0.0
3 3
(Series Method)
HINTS: hiSeries method ym Z4 T4
fenî initial
If the given % value is mixed fraction, apply ratio value successive Yfat 1 final value yI HÀ
approach
33-% 16% - -1
Ex. The population of a city is 25000. If it is increasing at
B:34 the rate of 10% every year. Then population of city
6 5es after two year is?
Area
=-B×
2 H 18 20
10
HINTS:
G*100
1
o-11%
Ex. =
Length of 10%
cuboid is increased by 20%, breadth is
increase by 30%
effect on and height is decreased by 50%. Find Population after 2 year
volume.

= x =
25000 30250
Aditya
Ranjan SelectionfIUT 187
(Excise Inspector) (Selected
 Percentage
Ex. When a number is successively decreased by 25 CONCEPT-04)
percent, 40 percent and 20 percent, then it becomes
32,904. what is the number? (Applicaiton of AB-rule)
ya foft HH HN: 25 sfayra, 40 yfaya sir 20 Study the below statements carefully.

If the cost of an article is increased by A%, then hone

much to decrease the consumption of article, so that
HINTS:
expenditure remains same is given by
3 - 3 4
25%=-40% 20% = S
'OR'
3
N X3
4
=32904 If the income of a manis A% more than another man
45 5 then income of another man is less in comparison to
N=91400 the 1st man by

Ex. A geek gave 40% of his retirement money to his wife.

He also gave 20 % of the remaining amount to each of
the cost of an article is decreased by A%, then the
his 3 sons. 50 % of the amount now left was spent on
increase in consumption of article to maintain the
miscellaneous items and the remaining amount of Rs. expenditure will be?
1,20,000 was deposited in the bank. How much money
did the geek get as retirement money?

@Baka_260
'OR'
If 'x is A% less than 'y. then y is what % more than 'x by
Required% = (increase)

HINTS: In such kinds of questions, apply AB - Rule.

Let geek get Rs.X as retirement money.

Ex. A's income is 25% more than income of B. ncome of
3 2 1
B is how much percent less than income of A?
***x1,20,000 A
Ì 4 BÌ 3r4 25% 3tfrc B 44 A 3A
X=10,00000
CONCEPT-03 HINTS:
If a number is increased by x% and then it is reduced
by x% again, then percentage change will be a decrease same
2
opposite
% 25% = X100
100

Income of B is 20% less than A.

Ex. Rita's Income is 15% less than Richa's income. By
%
100 what percent is Richa's income more than Rita s
income.
Ex. X's salary is increased by 20% and then decreased by
20%. What is the change in salary?

HINTS:
HINTS: same
opposite
20x 20 =
%= 4% decrease 15%= 20 +3
-x100 =
100 100 17 17

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector)) Selected Selection fan 185

 Percentage
manpowcr, the production
Due to fall| in in a company
35%. By what percentage i) New quantity which can be purchased in Rs.360
Ex. decrease by should the
working hours be increascd to rcstorc the original
production?
,
Ptf n # TÀ TIKH 15s(iv) Initial quantity which can be purchased in Rs.360

HINTS:
HINTS:
same 20%
opposite

35% =
x 100 = 53.85%
13 5
P 4
C 4
Theprice of sugar is increased by 25%. Then by how +1,
much percentage the Consumption decreases so that 2 kg
expenditure remains same.
We have, 1 = 2 kg
unit
HINTS:
=
360 Rs.45kg
(i) Initial price
4x2
+1
25% =
5
x100= 20%
4
=
360 = Rs.36 kg
cONCEPT-05)t (ü) Reduced price 5x2
(Price, Consumption & Expenditure) = x 2 = 10 kg tn A

(i1) New Quantity 5

x =
Price consumption Expenditure

@Baka_260
= 4 x
(iv) Initial Quantity 2 =8 kg
If Expenditure is constant then
Ex. The price of a commodity increases by 28% However,
1
the expenditure on it increases by 12%. What is the
Price c
Consumption percentage increase or decrease in its consumption?
Ex. The price of rice increases from Rs.45 per kg to Rs.63
per kg. If its consumption is reduced by 20%, then
by what percent does the expenditure on it increase?

HINTS:

128

HINTS: 100 16

= 112
20%
16 =
Price :
45 63 -x100 12.5 decrease
128
or 5 7
: Ex. When the price of an item was reduced by 20%, its
Cons 5 4 If there is an increase of 25%
%.

Exp. = P x sales increased by

C: 25 28 in the receipt of the revenue then the value of x is:
+3
3 = 12%

Ex a
price of an item is reduced by 20%. As result,
e

ustomer can get 2 kg more of it for Rs.360. Find HINTS:

-80
+45
100
0) The Initial price (in Rs.).per kg of the item.
125

45 x100 56.25%=
u
The reduced price (in Rs.) per kg of the item.
80
H4 (8. ) sf faI 189
Aditya (Selected SelectionfI
Ranjan (Excise Inspector)
 Percentage
Ex. The base of a triangle is increased by 40%. By what Ex. The monthly expenditüre of a person is 40% more th
percentage (correct to two decimal places) should its his monthly savings. If his monthly income increase
height be increased so that the area increases by 60%? 40% and monthly expenditure increases by 60% the
he saves Rs 2,070 more in a month. What is his in
monthly expenditure (in Rs)?

40% T
HINTS:

140 HINTS:

100 +20 Savings Exp. Incone

+40%
100 140
160 (12 +60%(+ 84 +40%+96

20 = 100 = 112 =224 336

X100 14.28%
140 7
2070 = Rs.24150
-x140
CONCEPT-06) 12
(Income, Expenditure & Savings) CONCEPT-07)
Income = Expenditure + Savings (Population Based Questions)
a town is
Ex. The total numbrs of males and females in

@Baka_260
man spends 2 rd of his income. If his income 6% and
Ex. A 70,000. If the number of males increased by
total
that of the females is increased by 4%, then the
increase by 14% and the expenditure increases by 20,
numbers of males and females in the town would
then the percentage increase in his savings will be become 73520. What is the difference between the
2 number of males and females in the town, in the
3 beginning?

HINTS:

Income Exp. Savings

300 200 100 HINTS:
+14% (+42 +20%(+40 +2 Method-01
Male Female
342 240 102 6% 4%

2 =
x100 2%
100 352
Rupa's savings are 16% of her
expenditure. If her 70.
Ex. increases by
savings increase by 25% and expenditure
income is:
10.5%, then the percentage increase in her 72 68
18 : 17
Given that, 35 unit
=
70,000r
toatE
s os 382
tcThen required difference.
HINTS: -
2000
= (18 17) unit
Let Expenditure 100
Income
Method-02
Savings
2% of M + 4% of M # 4% of =3520
Exp. W
16 116 itq jeint
100 3520 ij
(10.5 +25% (4 14.5 2% of
# 2800
M

s
+10.5%
130.5
2% of = 720
M RA) r
110.5 + 20
M=36000
& W
34000 Tc
b1'*4
14.5
-x100 = 12.5% Difference =2000
% IncTrement= 116
Selected Selection taN
 Percentage
a
The
population of
village was9600. In a year
with
Ex. increase in population males by 8% of

the and that

females by 5%, the population of the village
becomes 10272. What
was the number i

before
of males in
the village increase?y bily si
How many students like only tea?
GTHA 9600 (0,
8% tis (i) How many students like only coffee? H

brit
(ii) How many students like neither tea nor coffee?
HINTS:
Method-01
(iv) How many students like only one of tea or coffee?
Female (haV asd ) -bottoM
Male
8% 5%
n
(V) How many students like at least one of the
beverages?
000R1-sto bi

HINTS:
2
The given information may be =represented= by the
=
9600 x 2 = following Venn diagram, where T tea and C coffee.
Male 6400
3
Method-02 T
+ = ai
5% of M + 3% of M.
5% of F 672
C
5% of 9600 + 3% of M
=
672un0i T

3% of M=672 - 480 =192..1r 60 80 40

@Baka_260
=
To 100% of M 6400
Joy stotbtes 20
(CONCEPT-08) (i) Number of students who lke only tea =60
(Venn Diagram)
=
i Venn Diagram in case of two elements (iü) Number of students who like only coffee 40

(iüi) Number of students who like neither tea Icoffee

nor
A B = 20

¿ - 20
(iv) Number of students who like only one of tea or
Where/TEi coffee = 60 + 40 = 100

X= number of elements that belong to set A only

60 + 40 = 100
or
(v) Number of students who like at least one of tea
coffee =n (only tea) +n (only coffee)
+ n (both ta
Y =
number of elements that belong to set B only
&
coffee) = 60 + 40 + 80= 180 orT ut:

2= number of elements that belong to set A and B

=
n($dt Í1) +
HI n( 4)
both = + =
ait i) 40 + 80 180 60
elements' vi)
Venn Diagram in case three
of
none the
number of elements that belong to
of
"*
sets A or B
A&B not C
A
p: Always start flling values in the Venn diagram Only A Only B
from the innermost
value. Aacsc)
not not
B A

Ex. In a Only C
college, 200 students are randomly selected. 140 W C
like tea, coffee.
120 like coffee and 80 like both tea and
Adityaa
Ranjan Selectedselection falUt 191
(Excise Inspector)
 Percentage
W number
of
clements that belong to none of the cONCEPT-09
sets B and
A, C
(Question Based on Election)
X. In an clection bctwecn two candidates, one got
Ex. In a class there arc 120 students, 60 rcad Times of 60% of
the total valid votes, 90% of the votes were valid, If the
India, 55 read Hindu and 45 read Economic Times. If total number of votes was 12000, then what was th
19 students read Times of India and Hindu, 12 read
number of valid votes that the other candidate got?
Hindu and Economic Times and 15 students read
Economic Times E and Times of India. If there are 4
students who read all the threc newspapers, then find:

HINTS:
Method-1 (Chain Method)
Total Vote -(12000

(i) Those who read only Times of India/ t hAT UgH

Valid Vote = 12000 x
90
10800
100

(ii) Those who read only Hindu/ hT fog yat W

60% 40%
(iii) Those who read exactly one newspaper/a i t4cgei Number of valid votes that the other candidate got
S0bodts4
(iv) Those who read at least two newspaper/à 4 x 40 =
=10800 4320
100
(v) Those who read at least one newspaper/G 4 H Method-2 (Series Method)

@Baka_260
Number of valid votes that the other candidate got
(vi) Those who read at most one newspaper/ t 90 40 =
=12000x- X 4320
100 100
(vi) Those who read Hindu but not Economic Times) Ex In a tw0-candidate election, 10% of the voters did not
cast their ballots, 10% of the votes casted were found
invalid. The winning candidate received 54% of the
HINTS: valid votes and a 1620-vote majority. Find the number
H of people on the voter list who have registered to vote.
30 /15\ 28
/8
22
E
W= 2 HINTS:
e o X

Method-1 (Chain Method)

() Those who read only Times of India/à t hai IgH = (100x)
Total Vote

(i) Those who read only Hindu/a a forg vgd 28

h vote Cast
-10%

(90x)scl!
not voted I

to t9tmur. S
(iii) Those who read exactly one newspaper/ l faei chunlo
-10% Invalid
y# HHAK YA Yat 30 + 28 + 22 = 80
(iv) Those who read at least two newspaper/ Valid Vote(81x)
4
4
t HHR 4 Ydd =
15 +
11 +8 + 4 = 38
w L
(v) Those who read at least one newspaper/I 4 H f54 46% N5V
h4 HHKY Yed 8= 120-2 = 118
(vi) Those who read at most one newspaper/ t 8
81x x =1620
(vii) Those who read Hindu but not Economic Times/à
f yoA f geh-f45 ZEH TEi = 28 + 15 = 43 TV=

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector)) (Selected Selection fI 19

 Percentage
Method-2 (Series Method)
Let the number
of
enrolled voters =x (CONCEPT-10)
8 (Questions Related to Student Passing &
9 = 1620
xX10100 Failure)
Ex. A student scored 32% marks and failed by 6 marks.
X= 25000 If he had scored 36% then he would have passed by
mo candidates participated in an election, 20% voters 2marks. Find
Ex.
did not cast their votes and 2000 votes were declared
invalid. Winner candidate got 60% of valid votes and
cot elected by 1200 number of votes. Find the total
number of votes in voter list.
i) What is the passing marks/sáj 44 (t)
(üi)
Maximúm marks of the examn/yûm h 34frchdH d6
(i) Passing percentage/3i vfarra
(iv) Student's marks/BA *
HINTS:
HINTS:
6 Passing Marks
x*-2000 )x1200 32% 36%

4% = 8
.:. = 64
= 32%
EX-2000 6000 () Passing Marks =64 +
6=70
8 =
4
(ii) Max. Marks x100 200
FX =8000 4

@Baka_260
70
X= 10000 (ii) Passing percentage = x100 = 35%,t
200
In a election two candidates participated. 20% of = 32% =.64
Ex. (iv) Student's marks
population did not vote. 200 votes declared invalid and
CONCEPT-11
the winner got fifty percent of voting list and won by
800 votes. Calculate the valid votes. (Questions Based on Commission)
Ex A company give 12% commission to his salesman on total
sales and 1% bonus on the sales over 15000. If the
salesman deposit R52,350 after deducting his commission
from total sales. Find

HINTS:

Total Vote =(100:x)

- 20x Total sales./el fusâ
(i) Total commission of salesman./tHÝA I qA FTT
Vote Cast 80x) HINTS:
12%

Valid Vote ( 80x) 1%

15000
Salesman t qf 15000 t 1% Ata 150 fMci
r t
fHT GII 0E
W L 3 Ri sale 13% Commission
30 30x
=
(52 350 - 150) x100 = 60000
(i) Total sales
20x = 600 87.
(ii) Total commission of salesman
c
80x = 2400-200 = 12% of
15000 + 13% of 45000
= = 7650
2200 = 1800 + 5850

Aditya
Ranjan (Excise Inspector)) Selected ž Selection fI 193
 Profit and LosR

PROFIT & LOSS

13

If an article is sold for Rs. 355, there is a loss of 290%

Some Common Terms/ HIH N Ex.
At what price (in Rs) should it be sold to gain 319% ot
to CP (Cost price/64 He) The price at which we buy any
profit?

SP (Selling price/fashy H) The price at which we sell

If SP > CP Profit (iIH) = SP – CP HINTS:

If CP > SP Loss (aH) = o
CP- SP SP, CP SP,
Profit 71% 100% 131%
Profit% = x100 Rs.355
Cost Price
355
x131% = 655
Loss% = Loss 71%
x100

@Baka_260
Cost Price Ex The difference in selling prices of an article when sold
at 15% profit and 17% loss is? 96. If it is sold at 10%
Important Concepts/gaqut taTTUT profit, then what is the selling price ?
CONCEPT-01)
(Basic Concept)
Ex. A product is bought at Rs. 20 and sold at Rs. 50. Find HINTS:
profit percent.
SP SP,
83% 100% 115%
HINTS: CP
Profit = 50- 20 = 30 32% 96
110% ?
Profit % = 30 x100 = 150%
20 96
110% = x110 = Rs.330
Ex. The selling price of a mobile phone is Rs 59,620 and 32
it was sold at 8.4% profit. The cost price (in Rs) of the CONCEPT-02
mobile phone is:
(CP of X=SP of Y)
If cost price of 'x.articles is equal to selling price of y

articles, then Selling Price/faa H=X, Cost Price/

HINTS:
HeY=y
SP = 59620, P = 8.4%, CP =?
100 108.4
CP) (SP) Hence, Profit or Loss% = 100

+8.4% Rs.59620
Ex The cost price of 15 article is egual to selling price
0E3to 10 article. Then find the profit or loss percentage.
= 596200 x100 =
CP 55000
1084

194
Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) Selected Selection
 Profit and Loss
HINTS:
= x 10
Ex, A shopkeeper sold an article for ? 455 at a loss (in 9.
CP x 15 SP
If he sclls it for 490, then he would gain an amount
CP four times the loss. At what price (in ) should he sell
the article to gain 25% ?

Profit%
=
;*100% - 50%
(CONCEPT-03
(Profit or Loss = CP or SP) HINTS:
By selling two artides for 800, a person gains
Ex. the cost
price of5 articles. The profit percent is :
1

SP, SP
455 CP 490
HINITS: 35
Let CP of article be Rs.1 35 -7
=
P= 5CP 5 CP = 2 5
. P% 5 = = + = 462 or 490- 4 x7=
1

462
=x100 250% CP 455 1x7

(CONCEPT-04 SP =
462,125 = 577.5
100
(Profit or loss on selling price) CONCEPT-06)
Ex. If aperson calculates his profit% on selling price and
according to him, his profit is 20%. Find his actual (Number of Articles)

@Baka_260
profit%. Ex. A person bought some articles at rate of 11 for 710 and
%.
sold them at the rate of 10 for 11. Find the profit/loss

P= 20% on SP
HINTS:
1
P i.e., CP
=
SP-P= 5-
1 =
4 Method-01
5-SP Price Article)
100 CP : 11,jo2vA
Profit% on CP
=x 4
100% = 25%
121 SP
10,
11,11
10
:
10 , 11

(CONCEPT-05) 21
profit% : x
100%=21%
incurred)
(Profit Obtained is X- Times of the loss 100
an article for Method-02:
Ex. The profit made by selling on
? 13400 is egual to the
amount of loss incurred
What will be the
11600. CP SP
selling the same article at 10 11
(in )
profit ifit is sold for 14,750 11 10
100 121

P% = 21%

HINTS: Ex A trader bought some orange at 7 for 11. He sold

all at 2 for 3. Thereby he losses 730. Find number of
P oranges sold.
SP, SP
11600 13400
CP

CP
=
SP +L= SP-P| HINTS:
P A
1800 22 CP
2
=900 11,,:
= 12500
+ 900 = 12500 or 13400- 900 21 SP 3,, : 27
CP = 11600
Rs.1 loSs 14 articles
SP = 14750 (Given)
- Rs.30 loss 14x 30 = 420 articles
P= 14750 12500 2250

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector)) Selected Selection favn 195

 Profit and Loss
Ex, A shopkeeper bought 60 pencils at a rate 4
for Rs. 5 of
HINTS:
and another 60 pencils at a rate of 2 for Rs 3. He mixed Let the merchent bought 25 bananas.
all the pencils and sold them at a rate of3 for Rs 4. Data -> 5 8 12
Find his gain or loss percentagc. P/L --100% +15% +10%
+
120+ 120 -260
P/L% = -500 =-10.4%
25 25

CONCEPT-08)
HINTS: (When SP is Same)
Method-01 Direct Formula
A 100(x+ y) + 2xy
P/L% = + x +y
CP1 5 4 200
If profit is of x% and loss is also of % then,
33
CPo
CP
34
11,
2e
=
L%
32 SP 38 100
1
% Ex. Two horses were sold at R1599 each. First was sold at
Loss = x 100%% = 3
3.3 3 25% profit and second at 20% loss. Find the overall
profit or loss %.

Method-02:
CP SP HINTS:
5 3 : 4
x60+x60 x120 Method-01

@Baka_260
4 3
75+90 160 CP SP
165 160 = +1 4.4
I 25% 5,,
5 = 4
Loss% = x100% 3-%
165 3
II =
20% 4.5
(CONCEPT-07)
(Average Concept on CP) 41 40
Ex. A man bought three articles for 6,000 each. He sold
the articles respectively at 15% profit, 12% profit and
Loss% = x100%
15% loss. The total percentage profit/loss he earned is: 41 =2.43%siaid 3u
Note: To make the SP same in both cases take the LCM
of 5 and 4.
Method-02
HINTS:
D 1st 2nd 3rd =
100(x + y) + 2xy
Profit P/L%
15% 12% -15% 200+ x +y
= 15+12-15 =
Profit% 4% 100(25-20)+ 2 x25 x (-20)
3s 200 +25-20 2.43%
Ex. A fruit merchant bought some bananas. One fifth of
them got rotten and was thrown away. He sold two fifth Ex. Two horses were sold for 1920 each. First was sola
of the bananas with him at 15% profit and the at 20% loss and second at 20% profit. Find over all
remaining bananas with him at 10% profit. Find his profit or loss.
overall loss or profit percent?

2 344 15% HINTS:

5

L% = -x -20²
100 100 4%

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) (Selected Selection fan 190

 Profit and Loss
CONCEPT-09 A dishonest shopkeeper sells his goods at C.P. but
=
(CP of 1st article = SP of 2nd article) uses false weight, then his profit

Ex.
A
shopkeeper sold two items. The selling price of the
first item equals the cost price of the second item, He
eold the first item at a profit of 20% and the second item
ot a loss of 10%. What is his overall profit/loss percent? Gain%/eI4%
True weight - False welgntx100
False weight
to sell his goods at
Ex. A dishonest shopkeeper promises
weight. Find his profit %?
its CP but he uses 30%
1less
HINTS:
CP SP
I 20% = 5.,
=
II -10% 10.3 9.5 HINTS:
10
Method-01
55 57 Let SP = 1000
= o
40ofo True weight = 1000, False weignt.7 700
P% =
2
x100% =
3%
55
Note: To equate the SP of
11 11

lst with CP of 2nd, take the Gain/l%

= 300 X100 =
700
49ore iz

LCM of 6 and 10.

Method-02
CONCEPT-10
CP SP

@Baka_260
P,
P 700 1000
Q, x
(100+ P, /L)% Q, x (100 + P,
/L,) %

oranges for Rs 405, a trader loses +300

Ex. By selling 3 dozen
25%. How many
oranges should he sell for 288 if he
the transaction? P% 3
needs to earna profit of 20% in 7h7
goods at
A dishonest shopkeeper promises to sell his1
uses 91Og weight instead of kg. Find
44% loss but he
288 6ya his actual loss percent (approx.)
HINTS:

405 228
XX120%
12x3x 75% a man incurs a HINTS:
Ex. By selling 18 table fans for 11,664be sell for 17,424
many fans should CP SP
loss of 10%. How
to earn 10% profit?
:
100 56
:
910 1000
:
91 56

HINTS: 35
L% = x100% = 38.4%
11664 17424 91
18x 90 xx110 -VU) Ex. A shopkeeper marks up his goods 35% above the
CP

X= and gives 23% discount to the customer. at the tme

22-4 CONCEPT-11) of buying he uses 1120g instead of lkg and At the time

of selling the goods he gives 880g weight instead of lkg.

(Dishonest Shopkeeper) find his profit %?

Buying Selling

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) Selected Selection faIUN 197

 Profit and Loss
HINTS:
CONCEPT-13)
CP SP
100 135
(Two Article Case)
Ex. A person buys 5 tables
100 77 and 9 chairs for 15,400. He
1000 1120 sells tables at 10% profit and chairs at 20% profit. If
880 1000 his total profit on selling all the tables and chairs is
1000 1323 2,080, what is the cost price of 3 chairs?
ve5 fR
+323 5
3r 9 afHY t 15 A00
4 aiI JÀ
323
P= x100% = 32.3%
1000
CONCEPT-12
CP, SP, HINTS:
10 20

CP, SP, 2080

In these type of questions two situations are given. In 154
the first case, an article is bought and sold at some P/ 1000
L% and in the second case, it is given that if the article 540
was bOught at a certain percent less or more
and sold it
for a certain rupees more or less then buyer would have
77 unit
1
50

unit
- 15400
200
27

made a certain P/L%. CP of the article is to be found. Cost of9 chairs Rs. 5400 =

5400 =
Then, Cost of 3 chairs = Rs.1800
3
Ex. A. man
sells a table at 12% loss and a book at 19%
profit and earns a profit of ? 160 but if he sells, the

@Baka_260
table at 12% profit and book at 16% loss, then he
bears a loss of 40. Find the difference between price
A man bought an article and sold it at a gain of 10%. of a table and a book.
Ex.
If he had bought the article at 20% less and sold it for
1000 mnore, he would have made a profit of 40%. The
cost price of the article (in ) is:

HINTS:
HINTS: CP 100x 100y
CP
10%
SP Table Book
10x -12x +19y = 160
1
100x Si ve
-20%| 2Lz
+2x= 1000 +12x -16y.= 40 9sept
80x 112x
3y = 120
+40%
1000 x 100x
. Book= 100 x 40 = 4000 ey !

CP = = 50000 -12x + 760 = 160

2x
Ex. A person sold a house at 15% profit. If he had 600= 12x
purchased it for 25% less & sold it for 60 less, then .: Table = 100 x 50 = 5000
there would have been a profit of 32%. Find the cost Difference = 5000 - 4000 = 1000
price of house.
CONCEPT-14
If P%Then CPP= 10(V25 + SP -5)
= CP,

Ex. A wrist watch is sold for 1,200 at a profit percenl

HINTS: equal to its cost price. Find the cost price of the wnst
CP
15%
SP
watch.
100x 115x
)-16x =
6o
75x 99x Hints:
+32%
60 CP = 10(V25 +1200 -5)
CP = -x100x =375 = - 5) =
16x 10(35 300
198
Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) Selected Seléection
 Discount

DISCOUNT
14

Some Common Terms/hs HIHA yd HINTS:

Discount/11():The discount which is given at the MP y90 X

80
X
75
=259292
time of selling the article is called discount. 100 100 100
MP = 4800
Marked or Listed price/AAd Hey:The price printed on (cONCEPT-02)
an article or written on a slip attached to it is called its (100-D%)
CP
marked price (MP). It is also called listed or printed
MP (100+P/ L%)
price.
Ex A dealer allows his customers a discount of 18% and
still gains 24%. If an' article costs Rs 1,560 to the
dealer, what is its marked price (to the nearest Rs)?

When discount is offered, MP> SP

When discount is not offered, MP = SP
1
560 F4 Ž, at 3HH1 3fehd He4 (fheH Fy4 ) ?

@Baka_260
Discount/4<eI( Z) MP/3fd H- SP/fasaa yeq HINTS:
D% = 18% P= 24% CP =
1560 MP = ?
=
D
Discount/4eeI(e)% X100 MP 100+P/L%
MP
CP 100-D%
Note: Discount is always given on MP.
MP 124
1560 82

Profit/ Loss Discount 96720

MP =
2359
41
M.P.) CONCEPT-03)
Two successive discounts of %
& y% are given then
qyut tHegI equivalent discount -
Important Concepts/48
0 e 29107)
CONCEPT-01) no.
-% e 310 J9#tern 9t
If mark price is given and also discount(D,%, D,%.....)x+y 100)
are given then, selling price is
Ex. Equivalent discount of 15%, 25%: nd, 0ST
s
15%, 25% al HHge4 qIH A

|15+25-25 15),|% = (40-3.75)% = 36.25% discount

x
SP (fash4 H4)
100
(100-D,% (100- D,%
- MP
(3AHd H) 100
x00 100 Ex. What will be a single equivalent discount for successive
discounts of 20%, 40% and 75% on the marked price
1
This can be referred as Series Method. of an item?
10%,
Ex, A article is sold at three successive discounts of
20% and 25%. If the selling price of the article
is
Rs.2,592 then what is the marked price of the article?
t HINTS:
ye 10%, 20%
R
25%- d¬ HMG i
= -2 -3
20% 0% =
75%%
5 5 =4

Selected Selection fI 199

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector)
 Discount
MP SP Note:discount 1 discount
2
srt f squareroot
5 4 (rfga) aT 3 discount # 1 « 3ATH
fe cube ront
5 3
4 1 CONCEPT-04)
25 'y' articles (quantity /number) are on
given free
-227 purchasing 'x articles. Then,.
22 =
D% = x100% 88%
25
yx100
Ex. Two successive discounts on the marked price of an Discount/% X+y
article turns out to be equivalent to a single discount
of 25%. If the rates of the first discount is 10%. what No.of Free Articles x 100
is the rate of second discount?
or, Discount/% = Total articles
Ex. On buying 24 bangles Isha gets 6 bangles free of cost.
What percent does Isha get as a discount?

HINTS:
Method-01 HINTS: Here, y =
6 and x= 24
MP SP
lst Discount = 6x100
10 9 Discount/% 6+24
= 20%
2nd Discount
494 >10x35
Ex. Buy 11 get 3 free +12.5% additional. discount will
Equiv. Discount
result in?

Method-02@Baka_260
2nd Discount% =
36

-10%
÷x100 = 16%
6 3
HINTS:

MP
14
SP
1 1

100 -15 8 7
16
-25% -5
75

= 5 = 125% =
2nd Discount% =x100 165% D%
=16-x100%o 31.25%
90 4
(Remember this concept?) CONCEPT-05) TBTOqI!
Ex. After giving two successive discounts, each of x %, (When sum of given two discounts is same)
on the market price of an article, the
total discount Ex. ACompany offers three types of successive discounts
is 259.20 If the marked price of the article (i)
25% and 159%, (ii) 30% and 10%, (iü)35% and 5%,
is
720, then the value ofx is : which offer is best for the customer?

R
15% (ti) 30% 3iR 10%
(i) 35% 3ir 5%
hT4- V4
HINTS:
HINTS:sfh
SPR0zii Yt k T discounts I HHH f discounts
7200 4608IT
900 576
2D N225 V144
1D 15 12 e
(1)
25 15 10tt isit 8.s
-3 (ii) 30- 10 =
20
(iii) 35 = 30
= -5
Discount% 15 x100% 20%
FH
T (iii) offer JqRII, fu ya 31c1

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) (Selected Selection fa

 Simple Interest

SIMPLE INTEREST
15)

Some Common Terms/T HIHT I Important Concepts/HEruut HeGl

Simple Interest : Simple interest is the amount that a (CONCEPT-01)
borrower pays on a certain sum of money at a fixed 34TTUT)
rate over a specified period of time. Concept of timne (HHT cht
years on
certain sum becomes 'n' times of itself in T
If a
Simple interest, then the rate percent per annum and
Time is

Interest Rate: The rate at which a sum of money is

borrowed is called the rate of interest.
R% = *100%
T

T= (n-)R
x100%
Time period The time period for which an amount is
:
Ex. If a certain sum becomes 3 times of itself in 4 years
on

@Baka_260
borrowed is called the tme period of interest. simple interest. Find annual rate percent.

HINTS:
Principal The borrowed monev is called principal.
:
=
Rate %= (9-x100% 50%
4
Amount: Sum of principal and interest is called amount. If simple interest, becomes 'n' times of principle

i.e. SI =Pxn»RT =n x 100

Basic formulaHIH4 E) Ex. A sum doubles in seven years at simple interest. In
how mnany years will the sum become five tims the
S SIPxRxT original sum?
Simple InterestAIU 100
=
A
P+ SI
Amount/f4,
HINTS:
Where, years
in7 years,
means in 7
ATO, Sum doubles it
P= Principal/HYi interest occurred is equal to principal.
T= Time/44 7
R= Rate of interestG a <4
amount received on
Ex. Find the simple interest and interest
+4F SP) 28Y/
a sum of Rs. 16000 at the rate of 15% (cONCEPT-02)
0
in'3 years. RATIO OF PRINCIPALAND AMOUNT

on a sum in 10 years at
Ex. The simple interest received
HINTS:
the rate of 5% per
annum simple interest is Rs 2000,
Amount and principal.
16000x15x3 -= Rs. 7200 then find the ratio between the
100
A=P+ SI Rs. 16000
+ Rs. 7200 = Rs. 23200

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) Selected Selection faeln 201

 Simple Interest
HINTS:
(CONCEPT-04)
In Such type of questions we don't need to solve
question completely. Concept of total SI
P= 100% SI = 10 × 5% = 50%
P:A=P:(P+ SI) = 100%: 150% = 2:3 Ex. A certain sum
is lent at 4% p.a. tor 3 years 8% p.a
(CONCEPT-03) for next 4 years and 12% p.a.
beyond7 years If for a
period of 11 years the simple
Munni Concept (4t interest obtained is?
3qrUt) 27,600, then the sum is (in ):
Ex. A sum lent out at simple interest amnounts to Ua fafaa uft 3 qui
in year and? 7504 in 4 years. Find the sum
1
? 6076 fe 4% uft qY, 3M 4 q à far
rate of interest. and

HINTS:
TOTAL SI=(4% x 3) + (8% x 4) +
HINTS: (12% x 4) =92%

7504 – 6076 = 27600 x

1
Year's SI = 1428 =
Sum 100% =30000
Rs. 476 92%
4-1 3
Principal = -
Rs. 6076 Rs. 476 = Rs. 5600 (CONCEPT-05) anl
Rate % = 476
Concept of Equal SI0T04
=100% x100% =8.5% ( HHH HITUT
P 5600 ht 3RUT)
Ex. A sum at a certain rate of simple Ex. A person invested a total
interest becomes Rs. of? 9,000 in three parts
14880 after 3 years and Rs, 16800 after 5 years. at 3%, 4% and 6% per annum on simple interest.
Find At the end of a year, he received equal

@Baka_260
the simple interest on the same sum at 10% per interest
annum for 4 years (in Rs.) in all three cases. The amount invested at 6% is.

HINTS: HINTS:
Let the sum invested in the
P+3 Year's SI = 14880 --[1] ratio x: y : 2.
ATO, Here the SI on all
P+ 5 Year's SI= 16800 -----[2] the sum invested is equal and
On solving [2] - [1] we
time is constant.
get
2 Year's SI = 1920 Thus, Sl Sum
o Rate%
Principal = 14880 - 1920 x 3 87E\tesz9sl alqi:
2
=
Rs. 14480 - Rs. 2880 =
12000
34 6

X:y:z=4 :3:2
PRT 12000 x10x4
SI = -= Rs. 4800
100 100 The sum invested at 6% = Rs.
9000
Note: Solving these questions with the help of
xRs.
9
2000
diagram (CONCEPT-06)
could be easier and time sayer but concept must
be
same.
Concept of average in SISt
5Y
Ex. A person invested one-fourth
2Y
of the sum of 25,000
(14880 6800) at a certain rate of simple interest and the rest at 4%o
p.a. higher rate. If the total interest
received for 2 years
2880 1920 is ? 4,125. What is the rate at which the second sum
was invested?
I
l2000

=
12000 >x10x4 =
SI 4800
100

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector)

(Selected Selection fecIT 202
 Simple Interest
HINTS:
HINTS:
= 4125 1
1
Year's Net SI% = 8.25% Due debt (4ch14I h)
2500*100%
Sum 1
3 = 30,000 + 30000 x
8x4
2
Rate r% r% +4
= Rs. 39600
8.25%
Let the value of each installment = 100
+ 4) = (3+1) x
r%+ 3(r% 8.25%
r%=5.25% 1 year 1 year l year year
1

Thus, Second sum invested at = + = 100 100 100 00O year Inst.
5.25% 4% 9,25% +0L 100
year Inst.
CONCEPT-07) +24 +16 +8
1

108
Concept of equal amount 2 year Inst.
116
year Inst.
3

124
Ex. ? 21750 is invested by a person in the bank account 448
of his two sons whose ages are 9 years and 13 years
in such a way that they will get equal amount at an
age of 21 years at the rate of 4.5% per annum. Find
the share of younger child. (3 q) aT G HH I TI E 3H installment a Actual

BtI E 3H installment hT Actual H7 , 48 yfh4I si

HINTS:
For Younger child
@Baka_260
-

Invested the sum for the period

For Elder child
–
=
21-9 =
12 year
.:.
We have 448 units 39,600

39600
448
x
100 = 8840
=

Value of each installment i.e., 100

san
unit

i i

21- 13= 8 Year

=

Invested the sum for the period

of
Total amount that has been paid
younger and elder child is x =
8840 x 4 = 35360
Let the sum invested for
Interest = 35360 - 30,000
=
and y. 5360
samne
ATQ, At the age of 21 both of them
will get the
amount. of x
x x = (100 + 8 x 4.5)%
Thus, (100 + 12 4.5)% of
154% of x = 136% of
y

fasl
136 68
What annual payment will discharge a debt 808
of

y 154 77 Ex.
dues in 2 years at 2% simple interest.
136
=
The sum for younger child 21750 154+154
X

= Rs. 10200 HINTS:

Installment (fcnya ) We have, Due debt (4H4| h = Rs.808

Let the value of each installment = 100 units
Simple interest t Installment
Concept t HHZI
:. Due debt = 100 + 102 = 202 units
1
Hr Doubt
Exmaple eg 34 concept afra Value of each installment =
808
x100 = 400
202
= per annum, T =4 years. Ex. What annual installment will discharge a.debt
of
Ex. Let P = Rs. 30,000, R 8%
Find the value of each installment. 1740 due in 5 years at 8% sinple interest.
P = 30 000 4,
=
R = 8% sfd qt T 4 q a
H17
f

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) Selected Selection f 203

 Simple Interest
HINTS:
Ex. A camera is sòld
for {2500 as cash down payment
We have, Due debt (aca4I h) = Rs. 1740 and 72100 after 3 months. If the rate ofiinterest
Let the value of each installment = 100 units charged is 20% p.a, find the cash price of
.. Due debt = 100 + camera. th
108 + 116 + 124 + 132
= 580
units

Value of each installment = 1740

x100 = 300
580 HINTS:
Cash down payment = 2500
Ex. What five monthly payment will discharge a debt of Installment paid after 3 months = 2100
1
Rate of interest = 20% p.a.
7 94500 in
4 year at 12% per annum simple So, Principal amount for the 2100
interest? P(100+20×2
3
% 2100
14- faYA 94 500
5-H ayà à Hy 1
qú
4 Px105% =2100
2100 K100% =
HINTS: P= Rs. 2000
105
12 15 Thus, Price of camera = 2500 + 2000 = Rs. 4500
R=x5
12
=
5%, T =

53 A computer is sold for 30,000

Ex. cash or 18000 cash
We have, Due debt (4hI h) = Rs.94500 down payment and 6 monthly instalments of 2150
Let the value of each installment = 100 each. Find the rate of interest charged under the
.:: Due debt = 100 + 105 +
units instalment plan.
= 110 315 units
94500

@Baka_260
Value of each installment x100 = 30000
315
Ex. A man borrowed a sum
of Rs. 7000 from bank at HINTS:
simple interest. After 3 years he paid Rs. 3000 to the
bank and the end of 5 years he paid Rs. 5450 and Cash price of the computer = Rs. 30000
clear all his dues. Find the rate of interest. Cash down payment Rs. 18000
Payment in 6 instalments = (6 x 2150) = Rs. 12900
Total amount paid = (18000 + 12900) = Rs. 30900
.:.
Interest paid = (30900 -30000) = Rs. 900
Principal for 1st month = (30000 - 18000) =12000
Principal for 2nd month= (12000 -2150) =
HINTS: 9850
Principal for 3rd month = (9850 - 2150) =
Borrowved Sum = Rs. 7000 7700
Principal for 4th month (7700-2150) =
Total Amount Paid = 3000 + 5450 = Rs. 8450 5550
Principal for 5th month = (5550- 2150) =
Interest paid = 8450 - 7000 = Rs. 1450 3400
Principal for 6th month = (3400 –2150) = 1250
PxRx T .. Total
We know, SI = Principal for one month= (12000+ 9850 +
100 7700 + 5550 + 3400 +1250) = Rs.
Here we will pay the interest for two principal i.e. 39750
x
7000 for 3 years and 4000 for 2 years. We have. 39700 l
100 12 =900
7000 x Rx3 4000 x Rx 2
= 1450 900x 12x100
100 100 r= 1440 =
= (39750 27.17%
290R 1450 53
R=5% Thus, the rate of interest = 27.17% per annum

08

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) (Selected Selection fa 20%

 Compound Interest

COMPOUND INTEREST
16

There are various ways to find compound interest

Compound Interest/ahqfg T •Using Basic Formulati
Compound interest is the interest earned on an amount 25e
borrowed or lent, which is calculated on both the initial •
Using Tree Method
principal amount and the accumulated interest of • Using Ratio Method
previous periods. •Using Successive Method
Note: Basic Formulae i (YK TEI) 3TGNYH , gyi

HIHYA: adŽ Ta
T
Method TT Ratio Method a1
The comnpound interest for an amount depends on both TS T (Rate) Ì Fraction Convert h(1| 3TH1-q
i
Principal and interest gained over periods. This is the 5%, 109%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30% 342aI
H,
main difference between compound and simple interest.
8%, 12%, 14-%, 16% etc.
Gafch Successive Method 1
m

da otd Ž sRI Rate%

@Baka_260
,
Convert h{1| HNhi zldI 3%, 6%,
For finding Compound Interest we will use the following Ì Fraction
formula 7%, 9%, 13%, 18% etc.

C.I. = A -P
100 Table for successive percentage

C.I. Remember the following table for finding solutions

quickly
Where,
A =Amount/f4H,
Table 01: For 2 cycles/years
P= Principal/y,
r= Rate of Compound Interest (C.I.) Rate CI CI - SI
5% 10.25%
Ê
0.25%
t= No. years/qHYafy
of
10% 21% 1%
Ifin the question stated that interest is
compounded 2.25%s
15% 32.25%
half-yearly, Quarterly, Monthly or n-Monthly then you
to calculate CI with 20% 44% 4%
have to find new rate and cycle
the help of following Table: 25% 56.25% 6.25%
30% 69% 9%
Table 02: For 3 cycles/yearsselrxs is x

Rate CI CI - SI
Rate Time (n)
5% 15.76% 0.76%
Annually/aftes r%
t years 10% 33.10% 3.10%
Half-yearly/riaff %
tx 2years 15% 52.09% 7.09%
20% 72.80% 12.80%
Quarterly /2If5 %
tx 4 years
95.31%o 20.31%o
4 25%
119.70% 29.70%
Monthly/t %
t x 12 years 30%
12i0
Selection faIU 205
Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) Selected
 Compound Interest
How to calculate successive percentage For 02 Cycle/years
increment faster. sum of Rs 2500 is invested at 20% per annum
Ex. A
compound interest (compounded annually) for 2 years. find.

For 2 year cycle = a +b+ ab

100
(i) Compound interest/hgífG
a?
If a = b then, 2a + (ii)
100 Amount/f4A
So, whenever we have to find successive percentage (ii) Difference of CI & SI/4shtg AR HIrYT 3ia
increment of same value -
I :
(iv) 2nd year CI/H q 1 TGhq G

Step Double the value

HINTS:
II
Step :Square the value, put decimal after two digits Method-01: (Successive Method)
from the right & add it to the result of step I. Equivalernt successive % change for 2 cycle of 20% = 44%
Ex. 2% & 2% We have principal 100% = 2500
Step I = 2 x 2 = 4
.. CI = x 44 =
=
(i) 2500 Rs. 1100
Step I|=22 4 0.04 100
(ii) Amount = 144%
Now, 4 + 0.04 = 4.04
Ex. 5% & 5% = × 144
2500 3600
I=
100
Step 2 x 5 = 10
(ii) Rate of SI for 2 year =
40%
Difference - 44 - 40 = 49%09*

@Baka_260
=
Step II= 5² 250.25
Now, 10 + =
0.25 10.25 4
Ex. 10% &s 10%
2500 x
100
= 100

Step I =2 x
10= 20
(iv) 2nd year CI = 20 + 4 = 24%
24
10 =
=
Step II 100 1.00 =
2500 x = 600
100
Now, 20 + =
1.00 21 Method-02 (Tree Method)
(ab + bc+ ca) abc We have, 20%
1
For 3 Cycle, a +b+c+ =F5
100 1000 =
For 2 cycle, let (5)² 25 as principal
3a? a' - 3al3ala Now,
If a = b =c then, 3a +
100 1000
Principal
Ex. 2%, 2% & 2%

SI for 1st year

-3x2|3x22 6.1208 SI for 2nd year
CI on SI of
Ex. 3%, 3% & 3% first year for
1 2nd year
x
3°|3'
- 9.2727
5
=3x3|3 Let's understand,
2 year CI = 5 + 5 +
1= 11
Ex. 5%, 5% &%
5%

-3x 5|3 x 5²5° -1s|751i25-15.762s Here We have, 25 unit= Rs. 2500

2500
(i): CI= 1lunit x11 = Rs.1100
6%= 18/108216 19.1016 25
&%
Ex. 6%, 6%
(1) Amount after 2 year P+ C[ = 25 + 11 =36 unit
=
Ex. 8%, 8% & 8% = 24192512 25.9712 2500 = = 2500 +
1100 = 3600
25 X36 3600 orA -P+CI

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) (Selected Selection fa 206

 Compound Interest
year difference in SI
and CI =
(ii) 2
11- 10 = 1
unit Ex. A certain amount of money was lent for a period of
2500 1 year 9 months at a rate of 10% per annum
xl= 100
25 compounded annually. If the compound interest is
Rs 1480, find the amount of money lent.
(iv) 2nd year CI = 5 +
1:6 unit

2500 x6 = 600
25
Method-03: (Ratio Method)
HINTS:
1
Rate of interest for 1* year 10%S ispddeB
20% = 5
Rate of interest for remaining 9 months

10 ×9
Principal =7.5%o
Amount 12
Equivalant rate of interest for year 9 months
1
5 6
10x7.5 = 17.75 +0.75 18.50%
(5)* For2 cycle (6) = +10 +
7.5
100
25 36 ..
Principal = 1480 x100 =8000
inii9.
18.50
= 11 For 03 Cycle/years
A -P= 36- 25
Tree Method (Solution Structure)
Which is CI.

@Baka_260
We 2500
have, 25 unit = Principal
(i) CI = 11
unit = 1100
=
(ii) Amount = 36 unit 3600
SI for 1st year SI for 2nd year SI for 3rd year
(ii) Difference of CI and SI for 2 cycle/years can be
|Cl on SIof
= P R |first year for
found by using direct formula |2nd year CI on
SI of
100)
tirst year for
3rd year
20x 20
= x 100 CI on SI of
Difference 2500 100x100 2nd year for
sc 3rd year
Ex. On interest compounded
what amount, theper annumn for one year Ci on CI of
semi-annuallg at 12% 2nd year for
is 1545? |3rd year
P

fT THgfg 1545 ?
HINTS: b
per annum Int. for
CI = 1548 R=12% 1st year Int. for
T= year = 12 months
1
2nd year
Since interest is compounded annually Int. for .
3rd year
lst year interest a
=
= 6%
.:.T = 12 = 2 &
R'=x6
6 12 2nd year interest = a + b
a + 2b + c A

3rd year interest

(Successive Method) years SI = 3a
percentage for 2 cycle of 6%
quivalent successive =
3 years CI 3a + 3b
+ c

=
12.36% |Diff. of3 year CI = 3b +c
= =
We have CI 12.36% 1545
Ex A sum of Rs 1000 is invested at 20% per annum
years.
1545x100 = 12,500 compound interest (compounded annually) for 3
:. Principal = 100% =
find:
12.36

Aditya (Selected Selection faIT 207

Ranjan (Excise Inspector))
 Compound Interest
Principal 125 unit 1000
(i) . CI91 728x
8
A
B (ii) 216 unít 216 x 8 1728
() Compound interest/rqf
3 qi fau Ratio Method difference & 3rd year CL
t (ii) Amount/f er

(ii) Difference of CI& Si/Tagfz sîn mITM 51 3A (ii) Difference of CI and SI for 3
cycle/years can be
(iv) 3rd year Ci/à Í 1 Hgf: A
found by using direct formula P R
2
(300+ R
HINTS: 100 100
Method-01: (Successive Method)
= 20x 20 320
Equivalent successive% change for 3 cycle of 20%= Difference 1000 ×
100x 100
- 128
100
72.8%
Ex. What is the difference between
() We have principal 100% = 1000 the compound
.. CI = 72.8% = 728 interest, when interest is compounded 5-monthly.
(ii) Amount = 172.8% = 1728 and the simple interest on a sum of? 12,000 for 1
(iii) Difference = =
72.8- 60 12.8% =
128 years at 12% per annum?
Method-02: (Tree Method)
1

1
R= 20% = 4

For 3 cycle let (5) =

125 as principal HINTS:
125| P= 12000
1

@Baka_260
5 1
T= 1 year = 15
months, R= 12% per annum
4
25 Since interest compounded
25 |25 5-monthly o1tá ti
:: 15
R' =
T=E3 12* 5 5%
5
&

Method-01: (Direct Formula)

5)
24Si2
bouut
R 300 +R
D= P
100 100
Total CI =3 x 25 +3 x 5 + 1 = 91
x 25 305
We have 125 unit = 1000 D= 12000
100 x 100 100 =91.50
.. = 1000 Method-02: (Successive Method)
(i) CI= 91 unit x91= 728 Equivalent successive percentage for 3 cycle
125 = of 5%
(ii) Amount = principal + CI = 1000 + 728 = 1728 15.7625
(iii) Difference of CI D= 15.7625 - 15 = 0.7625
and SI= 3 x 5 + 1 = 16 unit We have, 100% = 12000
1000 -x =
16 128 D = 12000 =
125 0.7625 x 0.7625
T =
91.5
Ex,.
100
(iv) 3rd year CI= 25
+2 x5 + 1 The compound interest
=36 unit On a sum of

1000 x ? 20,000 at 15% p.a. for 2

36 = 288 years, interest
125 compounded yearly is :
Method-03: (Ratio Method)
Principal Amount
5 6
(5) For3 cycle (6) HINTS:
125 216 P= 20000

1EY A-P= 216- 125 T= 2,year, R 15% per annum

=91otsi
We have, CI = 91 units
O

Since interest compounded annually

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector)
(Selected Selection faIA 208
 Compound Interest
, Rate of interest for first 2
complcte years 15%
|An Important Concept/H,qui raruT
2 2 so on will be in Geometric
R Rate of interest for remaining 5 year Amount & CI,, CI,, C1, and
*10%
15
Progrension(G).
Method-01: (Ratlo Method) Let's Observe the following Example,
10%
Assume, Principle Rs.10000, Rate
P A and T
3 Years
20 23 11
1 or 1.1
20 23 R- 10% 10 Multiplying Factor " 10
10 11
5819 p A, A,
4000 A

10000 11000 12100 13310

= 1819
A -P= 5819- 4000 x1.1 x1.1
= Ci, CI, CI,
We have, 4000 unit 20,000 1210
1000 1100
. CI =
1819 unit = 1819 x 5 = Rs. 9095
x1.1 *1.1
amount 3aT CI Ratio i G
Note: Wherever, we have the different rates of interest Note: zA faÌ
Aa Hhà Ž
for different year it is better to apply ratio method. Rate 4GI Principal
= 100, 3rd year CI 110 find R ?
2nd year CI
Method-02 (Successive Method) Ex.
HINTS:
Equivalent Successive percentage for 2 cycle of 15% 100 110
Simplified form 10 11
= 32.25%
Again, equivalent successive percentage of 32.25 & 1
= 10%
R= 0*100

@Baka_260
10. sum at the end of
Ex. Compound interest on a certain at the end of fifth
32.25 x10 Find the CI
fourth year is Rs 625. is
32.25 + 10 +
100 year, If the rate of interest(compounded annually)
= 8% pa.
=
42.25 + 3.225 45.475%
=
We have, Principal 100% 20,000
=
45.475 x 200
= HINTS:
Rs. 9095
C.I at the end of 5th year 625 = x
Rs 675
Method-03 (Tree Method) 25
3 =
1
Ex. P= 25600, R =
25% find 4th year CI=?
We have, R
= 15% =
for 2 years & 10% 10 HINTS:
20
25600x 1555 = 12,500
2 A44
for
3 Year.
Note: Principal
Let principal
5
4 4
,2000
3 5
10
20 3
4
20
300 200 lst year CI = 4th year CI =?
300|
Ex. 6400, R= 12,%,
3
20
|45
1 HINTS:
10 30 9 9 72900 9112.5
6400 8
10 30
1

-4.5 Note: ii 6400 ggg q H CI

af 3H4 TuT

CI = 909.5 units 9 9
= 8 8
We have, 2000 unit 20,000
:. CI = 9095

(Selected Selection faen 209

Aditya Ranjan
(Excise Inspector))
 Compound Interest
Ex. 3rd year CI =
1,25,000, R
25%, 1st year CI =? Dx. If the compound interest in the third year at 8% pa
HINTS: on a certain sum is 3600, then what is
the differen
u
between the compound interest in the 4h and 5h vear
5,5
XXX 125000
x
80.000le
1
(nearest to an integer in )
4 4
Ex. P= 1000, R = 10%, 4th year CI - 3rd year CI ?
HINTS:

=
1
11 11 1
HINTS:
1000x 121
1010101o 27
Note: 4th year CI- 3rd year CI= 5th year C[- 4th year CI = 3600 x
O525 311.04
1000x
1 11 11 11
1000x -111l1 How to find time? / H4 hH AA ?
10 *10 1o10 10 10 10
Ex. In how many years will a sum of 320 amount to ?
405 if interest is compounded at 12.5% per annum?
= 1000x 1 11
1010*10 \10
= 1000x 1111 1 HINTS:
10 10 10 10 Principal
Amount,nib 1oi
h fri H Steps hh Direct final Result fTGt 320 405
Simplified form
1 81
Which is a perfect square.) Square root
10 10

@Baka_260
Ex. A sum of Rs. 4,000 is lent at 10% p.a.,
interest .:.T=2 year
compounded annually. What is the difference betwee Ex. The compound interest on 4,000 at the rate of 5%
the compound interest for the 2nd year and the 3rd year? p.a. is 630.50, then the time period is : .sE
4f R4000 5% yfa qy hÌ R hga T630.50

HINTS:
Principal Amount Sct
HINTS: 40000 46305
P=4000, R= 10% Simplified form
3rd CI-2rd CI ?hatssdi
=
ts lO tbuctoyT) 80-bod3nM
8000 9261
Cube root
10 10 10
= 44 20 a!
21
.:.T=3 year
1 Note: t principal qt amount
Note: Principal 4000 multiply h R lst year hI simplified ratio per
fect square Ì H44 2 a
(sh) T
perfect cube a
t HH4 3 (5) alI ŽI
11 How to
10
find Rate?T hÀ IA ?

Ex. A sum of Rs. 6,400 investedi on

the basis of yearly
compounding of interest, grows to Rs. 7,056 in two
10 10, years. What is the percentage
A sum of18000 is lent at 10% p.a. compound rate of interest?
Ex. interest,
compounded annually. What is the difference between
the comnpound interest for 3rd year and 4h year?

HINTS:
P
HINTS:
year CI-3th year CI 6400 7056
4th Simplified form
- 1
198×11
400 441 0G0.0 000S f a"
18000
xX0
10101010 217.8 for 2 years, take square root
20 21

Aditya Ranjan: (Excise Inspector) Selected selection far 210|

 Compound Interest

1 of itself.
Rate of interest
=
20
x 100 5% Since in 2Y amount becomes 2 times
A
Sum invested at compound interest amounts to Rs. 3 3 P
5280
11880
7.800 in 3 years and Rs. 11,232 in 5 years, What is the »P*2
EX

rate percent?
|Important Result (H8Yuf
qfrut)
n, year and y times
911 A certain sum becomes x times in compounded, then
interest is
4
in n, years when rate of
1

HINTS: x
=y"
5Y

3Y 7800 2Y1232
Simplified form 100 144 times in 10 years at the
sum of money becomes 3 (compounded
Ex. A annually),
for 2 year, take square root rate of compound interestbecome 243 times?
10 12 In how many
years will it
2 x
Rate of interest 100 = 20% 30!
10

How to find Principal? /HUT ht A ht? HINTS:

3 years and to 12,042 Method-01:
A sum amounts to 8,028 in
Ex.
in 6 years at a certain rate
percent per annum, when Using formula,
The sum is: n, =?
othe interest is compounded yearly. n, = 10, x=3, y= 243,

HINTS: @Baka_260
6Y 35
310

10 n2
3n2

n, =
50St tE T

3Y 8028 3Y12042 Method-02:

Simplified form -
10 years 3'\times
years times
s50 3
at tPower q<t
3imes of itself. Note: Step1- Times (J)
Since in 3Y amount becomes Multiplication
a
H44 4
Step2- Power fod 1
T8t
Px
3 =
2
8028 P= 5352g, Installment (TYA)
money becomes Rs 11,880
after 4 years and One of the Regular payments that
you make for
Ex. A sum of interest, the amount.
after 6 years on compound of
something until you have paid the füll
Ks 17,820
compounded annually. What is the half
interest is
the sum (in Rs) ? Installment afã 34qYUA
Compound Interst t
?
311 (yà ) For two Installments
fI I
HINTS: = =
Let, R 10%
6Y 10

P 4Y N11880 2Y7820 10 11 1

Value of each
Simplified form 2 10° 11
2installmènt
multiply first ratio
3 To make each installment equal,
by 11.

Selected Selection flar 211

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector)
 Compound Interest
10.11
HINTS:
11 |Value of each
= i
100 121 installment We have, R= 10% 15+
210 242
(Principal) (Amount) 10«10 11,1
100 :
121
Amount- Principal = Interest = 32 210 242 :

Ex. A sum of Rs. 4,620 is to be paid back in 2 equal Here, we have value of each installment
annual installment. How much is each installment (in i.e., 121 units = 6897
Rs.) if the interest is compounded annually at 10% : Insterest = Amount- Principal = 242 - 210 = 29
per annum? = 6897
units x 32 = 1824
F. 4 620 auar aifts fayi 121
á ufN 2 aIYH TIaT T For Three Installment
= +
R= 10%
HINTS: 10'
Value of each
10'1 11:,1
R= 10%
=t 3
installment
10° 11
10,10: 11,1
100 :
121 3310 3993
210
(Principal) (Amount) ntt oi wofl
Amount - Principal = Interest = 683
242
Here, we have principal, 210 unit = 4620 Ex. What annual payment (in ) will
discharge a debt of
.:: Value of
each installment, 121unit 715,240 due in 3 years at 162% per annum

@Baka_260
4620 compound interest?
-x121 = 2662
210
fendl aufG5 UGA (544 q
Note:
T$ .
ai f
denominator
H YaK G

h
9i 4qf< Installment
Rate% a fraction
Nemerator 4 add
value yt
convert ah
HINTS:
3 qi 4 15 240 F44
) 16%
3
U al Id
sft
h?
gfs

H HI7 HAI
=
1 R= 16-%
(10% =
10
10 + 1 = 11)
1 divisibility f< e 3 6

options 4 check htà žI 6,49: 7y49

Ex. Loan is to be repaid in two equal yearly

instalment.
36,, :
49,7
If the rate of interest is 10% per annum, 216: 343
compounded annually, and each installment is Rs. 762 :
1029
6,897, then find the total interest charged.
We have, Principal i.e.,
.:.
762 units = 15240
Value of each installment

i.e., 343 units = 15240 x

343 = 6860
762

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector)

Selected Selection fag 212
 Ratio & Proportion

RATIO & PROPORTION

Ratio/3ATTd CONCEPT-01

b
is the ratio of a to b is written as a:b and read "a is (Simple Ratio based/HT 3T4IG T 3TTÍra)

to b". Where 'a' is called the 'antecedent' and 'b' is called Ex. Which of the following ratios is the smallest?
the 'consequent'. 3:4, 1
:2,2:5, 1:3
a

3: 4, 1:2,2:5,
1
:3
HINTS:
Condition:/rå
300 200 -=
If ad =
bc then ac
4
75 10050
2 5 40 ze i

@Baka_260
b d
100 =33.33 Smallest
> 3
(ü) If ad bc then
Ex.
If
a: b= 2: 3 and b:
c
=6 :
8, then find
a:b:C.
(üi) ad < bc If A
c = at a :b:c Ta
yf a: b= 2:3 3T b: 6: 8
then HINTS:
a b C
b_d
(a)
a C 2
bo 8
(b)
12 18 24
a +b c+d : 4 :
lc) -= 2 : 3 a :
b d = and c:d= 6:7. Find
Ex. If a:b 2:3, b:c=4:5
a-b_c -d b:c:d.
(d)
b d
y
a:b
=
2:3, b:c 4:5 3TC:d =6:7,
= at a:

(e)
a
+b_c+d HINTS:
a-b c-a
a b d
(9-k 2
..a = bk,c = dk (kmethod) 5 Ti

a=kb
(g) For continued proportion
ce 12 15
6 7
& a =
::b=ck bk
16 24 30 35
.. =
a (ck) k= ck?
(Selected Selection fa 213|
Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector)
 Ratio & Proportion
Clearly, Naresh gained the most his Actual portion
cONCEPT-02
-x2 702 156.
Mistaken portion
(Number Based/HGT HTATÍfta)
6 = - = 168
=17X 702 324 324 156
Ex. Three numbers are in the ratio of .2.3
aThe
difference between the greatest and-the smallest CONCEPT-03
number is 27. The smallest numbers is:
(Based on Coins/ frcchi T HTIfta
234 Ex. In one bag 50 paisa, 25 paisa and 1 rupee coins are in
the ratio of 5:8:1. If the total cost of all the coins is
Rs.55 then how many coins of 25 paisa are in the bag?
HINTS:
L.C.M (2, 3, 4) = 12

*12:12:12 u
25 t fat fyt ?
HINTS:
6:8:9
1
Smallest number Value
2 ::1
4
26=
3
54
No: 5: 8:1
:eotlbac
Ex. A, Band C divide an amount of Rs 10,500 amongst
themselves in the ratio 5:7:9, respectively. If each (Rs.)Total: :2: 1 .

one gets Rs 500 more, then what will be the ratio of

Given,unit - 55

@Baka_260
the amounts with A, B and C? 2
A, B C .. =
ai 6. 10 500 TI i 3146 4NI: 5:7:9 lunit 10

fHcà ,i A, B ìr C ufri 1 34417 I I? Ex.

Required value 10x 8 = 80
In a bag there are coins of Rs.5, Rs. 10 and Rs.20
HINTS: denominations. The total number of coins in the bag
Share of, A :
B:C is 240. If the number of coins of Rs.5, Rs.10 and Rs.20
5: 7:9 denominations are in the ratio of 2 :3:5,then what
+1 +1 +1 the total amount of money in the bag?
Each gets Rs.500 more so their new ratio will increase
by one then,
Required ratio
6 8:10 Fy st 20 K42 Hcyqi fri HA 2 :3 :5%
3: 4:5
2. By mistake, instead of dividing Rs.702 among Ram, HINTS:
Value Ratio = 5: 10: 20 b
Coins Ratio =
Ramesh, and Naresh in the ratio::
3 4 6 it was 2:3:5
Given that,
divided in the ratio of 3 :4 =
:6. Who gained the most Total coins 10 unit= 240
and by how much? Then,
Total money =
5 x 48, 10 x 72, 120 x
20
1,1,1 = 240+ 720 + 2400
34 =
Rs. 3360
3T741G :6
4 fayf hÀ qGT4, 3H 3 :
4 + 34791 À
CONCEPT-04
foY?
(Based on Addition or subtraction)
HINTS:
Ram Ramesh Naresh
Mistaken 3 4 6
Ex. Two numbers are in the ratio 3:4. On increasing each
1 1
Actual of them by 30, the ratio becomes 9:10. The numbers are.
3 4 6
4 ap 3 D
2

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) (Selected Selection fan 214|

 Ratio & Proportion

HINTS: HINTS:
33:
4
30
0-TIEGO
Income Ratio -11-:13-
6unit
9:10=
lunit 5
then,
Required no. = 15, 20
Ex. The ratio in the number of students in three classes
is 3:4:5. If 20 students are increased in every Savings 4000 4000
class. then this ratio becomes 4 :5:6. What was Then,
the original number of students in these classes (121 - 117)unit = 44000-36000
taken together? 4 unit = 8000
= eT214
Required difference = 2 2000 4000
x

yt 1
20 feeit aa f GI ai 48 34YI 4 :5 :6 Ex. The income of A and B are in the ratio 5:3: The
expenses of A, B and C are in the ratio 8: 5:2. If
C

spends Rs.2000 and B saves Rs.700, then A saves.

ŽI A; #I C
A 3iR B
34 5:3 h 34191G B3R
HINTS:

Initial 3: :5oe 4
te o
at
+20
+20| 20 HINTS:
Final 41: 5:61 13 Income Ratio
=

A:BNS rt os 163Y igic

533 i%d lo attsi urlT

3o 10.31 unit = 20
it
U
to (eTgs D)
- Exp Ratio =AB: clh

@Baka_260
.:.
12 unit 12x 20 240
Number of students initially = 240
8:5:2
18.
Given that
The number of students in three sections of Grade 10
C's Exp = 2000
in a school are in the proportion 3 :5:8. If 15, 30
Then,
and 15 more students are admitted in the three
B's Income = 5700
sections, respectively, the new proportion becomes 4: = 2TIH
new Then, A's saving- 9500 8000 Rs.1500
7:9. The total number of students before the Ex. The ratio of last year incomne of A, B andC is 3
:

admissions is: 4 : 5. While the ratio of their last year income to

current year income is 4 : 5, 2: 3 and 3,: 4. If
Sa
y their total current year income is Rs. 98,500, then
15 3fJGh
:5 :8 i 4NIT HNI: 15, 30
3
find out the present income of (B +C).
A, B C
î fyBd.qd; t 3Hr4 01,TI9IA 3 4 :5
HINTS:
= 3T4 H 3441d h 4NT: 4 :5,2 :3 3T 3::4 ŽI4f 3161
x 15 240
3 :
5:816 dtHT q4
hi 34 98,500-44 i(B t C)
t
*15| +30| 15
T24 :
7:9 HINTS:
Last year income Ratio of
cONCEPT-05 3 A:B:C
(Income & Expenditure Based) ue
:4:5
present year income Ratio.of
A:B: C
15
Ex. The the monthly incomes of and B is 11
ratio of
A
:

4 :6:
13 and the ratio of their expenditures is 9:11. If both Given that
O
tnem manage to save Rs. 4000 per month, then 197 =
find the difference in their income (in Rs.) -unit 98500
12
Then,
38 unit =
76000
3

Aditya Ranjan Selection fI 215

(Excise Inspector) (Selected
 Ratio & Proportion

CONCEPT-06
(Age Based/ T Tfta) afyg À, C, B 10 qú se, a A
Ex. Ratio of the present age of a mother to that of the
daughter is 7: 1. After 5 years the ratio will become 4: 1. HINTS:
What is the difference (in years) in their present ages?

5 year ago 4 :5#

5 year hence 6
(q4 ) Ad EI
HINTS: 2 unit = 10 year

M unit=5 Year
1

At present - 7 : 1 7 Present age of A=6 x 5-5= 25 year

After 5 year 4x2 :
8 2
Present age of =7 x 5-5 = 30 vear
B

.:. 1 = 5 year
unit Present Age of C= Present age of B- 10 Year
Age Difference b/w M& D, 6 unit =6 x 5 = 30 years.
Note: Attention, Difference in age will always =30- 10 = 20 year
be same Ratio of Present age of
and B= 25: 20 = 5:4
A

Ex.
Eight year ago, the ratio of ages of Ex. The ratio of the ages of A and B, 8 years ago, was
and B was 5: 4. 5:
A

The ratio of their present ages 7. The ratio of their ages, 8 years from now, will
is 6: 5. What will be be 9:
the sum (in years) of the ages of and B 11. If the present age of C is 13 years less
after7 years than that of
A

from now? B, and the present age of D is 8 years

less thán that of

@Baka_260
A13 q YEi, A 3R B 3414 the age of A, then the sum of the present ages of C and
i 47417 5 : 4
e7| 3Tcht D, in years, is:
THA 3TY #I 34T91d 6 : 5
ŽI 344 H7 q K, A 3R B 8 T4 yd A 3it B t ATg 3474G 5:7T1 34 8 a

HINTS:

A B
8 year before 5 4
HINTS:
At present 6 5

. A B
mC
1
unit =8 year 8 year ago 5 7
A's present age =
6 x
8 = 48 year 8 year from now 9
B's present age 5 x 8= 40 year =
4 unit = 16 year
After 7 year, 1
unit= 4 year
Sum of age of A and B= (40 + 48) + 2x7 = 102 year
Present age of = 5 x 4 + 8= 28 yyear
A

Ex. 5 years ago, the ratio of the.age of A to that of B was Present age of B=7 x
4:5. Five years hence, the ratio of the age of A to 4+ 8= 36 year
of B will be 6:7. If, at present, C that Present age ofC = B's Present Age - 13 = year
is 10 years younger 23
than then what will be the ratio of the present age
B, Present age of D= A's Present Age - 8 = 20 year
of to that of C?
A

Sum of Age of and D = C

year. 20+23 =43

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector)

Selected Selection farì 216
 Ratio & Proportion
Proportion/HHIra Fourth proportion/ rgurT
a a:b::c:xoS t3y)
When two ratio are equal, 1 then a, b, C, d are bc
X=
a
said to be in proportion and a, b, c and d are said to be
Ex. The fourth proportion of12, 14 and 24
first, 2nd, 3rd and 4th proportion respectively.
is:
I 8?
C
i a, b, c, d H4qYG art TT
à h12, 14 3ATT 24 h1 qei 39a
bd HINTS:

=
14x24 28
Required proportion 12
Case-1: When 3 numbers are given./ 3
HeT t s Case-2: When 2 numbers are given./ 2 HeAT T ŽI
X:a::b:c a:b::b:c
First proportion/T Aqurd First proportion/4 4Ta
a b
X:a::b:c
ab
X=
C

Ex The first proportional of three numbers 6, 12 and 24 :

Ex. The first proportional of two numbers 3 and 5 is
is:
HIT 3 3iK 5 1
YH 3474 TI?

@Baka_260
HINTS: HINTS:

First proportion/Y4 3T91d Required proportion

12x03 Mean proportion/ 44 3141d

24

a b
Second proportion/igiT 3qIA

a:x::b:c b=yac
ac Ex. Find the mean proportion of 3 and 27.
3 3iR 27
1 H1YIit (mean proportion) d
ilI
28, 4 and
Ex. The second proportional of three numbers HINTS:
:
5 is = x = 9
Required Proportion 3 27
Third proportion/q ATurd
HINTS:
= 28x5 35
Required proportion 4 a
4Td
Third proportion/qil
a:b::x:c b?
ac a
X=
b Ex. The third proportional to 81 and 27 is:
2, 3 and 15
Ex. The third proportional of three numbers 81 3R 27
1 gi4t (third proportional) ?
:
is
A
HAT 2, 3 3iR 15 h1 gr4 34q9Td FU ?
HINTS:
HINTS:
Required proportion = 27x279
15x2 10 81
Required proportion =

Selected Selection fa 217

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector)
 Ratio & Proportion

CONCEPT-01 CONCEPT-02
(Proportion After addition) (Proportion After Subtraction)

c Let x be a number which is subtracted to a, b, candd

Let x be a number which is added to a, b, and d to
make them proportional then
to make them proportional then i:

ad- bc
bc- ad X=
X= +
(a +d)- (b+ c)|
(a +d)- (b c)
Ex. If x is
subtracted from each of 24, 40, 33 and 57,. the
Ex. What number must be added to each of the number 8, numbers, so obtained are in proportion. The ratio of
13, 26 and 40 so that the number obtained in this (5x + 12) to (4x + 15) is
order are in proportion? 24. 40, 33 3ir 57 4 yro x
YII HT
fehH HA 8, 13. 26 3R 40 siSI GII fa afeF (5x+ 12) 3it (4x+ 15)
HI
AA AA
G
HINTS:
HINTS:
=
24x 57- 40 x 33
40
Required No. 81-73
13x 26-8x =2
Required No. 48-39 Required Ratio
=
14: 13

@Baka_260

218)
(Selected Selection
(Excise Inspector))
Aditya Ranjan
qlilarertve3
Partnership

PARTNERSHIP
18

Partnership/I< HINTS:
Simple partnership: If all partners invest same capital Ratio of investment of Deepa and Ziya
=
for the different time or the different capital for the 50000: 40000 5:4
same time. When time is constant, Profit will be shared in the
ratio of Investment.
Thus, Ratio of profit of Deepa and Ziya =5:4.
Ex. A, B andcall together invest 48,000. Ratio of their
time investment is 99:77:84 and ratio of their profit
Compound partnership: If all partners invest their amount is respectively 3:2:4. Find the investment
different capital for the different time period. amount of A?

Types of partners:

@Baka_260 4<T
Active partners/Hfh4 HINTS:
Sleeping partners/fifh4 HIAER Profit
=
We know; Investment Time
Active partner: Invest money as well as takes part in
business activity for which he is paid salary from the of Investment,
3
profit. Ratio A:B:C=- 99 77 84
3gg 2 x99x77x84
x99x77x84
:

+x99x77×84
77 84
Sleeping partners: Who only invest money and does =7:6: 11
not take part in business activities.
48000
.:.
Investment of A, 7 unit x7= Rs.14000
24
CONCEPT-01
Basic terms: When Someone Join or, Left
I= Investment/fANI

starts some business with

3
P= Profit/IH Ex. Kapil 50000. After
C= Capital/ysii months Monu joins him with 70000. At the end of
the year, In what ratio should they share the profit ?
T=Time/H44
iR
T
Hrqy
Relation between P., C and T/P, C

x
Profit/Y= Capital/ Tot time/HH4 HINTS:
Ratio of Investment of Kapil and Monu,
Ex, Two partners Deepa and Ziya start a business by = 50000:70000 =5:7rd iol:2ds
investing ? 50,000 and 40,000 respectively. What will Ratio of investment period by Kapil and
Monu
be the ratio of their profits at the end of the year ? i,
=
12:9 =4:3 x
We know, Profit
= Investment Time

Thus, Ratio of profit

= 5
x4:7x3 =20: 21

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) Selected Selection facn 219

 Partnership
A 3 B aHÍ: 30,000 3iR 20,000 hI
fI hà
CONCEPT-02
Increase/Decrease in capital

Ex. X and Y enter into a partnership with capital in ratio

3:5. After 5 months X adds 50% of his capital, while
Y withdraws 60% of his capital. What is share (in HINTS:
Lakhs) of X in the annual profit of ? 6.84 lakhs? Ratio of investment of and B= A
3:2
Let Total Profit = 100 unit.

hl 60% fal I Ž7 6.84 GA aiftc llY X (

100
4 HINTS:
Let the capital of X and Y is 30x and 50x.
Investment Time Investment 80 20
Time
X 30x 5m 45x 7m
Y 50x 20x 5 m 7 m
We know, Profit = Investment x Time Period A BA B
Ratio of profit of X and Y is 40: 40 12 8
= x 5 + x
30x 45x 7: 50x 5 x + 20xx 7
= Share of A = 40 + 12 = 52 unit
465x:390x
Share of B =
40 +8 = 48 unit
= Rs 6.84 Lac -x =
Share of X in annual Profit

@Baka_260
465 4 unit Rs. 4000
465 +390 .. 1
unit = Rs. 1000
6,84,000 =
855 465 Rs. 3,72,000 Total Profit = 100 x Rs. 1000 = Rs 1,00,000
Share of A = 52 unit= Rs. 52,000
CONCEPT-03
Share of B = 48 unit = Rs. 48,000
Donation/Tax based (EI/HT 3TATRG)
Ex. A and B invest in a business in the ratio 3:2. If 5% CONCEPT-05
the
of total profit goes to charity and A's share is 855, Management(yuca)
the total profit (in ) is:
Ex. Nasir is a working partner and Rohit is a sleeping
partner in a business and Nasir puts in 75,000 and
Rohit puts in 76,000. Nasir received 15% of the profit
for managing the business and the rest is divided in
HINTS: proportion to their capitals. The amount received by
When time is constant, Profit will be shared in the ra Nasir out of the total profit of 7880.
tio of Invèstment.
Ratio of profit of and B= 3:2 A

Let total profit = 100%

after 5%o chairity, Remaining = 95%
3
ATQ, 95% x =
Rs. 855
HINTS:
855 Ratio of profit of Nasir and Rohit =
100 %= x100 = Rs. 1500 5:6
57
Total profit = 880
CONCEPT-04 Money got by Nasir for managing the business,
Distribution based ( faUT 3TATRa) = 15%
of Rs. 880 = Rs. 132
Ex. A & B invest 30,000 & 20,000 and 80% of total profit Remaining Amount - Rs. 880 - Rs. 132 = Rs. 748
distributed equally among therm. Rest profit distributed
according to investment ratio. The ifference between 5
Amount recieved by Nasir = Rs. 132 + Rs. 748 X11
the shares of A & B is 4000. Find the total profit and
find the share of A & B? = Rs. 132 + Rs. 340 = Rs. 472

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) Selected Selection ferI 220

 Mixture

MIXTURE
19

HINTS:
Mixture/fugrut A W
1
A mixture is a material madeup of two or more'different X

substances. 2 5
=
7 unit 350
1 unit = 50
Concentraion of Mixture/frruT â aiaT =
The initial quantity of water 3001- 100l= 2001
Presence of particular constituents of mixture in Ex. The ratio of milk and water in a vessel is 2:3 by
percentage is called concentration of that constituents. chemical process if we extract some water then ratio
becomes 5:7 and quantity of mixture reduced to 36,
then find how much quantity of water was extracted?

CONCEPT-01
Addition or Removal of Some Quantity

Ex.
@Baka_260
200 litres of a mixture contains milk and water in
the ratio 17: 3. After the addition of some more milk
to it, the ratio of milk to water in the resulting mixture
becomes 7:1. The quantity of milk added to it was.
HINTS:

In this question, ratio of milk will be equal.e

W

M: W M:
Initial 2: 3x 5 10 : 15lga
7x2 10 : 14
:
Final 5

HINTS:
unit
ATQ, 24 36ry =

=
Extracted amount of water, 1 unit 1.5 Litre
Ex The ratio of milk and water in a mixture is 1:3. We
added x ltr of milk to the mixture then ratio becomes
In this question, ratio of water will be equal. 7: 15 and we added 50l water to theof mixture, then x.

M: ratio becomes 2:5. Find the value

W

:
M
:
Initial 17: 3-x 1
17 3
Final 7: 1x3 21: 3
17
x =1701
Milk in Initial mixture= 200 20
HINTS:
3 21
Milk in Final mixture 200 X 210l W
203
Added Milk= 2101- 1701
=
401 10 30
1 x. :

Ex. A beaker contains acid and water in the ratio

When 50 ml of water is mixed in 300 ml of the mixture 2 x 7
:
15 x 2
What is the
the ratio of acid to water becomes 2:5.
value of x. +501
5 x 7
:
7 x2
50 =
Value of x=s x
4 40Litre

221
Aditya Ranjan (Excise: Ispector)) (Selected Selection fam
 CONCEPT-02 Mixture
HINTS:
Concept of Replacement The amount of
(ufgry milk in replaced
â 31arUT) mixture
Based on this concept 2 types
of questions are
asked -ool---9)
Replacement of equal 160
When '* amount quantity /HAA HZT HT 53.33 Litre
of mixture uftTYT If x is initial amount
times replaced with of any substance of liquid. p
's' is n
finding quantity of 'p' quantity of other substance. Then is drawn, and
this process is the amount which
substance 's' in replaced that the resultant is repeated ntimes
mixture - mixture is in
the ratio a such
a :b then.
a+b X
Quantity of substance
's' in replaced
mixture/ÍdÍYA

Ex. A vessel is full a

of 907
replaced by water milk, 18l milk is taken out and a +b
2 more times, and again this process Ex. A vessel contains some
the amnount of milk left is repeated taken out of the vessel milk. 6 litre of the milk was
replacement is? after the 3rd and replaced with 6 litre water
and again 6 litre of mixture of
replaced with water.-Now was taken out and was
b e the ratio of milk to water
100: 69. Find the initial
quantity of milk inmthe vessel.

@Baka_260
HINTS:
The amount of milk in 100 : 69
replaced mixture GI, at
HINTS: á H 3ArÍYE HTA GASU?
x 4 4
=90 -= Method - 1
46.08 Litre
Replacement of unequal quantity/3AHAIT Let the quantity
of milk initially is x litre. o
ufTy HIAT GhT Using Direct Formula, i
When 'x amount of mixture any 100
times replaced with 'p, of substance 's' is n
'q, 100 + 69
other substance. Then finding'r and so on quantity of
in replaced mixture - quantity of substance 's' On Solving, x = 261
.
Method -2
Milk (Initial) :
Milk (Final)
169 :
ti0ta9s1p zrtt il
100
V169 :
Quantity of substance 's' in replaced mixture/afTTfYA Vi00
13 :
10
3 unit =
6l
.so on. Quantity of milk initially = 13
A vessel
x 2 = 261
Ex. is full of 90 litre milk, 18l milk
and replaced by water, again 15l milk is taken out CONCEPT-03
is
and replaced by water and again 10l milktaken out Mixing Different Mixture to form a
out and replaced by water. The amount is taken single
of milk left
after the 3rd replacement is?
TG ad 90 ie qu # U ,
18
itet
fMolgI Y
IGT
Ex. The ratios of copper to zinc in alloys A
4 and 5:9, respectively. A
and
and B are 3:
B are taken in the
ratio 2:3 and melted to form'a new alloy C. What is
the ratio of copper to zinc in C?
f4T A 3tR B a
3r I 4741d AHI: 3
:4
31R 5 : 9 IA
3r B 2 :3 3I fAI GIl E

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) SeletedtSelection faeu222

 Mixture
HINTS: HINTS:

Cu:Zn Cu: Zn
Alloy A 3 :4 7,2 6 8 x 2 :
14 Cu:Zn Cu 2n
Alloy B 5:9 5: 9
Ratio of copper and Zinc in Alloy C,
=
(12 + 15):(16 + 27) = 27: 43
*3Ailtoy A
7:8 15. 7: 8
:
Alloy B4: 1
5,a 12 3
Ex. Alloys A and B contain copper and zinc in the ratio
7: 8 and 4 : 1, respectively. In what ratio should Let the mixture A andB is mixed in the ratio x:y..
A and B be mixed to obtain a new alloy C containing Cu 7x+ 12y 2
copper and zinc in the ratio 2 :1? ATQ,
Zn 8x+3y
fyerg A 3i1R B 4
ajai 317 I h4NI: 7
:8 3i 4:1 2
On solving we get,
y
Note: These type of questions can be solved using
Alligation also.

@Baka_260
ths

.
Adity

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Selected selection faIIU 223

Inspector
 Alligation

ALLIGATION
(20

* Applications of Alligation in different chapters. Ex. Two containers have mixtures of milk and water
respectively, in the ratios 3 :2 and6:5. In what ratio
Mixture-based questions/f40 TIA TT should the contents be mixed so that the ratio of milk
Percentage based questions/yIYTd 314RT 99H to water in the final mnixture is 4 : 3?
Yai qU 3R
Simple interest based questions/HTARU A 3fA WA Yi # MAU 4I: 3
:2 3t 6 : 5

Profit and loss.based questions

Discount based questions/ AA A

HINTS:
Average based questions/3HT TTfT yy1 Let's operate on milk only
3 Dx11x5x7
Time and distance based questions x11x5x7
5 11
= 231 =210
Number system based questions

@Baka_260
Mixture/f4uT
In this type of questions, the ratio of the ingredients in the
first vessel and the ratio of the ingredients in the second
vessel are given. After that, the ratio of the ingredients is 10
4x11x5x7 = 220
7

1:
also given in the new mixture made by pouring or mixing
the mixture of both the vessels in a third vessel. The ratio Percentage/ufayra
of the ingredients in the first vessel is written on the left In this type of questions, the total population of a place,
side, the ratio of the same ingredient in the second vessel
is written on the right and the ratio of the same ingredient the percentage rate of increase/decrease in the popula
in the third vessel is written in the middle. After using the tion of males and that of females are given. And
alligation method, we get the ratio in which the frst and the in
crease/decrease or increase/decrease percentage in the
the second mixture were mixed or the ratio of the amount
of the same ingredient in the first and second vessel. total population of the place is also given. The increase/
decrease percentage in the population of males is written
on the left, the increase/decrease
percentage in the popu
lation of females is written on the right and the increase/
decrease percentage in the total population is written in
the middle. With the help of allegation, we find out the
ratio of the initial population of males and femnales.

1S1 MIXTURE
2D MIXTURE

OVERALL
MIXTURE

Quantity-l Quantity-2

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector)

(Selected Selection faT 224
 toitagillA Alligation
)
% inc./dec. (Male % inc./dec. (Female) Ex. If the income of.a family decreases by -6% and
Cxpenditure decreases by 8%, and its saving increases
by 4%. Find the ratio of income and expenditure of that
family.
%
inc./dec.'ini
Overall Population

Initial number Initial number HINTS:

of male of female E
Ex. Population of a town is 1,20,000. If numnber of male -8% +4%
increases by 7% and females increases by 10%, then the
population of town would increase by 9.5%. Find the
difference between male to female population living in -6%
that town?

4-(-6) -6--8)
10 2
5
F
HINTS: 6 5

7% 10% Simple Interest/HTRUT t

invested in
In this type of question the given principal is
two differ
two different schemes/banks/individuals at
amount

@Baka_260
9.5% ent rates of interest. After a certain time the total
is received. How much amount was invested in both the
schemes/banks/individuals, it is to be found. With the
0.5 2.5
help of given principal, time and amount received, calcu
on the
1
late the gross interest rate. The rate of interest individual
amount invested in the first scheme/ bank/
on the amount
1,20,000y 4 -= is written on the left side; the rate of interest
Rs.8000 invested in the second scheme / bank/ individual is writ
6
- ten on the right and the gross interest rate is written in
Income Expenditure & Saving With the help of allegation, we find out the
the middle.
ratio of the distributed principal.
percent
In this type of questions, the increase/decrease
of a family/
age in the expenditure, savings and income expen
person is given. Increase/decrease percentage in
increase/decrease percent
diture is written on the left,
age in savings is written on the right and increase/de
Crease percentage in income is written in the middle. With
we find out the ratio of expenditüre
the help of allegation,
and savings in the beginning,
-

Rate of Rate of
(1) % Interest (2) %
Interest

of Interest
% inc./dec. in
t % inc./ dec. in ineGross Rate
Saving%
Expenditure Principal 1 Principal 2
He deposited it
in 2 banks.
Ex. Harish is having 40.000. per annum and that
inc./dec. in is 9.5%
% Interest given by 1t bank a year
Income per annum. If at t he end of
of 2nd bank is 5.5% find the difference of the bal
Harish got 3200. Then banks?
Expenditure Saving ance amount deposited in both

Selected Selection folU 225

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector)
 Alligation
HINTS:
68.20
CP of Mixture =
x10 = Rs.62
11
Apply alligation
SI
-X
100 3200 x 100
60 M
65 20
t 40000-18%
HINTS: 62

9.5% 5.5%
3
In the second type of question, cost price or
of either two different components or the quantity
8% one component is given. The two types of any
first component or type is
sold at a certain profit/loss percentage
component or type is sold at a certain and the second
profit/loss per
2.5 :
1.5 centage. Overall there is a profit/loss
P =
5 3 or percentage. While using allegation, ofa certain amount
the profit/loss per
centage on the first elemnent or type is written on the left
40,000x2 side, the profit/loss percentage on
Rs. 10000 or type is written on the right side the second element
8 and the total profit/
loss percentage in the middle. From which the ratio of
Profit and Loss/rY 3R aIA the cast price/quantity of the first and second compo
nents or types is obtained.
In this type of questions, the cost price
of two different
quantities of an ingredient is given and it is
what ratio we should mixed both the quantitiesasked, in
so that

@Baka_260
by selling the mixture at certain price
or loss of certain percentage. there would be profit
Find out the cost price of
the mixture with the help of given profit/loss percentage.
After that, by writing the first cost price on
the left side,
second cost price on the right side and cost price of
mixture in the middle, find the ratio in which the first the
and second mixture were mixed.

Profit/Loss (1)% Profit/Loss (2)%

Over all Profit/Loss %

Cost Price (1) Cost Price (2)

Or Or
Cost Price 1
Cost Price 2 Quantity
(1): Quantity (2) e

Ex. A student bought 10 pencils and 8 pens at 150 He

Cost Price of Mixture sells pencil at 4% profit and pen at 7%
profit.
he gains 9. Find the cost price of each pencil Overall
and pen.

Quantity (1) Quantity (2)

Ex. In what ratio must a grocer mix two varieties of tea
worth
Rs. 60 per kg and 65 per kg So,
that by selling the Pencil Pen
mixture at Rs.68.20 per kg he may gain 10%?
4% 7%
fatI 60 F44 afd fehcitUTH
3r 65 yà yf
c 6%

2
aCP 50 100

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector)

Selected Selection faug 226
 Alligation
=
50
Pencil 10
Rs.5

Pen ==100 12.5

Discount/e
In this type of question, the marked price of the total
quantity of an article and the discount percentage on
the first and second part of the total quantity is given. Average 1
The total discount percentage is also given.
Average 2
The first
discount percentage is written on the left side, the
second discount percentage is on the right and the
total Total Average
discount percentage is written in the middle. The ratio
of the marked price of the first and the second part is
found by using alligation.
1st Number 2nd Number

Ex. In a company with 600 employees, the average age of

male employees is 42 years and that of female employees
is 41 years. If the average age of all the employees in
the company is 4 1l years and 9 months, then the number
of female employees is
DISCOUNT(1)% DISCOUNT(2)%

@Baka_260
OVERALL
DISCOUNT %
HINTS:
Marked Price 1 Marked Price 2
Ex. A seller sells 2 watches at 8% and 15% discount each. Male Female
Total mnarked price of both the items are 2100. Find 41
42
the difference between marked price of both items, if total
discount is of 12%.
41 Yrs 9 m

HINTS: 9m 3m
8% 15% 3 1

600
12%
4
-xl= 150
In these types of questions, how many runs a bowler
MP 3 A gives for each wicket (bowling average), is given. Gets a
7 unit 2100 certain number of wickets by giving a certain number of
1
unit 300 runs in the 'next innings'. Due to which his bowling
average becomes slightly lower/higher. We have to find
Average/srHa the number of wickets taken by the bowler before or after
'this innings'. First of all, find the bowling average of the
In this type of questions separate averages of two groups bowling average after this
next innings'. Also find the
of fixed number of member/person/element are given. of given increase/decrease. The
And the total gross average is also given. The number of. innings' with the help on
bowling average before the 'given innings' is written
members/individuals/elements in the first and second average of this innings' on the
group is to be found. Write the average of the first group the left side, the bowling
the bowling average after 'this innings' on
on the left, the average of the second group on the right right side and
find the ratio of
and the gross average in the middle. With the help of the middle. With the help of allegation, and after 'this
allegation, the ratio of the number of members/individu the number of wickets before 'this innings'
als/elements in the first and second group is found. innings'.
227
Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) Selected Selection faN
 Alligation
34441

Average Speed (1) y

Average Speed (2

Bowling Bowling Average SpeedN9arn,o4o

Average 1 Average 2
1
Time Time 2
Total Average
Ex. Acar travel 20 km/h for 30 min
and at x km/h for 45
min. If the average speed of the car for
entire journey is
Wicket 1 14 km/h find the value of x
Wicket2
Ex. Average run per wicket of a bowler
is 11.5. In his next

@Baka_260
inning bower took 5 wickets
and conceded 40 run,
thereby he reduced his bowling average by
0.5. Find the
total number of wickets. HINTS:

TA5 fate fel sir 40 T7 fu, fHA 3 34 Tj<asft 20 km/h x

km/hlak
HINTS: 3
14 km/h
11.5

30 min 45 min
2 3
JUMP RELATED (TWO PERSON/ANIMAL JUMP)
Wicket 3 0.5
Eg. A fox chases a lion. Fox
1
takes 7 leaps for every 5
leaps of the lion and the distance covered
by lion in o
40 leaps is equal to the distance covered by fox in 5 leapS.
Avg. = =8 Find the ratio of their speeds?
5
=
=7x 5 35

Time and Distance/H4T 3iT t

In this type of questions, a certain distance is covered
in
two parts or by two mediums with different speeds. The
average speed of the total distance or the total
time taken
to cover the total distance is given. The time taken to
T
n9 Fox LionG keri
cover both the different distances is to
be found. The speed r:lydeot
with which the first distance is covered is written on the
left side, the speed with which the second distance is cov
ered on the right and the total average speed is written in
the middle. With the help of alligation, the ratio of.the 6
time taken to cover both the distances is known. a on
hauei Speed 42: 25 ziasmlois
Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) 228
(Selected Selection faIUt
 Aligation
Number System/HA yunit Rabbits(4) Pigeons(2)
Bx. Ina zoo, there are rabbits and pigeons.
cOunted, there are 200 and if legs are
If.heads are
counted, there
are 580. How many pigeons' are there?
10

4
29 29
HINTS: -2
10 10
Heads count= 2002 332021OD TO 3nuot11 9
Legs count = 580gF 10 10

Rabbits : Pigeons = 911 =9:11

580 20 10 10
Average Legs count for per head =
200 10 11
Number of Pigeons =
200 Xo0 10

HRT h fch Ì Competitive Exam

ufrrî
(
tT ) À TfUTA (Maths)

@Baka_260
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Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) Selectionft 229
(Selected
 Average

AVERAGE
(21)

The result you get by adding two or more amounts

together and dividing the total by the number of For consecutive natural numbers
amounts, is called average.

(i) Average of first n natural number/44 n Mpfdz

= Sum of all terms (n+1)

Average/ 34A
Number of terms 2

Finding Average using Deviation method (i) Average of square of first n natural number/qH

Step I: Assume any term as average in observation.

Step II: Calculate the difference (iii) Average of cube of first n natural number/44n
between the
observations and assumed average. (These differences
are known as Deviation). n(n+1)²
4

@Baka_260
Step III Add all deviations calculated
:
in Step-II and
divide it by total number of terms given in
the
observations. (This is known as net deviation in the
average).
()
For consecutive even numbers

Average of first n even

ÄHH = (n + 1)
no./H n HH HA3 al

(ii) Average of square of first n even n H4 HAA

no./H
2(n + 1)(2n +1)
3
Step IV: to get the actual average, add or
subtract
the net deviation in the assumed average(as per the (iii) Average of cube of first n even no. /H n HH HENA
result of Step-III).

For consecutive odd numbers

Ex. Find the average of the following observations:
() Average of first n odd no./3Hn fqy4 eN I
48, 52, 40, 60, 53, 54, 49 3i4G = n
HINTS:
Step I : Let Average = 50 (i) Average of square of first n odd no. /4 n q4H
Step II: Deviations we get when we subtract from
(2n +1)(2rn -1)
the observations =
3
-2 +2 -10 + 10 + 3 + 4 -1
Step II: Net deviation (iii) Average of cube of first n odd no. n faq4 HAII
/H
yi h 3ÄH =
n(2n-1)
-2+2-10+10+3+4-1 +6
7 =+0.857 (iv) Average of consecutive numbers /hHd HAA a1
=
Step IV: Actual average (4Iifa# H1) 50 + 0.857:
=
First number + Last number
50.857 2

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) (Selected Selection faTT 230

 Average

CONCEPT-01 Ex. The average marks of 40.students was found to- be

If there are 3 natural numbers and average of any two 68. If the marks of two students' were incorrectly
number when added with third number gives a, b, c. entered as 48 and 64 instead of 84 and 46
respectively, then what the correct average?
Then
AHqN 84
a 46 * q4 4N: 48 3TR 64

a +b+c =k
Sum of number HINTS:
2
=
First number 2a- k 62.84 +46-48-64)
Second number = 2b -k 40
=
68.45niic zo
Third number 2c- k CONCEPT-04
CONCEPT-02 Ex. The average of 21 data is 36 out of which the first 12
If the average of n, observations is a,, the average n, data are having an average of 15. The average of the
of rest 9 data is :
observations is a, and so on, then
21 31h8 3rHT 36 frHÀ À VT 12 HThg a1 3HA
a,, n,
HINTS:
Average of all the observations/ yHUi 1 3HT Average of remaining 9 number
n,a, + n,a, t ... (Total sum-sumof first 12 data)
n, + n, t...

CONCEPT-03 (21x36- 12x15) 576 = 64

9

@Baka_260
When data is misread To make it shorter you can solve it using the ratio of
number & deviation explained below
First Remaining
(A
If average of n numbers is m but later on it was found
that a number 'a' was misread as 'b'. The correct Data 12 9
average will be Ratio 4 3
Average 15
Here, Overall average
36oiai
Deviation occurred in 4= (15 - 36) =- 21 QTA

m+
(a-b)
n
While finding the average of 10 given numbers a 21x4g:1sr
student, by mistake, wrote 64 in place of a number Average of remaining, x =36 + 64
46 and got his average 50. The correct average of the 3
given numbers is: Ex. In a primary school, there are 60 boys of age 12 years
each, 4O of age 13 years each, 50 of age 14 years each
and 50 of age 15 years each. The average age (in years)
of all the boys of the school is :

HINTS:
Method-01
Correct Average HINTS:
= 50+-18) =
10
48.8 60 ) 40 50
) )
50

(B 12 13 14 15
If the average of n numbers is m but later on it was
+1 +2 +3,
ci
found that twO numbers a and b misread as p and q.

+ 2 x + x
=1 x 40 50 3 50
The correct average (HE 3i4a) =1.45 d
= + + = =
40 100 150 290 200
m(a+b-p-9) Average = 12 + 1·45 = 13•45
n
231
Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) Selected Selection fan
 Average

CONCEPT-05 cONCEPT-06
(Replacement/Inclusion/Exclusion) (Cricket Based/fnàa sTft
( ufegry/AHàyT/afU) Ex. A cricket batsman had a certain average
Ex. There are 50 students in a class. One of them weighing his 11 innings. In the 12th innings, he of runs for
runs made a score
50 kg goes away and a new student joins. By this the of 90 after that his average run is decreased by

average weight of the class is increased by , kg. The

Find his average of runs after 12th innings.

weight of the new student is:

HINTS:
1 Let the initial average = X
2
New Average=
(Initial Innings)*Average + Recent Run
HINTS: TotalInningsrzio
Weight of new student= Old +
1
x X- 5 = 11xx+ 90
50 12
= +
50 25 =75 kg X= 150
Ex. The mean weight of 34 students of a school is So, New average = 150 -5 = 145
If the weight of the teacher is also included, 42 kg.
the mean Method - 02
rises by 400 grams. Find the weight of the teacher (in kg). ATQ, Average Run is decreased by 5.
Total in 11th innings 11 x 5 = 55
So, In the 12th innings he made a score of 90 Runs.

@Baka_260
The Average of Runs after 12th innings.
HINTS: = (90 + 55) =
145
Method-01 Ex. Average of 64 innings of a player is 62 runs, difference
Weight of teacher = x
Old Average + 0-4 35 between his -maximnum and minimum score is 180
= 42 + 14 = runs. If these two innings are excluded then the
56 kg.
Method-02 average of remining innings is 60 runs.
Then his
Let the weight of the teacher is x kg. maximum score is :
ATO, 34 x 42 + x= 35 x 42-4
X= 56 kg
Ex. The average height of 25 boys is 1.4 m. When 5 boys
leave the group, then the average height increase by 0.15m.
What is the average height of the 5 boys who leave?
HINTS:
ATO, 64 x 62 -H-L =
62 x 60
»
248 = H+ L
.(0)
Given that,
HINTS: H-L= 180 (iü)
Method-01 on adding (1) and (2), We get -
Here Overall Average = 1.4 m =
When 5 boys left the group, Average of 20 boys is 248 H+ L
=
increased by 0.15 m. 180 H-L
428 = 2H
H= 214
0-15x20 = Ex A cricketer whose bowling average is 11.125 rüns per
Deviation 5
0.6
wicket. he takes 7 wickets for 38.5 runs and thereby
Average of Left boys = 1.4 -0.6 0.8 m
=
decrease his average by 1.125. The number wickets of

Method-02 taken by him till last matches was:

Let the average height of all 5 boys be x m.
ATQ, 25 x 1·4 -5 xx 20.x 155
x= 0.8 m

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) (Selected Selection fain 232

 Average
HINTS:
So, The average age of Ravi and his daughter
Total Run 38-5 (39+11) 50
Bowling Avg. = Total Wicket =5.5 25 years
7 2 2
11.125 5.5 CONCEPT-08
(Number Based/HGT ATeTfta)
Ex. Average of 25 natural numbers is 67. 1" number is
10
increased by 1, 2nd number increased by 3 and 3rd
number is increased by 5,-and-so on. find the new
average.
4.5 1.125
7 =
So, -x4.5 28
1-125
HINTS:
Number of wicket till the last match We know, Average of n-odd number = n
= 28 + 7=35. So, Average of 25 odd no.= 25
CONCEPT-07 Thus, New average = 67 + 25 =92
(Age Ex. The average of 21 numbers is 44. The average of first
5 years ago, the
Based/3
average
TTETftI)
11 numbers is, 48 and that of last 11 numbers is 42.
Ex. age of A, B, C D were 45 If 11th umber is excluded, what is the average of the
years. With the joining of E, the averageand
age of all the 6t6,remaining number?
five is 48 years. How old is E?
yq q yd, A, B, C 1 D 3HT 3HI4 45 q4 eî I 344 E

@Baka_260
HINTS:
HINTS:
No. 21 11 11
Method-01
Total present age of (A,B,C,D) (45+5)x4 =
=
200 years Average 44 48 42
Total present age of (A,B,C,D,E)= 48 x 5 = 240 years + = +22 EO-bodsat
Present Age of E =
240 - 200 = 40 years. 44– 22
Method-02
11hNumber = 44 + 22 = 66
Néw average after removing 11h number: bng &

Total present Average of (A,B,C,D) = 45 + 5 = 50

Total present Average of(A,B,C,D,E) = 48 21x44-66
Here We Can see that, after joining of average of E
20
42.9
A,B,C,D is reduced by - 2.
Ex. The average of 15 numbers is 45. The average of the
Thus, Age of E = 50 - (2 x 5) = 40 years. first six numbers is 42 and that of last six numbers
Ex
The average age of Ravi, his wife and their two children is 43. The seventh number is two times the 8th number
1s 23 years. His wife is just 4 years younger than Ravi
but 5 more than the 9h number. The average of the
and his wife was 24 years old when his daughter was seventh and the ninth number is:
born. he was 32 years old when his son was born. The
average age of Ravi and his daughter is ?

HINTS:
All First Last
HINTS: .
Number 15 6
Total Sum = 23 ×
92
Average 45 42 43
= x 6) + (-2x 6)
Deviation (-3 =-30
32 28 Let 7th 8th gth
x 4
Now,
2x X
5x- 5=45 x3+30r2äi
3 2

=64 +4x =92 170=x=34

5x
=
68+63 = 65.5
Ravi
32 +7 = 39
=

Average of 7th and 9th number 2

Daughter = 4 + 7= 11

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Selectionfl 233

Inspector) Selected
 Time and Work

TIME & WORK

(22

CONCEPT-01 Method-01
IfA completes a piece of work in 'x days and B completes A, B and C can complete the work in
the same work in ' days, then - 12x15x 20 12x15x 20
(12 x15)+(15 x 20) + (20 x 12) 5 days
720
Metho-02
:. Total time taken to complete the work by A A 12
and Bboth
4 (LCM of 12, 15
B 15 60 and 20)
C 20

=
Total Work 60 =
5 days
Ex. A can do a piece of work in 12 days E, +E, + Eç 12
whereas B can do
the same work in 18 days. In how many days A CONCEPT-03
together can do complete the same work? and B
m
If A can finish part of the work in D dáys. Then, total

@Baka_260
time taken to finish the work by A = x D days
m
HINTS: m
Method-01 n

xD f
A and B can do the same work in = 18x12 7
Ex. A can do one third of a work
m
30 S days in 15 days, B can do
75% of the same work in 18 days
Method-02 same work in 36 days. B andC can do the
and C worked together for 8
A
12 3

36 (Total Work, LCM of 12 and 18)

days. In how many days will A
alone complete the
remaining work?
B 18 2 A
fetf I aG-fdsTÉ TT 15
T.W 36 1
B
f<i
=7*
S days 14 al 75% H1 18
fi q
C
T.E H 36
fii
CONCEPT-02
If A can do a work in 'x days. B can do the same HINTS:
work in
'y' days, C can do the same work in 'z'
days, then total
time taken by A, B and C to complete the work A can finish the work = 15 x 3 =
together in 1 45 days.
Similarly, B can finish
A, B 3 Now,
the work in 18 x,= 24 days.
A 45
1
8
Xyz B24 15 360 (LCM of 45, 24 and 36)
141,1 y+ yz + zx C36 10
x y Work done by B and C
in 8 days = (B + C) x
Ex. A, B and C can do a work in 12, 15 and 20 davs 200 8=25 X8
respectively. In how many dayS will they complete the Remaining work = 160
same work together?
Time talken by A to finish
A. B
aT C fat GI Fht Gh41: 12, 15 TY 20 the remaining work
f<i Remaining work
160
Efficiency of A
8
20 Days

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) (Selected Selection faIn 234

 Time and Work
CONCEPT-04 Ex. A can finish a piece of the work in 16 days and B can
If
A
and B can do a
work
in 'x days. and can do the B C finish it in 12 days. They worked together for 4 days
work in 'y'days.C and can do A
and then A left. B finished the remaining work. For how
same the same work in 'z'
e Then total time taken, when A, Band Cwork together many. total number of days did B work to finish the
work completely?
A
yA HT Ì 16 fi HGaI siT B T 12

22xyz
days
xy + yz+ zx
Ex. Raghav and Aditya can complete a work in 3 davs. HINTS:
Adityaand Ishan can complete the same work in 4 days. Method-01 o

Ishan and Raghav can complete it in 6 days. How many B will finish the remaining work in
al

days will it take for Raghav, Aditya and Ishan, combined

16x12- (16+12) x4 192-112 80
=5 days.
together, to complete the same work? 16 16 16
= 4 + 5 9 days.
Total number of days B worked
Method-02
3
A 16
48
B 124
N?
Here and B worked for 4 days and after that B had
A
HINTS: completed the work. Let the number of days B worked

@Baka_260
Method-01 alone is 't' days.
Work will finish by Raghav
,
Aditya and Ishan So, 4(A+B) + B x
t= T.W
+ = 48
28 4t
2x3x4 x6 2x3x4x6 -2 days. =
4t 20
(3 x4) + (4x6) + (6x 3) 54
t= 5 days
+ = 9 days.
Method-02 Total number of days B worked= 4 5
R+A 3 4
CONCEPT-06
12
Lefting the work from backward(3
A+I 4

I+R 6
2(1+ R+A) =9 A can do a piece of work in 'p' days and B can do the
of ([+R+A) =
9 same work in 'q' days. They start the work together
Efficiency Time
but A leaves 'd' days before the work is finished.
- 2% taken to complete the work.
12 x 2
:. Tug.a = W = days
E 9
CONCEPT-05
Lefting the work from forward
can do the = Pq +qd
days
work in x days and B
*n can do a piece
of
p+q
Same work in y davs if they
work together for d days can complete a work in 8 days
B Ex. A and B working alone
work then the time taken by
the They started working
ter that A leaves and 12 days, respectively.
to do the remaining work 1s together, but A left 2 days before completion of the
work. In how many days
was the work completed?

y-(x + y)xd
days 235
(Selected Selection f<e
Aditya Ranjan
(Excise Inspector)
 Time and Work
HINTS:
Method-01!* CONCEPT-08
.
= 8x12+12×2 120 Concept of alternate days
Work completed in =6 days
(8 +12) 20
Method-02 Ex. A and B can complete a
work
respectively. A started the Workinand they
Tips: Add the work of left days(before completion of
10 and 20 davs
the work) in Total Work and Solve using basic concept. work in
alternate days. In how many days will the total work
wil
A8 3 be completed?
>24
B12^2 +6
30

Work completed in = W 30 HINTS:

=6Days
5
A 10
CONCEPT-07 B
20 sde i aob
20
Lefting the work from forward and
backward both Work done by A
and B in 2 days =2+1 =3
So, Work done by and B in 12 days =3 x 6=18
A

A can do a piece of work in x days, B y Since A has started the work, so A will work on 13th Day.
in days and C
in z days. If all three of them start the work together Work Done till 13th day = 18 +2 = 20
but B leaves the work d days before its completion and:
C leaves the work after D days of starting, Thus, 13th Day Work will be finished.
then the
complete the work in CONCEPT-09

@Baka_260
A
foÌ T4 Ì xfi Ä, B, y
f C 3Ì HTH z (Concept of efficiency/hrdHGT AUUL)
Efficierncy of a machine or person is the rate of work
done in per unit time.

Work SO-Dodssit
xyz + zx
xd- xy x Ddavs Efficiency (E) = Time done
taken
yz + zx
Ex. A, B and C can do a work in 10, 12 and 15 days
Also, Efficiency(E) «
respectively. They begin the work together but after 3 No. of days
days C left the work and 4 days before B left the work. If the efficiency of A is twice
In how many days will the total work be completed? the efficiency ofB, then
ratio of time taken by
ye A and B will be =
,à
B
A,
3R C h4NI: 10, 12 341R I5 fi H
G Hhi
yfz A 1écRIGII, B rÍANIETAI yî A N
B

fei ?
Ex. Tim is thrice as gooda workman as Joya
and they together
HINTS: finish a piece of work in 75-days. In how many days wll
Method-01 Tim alone finish the work?
Work completed in
10 x 12x 15 + 15x10x4-10x 12 x 3 2040 68 days
12×15+15x10 330 1]
Method-02 HINTS:
A 10 6

Ratio of
efficieny Tim and Joya =3:1 9 o
t
B12 60
Total work =(E,+ E) x time taken,5
C
15 4 =
(3+1) x 75
=
300
= 60-3C+4B
Work completed in Tim alone will finish the work in
A+B
60-12+ 20 68 Total work 300
days = 100 days.
11 11 E, 3

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector)) Selected Selection fal 236

 Time and Work
CONCEPT-10 HINTS:
MDH Concept 6M x77 = 2W x 77 = 4B ×
77
M,D,H, 6M = 2W = 4B
M,D,H_
W,
M: W: B
W 2: 6: 3
M Man, D Days (1M +1W+ 1B) =
6M x 77
x
H 35Hours, W Work/Wages 11x=6x 2 77
If men can finish a work in 6 days, *= 84 days
then in how
many days can 7 men do half of the same work?
CONCEPT-11
If A workingalone takes x days more than A & B and B
working alone takes y days more than A & B. Then the
HINTS: number of days taken by A & B working together to finish
M,D,H_M,D,H, the same job
W, W,

35 x6 7x x
Jy days.
x= 15 days Ex. A andB working together can complete a work in d days.
Ex. Eighteen persons working 8 hours a day can complete Working alone, A takes (8+d) days and B takes (18+d)
days to complete the same work. Find the value of
d.
3units of work in 10 days. How many days are required
by 25 persons to complete 5 units of work working 6
hours a day?

@Baka_260
HINTS:
Aand B will finish the work in,
d= J18x8 = V144 12 days.
=

HINTS:
M,D,H, M,D,H, CONCEPT-12 tps5t

W, W. (Concept of wages/4t it 3aRUT)

18x10 x8 25xxx6 Total wages = Per day wage x
Number of days worked
3 5
x= 16 hours
Bx. 64 men working 8 hours a day plan to complete a piece of
Wage is shared among the person in the ratio of th efficiency
work in 9 days. However, 5 days later they found that they
now wanted to
had completed only 40% of the work. They of the person.
finish the remaining work in 4 days. How
many hours per
to target?
day should they need to work in order achieve the
Ex. A and B worked together and received a total of Rs
18,000 for 15 days. A's efficiency in the work was 5 times
that of B's. The daily wage of A (in Rs) was:

HINTS:
Here, number of davs and employee is constant. HINTS:
Ratio of efficiency of A
and B = 5:1
64M x 8 x5 64Mx xx4
40% 60% Total sum
X= 15 hours Wages per day of A and B = Time taken
Ex. 6 men or
2 women or 4
boys can finish
a work in 77
woman and
deys, How manv davs will man,
1 1 1
boy 18000 - Rs.1200
together take to finish the same work? 15

Daily wage of A = Rs. 1200 x Rs. 1000

Aditya Selected Selection faIU 237|

Ranjan (Excise Inspector)
 Pipe and Cistern

PIPE & CISTERN

(23

Amount of water released or filled =

Rate x time. Ex. Pipe P can empty a tank alone in 15 hours. Pipe
Q can empty the same tank alone in 10 ho1re
Note: We will use '+' sign for pipe used to fill the tank In how much time can they together empty
the
and '- sign for pipe used to empty the tank. tank?

HINTS:
CONCEPT-01
Both pipe P and Q can empty the tank in
Two taps 'A' and 'B' can fill a tank in
'x hours and 'y' 15x10 150
hours respectively. If both the taps are opened together, =6 hours
then how much time it will take to fill the tank? (15 +10) 25

CONCEPT-03
If x, y, z,...

@Baka_260
all taps are opened together, then the
time required to fill/empty the tank will be:
=
uf x, y, Z,..
Required time
(*+y hrs
Ex. Pipe P can fill a tank alone
in 15
can fill the same tank alone in 10 hours. Pipe Q X y
hours. In how
much time can they together fill the tank? where T, is the required time.

Note: Positive result shows that the

tank is filling and
Negative result shows that
HeA ?
the tank is getting empty.
HINTS:
Both pipe and Q can fill the tank in CONCEPT-04
15x10 150 If a pipe fills a tank in
=6 hours 'x hours but it takes 't' more
(15+10) 25 hours to fill it due to leakage in tank. If tank is filled
completely, then in how many hours it will be empty?
CONCEPT-02 [due to leakage outlet]
Two taps 'A' and 'B' can empty a
tank in 'x' hours and
'y' hours respectively. If both
the taps are opened
together, then time taken to empty the. tank will be

Required time =
hrs Required time = x(*+t),
xty) t hours
Ex. a
If pipe fills a tank in 20 hours but it takes 4 hours more
to fill it due to leakage in the tank. If
the tank is flea
completely, then in how many hours it will be emptyr

X*y)

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) 238

(Selected Selection fa
 Pipe and Cistern
HINTS: Ex. Pipe can fill an empty tank completely in 15
A
Method-01 hours. Pipe B can empty this fully filled tank in
Tank will empty in due to leakage 210 hours. If both the pipes are opened
20x(20+4) simultaneously, in what tíme will the full tank
-=120h
4 be emptied?
Method-02
F 20h 6

120 (Tank capacity)

24 h
5
F+L HINTS:
Efficiency of filling pipe (F) =6
Method-01
Efficiency of leakage (L) = 6-5 =1
= 150 150
120 Tank will be empty in
Tank willempty in due to leakage ==120 h 10-15
-1
Method-02
CONCEPT-05
A tap 'A' can fill a tank in 'x hours and 'B' can empty A 15 h +10
the tank in 'y' hours. 150 (Tank capacity)

B 10h: -15
(a) Time taken to fill the tank when both are opened.
When both the pipe öpen simultaneously, Tank will

Ex.
|x-y)
hrs [x>y]

@Baka_260
Pipe A can fill an empty tank completely in 10
hours. Pipe B can empty this fully filled tank in
15 hours. If both the pipes are opened
be empty in

Two taps A
150
15-10

CONCEPT-06
and
150
5
30 h

can fll a tank in x hours and y

B
Simultaneously, in what time will the empty tank hours respectively. If both the pipes are opend
be filled? together, then the time after which pipe B should be
closed so that the tank is full in t hours

HINTS: Required time/ 3A1qNYF HHY

Method-01

Tank will be filled in = 150

15-10
150
5
=30 h --2)]: hours

Method-02 Ex. Pipe A can fill a tank in 16 hour and pipe B fills
it in 24 hour. If both the pipes are opened
A 10h +15 together after how many hours should pipe B be
150 (Tarnk capacity) closed, So that the tank is filled in 12 hours?
B 15 h -10
When both the pipe open simultaneously, Tank wll
be filled in = 150 150 =30 h
15-10 5
(9) Time taken to empty the tank when both
are
opened.
HINTS:

hrs [y > x
tt i Required time = 241--24t
4-6h 16

239
Aditya
Ranjan (Excise Inspector) Selected. Selection faIIT
 Pipe and Cistern
Ex. Pipe V, can fill an empty tank in 8 hours. Pipe V, can HINTS:
fill the same tank jin 16 hours. Pipe V, can empty the
Srr Same tank completely in 12 hours. If three pipes are A 72 Min
otis ile
opened,simultaneously, then in how much time will ArE
4
the tank be fill completely? .B- 90 Min 360 (Total capacity)
Min
A+B-C 120 3
efficiency of C = (5 + 4 - 3) = 6 4

work done by pipe A and B in 12 minutes = (5+ 4) x

12 = 108.
HINTS:

Hr 108
V8 Time taken to empty by pipe C = 6 = 18 min
V16 Hr 48 (Total capacity)
Ex. Pipe A and B fill a tank in 43.2 minutes and 108
V3 12 Hr unit minutes respectively, Pipe C can empty it at 3 litres/
minutes. When all the three pipes are opened together,
Three pipes are opened simultaneously. they wil1 fill the tank in 54 minutes. The capacity (in
:

So, Required time to fill the tank. litres) of the tank is

48 48
(6+3-4) 5 9h
Ex. Pipes A nd B can fill a tank in 8 hours and 12 hours,
respectively whereas pipe C can empty the full tank in
l 6 hours. A and Bare opened for 3 hours and then closed HINTS:
and C is opened instantly. C will empty the tank in:

@Baka_260
A 43.2
B 108 216

HAI YY B e 4
ŽI
A 3R 3
f ai SI f A + B + C>54
efficiency of C = 4- (5 +2) =-3
i.e., C empty 3 units in 1 min.
HINTS: We have, C can empty 3 liters in 1 min.
A 8 Hours Therefore capacity of tank = 216 x 1 = 216 liter
Ex. Pipe A can fill a tank in 12 hours and pipe B takes
B 12 Hours 24 (Total capacity) 18 hours to fill it. Both pipes were opened together and
a leak was spotted which increaäsed the filling-up time
C6Hours by 48 minutes. Find how many hours will it take for
(A + B) opened for 3 hours together the leak to empty a full tank.
= (3 + 2) x 3 = 15
unit
Now, C can empty the filled tank

eill 15 nours,
4 4
Ex. Pipe A and B are filling pipes while C is an emptying HINTS:
pipe. A and B can fill a tank in 72 and 90 minutes
respectively. When all the three pipes are opened 12x18
together, the tank gets filled in 2 hours. A and B are 12 +18 7 hrs. 12 min:.
opened together for 12 minutes, then closed and C is 14

opened. The tank will be empty after A 12

6
B 18 4 72
SY IA 3T B faaît z Ì h4I: 72 3iR 90 fHe A +
B +C 8 9

efficiency of leak =9- (6+ 4)

=-1s
Leak willempty the whole tank= 72 min.
1

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) Selected Selection 240

fal
 Time and Distance

TIME & DISTANCE

24
Basic Concepts/4T fHogia
Speed is usually measured in km/h, mile/h or m/sec.

= Dis tan ce
Speed Conversion of Units/Hai 1 5qiiuj
Time
Distance
1. 1
h=60 min = 60 x 60 = 3600 sec.g
Time = 2. 1
km = 1000 m
Speed
3 mile = 1.606 km or 1 km = 0.62 14 mile of 5
mile -8 km
Distance = Speed x Time 4. 1
yard = 3 ft

1000
Two friends left Delhi for Goa at 5 a.m. One friend who
5 a
km/h =a x
60 x 60 m/sec
went by train reached Goa in 24 hours and other friends 5
=a x
18 m/sec
who went by Aeroplane reached in 3 hours.
60x60
a m/Sec = a x
km/h
1000

@Baka_260
18
km/h=ax
We know that speed of aeroplane is more than train so
Ex. at a speed of 90 km per hour on a
Dimple is travelling
time taken by train is more than that of aeroplane. highway, while Sachin is travelling at a speed of 108
km per hour. What is the difference in their speeds, in
metres per second?

It can be infer from above explanation that

1
Speed (When distance is constant) HINTS:
Time Required difference = (108- 90) = 18 km/h
1
18x5 Sm /s
18
lf two athlete run for constant time then distance CONCEPT-01
COvered by the athlete whose speed is more would be Ex A car when increases its usual speed by 30%, it would
more. reach certain destination 2 hours early. Find usual time
taken by car to cover same distance.

lt can be infer from above explanation that distance oc

time taken (when speed is constant)
Initial: final
13
Units of Measurement/H4 h Eh t= 13 10
Tme is usually measured in second (sec), minutes (min)
or hours (hr). i-3-2
2
Distance is usually measured in meters (m), kilometre F-*10hr
(kn) or mile, yards or feet. x60min 8h 40min
hr=8hr =8h+
241
Aitya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) (Selected Selection faI
 Time and Distance
Ex. A takes 2 hours 30.minutes more than B to walk K
Method-02
40 km, If A doubles his speed, then he can make it 113
in 1 hour less than B. How much time (in hours) -x4 19
does A require for walking a 40 km distance? D=
40 km t gâ ga A B
n
2 2 30 fe stfy
= 11 km
CONCEPT-03
HINTS: A man go a certain distance with x
km/hr and he
A comes back with a speed of y
km/hr. If he takes t
-1 B +2.30 hours more to come back than go. Find the distance
Speed = of
1: 2 A

Time.ofA = 2:1
lunit 1+ 5 7
Then distance/
2 2
Time taken by A covered distance
x

7 (difference between time)fi3e

2unit =
2 X-y,
x=7h The difference between time can be solved by the
CONCEPT-02 following tricks
A man go a certain distance with x km/hr and comes
Same important cases in speed
back with a speed of y km/hr. If he takes t hour to go
and come back. Find the distance? Early, early case (subtraction)
Late, Late case (subtraction)
Early, Late case

@Baka_260
+' (Addition)
Late, Early cáse '4 (Addition)
Ex. Ramesh drives from his home at a speed of 40 km/h
and reaches his college 25 minutes late. The next day
Then distance/ Få
=*t he increases his speed by 10 km/h, yet he is late
by 10 minutes. How far is his college from his home?
Ex. A student goes to school at a speed of 5
km/h and

returns at a speed of 4 km/h. If he takes 4

4
hours
for the entire journey, then the total distance covered
by the student (in km) is: HINTS:

gHf Ratio method #T Ym t in:s

Method-01
4 200
HINTS: 5 4

gHf Ratio method 1 yti a 40 50 scolerys acc so s

tso
Method-01 1
unit = 15
Ratio of speed - 11:8 minutes'i iuye OSAERai
then, then,
Ratio of time = 8: 11 1
Given that, total distance (200 unit) =
200 x50 km
19
19 unit = hours Method-02
4 si
then, Distance /zÀs

=
19 = 40x 5025-10
4×19x8
8 unit 2hours
50 – 40 60
then,
11
t240 × 50 15 rigc'te:l
Total distance =2 X11 km 10 60
=50km

Aditya Ranjan (xcise Inspector))] (Selected SelectHon faM 242

 Time and Distance
A
train covers a certain a certain specd, if
the speed of the train isdistance at morc, then to cover
the same 6km/hr
distance it takes 6 hours less, But if
of the train is 6 the specd
more to cover
km/hr less, then it would take 10 hrs
the same distance. Find the distance A car covers a certain distance
covered by the train. Ex.
travelling at a speed
of 60 km/h and returns to the starting point at a
specd of 40 km/h. The average spced of the car for
the entire journey is:

Se HINTS: HINTS:
hr
Let, original speed of Train =s
= 2x 60 x 40 =
s
(s+6)6 Average speed of Car 48 km/h
6
s(s-610
6
60+ 40
Case-li/fafa-II
3s + 18 =
5s -30 When time is constant
2s = 48
s= 24 km/h S
S,
: Total distance covered by train
t
D, = S,
=
24%30x6=
D, S, xt =
xt e lo

720 km Average speed/iTHA AIT

6
D, + D, S,t+ S,t +
t(S, S,)S+S,|
CONCEPT-04 t+t

@Baka_260
t+t 2t 2

Average speed/ÄTHT IT Average speed/ AT4a t=

Sum of the speed

Total covered distance Number of speeds / observations
Average speed=
Total taken time

Ex. Vikas covered a certain distance by bike. If he covers

40% of the distance at 40 km/h, 50% of the distance
Cases for Average Speed
at 25 km/h and the remaining 10% distance at 10
1 km/h. Find his average speed over the whole distance.
When distance is constant

2 When time is constant 40 km/h G H, 50% â 25 km/h À sit

Case-I/ffa-I
When distance is constant HINTS:
Let total distance = 100 kmn

D 100
Average speed= 40 25km /h
A S, B
S, 50 10
D
D 40 25 10
S
t,=
CONCEPT-05
ig Average speed/i
l4f i*Aly
Average speed with stoppage
D+D
D D
ont, 2SS,
S, +S,
When stoppage time is taken into consideration while
average speed with
From above explanation, it is clear that when distance calculating average speed, it is said
18 constant, average speed is free
from distance. It stoppage.
means there is no need of distance or question can be
Solved through any supposed distance.
Aditya 243
Ranjan (Excise Inspector) (SelectedSelectión fae
 Time and Distance
Excluding stoppage, the average speed of a train is u T,1 Time taken by the train 1
to reach at its destination
and with stoppage its average speed is v. Then, the after crossing cach other.
stoppage time per hour
f4I T4 HH4)
T, Time taken by the train 2 to'reach at its destination
Diff. between their average speed after crossing each other.
u-V
Speed without stoppage u
With u> v and u, v # 0
Ex. Without any stoppage, speed of the bus is 54 km/hr D Total distance form A to B.
and with stoppage its speed is 45 km/ hr. The bus
stops for how many minutes per hour?
Ex Shyam starts to walk from A towards B at 10 a.m. and
Radha starts to walk from B towards A at 10 a.m. and
after meeting at C they both reach their destination
in 24 and 54 minutes respectively. Find out the time
HINTS: they meet at C.
|54-45| = 9
54 |60 60= 10 minute
54
Ex. Speed of a car without stoppage is 48 km/h and that
of with stoppage is 36 km/h. If car stops each time
for 5 min then find the number of stoppage
in 1 hr
20 min. HINTS:
T= J24x 54 = 36 min
Meeting time on C= 10 : 36 min

@Baka_260
Ex. A and B started their journeys from X to Y
and Y to
X, respectively. After crossing each other, A and B
HINTS:

Total stoppage time

12 x = completed remaining parts of their jouneys in 6
80 20 min
48
hours and 8 hours, respectively. If the speed of A is
:: Number of stops =
20 -= 32 km/h, then the speed, in km/h, of B is:
4
5
3RA

4NI:
B
Y 3itt Y X
X * fer 3r4

CONCEPT-06
HD, HHD,
A P
On this concept three types of questions are asked in
B H U fh41| qfk A
* T 32
8
km/h ,t B
Ì
the exams and they are based on the given formula
below : HINTS:
Let speed of B
=x
|49
N64
32
(a) T- T, ×T,
32 8
(b) S, x= 28 km/h
(c)
T,930O Ex. Two cars A and B start simultaneously from a certain
D=ST,+ S, bs9ce -sr9VÉ place at the speed of 40 kmph and 55 kmph,
S, Speed of train starting from A respectively. The car B reaches the destination 2 hours
earlier thn A. What is the distance between the
i2 t starting point and destination?
it Speed of train starting from Bqe
(B YE a Tfa)
t aË A 3ÌR B h4I: 40 f gfà yà sr 55
f gfd t
T Time after which they meet each other.

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector)) 244

Selected selectin fain
 Time and Distance
HINTS:
HINTS:
Let the time taken by car A to
reach destination is In one hour, the earlier rider covers a distance of 10 km.
x hours.
The distance between the two hours = 80- 10 = 70
So, the time taken by car B to km.
reach destination is
(x- 2)hours. Hence,
= +
s,T, S,T, The two riders approach each other with a relative
speed of 10 + 25= 35 kmph.
40T, = 55 (T, - 2)
=
40T, 55T, -110 The time taken 702
35 hrs.
110 = 7 hours 20 minutes
= =
15T, Therefore, they meet each other at (8 + 2) = 10 am.
Ex. A train leaves a station A at7 am and reaches another
CONCEPT-07 station B at 11 : 00am. Another train leaves B at 8
Bx. Iwalk a am and reaches A at 11:3Oam. The two trains cross
certain distance and ride back taking a total
time of 37 minutes. I could walk both ways in 55 one another at
minutes. How long would it take me to ride both ways?

3it 11 :
30 q A ygTt A y5 qHÌ f.
Time Speed
HINTS:
Let distance cOvered by foot =x 4hr 7 km /h
= y
distance covered by bike >28 km (Distance)
=
x+ y 37
x+x= 2x= 55 Ghr8 km/h

@Baka_260
X= 27.5
.. y= 9.5 t-1hr 15 5
So,total time taken when both side travelled by bike
=9.5 2 = 19 min
>x
-
lhrx60
CONCEPT-08 = 1
hr 24 min
Relative Speed/TA AI Hence, two trains cross one another at
Relative speed refers to the speed of one moving body 8 +1 hr 24 min =9: 24 am.
in relation to another. Ex. A poiceman sees a theif at a distance of 150 m. He
starts chasing the theif who is running at a speed
HT9A AIT
of 5 m/sec, while the policeman chases with a speed
Relative speed in same direction. / ä fI 4
of 7m/sec.
- S, - S,
of sec
Where S,- Speed of first object and S,= Speed
ond object.
f<gn 4 HI9A
Relative speed in opposite direction./faya (i) What is the time taken by the police?

+
(i) Find the distance covered by the thief when he
-S, S, is caught?
Speed of sec
Where S,- Speed of first object and S,=
ond object. (ii) Find the distance covered by the police man when
B is 80 km. A
The distance between two cities and
Ex. A
7 am at a he caught the thief?
motorcycle rider starts from A towards Bat
Speed of 10 km/hr. Another motorcyclist
starts from
B towards A at 8 am at
a speed of 25 km/hr. At what HINTS:
me will they cross each other? (i) Relative speed
=7-5= 2 m/sec.
150
Time =
2
=75 sec.

SD
S, D,

(Selected Selection faT 245

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector
 We
have 7 -5 =
2 units =
(i1)
Distance (DA=75 75 m Time and
(iii) Distance
=
x5 375 mn t Distance
Ex. A (D) 75 x 7 =
thief was noticed 525 m
Buses are CONCEPT-09
by a policeman
iof 80 metres. The speed from a distance T) But, aleaving
personbus terminal after every
the policeman is of the thief is meets the who
between them 20 km/h. What 21 km/h and bus after eveeryis moving towards 10 minute
after 18 seconds? is the distance 8 minutes (T.A. the terminal
HIT 21
km/h t gfeiH{f
t aTeT
20 km/h ž 18
HINTS:
Speed of man
Police 80 metres Speed of bus
21km /h thiei T
20km/h 'OR'
:. Distance
between thief Speed of
and police after 18 sec Train|T, -T|e.
Speed of Sound
=
80- x218*1 1

= Here,/4e,
T,r
75 metres
Ex. A thief stole T, = Time after
jewellery from a which buses
left on a bike at a shop at 8:15 p.mn. leaves the terminal.
speed of 60
informed at 8:30 p.m. and
km/h. The police were
thief at 9:00 p.m., If the police want =
to arrest T, Time after. which
of the police jeep? what should be the minimum the it meets with the person.
speed
Ex. Buses start from a
km/h t T
IgF H
hr at intervals of 10bus terminal with a speed
HT 4I| yciH Ì minutes. of 20 km/
8:30 p.m. coring from the opposite What is the speed of a man

@Baka_260
terminal if he meets direction towards the bus
the buses at intervals of 8 minutes?
HINTS:

15
2 S, - 60
S, - 60
30 = HINTS:
S, = 90 km/h Let speed of man = x
Ex. A thief running
at speed of
policeman running at a speedx km/h is chased by a
10-8 2
20
is ahead by 100 metres, the of 10 km/h. If the thief x= 5km/h
thief after 3 minutes. At what policeman catches the
('* being the unknown speed)? speed is the thief running Ex. Two guns are fired
from the same place at an interval
of 13 minutes.A person
place hears the sound in a train approaching the
firing 12 min 30 second after
the first; Find speed of train. Suppose
travels at 300 that the sound
n/sec.

HINTS:
F
x = 100
3 60
(10- x) x 5
18
et speed of train =x deorhdz dlh
9 18
10-x 13-12.5 0.5
300 12.5 12.5
X= 8 km/h =
12m / sec

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) Selected selection fau 240

 Train
TRAIN
(25
Some important
when train
concept/3
Eaqut frgia
passing a pole or
distance covered L, +800
will be equal to static object then 100
L,+400
the length. 60
3 + 2400 = 5L, +.2000 =
400 2T
oat h

Where/a
D=Lt Lo Ex. A train 280 m
L,= 200 m
long is moving at a
What is the time speedof 60 kmn/h.
taken by the train to,cross
L, =Length of m
220 long? a platform
Train/t darË
Lo= Length of Object/a4g
(i) When a train passes iaÉ t HINTS:
distance covered another train in samne direction
will be L, + L,
TP
S
280+ 220
= S, - S, (Same Direction)
T=
60, 5500 x 18
=

@Baka_260
(iii 60x5 30 sec
When a train passes 18
distance covered willanother train in opposite direction Ex. The ratio of speeds of two
be L, + L, taken by them to cross a trains is 10:9. The time
the difference between theirpole is in the ratio 4
lengths :3. If
find the length of the smaller is 156 metres then
train?
S =S, + S, (Opposite Direction) f 34 GRI feT H44 34G 4 : 3
Generally, Length of the train is I tf 34t
given in meter and HINTS:
speed is given in km/hr.So, always focus on
the units. Given that
=
Speed 10:9
Time = 4:3
Ex. then,
T50 m long train crosses a man in 8 min.
Find the Distance = 40 :
27
speed of train (in km/h).
Given that 13unit = 156

Length of the smaller train = 27x1S6-= 324 metre

13
HINTS: Ex. Two trains of equal length cross a pole 5 sec
in
sec respectively. In what time they will cross and 7
each other
Speed = Distance 150 going in same direction
Time 8x60 xkm /h
Ex,
A train passes two bridges of lengths 800 m and 400
m in 100 seconds and 60 seconds respectively. The
length of the train is: HINTS:
35 (Length of train
HINTS: (Speed) 5

(Time)
S
T
S
5 7
35 x2-35 sec
L, +800 t 400 Required Time =

100
-S, 60
2

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Selectionfln 247

Inspector (Selected
 Train
Es. Two trains of length 160m and 180m respectively cross Ex. Ratio of speed of two trains is 5 :3. Both trains stat
a pole in 5 sec and 6 sec respectively. In what time from station A and Brespectively and meet at point
they will cross each other going insame direction? P. If distance between both station is 60 km the
find how much more distance first train covered?

HINTS:
D 80: 90
:
T 5 6
S 16 : 15 HINTS:
170-=

Ex.
T= 170 sec
Two trains cross a man standing on a platfornm.in 27
Di8
D, 3
60 km

sec and 17 sec respectively while in opposite direction

crosses each other in 23 sec. Find ratio of speed of 1
60
unit= 8
the trains?
-Required (extra) distance covered by A

60
x2= 15 km
HINTS: A carriage driving in fog passed a man who was
Ex.
Time 27 17
o
walking at the rate of 6km/hr, in the same direction.
He could see the carriage for 4 minutes and if visibility
was 200m, the speed of the carriage was:
23Relative Time

Ex.
Speed

@Baka_260
6

Required ratio speed = 3:2

of
4

A 225 m long train is running at a speed of 30 km/h.

How much time does it take to cross a man running
at 3 km/h in thé same direction?
HINTS:
D
=Sx T
=
200m (x-6) km/h x 4min
200 - (*-6)x4
1000 60
HINTS:
3=x-6
T= x=9km/h
S
225x18
T=
27x5
=30 sec

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) Selection faMI 248

Selected
 Race & Circular Motion

RACE & CIRCULAR MOTION

26

Common statements used in questions A B

based on race./ aIz T 3TIRT VHi 3uT Distance 1000 m 1000 m
Time T (T+ 10) sec

Given below are some statements, which are explained

Speed T:(T+10)
in detail, understand these statements carefully and In a race of 1
km, A can give Bastart of 100 metre.
after that you will be able to solve the questions easily.
The meaning of giving start is that the one person will
cover the entire distance and another person will not
cover the length of the start or in another words the
another person will start the race from the ahead of
In a race of 1 km, A beats B by 100 metre. start length.
1 faz t A,B Ì 100 3at ZUI I

In this case, Person A covers the distance of 1 km but

Person B covers only (1 km - 100 m) = 900 m and time

@Baka_260
taken by both the person is same. In
,
the given statement Person A
covers the distance
of km and and person B covers 1km - 100m(length
of start) = 900m.

Diagrammatic representation:
Diagrammatic representation: yo!
m
100 |
-100 m4
B A
B End Point
B Start Point
A B
Distance 1000 m 900 m
1000 900
mn

Time T Distance m00

Time T. T
Speed 10: 9
Speed 10:9 608
00001
In a race of 1
km. A beats B by 10 sec.
start of t minutes This statement
:
A can give B a
implies that A will start t minutes after B starts from
covers the distance of
In this case, Suppose PersonA (T the starting point.
1
km in T seconds then another Person B will take
+ 10) seconds to cover the same distance.

+
In a race of 1 km, A gives B
a start of 150 metre arnd
Ì HHA gt 4 ot (T 10)
still wins by 10 seC.
A, B

E
Diagrammatic representation:
1
f4 át
1

A covers the distance of

In the given statement. Person -
covers lkm 150m (ength of start)
km and and person B person at
A takes time T to reach
= 350m and suppose sec.
B person +
take T 10
B will
the end point then
Selectionfln 249
Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) Selected
 Race & Circular Motion
HINTS:

A B C

1200 1100 1100

600 600 500
Diagrammatic representation: 72 66 55
A , C
Speed 72 :
55
-150m
Time D9PL a21 55
:72 5Y
B B
A 17 unit =
30 sec

A B 30
=
unit 17Se
Distance 1000 n 850 m
Time T sec (T+10)sec 720 17 17,
=
Speed of Bike C
Dead Heat
: A dead heat situation is when all 72 30
same
participants reach the finishing point at the
B

Ex. A's speed is 30%

more than that of B. If A and
run a race on a l17 m length race, vhat part the
of
instant of time.
as a head start,
length of the race should give
A B
so that the race ends in a dead heat?
I
qf AR B, 17 A

SOME EXAMPLES
A A
t
IG 30% 3fh
B

m and B beats C
Ex. In a 100-m race, A beats B by 20

@Baka_260
by 20 m. By how much distance does A beat C.
on 100 G A,
m

t 20 m BaI 3ir B, C B
20 t HINTS:
m
UI Ž A, C a fehdî gâ à ? A B

HINTS: Speed 13 10
13 unitss oitnszRsC
Inthis question there is two statements.
According to frst statement, In 100m race, A covers 10 unit
=
100m and B covers (100-20) 80m & according to
2nd Statement in 100m race B covers 100m and C
covers 80m.
3 unit
117 m
Thus, int
= x 3 = 27 m 001
A B Head-start
13
100 80 80
Thus, A give B 27m as a head start to B to end the
100 100 80 race in a dead heat.
-10000 8000 6400
ut
1

100
CIRCULAR MOTION/qTT
100 80
Over the years many questions based on circular
In 100m, A will beat C by 100 -64 =
36m speed have been asked in various exams especially in
the exams conducted by SSC and in today's time it
Ex. In a 1200 m race, bike A beats bike, B by 100 m. has become very necessary for the students to have a
Bike beats bike C by 100 m in a 600 m race. If good command over them. Total 5 types of questions
bike beats bike C by 30 sec in a 720 m race, then
A are being asked from this topic, the concepts related
to which are as follows
what is the speed of bike C?
1200 m t ts I I# B t 100 m T A,

o
žI 600 m t <is AIF B, 5 C t 100 m t

Uâ à Tt qgG A 720 m t t AFE C 30

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) Selected Selection feIun 250

 Race & Circular Motion
What kinds of questions arc asked on Circular Track? HINTS:
Time taken to complete the 1
round by first cyclist is =
After how many seconds they will mect for the first
240
48 sec
After how many seconds they will meet for the first
time at starting point?/YE3T farg fanat tas Time taken to complete the l round by second cyclist

many points on the track they will meet?/ 240 =

At how is = 80 sec.
3

When will be their nth meeting?/à n i ar ha frc? meet at starting points

No. of times they will
= LCM (48, 80)
At what distance the nh meeting will take place?/ =240 sec.
(ii) At how many points on the track they will meet?
Ex
A
m/s; B 3 m/s; Track length
5 240 m. If
they start simultaneously from the same point in the
same direction.

B3 m/s
After how many seconds they will meet for the first sset A5 m/s,
HINTS:
For the first meeting the faster one has to travel one
round more than the slower one. Track length
240m

@Baka_260
Slow Fast
A B
x round (x+ 1) round HINTS:
Keep in mind, If two person running on a circular track
B 3 n/s in opposite direction we add the simplest ratio's of the
A
5 m/s o
speed to find the number of distinct point they will meet.
Ratio of
speed=5:3
Thus, Required Number of meeting points = 5 +3 = 8.
Ex. In a circular race of 1600 m, A and B start from the
Track length same point and at the same time with speeds of 27
240m km/h and 45 km/h, respectively. After how long will
they meet again for the first time on the track when
they are running in the same direction?

They will meet for the first time after

1600 m
gHIA A
s tt
B GHH fag 3r HHG
HH4 K HNI: 27 km/h 45 km/h i IT H YE
Track Length 240 240 =
= 120 second
S, -S 5-3 2
(ii) After how many seconds they will meet for the first time HINTS:
at starting point? / YEA farg à fehcrt K ts They will meet for the first time aftern itE
fHi?
h Track Length 1600
18 =
B
3 m/s ' 320 sec
S, -S 45-27 5
A m/s In a race around a circular cycling track of 75 km, two
A
Ih9t
i

5 Ex.
cyclists are riding at a speed of 30 km/h and 25 km/h.
After what time (in hours) will they meet at the point
from where they started their journey?
E
Track length 75 km 6 qarATE HISfA ¿6 fa: y6
240m HIhAHAR 30 km/h
r
25 km/h át aIT H HIEÍhT TGI

251
Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) Selected Selection faTn
 Race & Circular Motion
HINTS:
Ex. A, B and C run simultaneously, starting from a point.
Time taken to complete the 1
round by first cyclist is around a circular track of length 1200m, at respective
speeds of 2m/s, 4m/s and 6m/s. A and B un in the
75 5 same direction, while C runs in
30 the opposite direction
to the other two. After how much tíme
will they mect
Time taken to complete the l round by second cyclist is for the first tirne?
75
=3h 1200 m
25 trs + v5 gerat A A:
41: 2m/s, 4 m/
They will meet at starting points after

-
LcM3)-15 h
HINTS:
Ex. Anjali and Babita are running on a circular
track in A 2m/s C6m/s
opposite directions fromn same time at same point with B
3m/s,
speeds of 8 m/sec and 6 m/sec, respectively. If the
length of the circular track is 960 m, how many
times Track Length
distinct points they will meet? = 120Om

fayta fm HNI: 8 m/s 3n 6 m/s TE Ì

yf glaR aIs 960 m ,
i 3te-34C11 fHeH
Track Length 1200 =
HINTS: Relative Speed 600sec
4-2

@Baka_260
Keep in mind, If two person running on a circular track Track Length 1200 =
in opposite direction we add the simplest ratio's of the T.c Relative 150sec
Speed 2+6
speed to find the number of distinct point they will meet. They will meet for the first time after
Ratio of speed = 4:3 = LCM(600,150) =
600 sec =10 min
Thus, Required number of meeting points = 4 +3 =7. Ex. A, B and C start running simultaneously on a circular
Ex. Two friends P and Q simultaneously start running from track of length 120 meters from the same point with
same point around a circular track. They run in the the speeds 2m/s, 3m/s and m/s respectively. A and
same direction. P runs at 6 m/sec and Q runs b m/ C are running in ant-clockwise direction and B is
sec. If they cross each other at exactly two points on running in a clockwise direction. Answer the following
the circular track and b is a natural number less than questions:
6, then how many values can b take?

3t Q, b m/ sec i I à qelsarR qe
dEI TfE
(i) After how much time from the start all three will meet
again at the starting point?
HINTS:
HINTS:
Keep in mind, f two person running on a circular track
in same direction we take the difference of simplest ratio's 120 = 120
60 sec, tp 3 =40 sec, t = 20 sec
of the speed to find the number of distinct point they will 2
meet. From the start all three will meet again at the starting
Ratio of speed P and Q = 6:b point after = LCM (60, 40, 20) = 120 sec.
As per question they meet 2 times (ii After how much time from the start all three will meet
We can take ratios are - for the firs t time anywhere on the track?
61 Differenee-of simplest-Fatie5
6:2 Difference of simplest ratio i 2 HINTS:
- 1
6+3-Differenee-ofeimplest-Fatie 120 = 120 =
iE 6 4
Differenee of simplest-ratie =+ 30 sec., Ta. 24 sec
4
6-+5-Differenee-ofeimplest ratio=5 = They will meet for the first time after
:.Only one possible value. = LCM(30, 24) = 120 sec

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) Selected Selection faI 252|

 Boat and Stream

BOAT & STREAM

(27)

Definition and Formula/uft r HE Candidates must learn these formulas by heart to

ensure they are able to answer the simple forimula based
There are a variety of sub-concepts that are related to questions correctly and do not end up losing marks for direct
answering questions based on boat and streams concept. questions.
Civen below are the tur terms which are important for a
oandidate to know to understand the concept of boat and
streams.

Speed of boat in still water = B

Speed of the stream = S

Stream: The moving water in river is called stream.
Downstream Speed of boat/A 3yaz IG =B+S
Upstream : If the boat is flowing in the opposite =
B -S
Upstream Speed of boat/IA Ì ylE
direction to the stream, it is called upstream. In this
case, the net speed of boat is called upstream speed. Speed of boat in still water/a IA Á AI
, (Downstream speed

@Baka_260
+ Upstream speed)

Speed of the stream/| ht IT

Downstream: If the boat is flowing along the direction
of the stream, it is called downstream. In this case,
= Downstream speed - Upstream speed) -
the net speed of boat is called downstream speed.
Points to Remember/uT Tg
If the total time taken by the boat to row a distance of
Still Water: Under this circumstance the water is D and reach back to its initial position is T then,
Considered to be stationary and the speed of the water
is zer0.

(a) Distance between the two places is/ a

The questions from this topic may seem to be confusing
T(B-s)
untl a candidate is aware of the above-mentioned terms and 2B
how they may be used for answering the questions. (b) Average speed of the boat/Iq t irHA AT
(B -s)
2B

This topic basically deals with calculating the speed of a point upstream than
If it takes T hours more to go to
anything in the water when it flows along with the flow of same
water or in the opposite direction. downstream for the distance. Then,

Important Formulae/ HErut Distance/ = T(B-)

Given below are fewimportant formulas with the help
a 28
of which
you can solve the questions based on boat and If aboat travels a distance downstream in T, hours
streams. in T, hours.
and returns the same distance üpstream

253
Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) Selected Selection faI
 Boat and Stream
Speed of boat in Still water/ft 14 ft HINTS:

S(T, +T) Down Up

(T, -T) Timc 5: 11 2.2-22.11
10 5
Spced 11 5
If the time taken by the boat to row same distance in
downstream is T, and in upstream is T,, then Let thc Downstrcam specd 11x and
-
T, sr TT fri ÀT, ,a Upstream spced = 5x
The ratio of speed of the boat to the speed of stream 55
ATQ, 11x =
2.5
B_(T,+T)
s (T,-T) Speed of boat in still water,

CONCEPT-01 - 1
B (1lx + 5x) = 8x = 8 x 2 = 16 km asice
Ex. If the speed of a swimmer is 9 km/h in still water and
the speed of stream is 5 kmn/h then find the speed of
swimmer against the stream and along the stream. CONCEPT-04
Ex. Aswimmer swim 3 km/h against the stream and goes
km in 10 minutes along the stream, then in how
1

much time will take to cover 5 km in still water?

HINTS:
Upstream speed = B-S = =
9-5 4 km/h
Downstream Speed = B + S = 9 + 5 = 14
km/h

@Baka_260
CONCEPT-02)
Ex. A swimnmer walks 30 km along the flow of river in 3 HINTS:
hours 45 minutes and walks 15 km against the flow = 3
in 2 hours 30 minutes find the speed of boat in still Upstream speed km/h
water and the speed of flow (in km/h).
1
Downstream speed = =
10 6 km/h
60

1 9
HINTS: B= (6 + 3) = =
4.5 km/h
2
30 = 15
B+ S

15
=
:3 hrs 45 min
4
hrs|
Time =
5_ 50 _10
4 4.5 45
B+ S = 8 ---[1] .
CONCEPT-05
15 min - 5 hrs
B-S =
5 :2 hrs 30 2 Ex. A man goes downstream witha boat to some destination
2 and returns upstream to his original place in 5 hours.
B-S 6 ---
= -[2] If the speed of the boat in still water and the stream
On solving |1] + [2), We get are 10 km/h and 4 km/h respectively, the distance of
2B= 14 B7 km/h the destination from the starting place is
From (1], S =
8-7=1 km/h
(cONCEPT-03
Ex. A man takes 2.2 times as long to row a distance in
AR ,
upstream as to row the same distance in downstream. fd Tf sh491: 10 faf/ sit4 fhve
If he can row 55 km downstream in 2 hours 30
minutes, what is the speed of the boat in still water?
HINTS:

5(10 –43)
D=(B-S)_ =21 km
2B 2×10

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) (Selected Selection fai 254

 Boat and Stream

HINTS:
CONCEPT-06 D, T,
U,
Ex. A boat moves 25km upstream and 39km downstream
39 8 -(i).
in 8 hours. It travels 35km upstream and 52km 25
52 11 -(ii).,
downstream in 11 hours. If it travels at a uniform 35
speed then find (i) Speed of the stream (ii) Speed of 0 +(ii)-ü)
the Boat. 5
U,== 5
km/h'
39 = 13
and D, =
(8-5) kmn/h48
Ds-Us 13-5 =
Speed of Stream
= 4 km/h
2 2
D, +Us 13 +5
Speed of Boat
= =9 km/h
2

@Baka_260

ityc

255
Selected Selection feq
Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector)
 Permutation & Combination

PERMUTATION& COMBINATION
28

What are Permutations/shHT RT EP

Permutations are different ways of arranging objects
in a definite order. It can also be expressed as the
rearrangement of items in a linear order of an already
ordered set. The symbol nP is used to denote the = n
."P,
number of permutations of n distinct objects, taken r (n-r)!
at a time. It locks schedules of buses, trains or flights, This is called the permutations formula.
allocation of zip codes and phone numbers. These are
a few situations where permutations are used.
Permutations Formulas/A4T YE
We have already seen the basic permutations formula
in the previous section. Here are different
permutations formulas that are used in different
scenarios.

@Baka_260
Let us learn more about permutations along with a few
solved examples.
The number of permutations (arrangements) of 'n'
different things out of which 'r things are taken at a
time and where the repetition is not allowed is: -

For example, there are 5 chairs and 3. persons are to

= n!
be seated. We have 5 ways to seat the first person; 4 "P,
ways to seat the next person and 3 ways to seat the (n-r)!
Using the above formula, the total number of ways of
third person. Thus, to find the number of ways for
arranging 3 persons in 5 chairs, we multiply the arrangingn diferent things (taking all at a time) is n!.
options available to us. We do it in 5 x 4 x 3 ways.
i.e., it can be done in 60 ways. Observe that 5 x 4 x 3
can be written as (5!)/(2!) (or) (5!)/(5 - 3)!. Because in this case/ Pfeh 4 ffa 4, r =n

.:."P,
n! n! n. =
n!
(n-n)! 1 0!
According to circular permutation formula, The
number of ways of arranging 'n' things in the circular
shape is (n-1)!.

fs 5 x 4 x3 (5!)/(2!) (I) (5!)/(5 - 3)!.

ferGI
The number of permutations of 'n' things (where all
are not different), among which there are 'r,' objects
Generalizing this, we get n options to fill the first chair, are of the one type, 'r,' objects are of the second type,
n-1 options to fill the second and n-2 options to fill and T objects belong to the nth type, is :
the third chair. Thus, the total number of
permutations (arrangements) of r people in n chairs
can be expressed as:.

"P, = n!
(n-r)! (r!x r,! x
n!
,!x .. ,)
x

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) (Selected Selection fai 256

 Permutation & Combination
The number of permutations of 'n things out of which Examples on Permutations As Arrangements
'r things are taken and where the repetition is allowcd
is n.
Here are some applications of permutations in real life
scenarios.

How to Calculate Permutations/ThHq

Turr ?
Ex. (a) How many words can be formed using the letters
Permutations can be calculated with or without of the word "TRIANGLES?
repetitions.

Ifthere are 10 pairs of socks and you choose 2 pairs

aut of them, then you can do it in ioP, ways. b) How many of these words start with T and end
with S?

Number of permutation, If repetition is not allowed

HINITS:
(a) There are 9 distinct letters in the given' word. Thus,
1°P, 10! 10! 10 x9x 8! the number of different permutations (or
= 90 ways =
i.e. (10- 2)! 8 8! arrangements) of the letters of this word is P, 9!.
(b) If we fix T at the start and S at the end of the word,
Number of permutation, If repetition is allowed
we have to permute 7 distinct letters in 7 places.
This can be done,in "P, = 7! ways. Thus, the
If we have repetitions, we always have n arrangements
every time. We have 10² ways = 100 ways. number of such words is 7!
Ex How many different 5-letter words can be formed using
100 arâch ài
the letters from A to J (total ten letters) such that each
word has at least one letter repeated?

Ex. 3! is
@Baka_260
Concept of Factorial /h4fura t 3aArUT
The product of first n consecutive natural numbers is
called as n!

defined as product of first three natural numbers.

HINTS:
The number of letters from A to J is 10.
We need to count:
(i) The total number of 5-1etter words (with or without
repetition) which can be formed using 10 distinct
3!= 1 x 2 x 3 letters. This number is 105, since each place in the
3! =6 5-letter word can be filled in 10 diferent ways, and
so, the required number is 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 x
1!'= 1 2! =2
10 = 10:
3! = 6 4! = 24
(i) The number of 5-letter words which can be formed
5! = 120 6! = 720 using 10 distinct digits, such that no digit is
Note : 0! =1 repeated. This number is 10P.
5!
The answer to the original question is the difference
Ex. 5x4x3!
20 of these two numbers. Now, from the set of al1- the
3! words, if we take out those words which have no
7! repetition of letters, then you get the set of words
4 7x6x5x4! which have at least one letter repeated. Thus, the final
210
4! answer is 10$– 1°P
Ex. 8! 8x7x6x5! Ex. There are10 students in a class. Two of these students
5!3! 56 are Jack and Daniel, who don't get along very well. In
5!x3x2x1 arrange the students
how many ways can the teacher
in a row, so that Jack and Daniel
are not together?
10! 10x9x8x7x6! 210
6!4! 6!x4×3x2x1

7!
4131
7x6x5x4!35
4!x3x2x1
257
Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) Selected Selection faI
 Permutation & Combination
HINTS: Combinations as Selections/4 à YÀ
The total number of arrangements of the 10 students Suppose we have a set of 6 letters (A,B,C,D,E,F), In
is °P, 10!. how marny ways can we select a group of 3 letters from
Now, letus count the number of arrangements in this set? Suppose we find the number of arrangements
which Jack and Daniel are together. Treating Jack + of 3 letters possible from those 6 letters that number
a
Daniel as a single unit (call it JD), we have total of would be P,. Consider the permutations that contain
9 entities which we can permute: the 8 students, and the letters A, B and C. These are 3! = 6 ways, namely
JD. These 9 entities can be permuted in P, 9! ways. ABC, ACB, BAC, BCA, CAB, and CBA.
=

But for each of 9! permutations, J and D can be

or
permuted among themselves in 2! or 2 ways: JD
DJ. Thus, the total number of permutations in which
Jack and Daniel are together, is 2 x 9!
We conclude that the number of permutations in which ,
3! = 6 3e ABC.
Jack and Daniel are not together is 10! - (2 x 9!) AT A, B siR C VufYCT
f CBA
ACB, BAC, BCA, CAB, 3N ŽI
Combinations/au (HuaT)) Now, what we want is the number of combinations and
not the number of arrangements. In other words, the
Combinations are also called selections. Combinations 6 permutations listed above would correspond to a
correspond to the selection of things from a given set single combination differently. Now the order of things
of things. Here we do not intend to arrange things. We is not important; only the group/combination matters
intend to select them. We denote the number of unique in our selection. This means that the total number of
r-selections or combinations out of a group of n objects combinations of 3 letters from the set of 6 letters
by "C,.
available to us would be 3! Ways, since each
combination is counted 3! Times in the list of
permutations. Thus, we denote the number of
combinations of 6 things taken 3 at a time by C,.

@Baka_260
Combinations are different. from arrangements or
permutations. Let us learn more about how to
calculate combinations, combinations formula,
differences between permutation and combinations,
with the help of examples, FAQs. "P,
3!

What Are Combinations /HUT RT ?

=
Combinations are selections made by taking some or i.e. C, 3 This is also said as 6 choose 3.
all of a number of objects, irrespective of their
arrangements. The number of combinations of n Some Important result on Combinations
different things taken r at a time, denoted by C, and
n!
it is given by, "C,= rl(n
-r)!" where
0 srsn. The number of ways of selecting n objects out ofn
objects is:

= n! n!
"C, =1
nl(n -n)!
n!0!
The number of ways of selecting 0 objects out ofn
n! objects is:
"C,
r(n -r)!
n! n.
Note: "C, formulae Direct value frt f Nn "Co =
O!fn-0)! O!n!
1

The number of ways of selecting 1 object out of n

objects is:
5x4
For Example C, =* -=10 = n! nx(n-1)!
2x1 "C
=n
1(n-1)! (n-1)!
= = 6x5x4 x3 nC, = nC.
Another example C, n-r
4x,3 x 2x1-=15. nC + nC. =nt'C,

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector)) (Selected Selection faigt 258

 Permutation & Combination
The number of permutations of size r will be "P,, In the
How To Apply Combinations Formula list of nP, permutations, each unique selection will be
counted rl times, because the objects in an r-selection
can be permuted amongst themselves in r! ways. Thus,
We calculate combinations using the combination the number of unique combinations can be
formula and factorials and in terms of permutations.
In general, suppose we have n things available to us,
and we want.to find the number of ways in which we
can select r things out of these n things. We first find
the number of all the permutations of these n things
taken r at a time. That number would be nP. Now, in r!
this list of "P, permutations, each combination will be
counted r! times since r things can be permuted nC, = P n! n!
amongst themselves in r! ways. Thus, the total number r! (n-r)r! rl(n-r)
of permutations and combinations of these n things, Examples on Combinations/irT T 3A1ETUT
taken r at a time, denoted by "C., will be: Ex. Consider the word 'EDUCATION. This has 9 distinct
letters. How many 3-letter permutations (words) can
be formed using the letters of this word?

HINTS:
Now, We know how to answer questions like this;
The answer in this particular case will be P,.
Consider the following 3-letter permutations formed
using the letters A, E, T from EDUCATION:

@Baka_260
AET, ATE, EAT, ETA, TAE, TEA
These 6 different arrangements correspond to the same
"C, =
"P. n! selection of letters, which is (A, E, T). Thus, in the list
r! r!(n -r)! of all 3-letter permutations, we will find that each
unique Combination corresponds to 6 different
Relationship Between Permutations and arrangements. To find the number of unique 3-letter
Combinations seletions, we divide the number of 3-letter
permutations by 6.
Hence, the number of 3-letter selections will be
Permutation and combination formulas and concepts 'P, 60480 =
have a lot of similarities. Suppose that you have n 6
10,080
different objects. You have to determine the number
of unique rselections (selections that.contain r objects) Ex. Out of a group of 5 people, a pair needs to be formed.
which can be made from this group of n objects. The number of possible combinations can be
- calculated as follows.
Think of a group of n people you have to find the
number of unique sub-groups of size r, which can be
created from this group. istaT
5! 5! 120
=10
2!(5-2)! 2x6
2!3!
Ex. The number of 4-letter Combinations which can be
made from the letters of the word DRIVEN is.
t
DRIVEN YG 1H ad 4 31TT
HG HIŽI
HINTS:
6! 6! 720
6C, = -=15
41(6–4)! 412! 24
x2w

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Selection fan 259

Inspector)) (Selected
 Probability

PROBABILITY
(29)

Terminologies Involved/yufuet yTaei

The list of the terms related to probability is as follows.
Outcome/ffuTA: This is the result of a trial. In the
Experiment/yat: An activity whose outcomes are not process of a sportsperson hitting a bll towards the
known is an experiment. Every experiment has a few goal post, there are two clear outcomes. He may either
favorable outcomes and a few unfavorable outcomes. make the goal or miss the goal.
The historic experiments of Thomas Alva Edison had
more than a thousand unsuccessful attempts before
he could make a successful attempt to invent the light
bulb.
Possible Outcome/HMTa vfuTA: The list of all the
outcomes in an experiment can be referred to as
possible outcomes. In tossing a coin, the possible
outcomes are head or tail.

experiment
@Baka_260
Random Experiment/Tfyca
is an experiment
uaT: A random
for which the set of
possible outcomes is known, but which particular
outcome will occur on a particular execution of the
experiment cannot be said prior to performing the
Equally likely Outcomes/HAIA AY fa yftu:
An experiment in which each of the outcomes has an
equal probability, such outcomes are referred to as
equally likely outcomes. In the process of rolling a six
experiment. Tossing a coin, rolling a die, and drawing faced dice, the probability of getting any number is
a card from a deck are all examples of random equal.
experiments.

P (any number) =
6
Trial/qiHUT: The numerous attempts in the process Sample Space/uideyt HHftT: It is the set of outcomes
.of an experiment are called trials. In other words, any of all the trials in an experiment. On rolling a dice,
particular performance of a random experiment is the possible outcomes are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6. These
called a trial. For example, tossing a coin is a trial. outcomes make up the sample space. S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}

Ì qt H, HIfAd YUIIH 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 sir 6 I fuH

yfagi Hf qIÀ IS ={1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
Probable Event/faT y: An event that can be
Event/acT: A trial with a clearly defined outcome is predicted is called a probable event. We can calculate the
an event. For example, getting a tail when tossing a probability of such events. The probability of a particular
coin is termed as an event. child being promoted to the next class can be calculated,
hence, we can refer to this as a probable event.

Random Event/clR
T :
An event that cannot
be easily predicted is a random event. For such
events, the probability value is very less. The formation
of a rainbow during the rain is a random event.

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector)) Selected Selection fan 260

 Probability
Impossible Event/3ry vet: An event that is not Hence, if in an cxperiment there are 'n' occurences out
a part of the experiment, or which does not belong to of which 'm' occurrences rc
favourable to a particular
the sample space of thc outcomes of thc cxperiment cvent E, then the probability of the event E, denoted
can be referred to as an impossible event.
There is no
snowfall in a temperate climatic region. Here, the
snowfall can be referred to as an impossible event
because the probability of occurrence of such an cvent
by P(E); s defined as P(E) -. m
n

is zero.

P(E)
U fref ) Tt ; P(E)
n

Complementary Events/rG yeIT;: Complementary

,
Also, the non-occurrence of the event E, is denoted by
that is (n-m) in this case. So, (n-m) occurrences
are not favourable to the event E, and favourable to
events occur when there are just two outcomes,
one event is exactly opposite to and the event E
another event. For an
event with probability P(A), its compliment is P(A ).

:. P(E) -m
P(A) + =
P(A) 1

We can observe that, P(E) + P(E) = 1

In an examination, the event of success and the event

@Baka_260
of failure are complementary events. Note: From the above discussion, we can infer that,
0s P(E) s 1 in all the cases.
If P(E) = 1, the event is called a certain event.

P(Success) + P (Failure) = 1 P(E) = 0, the event is called an impossible event.

Mutually Exclusive Events/Tr 3Iasíi ye; Two
events such that the happening of one event prevents Ex. What is the probability of a prime number, if we select
a number from first 20 natural numbers?
the happening of another event are referred to as
mutually exclusive events. In other words, two events
are said to be mutually exclusive events, if they cannot
occur at the same time. For example, tossing a coin
HINTS:
can result in either heads or tails. Both cannot be seen
at the same time. Natural numbers = 1, 2, 3 20
.....
Prime number = 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19o
2
Probability = 8
2o
Ex. If the probability of winning a game is 0.3, what is the
probability of losing it?

Probability/ufuqhll HINTS:
Probability is the measure of the likelihood of P (W) + P
(w)=1
Occurrence of an event. + =
0.3 P(w) 1

=
P (w) 0.7
That is out of all the possibilities arising out of a an urn. A ball
certain random experiment, the chances of favourable Ex. There are 3 white and 4 black balls in to be
is selected randomly. What is the probability
outcome is measured in terms of probability.
white -

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) Selectionfn 261

Selected
 Probability
HINTS:
Total number of bnlls 3 +4 -7 Coins/frA
3 When an unbiased coin is
Probability tosscd once:
Ex. A jar contains 54 marblcs cach of
which is bluc, green
or white. The probnbility of selecting a blue Posaible outcomes are/F4
marble at fra yfA
randomn from the jar is
2nm2 1

3
and the probability of
Sample space -
Hands and Tails
selecting a green marble at random is 4 . How many When two unbiased coins arc tossed
simultaneously.
white marbles does the jar contain?
Possible outcomes are/4 Tfd qfruTH
22 4
Sample space {(H,H) (H,T) (TH) (TT)}
3
When three unbaised coins are tossed simultaneously.
4
9
HINTS:
Possible outcomes are/H Tfea vfuTH
1_ B
B= 18 23 = 8
3 S4
Sample Space =
(HHH) (HHT)(HTH) (THH) (HTT) (THT)
4 (TTH) (TTT))
& Sa G= 24
When n coins are tossed or single coin tossed n times:

@Baka_260
Total number of white balls = 54 -(18 +24) =
Ex. A bag
54- 42 = 12
contains cards which are numbered from 2 to
90. Acard is drawn at random from the bag. Find the
probability that the card number is a perfect square. Possible outcomes/ yfaa yfu 2n
Ex. Two unbiased coins are tossed up
Find the probability of getting simultaneously.

HINTS:
Perfect square numbers between 2 and 90
=
4,9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81
(i) Two tails/ e
(ii) One head/v fud
8
Probability =
(ii) At least one tail/4 4
v Ve
(iv) At most one
Ex. Find the probability that a number selected at random tail/3fG 3fG V5 qe
from first hundred natural numbers is a multiple of 3
t Or 5?
(v) No
tail/1 e Ti
HINTS:
Sample space =
(H,H) (H,T) (TH) (TT)}
HINTS: 1
(i) P(two tails
= 99 4
Multiple of 3 =33
3 2 1
(i) P(one head)
100
Multiple of 5 =
5 20
(ii) P{at least one tail) = 3
4

act
90tc 1 A

Multiple of
both 3
&5=1Ebobl (iv) Plat most one tail) 3
Total no. of probable conditions =
33 + 20 -6 =
47 4
= 47 P(no tail) =
Probability (v)
100 4

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) (Selected Selection faIUN 262

 Probability
Ex Three unbiased coins are tossed up together. Find the Ex. A coin is tossed7 times. Find the probability of
atleast
probability of getting. 2 tailg

(i) all heads/î fra HINTS:

(ii) at last one tail/h4 H4 Vã qe Total cases = 27= 128
(ii) exactly 2 heads/facgei faa
0T C,=1
1T 70C,
=7
HINTS:
Sample Space
- (HHH) (HHT) (HTH) (THH) (HTT)(THT) (TTH)
3T 3.ug0n hsilssfe
(TTT)} 4T
1 5T
(1 P(all heads) = g 6T
7T
7 Favourable cases =
(ii) P(at least one tail) 128- (1 +7)= 120

= 120 15
3 Probability 128 16
(ii)P(exactly 2 heads)
Ex. A coin is tossed 5 times, what is a probability of getting Dice/HT
exactly 2 heads? When a dice is thrown once/ ga fati Y

Sample space = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} = 6

HINTS:
Ex. A dice is thrown, find the probability of:
Total cases = 25 = 32
5! 5.4.3!
No. of favourable cases =
C, =
2l x3121 x3!

@Baka_260
0 to
10 5
() a prime number/V 3AY
He
Probability =
(i) a multiple of 2 or 3 /2 4I 3 hT TuG
32 16
(ii) a number greater than 4/4
Ex. A coin is tossed8 times, what isa probability of getting
HINTS:
tei
exactly 6 tails?
Sample space = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} = 6
(i) Prime number = 2, 3, 5
HINTS:
. 3
Total cases = Probability
2= 256 62
8.7.6! (i) Multiple of 2 or 3 = 2, 4, 6
No. of
favorable cases =
C, =
21x6! 2! x6! 0
Probability = 4 2 (S
Probability = 28 71 6 3
256 64
Ex. A coin is tossed 9 times. Find
(ii) Numbers greater than 4 = 5,6
the probability of atmost
2 tails. Probability
= 2_1
6 3
A dice is thrown, find the probability of:
HINTS:
Total cases = 29 = 512
(1)
Getting an even number/H4 HA
9!
0 tail Ca (ii) Getting an odd number/ faqy HoA
9!x0!1
(ii) Getting natural number less than 7/7 # st
1 9!
tail C,
=x1 =9 (iv) Getting a natural number greater than 6/ # 46
6

2 9!
C, = 7!x 2!=36 HINTS:
Total n0. Sample space = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) = 6
of
favourable cases = =
1+9+36 46 (1) Number of favouráble outcomes =3
Probability
= 46
512 256
:.
PE)=%2
Aditya Ranjan
(Excise Inspector)) (Selected Selection fel 263
 Probability

or else, we can say P(E) (i) Sum as 8/m '8 B

31 2
(i) Atleastsum of 9/1d THT GH *4 9 à
a

6
(iii) Here, number of favourable outcomes = 6
(iüi) A doublet i.e, same number on both the dices-i
P(E) = 1 This is called a certain event as there
is no chance of failure.
(iv) A multiple of 2 on one dice and a multiple of 3 on
(iv) Here number of favourable outcomes = 0
the other dice/ R 2 G1 TUg rtZHt yrà
r
.: P(E) = 0 This is called impossible event, i.e., 3 TU
there is no chance of success.
Total number of possible cases =62 =36
When two dices are thrown simultaneously. = 8
(i) Sum

Total number of possible cases = 62 (13-8) 5

=36 Probability =
36
=
36
Sample space:
(ii) Alteast a sum of 9 means sum can be 9, 10, 11 or
+ First throw
12.
2 3 4 5 6 Favourable cases for 9 as sun =13 –9 =
4
1
l(1,1) (1,2) (1,3) (1,4) (1,5) (1,6) Favourable cases for 10 as sum 13- 10 = 3 =

(2,1) for 11as sum = 13 - 11 =2

2 (2,2) (2,3) (2,4) (2,5) (2,6)
Second 3(3,1) Favourable cases
(3,2) (3,3) (3,4) (3,5) (3,6)
throw Favourable cases for 12 as sum = 13- 12 =1
4 (4,1) (4,2) (4,3) (4,4) (4,5) (4,6) _
5|(5,1) (5,2) (5,3) (5,4) (5,5) (5,6) = (4 +3+2+1)_ 10 5
Probability
6 (6,1) (6,2) (6,3) (6,4) (6,5) (6,6) 36 18
36

@Baka_260
(iüi) Favourable cases (1,1) (2,2) (3,3) (4,4) (5,5) (6,6) =6
Sum t Probability yi G T¬ rà, Probability - 6 1

6
3ìR Total No. of cases (36) Divide T21
af Sum 36
ht value H 3f Ì i sum ì 13
h 36 (iv) Favourable cases (2, 3) (2, 6) (4, 3) (4, 6) (6, 3)
(6, 6) (3, 2) (3, 4) (3, 6) (6, 2) (6, 4) 6,6} = 11
Divide h|
11
Sum Cases No. of cases Probability Probability
36
i
2 (1,1)
36
Ex. Two Dice are thrown Simultaneously. Find the
2
probability that the number on the first dice is more
3 (1,2), (2, 1) 2
than the number on the 2nd dice?
36
3
4 (1,3), (2,3), (3,1) 3
36
(1,4), (2,3), 4
5 (3,2), (4,1) 4
36 HINTS:
(1,5) (2,4), (3,3), 5 No. of favourable cases
6 (4,2), (5, 1) 5
36
. (2, 1)
7
(1,6), (2,6), (3,4), 6 6
(4,3), (5,2), (1,1) 36 (3, 1) (3, 2)
(2,6), (3,5), (4,4), 5 5 (4, 1) (4, 2) (4, 3)
(5,3), (6,3)
36 (5, 1) (5, 2) (5, 3) (5,
(3,6), (4,5), 4 4)ie e
9 (5,4), (6,3) 4 (6, 1) (6, 2) (6, 3) (6, 4) (6, 5) = 15
36
3
10 (4,6), (5,5), (6,4) 3 = 15 5
36 Probability
36 12
11 5,6), (6,5) 2
36 Note: Total cases = 36
12 (6,6) 1
36
BI tq 30 case case
Total 36
15
tà ai fÀ Yei HEA

Ex. Two Dice are thrown simultaneously. Find the YTT cases
probability of TI HIË
fd t Number of favoúrable

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) Selected Selection faruui 264

 lidados Probability
When a dice is thrown "THRICE" Playing Cards/ aT È Y

No of possible - 216
cases/faa tftv- t|-6
Ex. Three unbiased dice are thrown.
Find the probability of :
13- Cards13- Cards13 - Cards 13- Cards
Diamonds Hearts Spades Clubs
Sum as Ky 6 (RED) (RED) (BLACK) (RED)
(i)
6/4
t (ü) Sum as 9/T # hY 9

(iii) Sum as 14/YT #

Y
14 Ace - 1 Ace - 1 Ace - 1
Ace - 1

2 2 2 . 2
HINTS:
3 3 3
No of possible cases/ YfUTA t H= 63 - 216
4 4 4 4

(1) No. on Sum of remaining No. of possible

5 5 5l5
first dice 2 Dice cases 6 6 6 6
1 5 4 7 7 7 7
2 4 3
3 3 2
4
IG 9 -9
2
= 10 10 10 10 10
Total
|Face Cards

@Baka_260
Probability = 10 5 King King King King
216 108 Queen Queen Queen Queen
Jack Jack Jack Jack
(i) No. on Sum of remaining No. of possible
first dice 2 Dice cases Ex. One card is drawn from a pack of 52 cards. What is
the probability that the card drawn is. :eS19
5
2 7 6
3 6 5
4 5 4 (i) An ace/y F461
ws
4 3 (1) "10" of a Red suit/g u 10 t

3 2
=
(iii) A face card/y As H

Total 250T (iv) Either red or king/| a A

UII
(v) Black and a queen/#ll R y# Tit ate
Probability = 25 HINTS:
216 No. of possible cases/Iaa tfuTA He
=
52

(ii No. on Sum of remaining No. of possible (i 41

first dice 2 Dice cases 52 13
2 12 2 1
3 11 (i) 52 26
4 10 3
9 12 3
(ii) 52 13
6 5
Total= 15 (26+4-2) 28 7
(iv) 13
28 52

h
Probability = 15 bns zlsd 2
216 7i0s (v)
52 26

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Selection flIa 265

Inspector) (Selected
 Probability
A person draws 3 cards from a pack of 52 cards. Rind
Ex One card drawn from a pack of 52 cards. What is Ex.
the probability that the card drawn is? the probability of getting exactly two red cards?

() a jack, queen or a king/y 5, Tt I UaI HINTS:

(i) neither a heart nor a king/1 T
YA I
26× 25 x
20C, x 26
(ii) other than ace/54h1 34CIAI
Probability = S2C3
C
2x1 ×
52 51x 50
13
HINTS: 34
= ai1 3x2>X1:
No. of possible
cases/faa yfruri t H 52
person draws 3 cards from a pack of 52 cards
A
Ex. (with
(4+4+4) 3 replacement). Find the probability of getting :
()
52 13
(ii) Heart = 13 & King =
4
Heart or King = 13 + 4- l = 16

=
(52-16) 913 (i) all three red cards/di i hS.
Probability
52 (iü)
that none of
the cards is an ace/h t Ya s51 i
(iii) Probability = 48 12 HINTS:
52 13
Ex. Jacks, Queens, Kings and Aces of red color are (i) Probability = 2626 26 52 =
1

removed. From the remaining cards a card is drawn

5952^ 8

at random. Find the probability, that the card drawn 48 4848 1728
is a black queen? (i) Probability =
5252 52 2197

HINTS:
Remaining Cards
@Baka_260 =52- 8 =
44 cards
Ex.
Miscellaneous Questions /tafry wy
A glass jar contains 6 white, 8 black, 4 red and3
blue marbles. If a single marble is chosen at random
from the jar, what is the probability that it is black
or blueP
2
Probability =
44 22
4 iIT 3r 3
tà
Ex. Find the probability that when a hand of 3 cards are
drawn from a well shuffled deck. What is the HINTS:
probability that it has:
3+8 11
Probability:
21 21
Ex. A bag contains 6 white and 4 black
yIfTGGlI
f: balls. 2 balls are
drawn at random. Find the probability that they are
(1)
all faces cards/t TH G of same color.
one king/+4
(ii) atleast 4
GI

HINTS: HINTS:

12.11.10 P(Both white) = 6 -y5_1

(). Probability = "C3.2.1 11 1o9 3
s2C 52.51.50 1105
3.2.1 P(Both black) = -x=15
1o9
3 2

(ii) Platleast one king) =

1- P(No king)
48C, P(Same colour) = 7 1,2 +
48.47.46 15 3 15
=1- 52
C, I 52.51.50 Ex. There are 2 bags. First Bag contains 3 Red & 4 Blue
4324 1201 balls and the second bag contains 5 Red & 2 Blue
=1 5525 5525 balls. One ball picked from each of the bags. Find
the probability that both balls are of :

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector)) (Selected Selection fart 266

 Probability

The probability of A
and B clearing an exam is and
3

3 one
(i) Same color/HHA U respectively .What is the probability that atleast
(i) different color/31GT| of them clears the exam ?
HINTS:
(1). 3
3R, 4B 5R,
2B.e
15 desst
P (Both red) 35
=77 49 4 viilidak

& P (Both black) 7^7 49 HINTS:

15
Probability that atleast one of them clears the exam
= 8 23 -
P(Same colour) 49 49 49 =1 P(No body clears) lo1d

(i) P(different colour)=1- P(Same colour) =1 23 26 =1 11_1

34 12 12
49 49
Ex. A bag contains 2 red, 3 green and 2 blue balls. Two Ex. A problem is given tothree students whose chances
balls are drawn at random. What is the probability that 1 1 1
none of the balls drawn is blue? of solving it are
2' and 4
respectively. What is the
y5 r 2
IT, 3 3T 2 ftrt frafa probability that the problem will be solved?

@Baka_260
1
HINTS: Sh4RT:
4

=
Ca 5.4 10 HINTS:
Probability 'C, 7.6 =
21 P(Solved) 1- P(Not Solved)
Ex. A box contains 5 green, 4 yellow and 3 white marbles.
Three marbles are drawn at random. What is the 4 4
probability that they are of the same color ?
Ex. The probability that three students A, B and C solve
1

a problem are 35 n
and E respectively. .What is the
HINTS:
probability that the problem solved?
Probability = C, +*C, +C 10+4+1 15 3
12C, 220 220 44
3 1
|

shH1:
Ex. A basket contains 10 apples and 20 oranges out of 7' 9
which 3 apples and 5 oranges are defective. If we ari?
choose two fruits at random, what the probability s
that either both are oranges or both are non defective? HINTS:
P(solved) =
1-P (Note solved) : 0. 11
= 1 4 4 4 64 251
7'9'5 315 315
man and his wife appear in an interview for- two
HINTS:
Ex A
of
vacancies in the same post. The probability
wife's
3 5 husband's selection is and the probability of
N7 5
one
selection is What is the probability that only
C, +C, 5C, 190 + 231-105 316 y E
C, i2:4
435 435 of them is selected ?t8

Aditya Ranjan Selection fa 267

(Excise Inspector)) (Selected
 Probability

HINTS:
5
1,2, 8_211
Probability ,7 633
17 applicants boys and girls. Two perSOns
9 8
Out of
Ex.
to be selected for the job. Find the probability :b
are
HINTS:
at least one of the selected perSons will be a girl.
1
Probability 46 10 2
7*3 35
Ex. A brother and a sister appear for an interview against
two vacant posts in an office. The probability of the
HINTS:
=
brother's selection is
1

and that of the sister's Plat least one girls) 1- P(No girls)
5
- 8.727
selection is -. What is the probability that only one
1
- 1
H= 1-
17.16 34

Ex. Two friend Himanshu and Naman appeared in an

of them is selected?
exam. The probability that Himanshu will qualify the
1
1 exam is and Naman will qualify the exam is 10
20

The probability that both will qualify the exam is

@Baka_260
50
3 Find the probability that only one of them qualify the
exam.
HINTS:

Probability 2 4 6 2
-5*15 15
1
20
1
Ex. A speaks truth in 75% of cases and B in 80% of cases.
3 What the probability that they likely to contradict
is 10 50
each other, narrating the same incident.
A, 75%
H 7 teasi B, s0%
Ht lI
HINTS:

HINTS:

7 3% 2% 8%
Probability =
7545 20
Ex. speaks the truth in 60% cases while B speaks the
A

truth in 40% of the cases. What is the probability that PH)= =

they will contradict each other in a case ? 20- 5% P(N)
10
= 10% & PBoth) =2%
50
A
60% HT4ei aera t sir B 40% H4Ci Hq ate Probability that only one of them qualify the Cx

8+3 11
100 100
HINTS: Ex. In a cricket world cup will
the probability that India
1
Probability - 33,22_ 13 win the cup is
The probability of Pakistn winning
58 1
4

Ex. A speaks the trüth 5 out of 7 times and B speaks truth he cup is and of Australia winning the cup is 6
8 out of 9 times. What is the probability that they What is the probability 3 teams
contradict each other in stating the same fact? that either of theseworld cup ?
India, Pakistan and Australia would win the

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) 268

(Selected Selectio fa
 Probability
Ex. Find the probability that a leap year will have:
1

4 5 (i) atleast 52 Sundays/h4 À 44 52 tfaar

(ü) exactly 52 Sundays/ faczeA 52 faAR
6 (iii) exactly 53 Sundays/ fuast 53 tfaar
HINTS:
(i) Leap year =.366 days 52 weeks + 2 days
Note Only one team can win the cup
:
Since in a leap year 52 weeks are there, hence
Platleast 52 Sundays) = 1
HINTS: (ii) Remaining 2 days can be = MT, TW, WTh, TF, FS
+
10 5
1,1,115+12 37 P(exactly 52 Sundays)
Probability
4 5 t=6 60 60
7

Ex. Two letters are chosen from English Alphabet. What 2

(ii) P(exactly 53 Sundays) =;
the probability that both are vowels. 7

A person can hit a target 5 timnes out of 8 shots. If he

fires 10 shots, what is the probability that he will hit
HINTS: the target twice?

5.4 2
Probability = 26C, 26.25 65

@Baka_260
Ex. A word consists of 9 letters; 5 consonants and 4 HINTS:
vowels. Three letters are chosen at random. What is
Direct shortcut
the probability that more than one vowel will be -
selected ? "C, (P) (1 Pjn-r

= 5 3
P(not hit)
P(Hit)
=ahs a
cgt
HINTS: =
Probability
Probability that more than one vowel
=1- P (No Vowel) 52 38 1125 x 38
10 x9
C 5.4.3
2x18?gg10
1 37
=l 9C3 9.8.7 42 Ex. In a biased coin the probability of getting a head is
0.4, if we toss a coin 10 times, what is the probability
Ex. A letter is taken out at random from ASSISTANT and of getting exactly three heads?
another is taken out from 'STATISTICS'. The
probability that they are the same letter is:

f yF
HINTS:
Direct shortcut a 3

AArot be fot SSStdes5 nC, (P) (1

-
P)r-riiots ty rtediits
SSs TTT 2
=
A
P(Head) P(not head) =E
TT
N =
C Probability
SC

82x3 -2x38
<37
Probability - 2
t 33 10g*12,2,3 19 10x9x8, 59:
10 9 10. 90 3x2x1

Aditya Ranjan (Excise 269

Inspector) Selected Selection faI
 Statistics

STATISTICS
30
Hifgch
the mean of six observations
If 5, 7, 9, a, 11 and 10 :
Ex.
Mean/HTT
The arithmetic mean of a given data is the sum of all
9 then the value
yfk BE UT
of a is :

a
5, 7, 9, a, 11 3R 12
a
6l H9 ,t a
observations divided by the number of observations. HINTS:
5+7+9 +a +11+12
Mean (E)= 6

Mean/H =
Sumof allobservations /T gUi 1 nae >9=
44+a
Number of observations / 9UT h HeI 6
a= 10
Grouped Data/qiipa ter
Ex: Find mean 12, 34, 45, 50, 24
When the data is present in tabular form, we use the
(12 + 34 + 45 + 50 + 24) following formula:
Mean/H'= 5

Mean/HI4
@Baka_260
= 165
5
= 33

Mean is denoted by x (pronounced as x bar).

Mean )= 4J tfo

Shoe size
f,
t... xf

5 6
+f, +...f,

7
+

Ex. Frequency
Types of data/seT yAT 1
3 4 3 1

Data can be present in ungroup data or group data. Let's Shoe size Frequency|
fxx=fr
find the mean in both cases - ( ) eT
5 1
5
6 3 18

Ungrouped Data/3raífgh Ž 7 4 28
,
Let x,, x,, Xy, x, be n observations. 2n 3 24
1

We can find the arithmetic mean using the mean formula.

Ex=35 Ef- 12 fn =
84
ycedozg
0

Mean(x) = 5+18 +
28+24 +9 84
12 3a 1251TE
Mean (z) =4t...+x,
The range in statistics for a given data set is th
Ex. The arithmetic mean of the following data is difference between the highest and lowest values.

23, 17,20,19,21
HINTS: Range =
Highest value - Lowest value
Arithmetic mean viidsdo!
Ex. The following are the weights (in kg) of 25 students.
23+17+20 +19 +21e01 25, faeufefi q (fšhetyrg ) fffed ti
-=20 58, 55, 53, 50, 53, 58, 53,
5 51, 52, 54, 53, 52, 54, 53,
59, 55, 53, 52, 51, 54, 53. 59, 55, 53, 52

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) Selected Selection faaa 270

 Statistics
What is the range of the given data?
Median/rfst
HINTS: The number of the middle most observation, obtained after
Range (4UH, YRT) arranging the data in ascending or descending order, is
Range = Highest value - Lowest value called the median of the data.
= 59 - 50 = 9
Mean Deviation/Tg faut
The mean deviation defined
is as a statistical measure
Case1: Ungrouped Data/Hqríihd t
to
that is used calculate the average deviation from the Step 1/RU 1: Arrange the data in ascending or descending
mean value of the given data set. order.

Step 2/TU 2: Let the total number of observations be n.

Step-1: Find the mean value for the given data values To find the median, we need to consider if n is even or
odd. If n is odd, then use the formula:
Step-2: Now, subtract the mean value from each of the
data values given.

Step-3: Now, find the mean of those values obtained in Median/IfZ61 = observation/à5U
step 2.
Ex: Find median of the following data.

Mean

Where/Te,
@Baka_260
Deviation/H4 faHii

x= represents each value in the data set.

=
iel
n
32, 25, 33, 27,35, 29 and 30-s yit
HINTS:
32, 25, 33, 27, 35, 29 and 30
Arrange this data in ascending order 2ariD csibs
25,27, 29, 30, 32, 33,
is5L qa13

35i
There are 7 observations i.e., odd number
SFS

X=represents the mean of

thedata set th th
=
Median observations
2
n = represents the nunber of data values =
4th observations i.e., Median = 30
Ex. What is the mean deviations of eight observations? e If n is even then use the formula:

th
6, 7, 10, 12, 13, 4, 8, 12 n \th n
term term
4 HINTS: =
Median
X=6,7, 10, 12, 13, 4, 8, 12
Ex. Find the median of2, 4, 6, 8?
6+7+10+12 +13+4+8+12 \ th th
=9 term + term.tjya.
Median=
n 2
Mean Deviation / Ex. Find the median of following data. is Tss
=
fai isl
(9-6)+ (9-7)+ (9-10)+ (9-12) +(9-13) + 2,4, 6, 8
(-)= (9-4)+(9-8)+ (9-12) (2)th term + (3) term 4+6 Faot
Median =
8
22
Median=5
Aditya Ranjan 271
(Excise Inspector) (SelectedSelection feol
 Statistics

Ex. The following observations are arranged in ascending HINTS:

order. If the median of the data is 19, then find the value need to calculate the cumulative frequencies to find
We

of x. the median. Cumulative frequency

Number of Students
Marks
0-20 6 0+6 6
6 +20 26
20-40
26 + 37
6, 9, 15, x+ 4, x+ 8, x+ 12, 30, 32 40-60 37
63 + 10
60-80 0 73
HINTS: 7 73 +7 80
80-100
x+4 +x+8 80
Median = of cf =
80,=
=
40 iTN
2 n= Last value 2
y
gi 46= 19
x= 13 Since n is even, we will find the average of the th and
Case 2: Grouped Data/qrfead tat
When the data is continuous and in the form of a the ( n + 1)th observation i.e.,
frequency distribution, the median is found as shown 2
below: The cumulative frequency greater than 40 is 63 and the
–
class is 40 60.
Hence, the median class is 40-60.
Step 1: Find the total number of observations./tUT L= 40, f = 37, cf = 26, h = 20

Step 2: Define Using Median formula:

the class size, and divide the data into
n_
Median = L+ Xh

@Baka_260
Step 3: Calculate the cumulative frequency of each class. f

Step 4: 1dentify the class interval in which the median

falls. 80
--26
2 x 20
n+1 = 40 +

(Median Class is the class (where term lies.)/3 q 37

2
= 40 +7.57
n+1
=
2 47.57
Step 5: Find the lower limit of the median class (I), and Therefore, the median is 47.57
the cumulative frequency of the median class (c)./ifal
Mode/aray
The value which appears most often in the given data i.e.
cf the observation with the highest frequency is called a rmode
Median = L+ of data.
xh

Where, Case 1: Ungrouped Data/3raipd 3et

L= Lower limit of median class/HfZGI qri î freei ÚH
Mode/EcTF = Observation with maximum frequency
n =Total number of observations/U ci HeH.
cf=Cumulative frequency of the preceding median
class/ Ex: What will be the mode of
the following data?
f- Frequency of median class/fgeHl aí n
arARTI
13, 15, 31, 12, 27, 13, 27, 30, 27,
28 and 1b
h= Class interval (upper limit - lower limit)/qri siIT (3d HINTS:) S
From given data
Ex :- Calculate the median for the following datas 13, 15,31, 12(27), 13,(27),30,(27),28
0-20 20-40
and 16
Marks 40-60 60-80 80-100
Number of Students 6 20 37 10 7 27 appears maximum no. of times.
.:.
Mode= 27
Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) (Selected
272
Selection
 Statistics
Case 2: Grouped Data/uffga ta HINTS:
When the data is continuous, the mode can be found 3 Median 2 x 43 + 60
using the following steps: Median - 48.66
Ex. Evaluate the following for given set of number:
3 x mean + 2 x mode - 6 x medain
Step 1: Find modal class i.e. the class with maximum Set - (1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4}
frequency.
3 x
H4+2 x
TE-6 x f51
Step 2: Find mode using the following formula:
H98 - (1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4}
HINTS:

Mode =
|+
Mean
1+2+2+3+3+3+4 +4+4 +4 30
10-3
2f,-5,-, 10
Where/i. 3+3
Medain =3
l= lower limit of modal class,/Ecih ai freâi HI 2
= 4
f, = frequency of modal class, /4ge# qf araAI t Mode
f, = frequency of class preceding modal class 3 x
Mean + 2 x Mode -6 x Medain
+ x x
=3 x3 2 4
-6 3=-1
f, = frequency of class succeeding modal class Variance/fauu,
Variance is a measure of variability in statistics. It assesses
h= class interval/ 3fUI the average squared difference between data values and
Ex. Find the mode for the given distribution (rounded off to the mean.
two decimal places).

@Baka_260
yutffra )1
Class
It is denoted by (o)/sà (g)
ra fai AI ŽI

Interval
5-10|10-15|15-20 20- 2525-3030–35 Sample variance/sfrgi faqu
|Frequency 7 9 1: 10

(o) =
HINTS:
n-1
Modal class = maximum frequency of the table.
How to compute variance and standard deviation?
Here, modal class = 25-30

Mode = - Compute the simple mean .

l+
2f, -, -, )
*h Step 1

l= Lower limit of modal class = 25

h= Class interval = 5
f, = Frequency of modal class = 11
Step 2 - Calculate the difference of x
value in the data set.
- , for each

, =
Frequency of class preceding modal class = 9
1, = =
Frequency of class succeeding modal class 10
Step 3 - Calculate the squared difference (x- ), for
Mode = 11-9 each value in the data set.
25 +

85
3
28.33
22-9-10)
x5

Step 4 - Sum of Differences of the the squares , (-*}F.

Relation between Mean, Median
and Mode
Step 5- Divide the sum of
squared differences with n,

|3 Median = 2 Mean + Mode

=
3 Hif45= 2 H|+ 4gch variance (?)
X. The value of the mode n
and mean are 60 and 42
respectively, in a symmetrical distribution.
of the The mediarn 5-qf sjai
u n,
fau (o) =
distribution is. U

Aditya Ranjan 273

(Excise Inspector) Selected Selection faIn
 Statistics
Ex. Find the variance of the following data points.

57, 64, 43, 67, 49, 59, 44, 47, 61, 59

E
n
+
HINTS: 5² +2 0' +1 +6
+ 5
Mean (x) = 57+64+43+67+49+59 +61+59+ 44 47
10 TOS 66
550
=55
10 66
SD(G) =
V5
=
(o) Coefficient of variation/farur uTiGE
It is describe variability by expressing the standard
22+92+122 122 +62 42+62442 +112 +82
+ + deviation as a proportion of mean, usually a percentage.
10
The formula for it as a percentage is,et

662 =
66.2
10

Standard Deviation/H|-ch faec Coefficient of variation/faarUt TUTA

If g² is the variance, then o, is called the standard
Standard deviation
x100
Mean
Standard Deviation (o)= variance Ex. Ifthe mean is 25 and the standard deviation is 5 then

@Baka_260
the coefficient of variabtion is:
x,- x
n-1
HINTS:
Ex. If the variance of 5 value is 0.81, then what is its
standard deviation? Coefficient of variation/fU TUie5
Standard deviation
x100
HINTS: Mean
We know that, 5 x
100 =20%
= 25
Standard deviation variance Ex. If coefficient of variation of a certain distribution is 55%
Vo.81 0.9 and the mean is 14, then its standard deviation is
Therefore, the standard deviation = 0.9
Ex. Calculate the.standard deviation for the following data.
HINTS:

4, 7, 9, 10, 15 Coefficient of variation - Standarddeviation i00

HINTS: os Mean,
+ 55 = x100
4+7+9 10+ 15 14
5
14x 55 770
45 100 100 =7.7
Standard deviation (o) = 7.7

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector)

Selected selection ftit274|
 Logarithm

LOGARITHM
(31)

Logarithm/uT log a =
a
log.
(v) log,a. log.D log.c
The exponent or power to which a base must be raised -xt{
to yield a given
number. Expressed mathematically, (vi) log,a. log,b
= 1

x is the logarithm of n to the base b. (vi) log, m' = nlog,m

(viii) log,qm = log, m

feh 4I, x 3A|R b n 1 Uch I
If bx =
n then x= log,n
(x) loglaq)mP = log, m
yf bx = n ai x= log,n
Ex 16 = 2*, log, 16 = 4 (x) alog =n
Common logarithm/HTHI-A TUrch : (xi) alog,x xlog.", x >0,
=
a > and a, x#1
Logarithms to the base 10 are called common (xii) logab = - log,,,b
logarithms. There are two notation to represent Remember:
common logarithm i.e, log b (read as 'log b') log 2 = 0.3010
and log,b.
=
log3 0.4771

@Baka_260
Tguyrs <NTÍA E fet <i 3jh ta, log b
('log b'
log 5 = 0.6990
Ex. What is the value of log,5 + log,(5x + 1)= log,(x+
Mathematically, log x = log,,b 5) + 1, and then x is equal to?
Natural logarithm/yht AyUch :
log,,5 + log,,(5x + 1) = log,,(x+ 5) + 1, à fs4.UR ?
Logarithms to the base e are called natural logarithms. HINTS:
There are also two notations to represent natural We have
logarithms i.e, In b and log,b. log,, 5 + log,, (5x +
1) = log,,(x+ 5) +1
>log,5 +
log,(5x + 1) =
log,(x+ 5) + log,,10
We know that,
=
log (m.n) log,m+ log,n
logb. log, [5 (5x + 1)] = log.x + 5) ×
e. 10]
These both represent the logarithm of b to the base
5x + 1 = 2x+ 10
3x= 9 x= 3
Mathematically, In x= log x.
log,1024 - log,10
I
Log of zero or negative numbers are not defined i.e, Ex. What is the value of +log, 3125
log 0
is not
defined.
1 1
- I
log,0 vrrfTT
10 log, 1024 log. 10 +F log. 3125 1 HM
?
Ti
HINTS:
|Properties of Logaritham/YUrA qU 1

Let m and n be positive number a, m, n, 10log, 1024 - log.10 + log, 3125

such that
b, c > 0 and a, b, c 1 # We know that,
=
nlog, m
m
log,
a, m, n, b, c > 341R a, b, c
log, a =
# 1 1
–
log,10 +
1 io log,(2)10 log,(5]
log 1 = 0
10 log,
(ii) log
log,m -
10
2- logB, 10+log,5
5
n
log,n =
iv) log,(m.n) = log.2- log,10- + log,5+
log.2 - log.2 log,5
log m
+ log,n = 0
= log,5
Aditya Ranjan 275
(Excise Inspector)) Selected Selection faT
 Logarithm

Ex. If the roots of the quadratic equation

- N
4x- log,, What is the value of log a.log b.logc?
Ex.
0 are real, then what is the minimum value of N?
uf< y# f,d HtsUT 4x- log, N 0 A IEtG log sa.log b.logC 1 FI ?
HINTS:
HINTS:
We have - log sa.log,» b.log, C

= 0
-4x- log,,N
a= 1, b =-4 and c= 1og, N

Roots of quadratic equation are real -log, a

then D0 i.e b²- 4ac> 0
-4)?- 4 x 1 x (- log,,N) 20 , loga x 4 logc
4log,N - 16 N> 10 – 4 logb
3O8
logc
N0.0001 = 2 x 3 x
4 = 24

****

@Baka_260

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) Selected Selection faIt 276

 Calculation

CALCULATION
(32

Despite having sufficient knowledge, in various DO IT YOURSELF

competitive exams many students are not able to pass
the examination due to lack of good basic calculation N+N2 N
N

Ni N2 N+N2
speed. If you practice for 20-30 minutes every day 69
4
67 48
using the techniques given in this chapter, your
calculation speed can increase up to 5-times within 2 65 29 89 37
months. 87 48 74 51
69 52 73. 37
Basic calculation speed 3st 7 qE À TEH À
76 42 79 28
Ex. +
(187 287)
techniques hT
YY Ad vfafT 20- 30 f4e A

Step -1: Break the number (187) as (100 + 80 + 7)

at
hà A4 Calculation speed within 2 months 5
and (287) as (200 + 80 + 7)
(187) 3irR (287) +Ì 4: (100 + 80 +7), (200+ 80 + 7)
Addition/
Sum of two or more number is known as addition. Step -2: Add base number first/3TR HSN3i i SISA R

@Baka_260
= =
(100 + 300, (80 + 80) 160
200)
CONCEPT-01 Step -3: Add unit digits /31 3Bi SA (7+7) = 14
Ex (96 + 8) Step -4: Now add the results/I VUTH S
Step -1: Break the number (96) as (90 + 6) (300 + 160 + 14) = 474
96 #Ì (90 Ex. 4639 + 1235
=
Step -2: Add unit digits (8 +6) 14 Step -1: Keep largest number in mind/HqH qSt HeI
+ =
zhTŠ 3j5 (8 6) h1 4T 14
1
(90 + 14) = 104
Step -3: Total sum/hT 4639
DO IT YOURSELF Step -2: Break the second number 1235 as Ì HN
N Ny N, +N N, Ng N, +N
96 93 8 1000 + 2005 + 30 +

98 95 7 Step -3: Add the numbers one after another

91 18 95 11

93 17 97 12 4639 + 1000 = 5639

96 20 96 5639 + 200 = 5839
=
5839 30 5869
CONCEPT-02 + 5 =
Ex. (69 + 37) 5869 5874
Step-1: Break the number (69) as (60 + 9)
and (37) DO IT YOURSELF
as (30 + 7)
NI N2 N+N2
69 31R 37 H4: (60 + 9), (30 + 7) AY EfYG
H H N N2 N+N2
Step -2: Add base number (60 + 30) = 90 249 637 448
first 169
HA VEI 3TTR HeI3 GIS (60+30) = 90 629 269 137
1265
Step -3: Add unit digits of 511
z61 3i i S
number (9 +7) = 16 563 438 264
(9 7) = 16
+ 2273 1237
639 252
Step -4: Now add both the results (90 + 16) = 106 4576 1445
3479 1128
T <i ftuTAi st (90 16) = 106
+

Aditya Ranjan (Ešcise Selected Selection fl 277

Inspector)
 Calculation

(57 94)+
CONCEPT-03 Ex.
Step -1: Assume 94 as 100 (6 is extra
herc)
In this approach, Interchange digit of a two digit t)

númber then the sum of resultant number and real 94 6) 100 Hr ( 6 fafra
number are always divided by 11
Step -2: Add 57 with 00 i.e. 157
1

i.e.
Step -3: Then subtract the extra number
Ex (47 + 74) 157-6 --151 -
157 6 15|
Step -1l: Sum of rcal number and resulted number ) TeI
H

f safaa
(314 + 399)
(47 74) = 121
+

Step -2: Resultant number 121 always divided by 11

Ex.
Step Assume 399 as 400
-1l:
(1 is extra here) -
(48i 3fafte t)
1

vfUr HI 121 gyn 11 fayf zî 399 1 400 417

Step -2: Add 314 with 400 i.e.

714
CONCEPT-04
In this approach, numbers which are very close to
314 at 400
H G

rt 714
you added
each other are added. Step -3: Then subtract the extra number
714 - = 713
1
i.e.

Ex. (45 + 52) 714 - 1

713
x 2) =
Step -1: Double the smaller number, i.e. (45 90 DO IT YOURSELF
x =
si HoA ) h, Yri (45 2) 90 Ng |N +N2
N
Na |N+N, N,
Step – -2: Find the gap between the numbers i.c. 84 181 92

@Baka_260
189
(52 45) =7
269 277 363 358
1277
Step -3: Now add both the results i.e. - (90+ 7) = 97
1196
1639
146
1645
1264
2273 2282
=
3rq qfuTH
ti (90+ 7)rt 97
3489 3492 4576 4584
Ex. (333 338)
x CONCEPT-06
Step-1: Double the smaller number, i.e. 333 2
= 666 In this approach, during addition you should be very
, = alert to find some pair of number which are getting
s Hn Ì
x
rft 333 2 666 added and forming base numbers like 100,200,300 etc.
Step 2: Find the gap between the numbers i.e. 338
- 333 = 5

HN3 h ág 1 3ir IA ht 3141g 338 - 333 5

H

+ = 100, 200, 300 3f|

5 671
Step -3: Now add both the results i.e. 666
Ex. (45 + 53 + 75)
STa i yfuri a 666 + 5 =
671
Step -1: Add those numbers first which will give you
DO IT YOURSELF base number like 100, 200, 300 etc. i.e. 45 + 75
= 120
N2 N,+N2 N, N, N+N
N
69 74 87 92
200, 300 31f = 120
137 146 269 277 Yr 45 +
75
Step -2: Now add Result with remaining number 1.e.
363 358 1264 1277
120 + 53 173
1639 1645 2273 2282
4576 4584 3489 3492
Ex. (157 + 186 + 143)iclhksst 2

CONCEPT-05 Step -1: Add those numbers first which will give you
In this approach, number is added with the number base number like 100,200,300 etc. like 157,t143
which is closed to 100, 200, and 300 and so on. 300

100, 200, 300 341R

100, 200, sit 300 3ft À TIT ti S 157 + 143= 300

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) (Selected selectionflT2

 Calculation
Step -2: Now add Result with remaining number i.e. Step -2: Use 0 with the result i.e. 300
300 + 186 = 486
3a yfu| Ì q HI Yrit 300 + 186 = 486 # HI
is Step -3: Now add all the unit digits
DO IT YOURSELFts t bibz 7t8+5 +3
+5
N1 N2 N3 SUM N

N2 N3 SUM 3a Ti 3SHI 3/hi GIS 7+8 + 5 +3 + 5 +5 =33

34 43 66 79 52 22 Step 4: Add (Step 2) and (Step 3) result, 300 +33 =333
46 93 56 57 78 43 (u 2) sir (TI 3) ,
67 88 47 167 196 148
YftUr4i
t 300 + 33 = 333

227 Ex. (56 + 48 + 78 + 567 + 983)

163 177 284 258 298
Step -1: Add all hundredth place digits 5+9= 14
CONCEPT-07 HG YH H 3ic GS 5 + 9 = 14
In this approach, Numbers are added with
the Step -2: Use double 0.with the result i.e.
3H
ÍeG
,
numbers like 90, 190, 290, 390 etc.
HGNi Ì 90, 190, 290, 390 HTf; HNA yfuH qefa 14

Step -3: Now add all the tens digits

HA
1400
Gei 0 1
m

hi1400
>5 +4 +7+6+
Ex (67 + 90) 8=30
344 <EE 5 + 4 +
Step -1l: Assume 90 as 100 (10 is extra here). HÌ 3h 7+ 6.+-8=-30 Gs
90 ht 100 H14 (4a 10 HfafI ) Step -4: Use single 0 with the result i.e. 30
Step -2: Add 67 with 100 i.e. 167
67 a1 100 HIY
Gs YI 167 Step -5: Add all unit digits (6 +
8 +8+7+3)=32
A
SH1
Step -3: Then subtract extra number i.e. 10 from the 3t GIG 6 +
8+ 8+.] + 3 = 32 IS
result 167 - = 10 157 Step -6: Add results of (Step 2), (Step 4) and (Step 5)
f5 yUH - + + =
3Íafkei HA Y 10 q 167 10 = 157 1400 300 32 1732

@Baka_260
Ex (468 790) (z1 2), (u 4) sr ( 5)
furt
Step -1: Assume 790 as 800 (10 is extra here) 1400 + 300 + 32 = 1732 Doi
790 h 800 H17
i (qgi 10 afaft ) DO IT YOURSELF
Step -2: Add 468 with 800 i.e. 1268 N Ng N3 N4 N5 SUM
468 Fi 800 GIG H Y
1268
69 74 48 176 680
Step -3: Then subtract extra number i.e. 10 from the 49 64 58 276 580

.
-
result 1268 10 = 1258
39 54 46 177 340
f yfuH À 3faffei GA Y 10 1268 - 10 = 1258
269 177 250 124 43
DO IT YOURSELF .
125 363 358 1264 1277
N1 N2 N1+N2 N1 N2 |N1+N2
69 95 87 92 SUBTRACTION/TTT
47 91 169 97 Subtraction is also used to find the difference between
136 98 148 91 two or more numbers.
163 95 467 890
1576 4594 3489 3992
CONCEPT-08 CONCEPT-01
In this approach, so many numbers are added. Try to
Ex. (73 - 7)
add all these numbers ina single flow and practice on Break 7 as (3 + 4) using unit digit of first number
daily basis you will be pro in addition
after few days.
= 70
Step -1: 73 -3 =
Step -2: 70-4 66
Ex. (77- 8)

Ex (67 +
Break 8 as (6 + 2) using unitdigit of first number
68 + 35 +
43 + 65 + 55)=?
STep -1: Add all tens place digits
+
5=30 6+6+3 + 4 +6 =
HHT <EK
Step -1: 77-6 71
sih 6 +
6+3+4+6 + Step -2: 71 -2 =69
5 =30
Aditya Ranjan
(Excise Inspector) (Selectedà Selection fe279
 Calculation
CONCEPT-04
CONCEPT-02
a) approach, double digit number is getting
In this type of In this approach, twoa numbers are getting subtracted
which are closer to base number (100,200,300). So
subtracted from its reversed number and we need to add the margins of both the numbers from the
multiply the difference of digits with 9 always. base
number.

200, 300 )

Ex, (73 - 37)

=
Ex. (815-777)
Step -1: Difference between digits (7-3 4)
800
Find Base Which Is closer to 777 i.e.
3fcai
h tg sit (7-3 = 4) 777 H44 31R HAI 800
Step -2: Multiply the result always by 9 i.e. 4 x 9 =
36 Step -1: 815 is 15 above than 800
TUI = 815, 800 15 34fys
yfUTy h AI 9 afa 4 x9 36
Step -2: 777 is 23 less than 800
DO IT YOURSELF 23 hH
777. 800
N N2 N- N N N2 N-N2 =
Add the margins, 15 + 23 38
61 16 87 78
54 45 27 72 3it Ì GIS, 15 + 23 = 38
6 36 93 39 Ex. (1305-878)
Find Base Which is closer to 878 like 900
75 57 74 47
878 h HHY 31T HEA 900
84 48 91 19
Step-1: 1305 is 405 above than 900

@Baka_260
CONCEPT-03 1305, 900
G
405
In this approach, a number which is closer to a base Step-2: 878 is 22 less than 900
number like 100, 200, 300... is subtracted from : 878, 900 22-hH 3
number.
+ =
:
Add the margins 405 22 427
200, 300.. at eA À qE f< I 3HaT
GIG 405 + 22 =
427
Ex (267 - 94)
(Consider 94 as 100, 6 is extra here) DO IT YOURSELF
(94 h1 100 H, 48 6 3+fafttf ) N N2 Ni-N2 Ni N2 N-N2
Step -1: First Subtract 100 from 267 i.e. >167 169 124 387 292
HAH YEC 267 À 100 TeI YIfA 167
237 196 269 277
+ =
Step 2: Then add extra number (6) i.e. 167 6 363 158 1264 277
173
srfaftth HN (6) 167 + 6 = 173 1639 1345 2273 2182
ft
Ex (567 - 393) 4576 4184 3492 2892
(Take 393 as 400,7 is extra here)
393 #Ì 400 H144 VK, 3HfafG HGI 7 CONCEPT-05
Step -1: First It is not necessary to always add first. Sometimes we
Subtract 400 from 567 i.e. 167
can subtract also if it is easier. 35 + 73 - 55
HqH YEt 567 400 4et f 167

Step 2: Then add extra number (7) i.e. 167 + 7

174
f stfafrn HI (7) Gs Y 167 + 7 = 174 Ex. (35 + 73 - 55)
DOIT YOURSELF Step -l: Since 73 and 55 are closer to each other, SO
First 73 – 55 = 18
N
N

N- N2 N N2 N- N2
169 94 137 92 73- 55 = 18
146 89 178 98 Step -2: Add
result with 35, 35
+
18
=
53
278 86 264 197 YRUT 35 HIA sIS, 35 + 18 =
53
247 192 227 192 Ex. (- 267 + 196 + 253)
576 184 348 192 Step -l: Since 253 and 267 are closer to each
so First 253 otne'
-267 =- 14
Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) 280|
(Selected Selection
 Calculation

fer 253 sr 267 y

Ha
, FHfe YE 253
MULTIPLICATION/TUT
267 = - 14
- = CONCEPT-01
Step -2: Add result with 196, 196 14 182
In this approach, any two digit numbers are getting
yfurH ht 196 # HY S, 196 14 = 182
multiplied.
DO IT YOURSELF
Expression SUM Expression SUM
x
Ex. (29 15)
28 65 - 66 47-54 + 57
+ 9) x
Step -1: (20 15
76 + 62 - 72 57 + 78– 43
Step -2: 15 20 +9 x 15
x
63- 58+ 34 64 + 77- 103
- Step -3: 300 + 135 = 435. i g

-267 + 164 + 245 573 +382 234

576 + 684 - 272
Ex. (351x14)
489– 249 + 125
Step -l: (300 50 + 1) x 14
CONCEPT -06 Step -2: 4200 + 700 + 14 9 s e

In this approach number is subtracted from 100 or Step -3: 4914

multiple of 100 like 200, 300, etc. So check how much
you should add to smaller number to reach the bigger
DO IT YOURSELF
number. N
N2 N x N2 Ni N2 |Nix N2
3H
zfeeu HA Ì 100
I 100 + Tu 200, 300 39 25 69 15
67 14 169 15
264 13 661 17
-
Ex (100 46) 1639 18 4273 12
Try to make 46 reach 100

@Baka_260
2376 11 2789 14
46 100
a YEd
1 YH CONCEPT-02
Step -1: Add (4) to 46, it becomes 50
5^ BÌ SGI In this approach, Even number is getting multiplied
46 (4) GG
with number ending with 5.
Step -2: Add (50) to 50, it becomes 100.
50 (50) Gs 100 BÌ GIGI ŽI

We have added 4 and 50 so answer is 54

zHà 4 sr 50 aÌ gIAf 3TR 54 Ex. (45 x 26)
OR Step -1: Double the number which is ending with 5

46 is (40 + 6) like 45,45 x 2 = 90

– =
60
Step -1: Subtract 40 from 100, 100 40 45,
= 60
100 Her, 100 40
40
=
= 45 x 2 90
Step -2: Subtract 6 from 6O now, 60 -6 54
6 = 54
i 34 60 6
60- Step -2: Half of 26, 2 =l3
26
Ex (1000 - 357)
357 is 300 + 50+7 .
#D
Step-1: Subtract 300 from 1000, (1000 - 300) =
700 26
26 hI 3T, 26, 2
1000 300 q, (i000 300) = 700
90
x
13 =1170
Step-2: Now subtract 57 from 700, (700- 57) =
643 Step -3: Multiply both the results
- 90 x 13 1170
44 700 S7 (700 57) = 643 Ii yUTH 1 Tul h
DO IT YoURSELF DO IT YOURSELF
x N2l
N N2 N: N2 N
N2 Ni-N2 N1 Ng |Ni- Ni N2 Nx N2

18
50 26 60 32 14. 45
25
67 165 16
46 69 27 35 14
263 665 22
135 661 277 265 13
12
1639 645 1273 682 18 4275
1635 14
2376 1184 2785
2489 1492 2375 36
281
Aditya Ranjan (Excise
Inspector) (Selected Selection faI
 Calculation
CONCEPT-05
cONCEPT-03 5.
are Multiplication of Even Number With
In these types of products, Consccutive numbers
you
getting multiplicd. To calculate in mind, should
il know the square from 1 to 100. In this approach, Even number is getting multiplid
with 5

Ex. (26 x 25)

Ex. (66 x 5)
=
Squarc of Smaller numnber and add thc same number Step -1: Half of the even number 66 33
=
to it. H4 hI 3A1T1 33
HOA1 66

Step -2: Use 0 at the end of result i.e. 330

(25) + 25 625 + 25 650
'OR' (624 x 5)
Ex.
Square of Bigger number and subtract the same Step -l: Half of the even number 624
=
312
number from it
= 312
H4 HOAT 624 Ghl 31T

(26)2 – 26 =
676 -26 = 650 Step -2: Use 0 at the end
of
result i.e. 3120
DO IT YOURSELF
x N2 cONCEPT-06
NI N2 N Ni N2 Nx N2l
12 13 25 24 Multiplication of Odd Number wvith 5.
35 36 65 66

@Baka_260
265 266 665 666 In this approach, Even number is getting multiplied
1635 1636 4275 4276 with 5
2375 2376 2785 2786
CONCEPT-04 Ex (61 x 5)
In these types of product, Consecutive even numbers Step -l: Subtract 1
from 61, it becomes even (60).
or consecutive odd numbers are getting multiplied.

Step 2: Half of the even number 60 is 30

HH HGA| 60 a1 31| 41I 30
Here, 11 is 1
less than 12 and 13 is 1 more than 12.
YEi, 11, 12 I 4 3i
13, 12 1
feres 1 Step -3: Use 5 at the end of 30 i.e 305
Square of 12 - square of 1

Ex. (451 x 5)
-
144 1l= 143 Step -1l: Subtract 1
from 451, it becomes even (450)
Ex. 37 x 43 = (40- 3) (40 + 3)
Here 37 is 3 less than 40 and 43 is 3 more than 40.
Step -2: Half of the even number
YE 37, 40 À 3 64 stt 43, 40
3 afis tI 450 is 225
Square of 40 - Square of 3
HH HI 450 h1 31T TI 225
Step -3: Use 5 at the end of
result i.e 22552
1600 -9= 1591
DO IT YOURSELE DO IT YOURSELF
N Nx
N N N
N2 Nx N2 N,
N2 N x N2 N x N2
N
N

16 18 22 24 24 5 32 5
26 28 29 31 47 5 48 5
89 91 661 663 89 5 66 5
635 637 427 429 635 5 427 5
375 377 785 787 375. 5 785 5

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector)

(Selected Selection faIT 282
 Calculation
oial:soia
CONCEPT-07 CONCEPT-09
In this approach, a number is getting multiplied with 125,
Multiplication of Number with 25.
1000
As we know 125
In this approach, a number is getting multiplied with 25.

(548 x 25)
Ex. 1000
100 8
As weknow 25
4 x
Ex. (256 125)
by
= 100 Step -1: Divide the numnber
T
BH
f IÀ 25
4 HI Ì 8 faf
Step -1: Divide the number by 4. 256
Step -2: Use (000) with the result =32,
HI 4
faf Fi 8
=
Step -2: Use (00) with the result. 32000

8
548 =137 =
13700 =32000
4
DO IT YOURSELF
DO IT YOURSELF
N N2 N x N2 N N2 Nix N2l
N
N2 N x N2 N
N
Nx N2l
24 125 64 125

@Baka_260
24 25 32 25
48 125 56 125
48 25 144
168 125 248 125
188 25 360 25
, 832 125 944 125
636 25 428 25
672 125 984 125
1376 25 1704 25
CONCEPT-10
CONCEPT-08
In this approach, a number is getting multiplied 1.25
In this approach, a number is getting multiplied 0.5

x 10
Ex. (346 0.5) As we know -1.25
1
As we know 0.5= 10
8
Ex. (56 x 1.25)

Step -1: Divide the number by 8, i.e.g 561

1
x 173
So just half the number 346
56 7
=
341ef HOA 346 ×
2173 Step -2: Use (0) with the result, 70

DO IT YOURSELF (256 x 1.25)

Ex.
N
124
N2
0.5
N x N2
N1

432
N

eelelale
0.5
N x N2
Step-1: Divide the number by
, 1.e.
256 =32

438 0.5 547 0.5 256 =32

889 0.5 566 0.5
=
1635 0.5 1427 0.5
Step 2: Use with the result, 320
(0)
= 320
3375 0.5 7785 0.5 vfkUT4 HIg (0) 1 ymh,

SelectionfI 283
Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) (Selected
 osejr
(Calculation)
DO IT YOURSELF Ex.
=
452 x 1001 452452
=
646 x 1001 646646
N2 Nx N2 N
N2 Nx N2
Repeat the number two times with
O in middle.
124 1.25 432 1.25
648 1.25 448 1.25 = t
Ex. (55 x 1001 55055)
848 1.25 1064 1.25 DO ITYOURSELF
1632 1.25 1424 1.25
1376 N N2 N x N2 Ni Ng Nx N2
1.25 1784 1.25
101 53 101
34
CONCEPT-11 56 101
64 101
Multiplication with 12.5 1001
76 101 45
12.5 Tyi
457 1001 729 1001
In this approach, a number is getting multiplied 12.5
575 1001 857 1001

CONCEPT-14
As we know
100
12.5 In this approach, a number is getting multiplied with
8 1.5.

G f 4
GIHÀ 12.5 = 100
x 1.5)
8 Ex. (52
Ex. (328 x
12.5) Number is added with half of itself.

Step-1: Divide the number by 8

328 =
41 Half of the number (52) is (26)
8

@Baka_260
52 + 26 = 78
HA (52) h1 31e HT (26)
+
52 26= 78
Step -2: Use (00) with the result, = 4100 Ex. 66 x 1.5
yfruT HA (00) h1 yyi ht, = 4100 Number is added with half of itself.
DO IT YOURSELE
N N2 N x N2 N
N2 N x Ng Half of the number 66 is 33.
120 12.5 456 12.5 66 + 33 = 99

344 12.5 HG| 66 a1 31 33 I

784 12.5
936 12.5 1168 66 + 33 =
99
12.5
1232 12.5 1328 12.5 DO IT YOURSELF
1672 12.5 2984 12.5 N N2 Nx N2 N N

|N1 x N2
CONCEPT-12 24 1.5 32 1.5
In this approach, la two-digit number is getting 48 1.5 46 1.5
multiplication with 101. 88 1.5 106 1.5
2634 1.5 1728 1.5
Step -1: Just repeat the number two times 3376 1.5 3784 1.5
Ex. 31 x 101 =
3131 CONCEPT-15
45 x 101 = 4545 Multiplication of number with 15.
CONCEPT-13
In this approach, a two or three-digit number is get In this approach, a number is getting
multiplied with 1001. multiplied with 15.
Repeat the number two times
Ex. (58 x 15)
Step -1: Number is added with
half of itself.

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector)

Selected Selection fat 284
 Calculation)
Step -2: Use O wvith the result/fUT q 0
I yT BI Step -3: Multiply 8 with 7= 56 2

8 7 TUII AÃ 56
58 + 29 = 870
Step -4: Add both the + =
DO IT YOURSELF results 350 56 406
x N5 N x N2l i qfuH GIG 350 + 56 - 406
Ni N2 N N
N2
a 15 DO IT YOURSELF
324 15
aaalal
532
848 15 946 15 N N2 Ni x N2 N1 N2 NIx N

886 15 986 15 58 45 4

2035 15 1427 15 44 54 11

1475 15 1585 15 86 5 98
75 7 78
CONCEPT-16
87
.

7 67 6
Multiplication of number ending with 75
CONCEPT-18
a number is getting multiplied with
In this approach, In this approach, number is getting multiplied with
number ending with 75. double.

(Here, you should know the square of smaller number.

do this calculation mentally)
Remember This/ T
75 x 4 =300
175 x 4 = 700
x = Ex. (13 x 26)
275 4 1100 =

@Baka_260
x = |Step -1: Square of smaller number (13) 169
375 4 1500
475 x
4 = (400 + 75) x 4 =
400 x
4 + 75 x 4 3 H (13) 5t q = 169
= + x =
1600 300= 1900 Step -2: Double the result (2 169) 338
Ex. (48 x
175) qfUTH I (2 x 169) - 338
Step -1: Divide 48 by 4 i.e. 24
24
DO IT YOURSELF
48 h1 4
fafa ai yrâi
N x N2 NI
N
Nx
N2

Ni N2
Step -2: Multiply 175 by 4 i.e. 700 multiply the results
22 44 28 56
24 x 700 = 16800
27 54 46 92
x = 37 74 32 64
24 700 16800
35 70 31 62
DO IT YOURSELF
x 21 42 19 38
x N2 N2 N N2
Ni
N

N Ni
12 175 CONCEPT-19
175
way that
48 175 146 175 Partition of number in two parts in such a
you know the table of both the parts.
286 175 346 175

435 175 845 175

1675 175 1585 175
x 4)
Ex. (1428
CONCEPT-17 two parts like 14 (Part-1)
Step -1: Break the number in
Inthis approach, Numbers from 1 to 99 is getting and 28 (Part-2)
multiplied with single digit number. 3TT 28 (41-2)
HA ats 14 (-1)
x 4 = 56
Step 2: 14
Ex (58 x 7)
Step -3: 28 112 x
4 =
Step -1: Break 58 as (50 + 8)isa results (Step-2) and (Step
Step 4: Combine both the
T

+ Fq
58 (50 8)
3) 5712.
Step -2: Multiply 50 with 7= 350r 5712
ká
i yuH (U-2) itt (-3) ì fHGI
50 Ì 7 TUn
A = 350
Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) (Selected Selection fel 285
 Calculation

CONCEPT-22
DO IT YOURSELF
two or more-digit number
is
N Na N, x N

N N2 N* Na
In this approach,
multiplied with 99, 999, 9999....
5427
1222 4 2328
3233
3
7
r
H fztu
, 9999
3fiF 3fhi t #A Ì 99, 999,

3453 3542
x 648 - 1) = 647
3254 2 2231 5 Ex. 999
1 from 648,(648
4432 7 6439 Step -1:Subtract -
648 1 qe, (648 1) 647
CONCEPT-20 = 352
Step -2: Now 999-647
Partition of number in two parts in such a way that results 647352
you know the table of both the parts. Step -3: Combine both the
ati yfui fHI 647352
DO IT YOURSELF
N2 Nx N2l
Ex. (2578'x 2)
Ni N2 N, x N2 Ni
Step -1: Break the number in two parts like 256 99 549
dir(Part-1) and 8 (Part-2) 99 212
s 256 (HT|-1) 3ir 8
(|-2) 999 756
H Yi 99 458
656
Step -2: 257 2 514 x =
434 999
=
999
Step -3: 8 x 2 16 915 9999 474
so use 6 only, 9999
Step -4: Second part has only one digit, 9999 698
and carry forward to the first part.1
9999 366

DIVISION/fT
CONCEPT-01

@Baka_260
Step -5: Combine both the results (Step-2) and (Step-3)
514_16,5156 Division of number with 5
yfUTH frT (U-2) it (u-3)
514_16,51 56
DO IT YOURSELF In this approach, a number is getting divided by5
x N2
x N2l N2 N,
N N2 N N

1622 9 2328 7 As we know/HI fes

4 Hà 5= 10
7427 5 1233 6 2
9 1542 8 Ex. (46 * 5)
2453
3254 2 5231 5 Double the number and place the decimal after one
3439 place from right hand side.
5432
46 x 2 = 92 = 9.2
CONCEPT-21
In this type, two triple-digit numbers
are multiplied
which contain zero in the middle.
x 2
46 92 =9.2
Ex. 423+5
Ex. 503 x 408 = Double the number and place the decimal after one
Step -1:5 x 4 20 place from right hand side.
x 8 + 4 x 3 =
Step -2: 5 52
Step -3: 3 x 8 = 24 423 x 2 = 846 =
84.6
Step- 4: Combine all the results 205224
qt yfuH frGI 205224

DO IT YOURSELF 423 x 2 = 846 = 84.6

x N, x N
N
N2 N, N
N,
N

CONCEPT-02
202 404 208 505
In this approach a number is getting divided by 0.5
102 206 304 509
703 905 509 605
404 306 504 608 As we
know/ f# 54 ITG 0.5 =
308 606 409 608

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector)

Selected Selection farIn 286
 Calculation
+ 0.5)
(46 125 1000
=
we
Ex
x 2 = 92
As
know/H f5 4 GH
Just double the nmber/HI F UI Í46 8
Ex (462 0.5) + Ex (28 + 125)
x 2
Just Double the number/HA <iI 462 Just 8 times the number and place
x =
decimal after 3
= place from Right hand side 28 8 0.224
924
DO IT YOURSELF
x 8 =
qIG T 28 0.224
N1 N2 N+ N2 Ni
N
N N2
(232 + 125)
5 426 5 Ex
956 decimal after 3 place
Just 8 times the number and xplace
= 1.856
896 1324 5 8
from Right hand side 232
233 5 1567 0.5
696 0.5 3764 0.5 232 x 8 = 1.856
IG T
3786 0.5 4246 0.5
CONCEPT-06
CONCEPT-03 Division of number with 25
Division of number with 0.25 in this approach, He 25 faYT
A number is getting divided by 0.25. In this approach, a number is getting divided by 25.

B4 0.25
= As we know/H fA B4 G1d - 25 = 100t
4
As we
know/HI f# SÀ
Ex. (28+ 25)
Ex. (6 +0.25) Just 4 times the number and place decimal. after 2
x =
Just times the number/H HI 4
4
6 4 24 28 x 4 = 112 = 1.12

@Baka_260
place from right hand side ,
Ex. (234 + 0.25) HA I 25 fa 34 gftu HI 25 faufd
x = = = 1.12
Just 4 times the number/HI l 4 T 234 4 936 B TE I 28 x
4 112
Ex. (234 + 25)
CONCEPT-04 2
Just the number and place
4 times decimal after
Division of number with 0.125 place from right hand side 234 x 4 = 936 =9.36
In this approach, a number is getting divided by 0.125
x = =
G

234 4 9.36
936
DO IT YOURSELF
1

As we know/THI f# H Td 0.125 Ni N2 N+ Nz
Ni N2 N1+ N2
Ex. (28 + 0.125) 15 125 16 125
I HA (8) 11
Just 8 times the number 28/HEAI (28) 18 125 124 125
28 x 8 = 224 36 25 143 25
Ex. (232 + 0.125) 64 125
96 25
Just 8 times the number/HE| hI H7
8
TI 25
86 25 36
232 x 8 = 1856
DO IT YOURSELF CONCEPT-07
Division with 11, 22, 33.../11, 22, 33 +
Nz HY H...
N
N2 N N2 Ni N2 N+
are like when we add first
6 0.25 In this type, the numbers we get
15 0.25
of number, the middle number
24 0.25 and last digits
9 0.25 like 495 (4 + 5
=9 middle number)
32 0.25 43 0. 125
96 0.125 64 0. 125
495 (4 + 5 = 9 H4 HGA)
86 0.125 46 0.125 zlt
(132 + 22)
Ex. divide by 2
CONCEPT-05
first and last digits of 132 and
Pick the
Division of number with 125 1 stp222

In this approach, a number is getting divided by 125. 12-6

2
287
Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector)) Selected Selection faT
 Calculation)

Ex. (54)?
Ex. 682 + '55 more than 50/54, 50 # 4 3fy
Step -1: 54 is 4 g
Pick the first and last digits of 682 and divide by 5 to 25, i.e. 29/THRI 25
4
si
Step -2: Add 4 always
yri 29
of.4 = 16/4 hI q
16
62.= 12.4 Step -3: Square
5
Step -4: 2916
DO IT YOURSELF DO IT YOURSELF
N Ni÷
N
Square
N2 N
s= |NN2
N

Number Square Number

154 22 242 (47)2
(43)²
198 33 352 77 (53)2
(48)2
572 44 231 33 (51)"
(57)2
176 55 264 22 (58)2
(52)2
396 66 495
a 55 (44)2
(59)2
CONCEPT-08 CONCEPT-02
Division of number with/ H hl fay9, 99, 999
Square of Number Ending with 5
Ex. (4 * 9)
There is one 9 and there is one digit in given number.
Ex. (75)2
h1 qi 25
Step -1: Square of is 25/5
5
Ex. (23 99) +
successor (8), 7x8 = 56
There two 9 and there is two digits in given number. Step -2: Multiply 7 to its
-
h, 7 x 8 56

@Baka_260
7 3H fihe (8) TUT

Step-3: Combine result os Step & 2 » (5625)

Ex. (56+ 999) 1

HThere is three 9 and there is two digits in the given

number. So make it 3-digit number by using zero DO IT YOURSELF
before it and then repeat it O.056056056.....
Number Square Number Square
(55)2 (65)2
056056056 EIE,. (85)² (15)2

DO IT YOURSELF (25)2 (75)2

N2 (45)2 (35)2
N
N
Ni+ N2 Ni N; N÷
5 9 9 CONCEPT-03
99 12 99 Number Close to
Square of
Base/3TR +iA HI 1
30 99 42 99 150/200/250/300...
96 999 64 999 Ex. (208)2
86 999 56 999 Step -1: 208 is 8 more than Base 200, so 8 is extra

sQUARE/
here,
208, 31TR 200 # 8
fE ,FHfI YEi 8
3faft ,
Method of finding square of any number. Step -2: Add 8 to the original number (208), i.e. 208 +
8
=216
HT HEI (208) 8 GIS, Yrit 208 + 8 =
216
CONCEPT-01 Step -3: Since base is 200, w need to double the
Square of number near Base 50 result

Ex. (42)² (200 -2). i.e. 216

Step -1: 42 is 8 less than 50/42, 50 8 #4È (100
x 2 = 432
Step -2: Subtract 8 always from 25, i.e. 17 Aod
Step -4: Square of extra number (8) =
25
a 8 ye 3refa 17 64toivic
Step -3: Square of 8/8 1 qt =64
Step -4: 1764 Step -5: Combine thé Results (Step 3) and (step 4),
43264
Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) Selected 288
Seletíonf
 Calculation)
Ex. (346) CONCEPT-04
Step -1l:346 is 4 less than Base 350, so is negative
4

64 , zaf
here Square of Number Ending with 25
346 àH 350 4 48 4 T96RICYF

Step -2: Subtract 4 from the original number (346),

= Ex (625)2
i.e. 346– 4 342
36
H
HI. (346) qei, 4efg 346 - 4 = 342
4 Step.-1: Square of 6, i.e. 36/6 aT f, Yr
Step -3: Since base is 350, we need to multiply the Step -2: Add half of 6
(3) to 36, i.e. 36 +3 =39
(350 x - + 3 = 39
result with 3.5 00= 3.5|, i.e. 342 3.5 1197 6
1 3T YT (3), 36 GtG, Htq 36
100

iG 3TR 350 , zÀ YUT 3.5 350

100
- 3.5 ToT
Step -3: Multiply 39 always with
39 ByI 10 TUI h 39 x
10
10 = 390
39 x 10 =
390

x =
BI, 4et 342 3.5 1197
1
q i
= Step -4: Square of 25 now, i.e. 625/314 25 61
Step -4: Square of negative number (4) 16
= 16 625
EU||CHh HI (4) hT
Step -5: Combine the Results (Step 3) and (step 4) Step -5: Combine the results (Step-3) and (Step-4)
119716 390625
(qUI 3) 3r (GU4) * vfrUT4 frGT 119716
(U-3) 3ir (U-4) # yfUH t fH 390625
DO IT YOURSELF
DO IT YOURSELF
Number Square Number Square
Number Square Number Square
(203)2 (606)2
(125)2 (225)2
(309)2 (197)²
(425)2

@Baka_260
(325)2
(152)2 (796)2
(525)2 (625)2
(952)2 (307)2
(725)2 (825)2
(516)² (446)2

TABLE- 1 SQAURE
Number Square Number Square Number Square
Number Square
(31)2 961 (41)2 1681
(11)2 121 (21)2 441
(22)2 484 (32)2 1024 (42)2 1764
(12)2 144
(23)2 529 (33)2 1089 (43)2 1849
(13)2 169
(24)? 576 (34)2 1156 (44)2 1936
(14)2 196
(15)2 (25)2 625 (35)2 1225 (45)2 2025
225
676 (36)2 1296 (46)2 2116
(16)2 256 (26)
(37)2 1369 (47)? 2209
(17)2 289 (27)2 729
(38)2 1444 (48)² 2304
(18)2 324 (28)2 784
(39)2 1521 (49)? 2401
(19)2 361 (29)2 861
(40)2 1600 (50)² 2500
(20)2 400 (30)2 900

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) Selected Selection fIUT 289

 Calculation

TABLE -2 CUBE
Number Cube Number Cube
Cube Number
(1)3 1 (11)3 1331 (21)° 9261
s (2)3 (12)3 1728 (22)3 10648
(23)3 12167
(3)3 27 (13) 2197
(4)3 (24) 13824
64 (14)3 2744
(25)3. 15625
(5)3 125 (15)3 3375
(6)3 (16)9 4096 (26)3 17576
216
4913 (27)3 19683
(7)3 343 (17)3
(8)3 512 (18)3 5832 (28)9 21952
(9)3 729 (19)3 6859 (29)3 24389
(10)3 8000 (30)3 27000

@Baka_260
1000 (20)3

TABLE-3 SQUARE ROOT TABLE- 4

Expression Result Expression Result Expression Result
Number Square Root 2
2 4 4
1
2 -4 3
9 4 16
2 1.414 8 27 443 64
3 1.732 2
16 81 4 256
2 2° 32 243 1 1024
4
2° 64 729 5
5 2.236
2' 128 6 25
2.449 256 6 36 125
7 2.646 512 6 216 625
8 2.828 gl0 1024 1296 5 3125
9 3
10 3.162

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector))

(Selected Selection faIa 290
 Calculation

TABLE -05

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
* 2 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40
% 3 33 36 39 42 45 48 51 54 57 60
%4 44 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80
*5 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100
% 6 66 72 78 84 90 96 102 108 114 120
* 7 77 84 91 98 105 112 119 126 133 140

* 8 88 96 104 112 120 128 136 144 152 160

99 108 117 126 135 144 153 162 171 180
170 180 190 200
* 10 110 120 130 140 150 160
220

@Baka_260
* 11 121 132 143 154 165 176 187 198 209
x 12 132 144 156 168 180 192 204 216 228 240

* 13 143 156 169 182 195 208 221 234 247 260

* 14 154 168 182 196 210 224 238 252 266 280

* 15 165 180 195 210 225 240 255 270 285 300

* 16 176 192 208 224 240 256 272 288 304 320

* 17 187 204 221 238 255 272 289 306 323 340

234 252 270 288 306 324 342 360

* 18 198 216
247 266 285 304 323 342 361 380
* 19 209 228
* 20 280 300 320 340 360 380 400
220 240 260

Aditya Ranjan (Excise (Selected Selection faTt 291

Inspector)
 ABOUT ADITYA RANJAN SIR
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@Baka_260
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