NEW GENERATION UNIVERSITY GABILEY CUMPUS

PAPER WORK

INDIVIDUAL WORK

NAME: ABDIRAHMAN ABDILAHI YUSUF

Q1. MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS

Management information system is a system consisting of people, machines, procedures,

databases and data models, as its elements. The system gathers data from the internal and
external sources of an organization.

Meaning:

Management information system is an acronym of three words, viz., Management, information,

system .in order to fully understand the term MIS, let us try to understand these three words.
Management: Management is the art of getting things done through and with the people in
formally organized groups.
Managerial function:
Planning Organizing
Staffing Directing and
Controlling

Goals of MIS:

An Organization’s MIS should be designed to achieve the following goals:

• Enhance communication among employees.
• Deliver complex material throughout the organization.
• Provide an objective system for recording and aggregating information.
• Reduce expenses related to labor intensive manual activities.
• Support the organization’s strategic goals and directions

Q 2. Characteristics of MIS

1. Systems Approach: The information system follows a systems approach. Systems approach
means taking a comprehensive view or a complete look at the interlocking sub-systems that
operate within an organization.
2. Management Oriented: Management oriented characteristic of MIS implies that the
management actively directs the system development efforts. For planning of MIS, top-down
approach should be followed. Top down approach suggests that the system development starts
from the determination of management‘s needs and overall business objective. To ensure that the
implementation of system ‘s polices meet the specification of the system, continued review and
participation of the manager is necessary.
3. Need Based: MIS design should be as per the information needs of managers at different
levels.
4. Exception Based: MIS should be developed on the exception based also, which means that in
an abnormal situation, there should be immediate reporting about the exceptional situation to the
decision –makers at the required level.
5. Future Oriented: MIS should not merely provide past of historical information; rather it should
provide information, on the basis of future projections on the actions to be initiated.
6. Integrated: Integration is significant because of its ability to produce more meaningful
information. Integration means taking a comprehensive view or looking at the complete picture
of the interlocking subsystems that operate within the company.
7. Common Data Flow: Common data flow includes avoiding duplication, combining similar
functions and simplifying operations wherever possible. The development of common data flow
is an economically sound and logical concept, but it must be viewed from a practical angle.
8. Long Term Planning: MIS is developed over relatively long periods. A heavy element of
planning should be involved.
9. Sub System Concept: The MIS should be viewed as a single entity, but it must be broken
down into digestible sub-systems which are more meaningful.
10. Central database: In the MIS there should be common data base for whole system.

Q.3 Advantages of Management Information System

Starting off with the pros of MIS sounds about right, correct? Here we go.

1. Increased Efficiency

First of all, the main use of Management Information Systems is to increase the efficiency of
certain tasks. And here we are talking about the routine tasks which are performed nearly every
single day. This kind of automation allows the employees or workers to focus on other important
tasks for other strategic activities for, you know, increase the overall efficiency and make the
organization, company, or business grow overall. And as you might already know, increased
efficiency always results in the cost-effectiveness of the organization. Right?
2. Improved Decision-Making

Like, in every organization, it is the CEO or manager’s job to make the decisions, and that is
precisely where the Management Information Systems come into play. Since these systems are
all about pumping out real-time data and analytics, which the managers can really use them to
their advantage. With the MIS systems, managers or CEOs can dive deep into the various
business aspects like sales trends, inventory levels, customer behaviors, and things like that. All
in all, by using an accurate Management Information System, an organization can really access
invaluable data and get to know how their operations are performing overall.

3. Enhanced Communication

Since a Management Information System is more like an interconnected thing, where employees
of an organization can stay connected. And we aren’t talking about the usual chatting stuff on
text, nah, it is practically way more than that. Employees using the MIS can share information
easily, collaborate on projects, and coordinate tasks as well to boost overall efficiency, you
know. So, let’s say the CEO or the manager of the organization has set a common goal for, let’s
say, a team of employees, then they can work on it together and the Management Information
System can work as a way for every employee to know the progress and all that stuff.

4. Streamlined Data Management

MIS, you know, Management Information Systems, what they do is really make managing data a
breeze. They give businesses just the right tools for putting data in, keeping it, and getting it back
out. What does this mean though? Your data is not only spot-on but also fresh and ready right
when you need it.

5. Gaining a Competitive Edge

So, in the world we’re living in now, data is like the fuel for business strategies, right? Here’s
where MIS steps in. This system can help organizations or businesses to quickly adapt to market
trends and changes, which can only be identified if you have accurate and reliable data in hand,
and that is exactly what the purpose of these systems is.
6. Speedy Data Processing & Quick Information Access

Another big thing about MIS is its knack for handling tons of raw data super fast, turning it into
something valuable. This rapid processing and getting to information quickly, well, that’s a
game-changer. It means businesses can provide timely, top-notch services.

7. Enhanced Data Security & Precision

But MIS isn’t just about juggling data though, it’s also about keeping it under lock and key. They
also cut down on unnecessary duplicates of data and step up the accuracy game by putting data
through rigorous checks. What you end up with in your company’s database is data that’s not
just secure, but also sharp and reliable.

Q.4 the Challenges And Problems Of Management Information Systems

If all the existing barriers are divided into Hu- monistic, organizational and environmental
factors, the major drawbacks and the reasons of failure and using MIS in public organizations are
as following:

Humanistic factors

• The lack of information of the managers and users as they don’t know exactly what they want
and what their information needs are.
• The lack of understanding of the needs of the users by designers (the lack of correct definition
of the needs and their analysis)
• The lack of information of the managers and users about the collaboration method with the de-
signer team.
• The lack of participation of the managers and users in system design.
• The lack of understanding of the managers of software and information systems.
• The lack of information of most of the ana- lysts and programmers (designers) with new system
work environment.
• The lack of acceptance of the system execut- ers and resistance against the change.
• The lack of accuracy in the data collected
Organizational factors

• The lack of good conditions for participation and collaboration of the managers, users and
system directors
• The lack of consistency and complexity of the existing manual systems.
• The lack of existing systems and methods analysis before the system design
• The lack of evaluation of the existing power • Bad condition of educating the specialized forces
• The lack of human resources with management and computer fields and other required
specialized- toons (the problems of absorbing human resources)
• Inadequate education of the users
• Inadequate and incomplete documentation • Unsuitable implementation of the system

Environmental factors

• The lack of quality criterion of the existing in- formation systems in Iran
• The lack of suitable consultants for designing the system and software
• The lack of procedures and methodology and stages of creating the system
• The lack of evaluation of environmental as- pacts in management information systems
• The lack of suitable use of mass media to develop the culture of using computer and
information systems.
• The lack of holding suitable MA training courses in the universities and the lack of suitable
education of human resources in this regard.
• The lack of ratification of the suitable rules in Islamic council parliament and government
board and the considerable problem in this regard.
• The lack of serious consideration and ad- equate investment in this regard.

Conclusions & Implication

The development of information systems causes that the bureaucratic nature of administrative
man- argument is reduced. Some of the theorists believe that by IT decision, the democracy
basics in admin-
Q.5 Why is important MIS

INTRODUCTION

The role of Management information system (MIS) is vital now-a-days in business environment
because it has evolved over time to become an integral part of its business operations. The use of
management information system has increased for last few years not only by firms, but also by
individuals and even governments. Because of the today’s global environment where
competition is very high, it is the basic requirement of the organization to install management
information system to compete the market and to earn more profitability, invest in innovation in
their products, and to grow their businesses. All of these factors transformed the information
system from data processing systems to decision support systems and became the foundation of
the new business environment. In this study we have investigated the impact of management
information system on the performance of the organization. We have shown that how
management information system can increase profitability, innovation and growth of the
organization. This study is depending on managers and owners of selected organization. We
have constructed a questionnaire survey and conducted a survey to relate the response of 31
sampling organizations.

A management information system (MIS)

Organizations view the effective adoption of Management Information System (MIS) as a way to
combat competition by improving productivity, profitability, and the level of information which
is one common asset shared by all business regardless of their nature because it is a vital part of
any business entity irrespective of their forms of ownership as it enables conceptualization and
creation of new products and services.

Q.6 Information Technology

Most firms nowadays depend upon Information Technology. But personal computers (PCs)
themselves will not improve organizational productivity this only comes about if they are used
efficiently and effectively. Computer systems can clearly aid organizations in the processing data
into accurate, well presented, up-to-date and cost effective information. While the conciseness,
relevancy, timeliness and completeness of supplied information will largely on the capabilities of
the people involved in its processing and selection of the relevant information for proper decision
making for the organization to improve the product to capture the market share. However, most
decisions about IT are critically important to the prosperity and survival of a firm. A successful
organization must be able to adapt and learn fast as creative activity increase their survival
against all odds, especially in rapidly changing environment of the 21 century.

Q.7 Reasons for Studying Information Technology

9 Smart reasons for choosing to study IT

1. It’s a growing career field
Most students are nervous about finding a job after graduation. While nothing is guaranteed
when it comes to the job market, the employment in the IT field does appear to be on a strong
trajectory. This job sector is projected to grow, with the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS)
projecting that computer and IT occupations will grow by 11 percent from 2019 to 2029. That’s
a projected 531,200 new jobs!
With the digital age constantly requiring new solutions for data storage, artificial intelligence,
cybersecurity and more, it’s no surprise that IT workers are expected to be in high demand for
the foreseeable future.
2. IT pros can work in nearly any industry
Not only is there growing demand for IT professionals, but they also have the luxury of being
able to work in nearly any industry. Technology powers businesses of all types, meaning that
there’s a tech position waiting for you in fields as different as retail, finance, manufacturing and
education. While that might not seem like a big deal at face value, this provides potential job
security. Recessions and relatively rough economic stretches are a fact of life. Having a broadly
applicable and desirable skill set is a huge asset during times of uncertainty. IT skills provide
options, and it never hurts to have options.
3. You're a left-brained thinker
Do you love numbers? Would you consider yourself highly analytical? Would you say all things
can be explained through scientific reasoning? If so, you’d probably consider yourself a “left-
brained” thinker, AKA somebody who excels at solving problems with logic.
IT is a field with roots in math and science. Dreamers and artists may still have their own place
in the tech world—but an IT professional’s day-to-day tasks revolve less around creativity and
more around strategic problem-solving. If working through math problems and puzzles gives
you a sense of satisfaction, you may find IT coursework especially fulfilling.
4. It’s an innovative career field
The tech field is constantly growing and changing. It needs employees who are excited to be on
the cutting edge of innovation as it continues to evolve. If you’re easily bored with the status quo
and constantly imagining ways things could be better or more efficient, you’d probably be a
good fit for an IT career.
“The innovations in IT happen before anything else,” says Phil Strazzulla, founder of Select
Software Reviews. “Innovations in every other area of the tech field are driven by innovations in
IT. Without those, the rest of the tech field would flounder.”
5. The work is rewarding
Surprised to see this on the list? Don’t be! Technology makes a big difference in entire industries
as well as in the lives of individual people around the world. It can be rewarding to know that
your everyday work is having a positive effect on others and contributing to the growing network
of technology we all rely on.“You get opportunities to bring leading-edge technology to life and
make a difference in millions of people’s lives,” says Boris Abazher, founder and CEO of Triare.
“Whichever role you choose, you will feel a part of this amazing process.”
6. Curiosity is celebrated
Not all career fields welcome employees who think outside the box. Lucky for you, IT isn’t one
of them! Your natural sense of curiosity will be rewarded in the tech world, where you can use
your drive for learning to help develop innovative new ideas. “The people who thrive in IT are
those whose curiosity outweighs all else. They're not satisfied when something works. They need
to know why and how so they can recreate it over and over again,” Strazzulla says.
7. The job is never boring
Many of the tech pros we spoke with shared that the variety in their workdays is one of the best
parts of the job. While the details will depend on the specific type of IT role you pursue, every
day has the potential to come with new problems to solve, ideas to brainstorm and tools to put to
use. This variety of work can help keep your days feeling fresh. “IT will always challenge you to
learn new things,” Abazher says. “Creativity and problem-solving are the cornerstones of this
career.”
8. You can find work opportunities in a lot of locations
The IT industry was leading the way in remote work even before the COVID-19 pandemic hit
and turned many roles into work-from-home positions. “It is probably the most flexible career in
terms of schedule. You can work on your own or in a team, whenever you like,” Abazher says.
It's not just remote work opportunities, either. Having a strong background in information
technology will give you a foundation of knowledge that can be applied across the globe. “IT
skills are universal in every country, unlike, for example, accountancy and law. Relocating is a
common practice,” Abazher says.
9. You can get started with flexible education options
Unlike many other professions, the path to getting started or advancing in the IT field can be
pretty flexible depending on your goals, career needs and existing education levels. Getting
started can be a simple as earning an Information Technology Support Certificate or a Network
Support Certificate that can be completed in as few as six months.2 Offerings like these give you
an opportunity to get started in the field as soon as possible, while providing an excellent
foundation of education to build upon as you progress through an IT career.

Question 8: Enumerate the Ethics of Information Technology

Ethics and Information Technology is a peer-reviewed journal dedicated to advancing the

dialogue between moral philosophy and the field of information and communication technology
(ICT). The journal aims to foster and promote reflection and analysis which is intended to make
a constructive contribution to answering the ethical, social and political questions associated with
the adoption, use, and development of ICT.
Within the scope of the journal are also conceptual analysis and discussion of ethical ICT issues
which arise in the context of technology assessment, cultural studies, public policy analysis and
public administration, cognitive science, social and anthropological studies in technology, mass-
communication, and legal studies. In addition, the journal features research that deals with the
history of ideas and provides intellectual resources for moral and political reflection on ICT.
Question 9: Briefly Describe the History Of The Internet

The Internet had its roots during the 1960's as a project of the United States Government’s
Department of Defense, to create a non-centralized network. This project was called ARPANET
(Advanced Research Projects Agency Network), created by the Pentagon's Advanced Research
Projects Agency established in 1969 to provide a secure and survivable communications network
for organizations engaged in defense-related research.
In order to make the network more global a new sophisticated and standard protocol was needed.
They developed IP (Internet Protocol) technology which defined how electronic messages were
packaged, addressed, and sent over the network. The standard protocol was invented in 1977 and
was called TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol). TCP/IP allowed users to
link various branches of other complex networks directly to the ARPANET, which soon came to
be called the Internet. Researchers and academics in other fields began to make use of the
network, and eventually the National Science Foundation (NSF), which had created a similar and
parallel network, called NSFNet, took over much of the TCP/IP technology from ARPANET and
established a distributed network of networks capable of handling far greater traffic. In 1985,
NSF began a program to establish Internet access across the United States. They created a
backbone called the NSFNET and opened their doors to all educational facilities, academic
researchers, government agencies, and international research organizations. By the 1990's the
Internet experienced explosive growth. It is estimated that the number of computers connected to
the Internet was doubling every year.
Businesses rapidly realized that, by making effective use of the Internet they could tune their
operations and offer new and better services to their customers, so they started spending vast
amounts of money to develop and enhance the Internet. This generated violent competition
among the communications carriers and hardware and software suppliers to meet this demand.
The result is that bandwidth (i.e., the information carrying capacity of communications lines) on
the Internet has increased tremendously and costs have dropped. It is widely believed that the
Internet has played a significant role in the economic success.
Question 10 Define the terms ‘hardware’ and ‘software

HARDWARE

Physical structure that houses a computer's processor, memory, storage, communication ports
and peripheral devices. Each of these components (called devices) have a different purpose,
which may be either accepting inputs, storing data or sending outputs.
For example, a mouse and a microphone are input devices used to record user activities and
transform them into data that is transmitted to the system unit. A hard disk is a storage unit
where data is stored and accessed by other devices. A monitor or a speaker are output devices
that transform processed data into (respectively) video and audio signals. Usually, the core
components that represent the bare minimum that allow a computer to function are:

Processor (CPU)
The component that processes and executes inputs received from hardware and software.

Motherboard
A main board that provides basic connection between all the other hardware components and
devices (internal and external).

Memory (RAM)
A temporary data storage space that stores the information the CPU is actively using.Storage
deviceA storage device where data is stored on a permanent basis. It’s slower but less volatile
than the RAM. Power supply unitThat’s pretty self-explanatory: without power, no electronic
device can work!

SOFTWARE

All parts of a computer that are not strictly physical, such as data, programs, applications,
protocols, etc., are broadly defined as “software.” Although software has no material form, it is
no less critical to receive information, encode, store and process it.
Computer software includes all executable and non-executable data, such as documents, digital
media, libraries, and online information. A computer’s operating system (OS) and all its
applications are software as well.
A computer works with software programs that are sent to its underlying hardware architecture
for reading, interpretation and execution. Computers are classified according to computing
power, capacity, size, mobility and other factors, as personal computers (PC), desktop
computers, laptop computers, minicomputers, handheld computers and devices, mainframes or
supercomputers.

Question11: Using Examples, Explain The Difference Between ‘Data’ And ‘Information’.

The terms “data” and “information” are sometimes used interchangeably, but they aren’t the
same. Data is defined as individual facts, while information is the organization and interpretation
of those facts. If data are the bricks, then information is the house they form when laid out in an
organized manner.
Ultimately, you can use the two components together to identify and solve problems. Below,
we’ll take a deeper dive into data vs information and how these elements can work together in
business decision-making. We’ll also take a look at how a knowledge management platform can
help you organize information and establish a data-driven culture.

What Is Data?

Data is defined as a collection of individual facts or statistics. (While “datum” is technically the
singular form of “data,” it’s not commonly used in everyday language.) Data can come in the
form of text, observations, figures, images, numbers, graphs, or symbols. For example, data
might include individual prices, weights, addresses, ages, names, temperatures, dates, or
distances.
Data is a raw form of knowledge and, on its own, doesn’t carry any significance or purpose. In
other words, you have to interpret data for it to have meaning. Data can be simple—and may
even seem useless until it is analyzed, organized, and interpreted.
There are two main types of data:
• Quantitative data is provided in numerical form, like the weight, volume, or cost
of an item.
• Qualitative data is descriptive, but non-numerical, like the name, sex, or eye color
of a person.
What Is Information?

Information is defined as knowledge gained through study, communication, research, or

instruction. Essentially, information is the result of analyzing and interpreting pieces of data.
Whereas data is the individual figures, numbers, or graphs, information is the perception of those
pieces of knowledge.
For example, a set of data could include temperature readings in a location over several years.
Without any additional context, those temperatures have no meaning. However, when you
analyze and organize that information, you could determine seasonal temperature patterns or
even broader climate trends. Only when the data is organized and compiled in a useful way can it
provide information that is beneficial to others.
The Key Differences Between Data vs Information
• Data is a collection of facts, while information puts those facts into context.
• While data is raw and unorganized, information is organized.
• Data points are individual and sometimes unrelated. Information maps out that
data to provide a big-picture view of how it all fits together.
• Data, on its own, is meaningless. When it’s analyzed and interpreted, it becomes
meaningful information.
• Data does not depend on information; however, information depends on data.
• Data typically comes in the form of graphs, numbers, figures, or statistics.
Information is typically presented through words, language, thoughts, and ideas.
• Data isn’t sufficient for decision-making, but you can make decisions based on
information.
Examples of Data vs Information
To further explore the differences between data and information, let’s look at a few examples:
Data Examples
• The number of visitors to a website in one month
• Inventory levels in a warehouse on a specific date
• Individual satisfaction scores on a customer service survey
• The price of a competitors’ product
Information Examples
 • Understanding that changes to a website have led to an increase or decrease in
monthly site visitors
• Identifying supply chain issues based on trends in warehouse inventory levels
over time
• Finding areas for improvement with customer service based on a collection of
survey responses
• Determining if a competitor is charging more or less for a similar product
Question 12: State four reasons why computers are used

Although computers are still foreign to some people, their overall acceptance in today's world is
growing at a rapid pace. There are some reasons that a person might have against using a
computer, such as facing the learning curve. However, getting past this point is very beneficial
because of the vast array of opportunities that a computer can offer. Even people who don't own
a computer can easily access them while at school or by visiting their local library. Although the
overall list is long, there are usually several main reasons why you decide to use computers.

1, For Education

The fact that computers are in most of today's schools is a good indication of the positive impact
that they can have for students. Computers allow students to access almost any type of
information they're seeking with the click of a button. Skills can also be sharpened due to the
wide range of computer programs that drill students on the types of things they will likely face in
their classes. Teachers can also benefit
from computers as they allow them to not only test students but to also keep track of their
individual progress. This information can then be accessed by viewing the computer screen as
opposed to flipping through stacks of paper.

2, For Children

If you have children, one of the main reasons you might want to use computers is to benefit
them. Kids can rebel against learning when they feel like it's being forced on them. However, a
computer will allow kids to have control of the learning process and to learn at a speed that's
comfortable to them. Learning programs that are computer-based have a way of grabbing a
child's total attention and increasing her level of focus. Having your child learn via a computer
will make her comfortable using them, which will also benefit her greatly later on in life.

3, For Staying in Touch

A great reason to use a computer is because it allows you to stay in touch with your friends and
relatives. Instead of writing a letter on paper and having it take several days to reach its
destination, a computer will allow you to type it and email it to them in seconds. Computers can
also go a step further and make hearing and even seeing your loved ones a possibility. Programs
are available that allow you and the other person to talk by connecting a microphone and
speakers to your computer. There are also programs that will allow you to see one another
simply by connecting a webcam to the computers.

4, For Income

Another good reason to use computers is because they offer an opportunity to make income from
the comfort of your own home. People who are already employed can use their computers to
make extra income in their spare time. Others who are unemployed can start their own business
and be their own boss. Using a computer to work from home can also save some expenses like
gas that must be paid for to travel back and forth to work. For those who don't quite know which
money-making method is right for them, the computer will even assist with this issue, as you can
easily use it to research and find the opportunity that you like best.

Question13 : Describe an example of how you use technology to assist with your studies.

Benefits of Technology in the Classroom

Why is technology important in the classroom? The advantages of technology continue to

evolve, but here are a few of the positive developments of technology in the classroom!
1. Provides A More Engaged Learning Environment
One significant benefit of integrating technology in course design is that it helps to create a more
engaging learning environment for students. It’s hard to deny the impact that technology has had
on the way we teach and learn.
Technology can help teachers to present subjects in more interactive and creative ways. With all
the possibilities out there (and with more on the way with advancements like virtual reality) it’s
an intriguing time to be a teacher planning a course.
2. Prepares Students for the Future
Technology is everywhere, which is why it’s important that it plays a part in students’ current
learning environment. Using technology when you teach will help students to become more
familiar with common programs that they will use in their future careers.
Teachers aim to prepare their students, and a great way to do that is with technology. Since it
will play a large role in their lives moving forward, students need to be able to understand the
basics. The use of computers and the internet will be an integral part of their future professional
and personal lives.
3. Connects Better with Students
One of the most important aspects to a teacher’s and student’s success is how well they can
connect with each other. Teachers are always seeking ways to connect not only with their
students but always with one another to build community in their courses
Technology provides teachers with an opportunity to connect with their students in a new way. It
allows you to open up lines of communication and use the Internet to explain curriculum
material in a new way, which can be very helpful to students.
Many students these days already gravitate towards the Internet, so by using these technologies
in the classroom, you may increase opportunities to build community with your students.
4. Boosts Collaboration
An engaging learning environment requires a lot of collaboration. Technology is a great way to
promote and facilitate discussion among students. They’ll interact with each other through the
technology and discuss different ways they can collaborate and learn together.
Some students are gifted with computers, meaning it won’t be long until they learn some tricks
of the trade and can help other students out with their assignments and tasks. This promotes a
collaborative environment in the classroom, which in turn leads to a more connected community.
5. Supports Learning
Many students learn best when they have access to technology. To reach as many students as
possible, it’s crucial that technology be incorporated into the course design.
Technology can offer a variety of teaching and learning techniques that can help teachers convey
the subject material to a larger audience (more on that in a bit). The hope of many teachers is to
reach as many students as they can, and technology provides a great solution for them.

Question 14: Write a short note on the following:

Decision Support Systems (DSS)

Decision support systems are interactive, computer-based systems that aid users in judgment and
choice activities. They provide data storage and retrieval but enhance the traditional information
access and retrieval functions with support for model building and model-based reasoning. They
support framing, modeling, and problem solving.

Typical application areas of DSSs are management and planning in business, health care, the
military, and any area in which management will encounter complex decision situations. Deci-
sion support systems are typically used for strategic and tactical decisions faced by upper-level
management—decisions with a reasonably low frequency and high potential consequences—in
which the time taken for thinking through and modeling the problem pays off generously in the
long run.

There are three fundamental components of DSSs

• Database management system (DBMS). A DBMS serves as a data bank for the DSS. It stores
large quantities of data that are relevant to the class of problems for which the DSS has been
designed and provides logical data structures (as opposed to the physical data structures) with
which the users interact. A DBMS separates the users from the physical aspects of the database
structure and processing. It should also be capable of informing the user of the types of data that
are available and how to gain access to them.

• Model-base management system (MBMS). The role of MBMS is analogous to that of a DBMS.
Its primary function is providing independence between specific models that are used in a DSS
from the applications that use them. The purpose of an MBMS is to transform data from the
DBMS into information that is useful in decision making. Since many problems that the user of a
DSS will cope with may be unstructured, the MBMS should also be capable of assisting the user
in model building.
• Dialog generation and management system (DGMS). The main product of an interaction with a
DSS is insight. As their users are often managers who are not computer-trained, DSSs need to be
equipped with intuitive and easy-to-use interfaces.

• Transaction Processing System (TPS)

An Information system that processes data arising from the occurrence of business transactions.

 Transaction processing systems (TPS) are aimed at improving the routine business activities
on which all organizations depend.

 A transaction is any event or activity that affects the organization which occur as part of doing
business, such as sales, purchases, deposit, withdrawals, refunds and payments.

 Common transactions include placing orders, billing customers, hiring employees, and
depositing cheques.

 The types of transactions that occur vary from organization to organization.

 Transaction processing, the set of procedures for handling the transactions,

often includes the activities like calculation, storage and retrieval, classification,

summarization, sorting.

 Transaction processing procedures are often called standard operating procedures.

Example:

The routines associated with general banking transactions typify the use of standard operating
procedures for the handling of deposits and withdraws, cashing of cheques, and other processes.

Customer Activity
Enter A/C Number

Enter password () Enter withdrawal amount

Ledger.

Remove receipt & money

Transaction Processing cycle:-

MIS

System Activity

Verify the a/c no is acceptable or not.

Verify that password is valid for the a/c.

Verify that amount is within limits set by the bank.

Record transaction in

Dispense money.

Issue receipt for transaction.

Ready for next transaction

Transaction processing systems capture and process data describing business

transactions. Then they update organizational files and databases and produce a variety of
information products for internal and external use.

Transaction processing systems generally go through a five-stage cycle of 1) Data entry activities

2) Transaction processing activities 3) File and database processing

4) Document and report generation 5) Inquiry processing activities.

✓ Artificial intelligence
• Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a branch of Science which deals with helping machines find
solutions to complex problems in a more human-like fashion.

• This generally involves borrowing characteristics from human intelligence, and applying them
as algorithms in a computer friendly way.

• A more or less flexible or efficient approach can be taken depending on the requirements
established, which influences how artificial the intelligent behavior appears

• Artificial intelligence can be viewed from a variety of perspectives.

 From the perspective of intelligence artificial intelligence is making machines "intelligent" -

- acting as we would expect people to act.

o The inability to distinguish computer responses from human responses is called the

Turing test.

o Intelligencerequiresknowledge

o Expert problem solving - restricting domain to allow including significant

relevant knowledge

 From a business perspective AI is a set of very powerful tools, and methodologies for

using those tools to solve business problems.

 From a programming perspective, AI includes the study of symbolic programming,

problem solving, and search.

o Typically, AI programs focus on symbols rather than numeric processing.

o Problemsolving-achievegoals.

o Search - seldom access a solution directly. Search may include a variety of

techniques.
o AIprogramminglanguagesinclude:

 LISP, developed in the 1950s, is the early programming language strongly associated with AI.
LISP is a functional programming language with procedural extensions. LISP (LISt Processor)
was specifically designed for processing heterogeneous lists -- typically a list of symbols.
Features of LISP are run- time type checking, higher order functions (functions that have other
functions as parameters), automatic memory management (garbage collection) and an interactive
environment.

College of Science for Women

Computer Department

✓ Business - to - Consumer (B2C)

Confusion over the meaning of acronyms is particularly relevant in the case of B2C where
popular belief is that the “C” is interpreted to mean “customer”. In order to differentiate between
B2C and B2B (business to business), where the second “B” might be also a customer, it has
become more common for the acronym B2C to mean “business to (end) consumer” trading.
Further such ‘end consumption’ means that the goods or services do not contribute directly to the
factors of production for other goods and services.
Oracle, in their “Application Developers Guide”, (Oracle, 2000) define business-to-consumer
(B2C) as “a term describing the communication between businesses and consumers in the selling
of goods and services”. Using a similar theme, (Sybase, 2001) however, in their “Glossary of
Industry-Specific Abbreviations, Acronyms and Terms”, interpret business-to-consumer (B2C)
as “the ability of companies to deliver products, services, support, and information over the
Internet directly to individual consumers”. While (IBM, 2001b) presents a similar perspective
they define business-to-consumer (B2C) as “the use of Web-based technologies to sell goods or
services to an end-consumer”. These three similar definitions referring to B2C in terms of
“communication between”, “ability of”, and “use of”, contrasts with more popularly implied
interpretations describing business- to-consumer (B2C) as referring to simply “the sale of goods,
products or services between a business and consumer” (Smart Computing Dictionary, 2001).
B2C e-commerce involves goods, products and services but also inherently involves the two-way
exchange of information between the user (consumer) and the system (business).
B2C e-commerce may therefore be defined as:
✓ Consumer - to - Consumer (C2C)
Consumer to consumer (C2C) is a business model in which third-party companies facilitate
transactions for products or services between private consumers without a business participating
on either end of the sale. Today, most C2C business is conducted via online companies. Before
the Internet, C2C transactions primarily occured in places like newspaper classifieds, live
auctions, or garage sales.
✓ Consumer - to - Business (C2B)
Key Characteristics of C2B
C2B (Consumer-to-Business) model refers to the business model of providing personalized
products and services to consumers based on consumer demand (Wu, Ma & Wu, 2020).
According to Thirumalai and Senthilkumar (2017), the e-commerce-6 based C2B model includes
gathering customers, collective bargaining with merchants, and transferring pricing supremacy
from manufacturers to consumers to negotiate with manufacturers. In this C2B model, businesses
consolidate fragmented consumer requirements into a complete order suited for factories' mass
production and then coordinate production using the most efficient production method and
suppliers to satisfy market demand (Huang et al., 2016). Chen (2021) emphasized that the
importance of the idea of C2B prioritized consumer demand above corporate output. Song &
Tang (2017) analyzed C2B from the perspective of value customization and argued that C2B is a
consumer-oriented business model in which companies need to find the appropriate producers to
meet the demand and gain revenue according to the different needs of different consumers

✓ Business - to - Government (B2G)

Business to government (B2G) is the sale and marketing goods and services to federal, state, or
local agencies. In modern lingo, there are three basic business models: business to customer
( B2C), business to business (B2B), and business to government (B2G).

✓ Government - to - Business (G2B)

Technology has made it possible for consumers to acquire goods and services from the comfort
of their own homes without having to leave their homes or utilize an e-marketplace. If you
leverage the advantages of E-commerce, you may simplify the process of purchasing or selling
products or services, as well as the marketing of those products or services, because everything is
done online and you have a wider audience of potential customers to target.
To begin, it’s important to understand how E-commerce works, which involves using the
internet, online, or platforms to conduct business, with an emphasis on digitally allowing
commercial transactions involving information systems as well as those within and among
businesses and individual users. Business to Business (B2B) is a sort of e-business that solely
deals with companies, such as manufacturers and distributors. For instance, industries buy spare
components

✓ The Concept of Computer Security

Enabling people to carry out their jobs, education, and research

Supporting critical business processes
lProtecting personal and sensitive information
✓ Information Security Measures
Information security is a set of practices intended to keep data secure from unauthorized access
or alterations. Here's a broad look at the policies, principles, and people used to protect
data.Information security, sometimes abbreviated to infosec, is a set of practices intended to keep
data secure from unauthorized access or alterations, both when it’s being stored and when it’s
being transmitted from one machine or physical location to another. You might sometimes see it
referred to as data security. As knowledge has become one of the 21st century’s most important
assets, efforts to keep information secure have correspondingly become increasingly important.

REFERENCE