SE

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Understanding

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IT
Passivhaus

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A simple guide to Passivhaus
detailing and design

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Emma Walshaw
 All information contained in this book and associated digital files (skp, dwg, FLIXO) are for educational purposes only.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted

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in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the
prior written permission from the author.

The book is an informative guide and resource only. It is not intended in any way to be a substitute for the advice of a
fully qualified professional who will apply their skill, knowledge and experience to the specific projects on which they are
engaged.

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It is the responsibility of the users of this guide to carry out their own due diligence when working up construction details,
and to seek advice from fully qualified professionals.

Under no circumstances should any of the contents of the book be used as construction drawings or otherwise form the
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basis upon which any construction is built. Drawings must always be prepared, checked and verified by a fully qualified
architect or associated professional having regard to the specific construction to which they relate.

The content of the book is based on the research, training and professional experience of the author and is true and
complete to the best of their knowledge. Whilst to the best of the author’s knowledge the content reflects current
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Building Regulation requirements within the United Kingdom as at the date of publication, it is the reader, architect,
contractor or project manager’s overall responsibility to ensure compliance and to seek approval from the appropriate
Building Control Officers (or equivalent/alternative certifiers in jurisdictions other than the United Kingdom). No warranty
is given or should be implied as to the accuracy of the information in the book for any specific application.

While every effort has been made to check the accuracy and quality of the information given in the book, the author does
not accept any responsibility for the subsequent use of this information, for any errors or omissions that it may contain, or
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for any misunderstandings or adverse effects or consequences arising from it use.

It should be noted that only one of many permutations of thermal insulation type and positioning is shown in each
example. Insulation requirements, performance, positioning, installation all vary according to manufacturer.

Materials and textures used in the 2D and 3D details have been selected for clarity of information – the materials or
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textures are not always an accurate representation of the colour of the element or product used in reality, and not all
materials and textures are available everywhere.

For full terms of use please click here

Copyright © 2020 by Emma Walshaw

First In Architecture

Emma Walshaw asserts the moral right to be identified as the author of this work.

ISBN 9781916334311
Acknowledgements
A special thank you to
Johnathon Clous, Tad Everhart and Matthew Bowers
for their contributions to the book
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Contents
INTRODUCTION 4
WHAT IS A PASSIVHAUS? 5
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF PASSIVHAUS 6
WHY DESIGN A PASSIVHAUS ? 7
PASSIVHAUS TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS 8
PHPP 9
CERTIFICATION 10
CERTIFICATION OF A BUILDING 10
ENERPHIT STANDARD 11
CERTIFICATION OF A BUILDING COMPONENT 11
CERTIFICATION OF A DESIGNER OR CONSULTANT 11
PRINCIPLES OF PASSIVHAUS DESIGN 12
BUILDING FABRIC 12

introduction
FORM FACTOR 13

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INSULATION 14
THERMAL BRIDGES 15
AIRTIGHTNESS AND AIR LEAKAGE 20
BUILDING SERVICES AND VENTILATION 25
WINDOWS 28

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SOLAR DESIGN 31
SHADING 33
SUMMER VENTILATION 33
ROOF LIGHTS 34
TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION 35
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MASONRY CONSTRUCTION 35
TIMBER FRAME 36
STRUCTURAL INSULATED PANELS (SIPS) 37
INSULATED CONCRETE FORMWORK 37
MIXED METHODS OF CONSTRUCTION 37
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CONSTRUCTION DETAILS 38
SOLID CONCRETE WITH RENDERED EXTERNAL INSULATION 39
INSULATED CONCRETE FORMWORK 53
SOLID MASONRY WITH LARSEN TRUSSES 67
MASONRY CAVITY WALL 79
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TIMBER FRAME WITH LARSEN TRUSSES 91

TIMBER I JOIST FRAME 105
SIPS CONSTRUCTION 119
TIMBER FRAME 134
CASE STUDIES 148
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LARAWEEHAN PASSIVHAUS 149

DENBY DALE PASSIVHAUS 165
GALES PLACE 171
OSTRO PASSIVHAUS 177
DUNDON PASSIVHAUS 187
BRISTOL PASSIVHAUS 195
HOPE VIEW HOUSE 201
ECOCOCON 209
BEATTIE PASSIVE 217
REFERENCES & FURTHER READING 228

3
INTRODUCTION
The Passivhaus standard is spreading around the world at some pace, and has quickly become a leading low-
energy design principle. As we continue to improve energy efficiency in the construction industry and strive to
achieve zero carbon homes, the Passivhaus standard is a sure way to help us get there.

What started as perhaps an approach for eco enthusiasts and the adventurous, we can now see Passivhaus
certified buildings not only in the residential sector, but a wide range of buildings including schools, social
housing, offices, community centres, not to mention retrofit projects. The sectors and building types adopting
the Passivhaus method will only continue to grow.

This book is aimed at providing a clear and concise introduction to the Passivhaus method, for students,
architects, self builders or anyone with an interest in the future of construction.

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Due to the complexity and scope of the subject, this book is directed towards residential Passivhaus standards
and does not focus on non residential projects. Although there are Passivhaus standards for retrofitting, for the
purpose of this book we will focus on new build applications.

As with the previous “Understanding” books from Emma Walshaw of First In Architecture, this book includes

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some technical information, but the intention has been to make it as accessible and clear as possible.

The Passivhaus methods and standards referred to in this book are centred around a UK climate, i.e. cold
or temperate, unless stated otherwise. Any reference to the Building Regulations can be assumed as the
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Approved Documents for England and Wales.

The ‘Detail’ section of the book looks at possible construction methods and configurations for achieving the
main requirements of the Passivhaus standard, particularly super insulation and airtightness. There are many
more options available, with new technologies and solutions being developed all the time. These details are
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purely an example of the method, and not a ‘one size fits all’ solution to any Passivhaus project. This new
edition includes two further construction types to add to the list of details.

The ‘Case Study’ section of the book looks at some excellent examples of Passivhaus projects. I have been
honoured to have a small number of UK architects submit their project information and details for me to share.
I am extremely grateful for their contributions to the book. This new edition includes further case studies and a
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new certified building component.

For further reading on the subject, please refer to the ‘References & Further Reading’ section at the back of
the book.
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4 INTRODUCTION
WHAT IS A PASSIVHAUS?
The Passivhaus standard, developed in Germany, by Wolfgang Feist, a physicist with a passion for low
energy building research and design. Passivhaus is a low energy design standard, that achieves exceptionally
comfortable buildings with minimal carbon emissions. After building and monitoring a successful pilot project in
1989, Dr Feist launched the Passivhaus Institute in Germany in 1996, to continue his research into low energy
use in buildings and further develop the Passivhaus standard.

According to Passipedia there are around 60,000 Passivhaus buildings around the world. They have been
successfully built in European climates, the US and Canada along with warm Asian climates where there is a
requirement for cooling.

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Some of the key characteristics of a Passivhaus include:

• Excellent levels of thermal comfort

• Very low energy demands
• Provision of consistent fresh air throughout the building

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• High levels of insulation
• Airtight design resulting in draught free construction
• Low energy costs
• Minimal/low thermal bridge levels
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A Passivhaus has rigorous design standards and can be certified to prove the building has been designed to
the assured Passivhaus criteria. Local weather data is used to ensure the building is in tune with its location.

The Passivhaus design methods can be adopted for new build designs, both residential and commercial, and on
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retrofit buildings of all types. There is in depth guidance associated with the different types of Passivhaus build
and different certifications according to new build or retrofit status. A Passivhaus can be built using virtually
any construction method, from concrete and masonry to timber frame.

The Passivhaus standard uses the precision of building physics to ensure reduced energy costs and demand,
comfortable and healthy living conditions, with a high standard of energy efficiency that exceeds government
regulations.

WHAT IS PASSIVHAUS? 5
PRINCIPLES OF PASSIVHAUS
DESIGN
Building Fabric
The building fabric has a key role to play in achieving many of the requirements of a Passivhaus. The
Passivhaus standard adopts a ‘fabric first’ approach. This essentially means that key priority is placed on
ensuring the envelope of the building performs well including high performing insulation and airtightness, so
that minimum requirements are placed on ‘bolt on’ technologies such as water heating, space heating and so
on. The Passivhaus approach provides high levels of thermal performance and exceptional indoor comfort. The
success of the Passivhaus relies heavily on the building envelope.

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The fabric first approach also ensures durability, with long term building performance from the outset, rather
than the requirement to update and improve. By specifying high quality, and prioritising the building fabric,
the Passivhaus method ensures that the building will continue to perform well throughout the lifetime of the
building.

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Many different construction methods have been used to build a Passivhaus, some of the more frequently used
ones include:

• Solid masonry walls with exterior insulation composite

• Solid masonry walls with exterior insulation and cladding
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• Core insulation construction systems
• Cavity wall systems
• Timber frame construction with infill insulation
• Sustainable construction methods such as straw bales
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A outside

outside
inside

inside

outside
outside

inside
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solid masonry external timber frame with core insulation cavity wall system
insulation infill insulation construction system
Fig 5 - Examples of construction types

This high performance continuous envelope includes insulation to achieve low U-values, a good wind tight
layer to the outside of the insulation, an airtight barrier on the inside of the insulation and high performance
windows and doors.

12 PRINCIPLES OF PASSIVHAUS DESIGN

Windows
Windows perform a variety of functions in any building. They provide natural light, ventilation, a connection
to the outside, sunlight, sound insulation and so on. In a Passivhaus, the windows also play a key role in
the overall performance of the building. Thermal performance of the windows is a required standard of the
Passivhaus.

The windows in a Passivhaus play a vital part in reducing energy demand by taking advantage of passive
solar design strategies. High performance windows still have heat and energy losses much higher than the
surrounding building envelope.

Many low energy windows open inwards in order to insulate around the frame externally. This is fairly unusual
to the UK but somewhat necessary to achieve the high standards required. However, manufactures are
starting to develop outward opening low energy options.

Required window standards

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A U-value is used to measure the thermal efficiency of the window. The lower the U-value the better the
thermal performance. A Passivhaus window must achieve a whole window U-value of 0.80W/m2k.

This low U-value keeps the internal temperature of the window at a comfortable level, removing any need to

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provide a heat source close to the window. The average temperature of the internal window surface should
not fall below 17˚C on a cold day.

Be sure to double check manufacturer information with regards to U-values. Some refer to the U-value of
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the centre of the pane, while others will give an overall window U-value which includes the frame. Thermally,
the weakest point of every window is the window spacer, usually made of aluminium. Designers are now
specifying windows that have warm edge spacers made from thin stainless steel or thermoplastic material
which considerably improve the overall window performance.
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Installation and positioning of the windows within the building envelope is key to ensuring the windows
perform at their optimum level. Thermal bridges can occur if a window is installed incorrectly. The Passivhaus
method is to place the window within the insulation layer of the wall to minimise thermal bridging. This means
that the insulation is extended so that it overlaps the window frame. This helps to prevent any heat loss and
raises the internal temperature. The installation of airtight tapes must also be carried out correctly in order to
ensure the airtightness layer remains continuous.
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Due to the nature of the building envelope, the windows can have very deep reveals. This can benefit the
building by reducing solar gains during summer and minimising overheating, however, it is important to make
sure the reveals do not prevent solar radiation in winter.
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If an outward opening window is specified, it is more difficult to overlap the insulation to the frame as it would
interfere with the opening mechanism. In this case, outward opening windows often have a slimmer frame and
casement in order to reduce heat losses.

The g-value is the U-value of the centre of the pane - essentially the U-value of the glass.
High g-value = more solar gain in winter, but lower U-value (therefore less insulating)
Low g-value = less solar gain in winter, but higher U-value (therefore more insulating)

It is important to find the balance between winter solar gain and thermally efficient windows - and this can
result in windows of different specifications being used on different facades. A better g-value may be required
for southern orientations for solar gains in winter, whereas a shaded northern elevation would benefit from a
lower g-value where no benefit will be gained from the winter sun, so a thermally efficient window would be
more preferable.

Window design and calculations can be carried out in detail using the PHPP.

28 PRINCIPLES OF PASSIVHAUS DESIGN

Window Installation

The detailing and installation of windows must be carried out with airtightness in mind. The airtightness tapes
must be installed carefully to ensure this critical junction is not compromised.

Inside Inside

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Step 1
Prior to installation, the window must be prepped
and cleaned ready for airtightness tape to be

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Step 2
Tape applied to inside of the frame, creating slack
loop corners of at least 4cm to allow for expansion
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applied. and contraction of the window.
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Inside Inside
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Step 3 Step 4
Continue applying the tape to the perimeter of For ease, it is recommended the excess tape is then
the window, overlapping the ends to a tight seal, folded in, and temporarily fixed to make it easier to
ensuring the tape is securely adhered to the install the window into the window opening.
window along each side.

PRINCIPLES OF PASSIVHAUS DESIGN 29

 Inside

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Step 5 Step 7

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Lift the window into place and align and fasten into Apply external weatherproofing tape to the
position. outside perimeter of the window. (Not shown)

Step 6 Step 8
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Insulate the joints around the window. Folding the Unfold the internal airtightness tape back from its
airtightness tape out of the way in advance will make temporary position and seal to the inside surface.
this step easier. (Pictured above) (Pictured above)
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Outside Inside
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Airtightness tapes applied to external and internal

face of window ensuring a continuous airtight
layer, with no draughts or air leakage.

30 PRINCIPLES OF PASSIVHAUS DESIGN

TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION
The Passivhaus standard can be achieved using many different types of building methods. The decision on
construction system will determine the basis for construction detailing and requirements for the project.
There are advantages and disadvantages to all types of construction, the aim is to find a balance between
constructional needs and intention of the design.

Masonry Construction
Cavity Wall

Masonry cavity wall construction is probably the most common form of construction in the UK. It is suitable
for achieving the Passivhaus standard if some careful measures are taken.

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Higher insulation requirements will create wider cavities than standard. Openings must be designed carefully
to include well insulated cavity trays. Insulation must be able to tolerate any moisture penetration from the
masonry outer leaf.

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Traditional wall ties made from stainless steel can cause repeating thermal bridges, so specialist wall ties must
be specified that are made of materials with lower thermal conductivity.

Airtightness in masonry construction can be achieved with internal plastering, but connections with other
materials can cause cracking. Careful detailing with specialist airtight tapes will be necessary. Any penetrations
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into the plaster, such as electrical sockets, must use specialist airtight fittings such as airtight electrical sockets.

Poor brickwork with excess mortar droppings can interfere with insulation. Masonry construction is not as fast
to construct as timber frame.
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Selecting masonry cavity wall construction for a Passivhaus in the UK will ensure that local workforce are
familiar with the type of build. However, the Passivhaus standard requires more stringent methods, airtightness
will need to be carefully controlled and monitored during the build process.

Solid Masonry
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A solid construction consisting of blockwork or

concrete, insulated externally using rigid insulation
materials creates a good Passivhaus solution. An
external render system provides protection from rain
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and weather.

The airtightness layer is usually applied to the solid

structure under the insulation, in the form of a
render coat. This provides a good protection for the
airtightness layer and reduces the risk of damage.
Concrete is naturally airtight, but if prefabricated
elements are being used, care must be taken to seal
any junctions.

Solid masonry buildings provide thermal mass, which

allows the building to keep cool in the warmer months.
A solid construction performs better than lightweight
construction in this respect.

TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION 35
Timber Frame
A timber frame Passivhaus is usually constructed on a concrete raft foundation, which sits on a layer of high
density EPS insulation eliminating thermal bridging.

Standard timber studs in timber frames are generally not suitable to accommodate high levels of insulation,
the alternative is the I joist or truss joist I joists. These are a relatively economic option to achieve high levels
of insulation, and therefore low U-values. They are slimmer than standard studs so create minimal thermal
bridging. Twin stud frames are also popular, they allow for a deep insulation within the structure of the wall.

An alternative method is a double skin build up, where the insulated or partially insulated timber structure
forms the inner leaf, with an outer layer of insulation wrapped around the building. The insulation is held in
place on the external side of the structural framing using a vertical truss system, known as Larsen truss, made
of lightweight components that are spaced around the building. They resemble vertical ladders with each rung
a rectangular piece of plywood. The Larsen truss allows for deep insulation, and can be used on both timber
frame and masonry constructions.

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Timber frame construction with Larsen trusses allows the air barrier to be placed on the outside of the
structural framing prior to the external insulation being installed. This protects the air barrier from any damage
and potential penetrations from electrics, plumbing and so on. The inner structural frame is often partially
insulated to allow for a service void behind the plasterboard.

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The airtightness layer can be achieved using the OSB boards, but due to their variation in performance, 18mm
boards are recommended. Boards are then taped and sealed using specialist tape products. Purpose made
membranes are the alternative and generally the safest option when aiming for a continuous airtight layer.
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A timber frame roof would be constructed in a similar way to the walls. The rafters would be insulated on the
outside with the Larsen trusses. The air barrier is then positioned on the outside of the rafters, inside of the
main insulation layer.
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Other options for timber frame roofs with high levels of insulation include having a standard insulated rafter
system with additional insulation either above and/or below the rafters. Care must be taken to keep the
continuous insulation, and the continuous air barrier.

Timber frame structures are generally constructed quickly, allowing air testing to be carried out in the early
stages of the build.
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Concerns have been raised over moisture issues with masonry rainscreen on timber frame, as moisture can be
driven into the cavity during the summer. If specifying this type of system, ensure suitable ventilated cavity to
allow moisture to evaporate and escape.
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36 TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION
Structural Insulated Panels (SIPS)
Structural insulated panels are usually made of insulation that is sandwiched between two OSB boards. The
SIPS are prefabricated off site and are easy to build, making construction times fast and efficient. Currently,
some SIPS will require additional insulation to achieve the Passivhaus standard.

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Insulated Concrete Formwork
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Insulated concrete formwork (ICF) consists of lightweight block components that lock together to provide
a formwork system into which concrete is poured. ICF is a high strength structure that is able to achieve
excellent U-values with its insulated formwork. Construction is fast and simple, with less requirements on
skilled trades and equipment.
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Insulated concrete formwork construction is able to meet the stringent Passivhaus standards. The construction
method is excellent at avoiding thermal bridges, and achieving airtightness without adding complications to the
design.

Some manufacturers have achieved certified component status giving designers the confidence in using
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their products in their Passivhaus projects. One such manufacturer is BecoWallform, who have certified
components. Thermohouse is another company that work on Passivhaus buildings and both have kindly shared
their construction details with us for the benefit of this book.

Mixed methods of construction

The benefits of both solid masonry construction and lightweight timber construction can be combined in order
to maximise the varied advantages. It may be that a lightweight timber frame is accompanied by solid elements
such as floor slabs or basements. In contrast, the solid construction methods often use lightweight elements
such as roof or exterior walls. Careful attention must be paid to the junctions between the mixed elements,
maintaining airtightness, eliminating thermal bridging and bypass and ensuring adequate fire protection.

TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION 37
CONSTRUCTION DETAILS
The following pages demonstrate a number of examples of different construction methods that can be used
to achieve a Passivhaus standard. The details demonstrate a number of options, but are by no means an
exhaustive or complete list of the methods and combinations of construction.

The details provide an insight and example of achieving the five principles of the Passivhaus design, particularly
looking at airtightness, thermal envelope, window details and thermal bridging.

About the U-value guide: The U-value stated is a suggestion of the U-value of the construction. U-value will
vary according to materials specified, thickness and various other factors.

Therefore, it will be possible to improve the stated U-value or indeed for the U-value to be higher. Any
construction detail must be designed, checked and calculated according to specific design requirements and
project parameters.

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38 CONSTRUCTION DETAILS
Solid concrete with rendered external insulation
Concrete acts as the continuous airtight layer, therefore plastering is not required as an airtightness barrier.
This construction enables thermal mass storage. The render acts as a wind barrier on the external face of the
wall.

Insulation is fixed to wall, by adhesive or using approved fixings. Adhesive is preferable to reduce thermal
bridging, or the use of plastic fixings which have a reduced thermal conductivity.

Floor: U-value guide: 0.114 W/m2K

Wall: U-value guide: 0.115 W/m2K

Pitched Roof: U-value guide: 0.089 W/m2K

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Flat Roof: U-value guide: 0.123 W/m2K

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PH-M06

PH-M04
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PH-M07
PH-M01

PH-M02 PH-M03
PH-M07

CONSTRUCTION DETAILS 39
PH-M01
SOLID CONCRETE WALL, EXTERNAL RENDERED INSULATION

render consisting of top

coat, primer, adhesive and
reinforcing mesh

320mm EPS insulation

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180mm reinforced

PH-M01 EXTERNAL RENDERED INSULATION

concrete structural wall

plaster finish

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2D Detail PH-M01 - Solid concrete wall, external rendered insulation
Wall U-value guide: 0.115 W/m2K
Variations will depend on materials specified, fixing method of insulation, application method of render system.
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SOLID CONCRETE WALL

PH-M01
PH-M02 EXTERNAL RENDERED INSULATION
floor finish not shown
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200mm reinforced concrete

slab

damp proof membrane

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240mm expanded
polystyrene insulation

blinding layer for level base,

membranes if required

hardcore

2D Detail PH-M02 - Concrete floor slab with insulation under

Floor U-value guide: 0.114 W/m2K
Variations will depend on materials specified, along with perimeter area ratio.
Raft foundation on rigid insulation. Insulation under slab enables a simpler continuous thermal envelope
CONCRETE FLOOR SLAB WITH
PH-M02
design. Insulation specified must have suitable compressive strength and durability.
40 CONSTRUCTION DETAILS INSULATION UNDER
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3D Detail PH-M01 - Solid concrete wall, external rendered insulation
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3D Detail PH-M02 - Concrete floor slab with insulation under

CONSTRUCTION DETAILS 41
PH-T17 facing brickwork

SIP WALL WITH BRICK low conductivity wall ties

CLADDING for timber frame

90mm rigid insulation

breather membrane

SIP panel:
OSB board either side of
172mm insulation

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vapour barrier airtight layer

2D Detail PH-T17 - SIP wall with service void with vertical timber
brick cladding battens

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Wall U-Value guide: 0.131 W/m2K
two layer 12mm plaster
board
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PH-T18
facing brickwork
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PH-T17 SIP WALL WITH BRICK CLADDING

90mm rigid insulation

breather membrane
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SIP panel

low conductivity wall ties

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for timber frame

two layer 12mm plaster

board

service void with horizontal timber

battens

vapour barrier airtight layer

2D Detail PH-T18 - SIP wall with brick cladding, external corner

120 CONSTRUCTION DETAILS

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3D Detail PH-T17 - SIP wall with brick cladding
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3D Detail PH-T18 - SIP wall with brick cladding, external corner

CONSTRUCTION DETAILS 121

2D Detail Index
2D Detail PH-M01 - Solid concrete wall, external rendered insulation 40
2D Detail PH-M02 - Concrete floor slab with insulation under 40
2D Detail PH-M03 - Solid concrete wall, concrete floor slab with insulation under 42
2D Detail PH-M04 - Concrete roof junction with wall 44
2D Detail PH-M05 - Pitched concrete roof verge detail 46
2D Detail PH-M06 - Concrete flat roof junction with wall 48
2D Detail PH-M07 - Concrete wall - Idealcombi Futura + window head and sill 50
2D Detail PH-M08 - Concrete wall - Idealcombi Futura+ window jamb 52
2D Detail PH-M09 - Insulated concrete formwork wall 54
2D Detail PH-M10 - Concrete slab with insulation under 54
2D Detail PH-M11 - ICF floor wall junction 56
2D Detail PH-M12 - ICF wall to roof junction 58
2D Detail PH-M13 - ICF roof verge 60

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2D Detail PH-M14 - ICF window head and sill - Rationel Auraplus Window 62
2D Detail PH-M15 - ICF window jamb - Rationel Auraplus 64
2D Detail PH-M16 - ICF intermediate floor 65
2D Detail PH-M17 - Masonry wall, external insulation between Larsen trusses 68
2D Detail PH-M18 - Masonry wall, external insulation between Larsen trusses external corner 68

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2D Detail PH-M19 - Masonry wall, external insulation between Larsen trusses, wall floor junction 70
2D Detail PH-M20 - Masonry wall, external insulation between Larsen trusses, wall roof junction 72
2D Detail PH-M21 - Masonry wall, external insulation between Larsen trusses, roof verge detail 74
2D Detail PH-M22 - Masonry wall, external insulation between Larsen trusses, window head and sill -
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Rationel Auraplus 76
2D Detail PH-M23 - Masonry wall, external insulation between Larsen trusses, window jamb - Ra-
tionel Auraplus 78
2D Detail PH-M24 - Masonry cavity wall, full fill cavity insulation 80
2D Detail PH-M25 - Masonry cavity wall, external corner 80
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2D Detail PH-M26 - Masonry cavity wall, wall floor junction 82

2D Detail PH-M27 - Masonry cavity wall, wall roof junction 84
2D Detail PH-M28 - Masonry cavity wall, roof verge detail 86
2D Detail PH-M29 - Masonry cavity wall, window head and sill - Rationel Auraplus 88
2D Detail PH-M30 - Masonry cavity wall, window jamb - Rationel Auraplus 90
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2D Detail PH-T01 - Timber frame, external insulation between Larsen trusses 92

2D Detail PH-T02 - Timber frame, external insulation between Larsen trusses, external corner 92
2D Detail PH-T03 - Timber frame, external insulation between Larsen trusses, wall to floor junction 94
2D Detail PH-T04 - Timber frame, external insulation between Larsen trusses, wall to roof junction 96
2D Detail PH-T05 - Timber frame, external insulation between Larsen trusses, roof verge 98
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2D Detail PH-T06 - Timber frame, external insulation between Larsen trusses, window head and sill -
Rationel Auraplus 100
2D Detail PH-T07 - Timber frame, external insulation between Larsen trusses, window jamb - Rationel
Auraplus 102
2D Detail PH-T08 - Timber frame, external insulation between Larsen trusses, intermediate floor 103
2D Detail PH-T09 - Timber I beam wall, render finish 106
2D Detail PH-T10 - Timber I beam wall, external corner 106
2D Detail PH-T11 - Timber I beam wall, render finish, wall to floor junction 108
2D Detail PH-T12 - Timber I beam wall, render finish, wall to roof junction 110
2D Detail PH-T13 - Timber I beam wall, render finish, roof verge 112
2D Detail PH-T14 - Timber I beam wall, render finish, window head and sill - Rationel Auraplus 114
2D Detail PH-T15 - Timber I beam wall, render finish, window jamb - Rationel Auraplus 116
2D Detail PH-T16 - Timber I beam wall, render finish, intermediate floor 117

230 INDEX
2D Detail PH-T17 - SIP wall with brick cladding 120
2D Detail PH-T18 - SIP wall with brick cladding, external corner 120
2D Detail PH-T19 - SIP wall with brick cladding, wall to floor junction 122
2D Detail PH-T20 - SIP wall with brick cladding, wall to roof junction, standing seam zinc roof 124
2D Detail PH-T21 - SIP wall with brick cladding, standing seam zinc roof, verge detail 126
2D Detail PH-T22 - SIP wall with brick cladding, Idealcombi Futura +i window head and sill 128
2D Detail PH-T23 - SIP wall with brick cladding, Idealcombi Futura +i window jamb 130
2D Detail PH-T24 - SIP wall with brick cladding, intermediate floor 131
2D Detail PH-T25 - SIP wall with brick cladding, wall to roof junction, flat roof 132
2D Detail PH-T26 - timber frame wall, masonry outer leaf 135
2D Detail PH-T27 - timber frame wall, masonry outer leaf, external corner 136
2D Detail PH-T29 - Timber frame, masonry outer leaf, wall to floor junction 138
2D Detail PH-T29 - Timber frame, masonry outer leaf, wall to roof junction 140
2D Detail PH-T30 - Timber frame, masonry outer leaf, sloping ceiling detail 142
2D Detail PH-T31 - Timber frame, masonry outer leaf, window head and sill, Rationel Auraplus 144
2D Detail PH-T32 - Timber frame, masonry outer leaf, window jamb, Rationel Auraplus 146

E
2D Detail PH-T33 - Timber frame, masonry outer leaf, intermediate floor 147

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P
M
A
S

INDEX 231
3D Detail Index
3D Detail PH-M01 - Solid concrete wall, external rendered insulation 41
3D Detail PH-M02 - Concrete floor slab with insulation under 41
3D Detail PH-M03 - Solid concrete wall, concrete floor slab with insulation under 43
3D Detail PH-M04 - Concrete roof junction with wall 45
3D Detail PH-M05 - Pitched concrete roof verge detail 47
3D Detail PH-M06 - Concrete flat roof junction with wall 49
3D Detail PH-M07/8- Concrete wall - Idealcombi Futura+ window head and sill 51
3D Detail PH-M08- Concrete wall - Idealcombi Futura+ window jamb 52
3D Detail PH-M09 - Insulated concrete formwork wall 55
3D Detail PH-M10 - Concrete slab with insulation under slab 55
3D Detail PH-M11 - Insulated concrete formwork wall floor junction 57
3D Detail PH-M12 - Insulated concrete formwork wall to roof junction 59
3D Detail PH-M13 - Insulated concrete formwork roof verge 61

E
3D Detail PH-M14 - Insulated concrete formwork window head and sill - Rationel Auraplus 63
3D Detail PH-M15 - Insulated concrete formwork window jamb - Rationel Auraplus 64
3D Detail PH-M16 - Insulated concrete formwork intermediate floor 65
3D Detail PH-M17 - Masonry wall, external insulation between Larsen trusses 69
3D Detail PH-M18 - Masonry wall, external insulation between Larsen trusses, external corner 69

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3D Detail PH-M19 - Masonry wall, external insulation between Larsen trusses wall floor junction 71
3D Detail PH-M20 - Masonry wall, external insulation between Larsen trusses wall roof junction 73
3D Detail PH-M21 - Masonry wall, external insulation between Larsen trusses roof verge detail 75
3D Detail PH-M22 - Masonry wall, external insulation between Larsen trusses window head and sill -
P
Rationel Auraplus 77
3D Detail PH-M23 - Masonry wall, external insulation between Larsen trusses window jamb - Rationel
Auraplus 78
3D Detail PH-M24 - Masonry cavity wall, full fill cavity insulation 81
3D Detail PH-M25 - Masonry cavity wall, external corner 81
M

3D Detail PH-M26 - Masonry cavity wall, wall floor junction 83

3D Detail PH-M27 - Masonry cavity wall, wall roof junction 85
3D Detail PH-M28 - Masonry cavity wall, roof verge detail 87
3D Detail PH-M29 - Masonry cavity wall, window head and sill - Rationel Auraplus 89
3D Detail PH-M30 - Masonry cavity wall, window jamb - Rationel Auraplus 90
A

3D Detail PH-T01 - Timber frame, external insulation between Larsen trusses 93

3D Detail PH-T02 - Timber frame, external insulation between Larsen trusses, external corner 93
3D Detail PH-T03 - Timber frame, external insulation between Larsen trusses - wall to floor junction
95
3D Detail PH-T04 - Timber frame, external insulation between Larsen trusses, wall to roof junction 97
S

3D Detail PH-T05 - Timber frame, external insulation between Larsen trusses, roof verge 99
3D Detail PH-T06 - Timber frame, external insulation between Larsen trusses, window head and sill -
Rationel Auraplus 101
3D Detail PH-T07 - Timber frame, external insulation between Larsen trusses, window jamb - Rationel
Auraplus 102
3D Detail PH-T08 - Timber frame, external insulation between Larsen trusses, intermediate floor 103
3D Detail PH-T09 - Timber I beam, render finish 107
3D Detail PH-T10 - Timber I beam, render finish, external corner 107
3D Detail PH-T11 - Timber I beam, render finish, wall to floor junction 109
3D Detail PH-T12 - Timber I beam, render finish, wall to roof junction 111
3D Detail PH-T13 - Timber I beam, render finish, roof verge 113
3D Detail PH-T14 - Timber I beam, render finish, window head and sill - Rationel Auraplus 115
3D Detail PH-T15 - Timber I beam, render finish, window head and sill - Rationel Auraplus 116
3D Detail PH-T16 - Timber I beam, render finish, intermediate floor 117
232 INDEX
3D Detail PH-T17 - SIP wall with brick cladding 121
3D Detail PH-T18 - SIP wall with brick cladding, external corner 121
3D Detail PH-T19 - SIP wall with brick cladding, wall to floor junction 123
3D Detail PH-T20 - SIP wall with brick cladding, wall to roof junction, standing seam zinc roof 125
3D Detail PH-T21 - SIP wall with brick cladding, standing seam zinc roof, verge detail 127
3D Detail PH-T22 - SIP wall with brick cladding, Idealcombi Futura +i window head and sill 129
3D Detail PH-T23 - SIP wall with brick cladding, Idealcombi Futura +i window jamb 130
3D Detail PH-T24 - SIP wall with brick cladding, intermediate floor 131
3D Detail PH-T25 - SIP wall with brick cladding, wall to roof junction, standing seam zinc roof 133
3D Detail PH-T26- Timber frame wall, masonry outer leaf 135
3D Detail PH-T27 - Timber frame wall, masonry outer leaf, external corner 137
3D Detail PH-T29 - Timber frame, masonry outer leaf, wall to floor junction 139
3D Detail PH-T29 - Timber frame, masonry outer leaf, wall to roof junction 141
3D Detail PH-T30 - Timber frame, masonry outer leaf, sloping ceiling detail 143
3D Detail PH-31- Timber frame, masonry outer leaf, window head and sill, Rationel Auraplus 145
3D Detail PH-T32 - Timber frame, masonry outer leaf, window jamb, Rationel Auraplus 146

E
3D Detail PH-T33 - Timber frame, masonry outer leaf, intermediate floor 147

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P
M
A
S

INDEX 233
 SE
CO
Understanding

N
D
ED
Passivhaus

IT
IO
A simple guide to Passivhaus detailing and design

N
“Thanks for the ebook. It proved very useful for the Passivhaus Designer exam revision which was my
original motivation for the purchase. Looking forward to a more leisurely read through now without

E
the pressure and hopefully applying some of it to upcoming projects.”

“I am glad I stumbled upon your website. I have been looking for a simplified (but still technical)
approach to Passivehouse. It looks like you put a lot of work into this book (and the details), I just

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wanted to let you know work like this is very much appreciated. It will be a big help as I continue on
my journey of Passive House design.”
P
“This is exactly what I have been looking for. Having brought Emma’s previous books, I knew this was
going to be informative and easy to read but the level of detail Emma has gone to with this book is
amazing.
I can’t wait to use this book in my final year at university and throughout my career.”
M

“I have just finished reading your book Understanding Passivhaus and wanted to congratulate you on
creating something so concise yet useful and comprehensive.
It was a really useful introduction to the broad principles of Passivhaus design and the further reading
list also looks as though it will prove very helpful.”
A
S

Emma Walshaw - First In Architecture

firstinarchitecture.co.uk

234
Understanding
Passivhaus
DETAILS: CALCULATED

E
M04 Report

L
2
U = 0.089 W/(m ·K)

A0
1
.1

15
09
31

B
P
ΦA-C= -17.6 W/m
M
E
2845.69

2
U = 0.115 W/(m ·K)
A

C0 15 D
S

Φ 17.644
ψA-E-C = - U1·b1 - U2·b2 = - 0.089·3.109 - 0.115·2.846 = -0.018 W/(m·
∆T 30.000

Material λ[W/(m·K)] ε
Concrete, reinforced (with 1% of steel) 2.300 0.900

EPS 038 WAP 0.038 0.900

EQ I Joist with Basic Plus Mineral wool 400mm OC 0.037 0.900

Oriented strand board (OSB) 0.130 0.900

Plywood 500 kg/m3 0.130 0.900

Timber 450 kg/m3 (softwoods) 0.120 0.900

B

Emma Walshaw
2 o 2
Boundary Condition q[W/m ] θ[ C] R[(m ·K)/W] ε
Exterior, normal -10.000 0.040
θsi
Exterior, ventilated -10.000 0.130 fRsi=
Interior, heat flux, upwards 20.000 0.100
A ϕsi(5
Interior, normal, horizontal 20.000 0.130
Introduction
by Tad Everhart

Psi-values
In the Passivhaus world, the Greek letter called “psi” is used to note the extra heat transferred through a
thermal bridge. Like the acronym “PHI” for the Passivhaus Institut (Passive House Institute), people pronounce
the “I” either as in I or as in me. Most pronounce it like a long vowel (“I” or “aye”).

Those of having difficulty figuring out which is correct should note that psi not only rhymes with “sigh,” but
there is definitely an element of reluctance in discussing psi-values, let alone calculating them.

The psi-value is represented by the Greek letter Ψ.

Psi-values account for thermal bridging

E
Remember that a thermal bridge is a place in the building envelope where the conductivity of the envelope
changes substantially. This is typically where two or more assemblies are connected. These junctions often
include structural materials which are selected for strength withstanding loads, sheer, and other forces; not
insulation selected to slow conduction. These materials are often more dense than insulating materials, and
because of that, more conductive. M31 Jamb Report

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The psi-value accounts for the greater amount of heat transferred
2006.69 through the thermal bridge than through
the adjacent areas. Quantified by time, we speak of heat moving faster through thermal bridges than through
the rest of the building envelope assembly.
P
ΦE-C= -17.6 W/m
Psi-values do not a describe a new phenomenon of physics. And they are not an alternative description of
conductivity (as lambda value aka “K-value” expresses conductivity). Nor are psi-values U-values. Rather, they
are a correction C D
0 factor needed for the PHPP by supplementing assembly U-values. G
10
M
Common thermal bridges and their psi-values
For example, consider the window frame in a wall. It is typically much thinner than the wall. And, typically,
made of denser material needed for structural strength than the insulation in the wall. Generally, the frame
will conduct heatAfaster than bothBthe wall as well as a high-performing insulating glazing unit (IGU). The
“window-installation
ΦA-B=psi-value”
1.8 W/m Φ
accounts for this greater heat flow (aka “heat flux”) through the2 window frame
1.820
U
in the wall than simply applying the familiar =
formula U =
(conductivity) = X 0.152
X A (area) W/(m ·K) difference
deltaT (temperature
A

eq A-B
∆T·b 30.000·0.400
between outside and inside) to both the window and the wall and then averaged them based on their
respective areas of the400.00
assembly.
Φ Φ1 17.616 7.840
ψE-G-C, * = - - U2·b2 = - - 0.152·2.007 = 0.022 W/(m·K
∆T ∆T 30.000 30.000
S

15
-5 0
0
5 Material
10
Aluminium (Si Alloys)
15
Annex A EPDM

Basalt Resin / ISOVER CSW 032, 3D equival

Basalt Resin / ISOVER CSW 032, 3D equival

Basalt Resin / ISOVER CSW 032, 3D equival

Basalt Resin / ISOVER CSW 032, 3D equival

Concrete, medium density 2000 kg/m3

EPS 038 WAP

Gypsum plasterboard

4 DETAILS: CALCULATED ISOVER CSW 032

Oriented strand board (OSB)

What Flixo calculates for condensation risk
At the same time Flixo calculates the psi-value, it calculates condensation risk with the following values,
typically in this order:

Θsi min A-B – Minimum interior surface temperature (from point A to point B) -- Must exceed 12.6C. Flixo
also points out the location of that minimum temperature.
fRSI – Minimum interior surface temperature factor -- Must exceed 0.75 for Passivhaus buildings in
the Cold climate zone.
ϕsi(50.0%) —Relative humidity on the interior surface at the minimum temperature point given PHI’s
boundary conditions (50% RH and 20C)
ϕ(100.0%) —Room humidity #1. Room RH at which moisture will condense on the interior surface at the
minimum temperature point (given the boundary condition room temperature of 20C)
ϕ(80.0%) —Room humidity #2. Room RH at which the relative humidity at the interior surface at the
minimum temperature point will be 80% (given the boundary condition room temperature of
20C). This indicates maximum room RH possible whilst avoiding substantial risk of mould at
that cold point.

E
Flixo can also calculate the average inside surface temperature, but this is not as important and is not shown in
the following images.

Note: The PHPP U-values sheet allows selection of surface air film heat transmission resistances for every

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assembly. Each assembly allows selection of both the interior surface air resistance (Rsi) and exterior surface
air resistance (Rse). The values represent the resistance to heat transmission by the thin layer of air which
adheres to surfaces. fRSI is related to both Rsi and Rse, but not in a simple way. The relationship is explained
following the details.
P
Related Notes: fRSI is also important in calculating whether a building meets the comfort criteria. Since
junctions are typically only a small portion of the interior surface of the building, the fRSI value at the junction
is only a small element of the equation to calculate the radiative temperature (temperature of the surfaces
surrounding a person whose comfort is influenced by radiation to and from those surfaces). For this reason,
this introduction to fRSI values is limited to the hygiene criterion, i.e. the potential for moisture to condense on
M

inside surfaces.

Not only must a Passivhaus meet the hygiene requirements including low risk of moisture condensing on
interior surfaces (fRSI), but assemblies and junctions must be planned and construction to avoid risk that
excessive moisture could build up within them (“interstitial moisture”) since that can compromise both hygiene
and durability. Other software can estimate moisture and temperatures in building assemblies, but they are
A

not presented here.

Your Flixo files

With this copy of Details-Calculated, you have the Flixo file for every detail including a report like the sample
S

above.

You can easily modify dimensions and materials. And the boundary conditions and reporting formats.

If you supply your name, email address, and country, Flixo provides a free 30-day trial Flixo license.

Flixo includes a free online manual that is searchable.

And the Flixo YouTube channel includes over 30 short videos on both basic techniques and particular subjects.

14 DETAILS: CALCULATED
PH-M03
FLOOR TO WALL JUNCTION CONCRETE FLOOR AND WALL

plaster finish down to slab

floor finish not shown

150mm

E
waterproof tanking to
insulation below ground

200mm reinforced concrete

slab

damp proof membrane

L
240mm expanded
polystyrene insulation
P blinding layer for level base,
membranes if required

hardcore
M
protective slab to insulation
M03 closebelow
up ground
Report
05 15

JUNCTION CONCRETE FLOOR

PH-M03 SLAB / CONCRETE WALL
A

o
θsi min = 18.9 C
S

A-B

fRsi= 0.964
ϕsi(50.0%)= 53.5%
ϕ100.0%= 93.5%
ϕ80.0%= 74.8%

10
0

05 15 -5

18 DETAILS: CALCULATED
 Psi Value (ψ) -0.064 W/(m.K)
05 15 -5

o
θsi min = 18.4 C
A-B

fRsi= 0.946
ϕsi(50.0%)= 55.3%
ϕ100.0%= 90.5%
ϕ80.0%= 72.4%

E
A

L
10 Material
0 Concrete, reinforced (with 1% of steel)

EPS 038 WAP

Sand and gravel

P
-5

Wall Floor Junction

M
This wall to floor junction allows for a continuous layer of insulation, maintaining the thickness throughout.
This results in a negative Psi value, making this detail thermal bridge free.
A
S

DETAILS: CALCULATED 19
 PH-M13
ICF ROOF VERGE
tiles on softwood battens on
counter battens

roofing membrane

250mm insulated roof panel

E
battens to create service
void with plasterboard over

L
air barrier fixed to wall and
plastered over, lapped to
underside of roof panel
P
M

M13 Report

1894.52

PH-M13 ICF WALL ROOF VERGE

2
U = 0.142 W/(m ·K)
A

m E A0 -5
15 0
B 5
10
15
S

2
U = 0.123 W/(m ·K)

-5 0 5 10 15
C 0 10 15D
Φ 15.702
ψA-E-C = - U1·b1 - U2·b2 = - 0.142·1.895 - 0.123·2.583 = -0.063 W/(m·K)
∆T 30.000

-5
34 DETAILS: CALCULATED 0
5
10
 Psi Value (ψ) -0.063 W/(m.K)

-5
0
5
10
15

o
θsi min = 17.8 C
A-B Material
fRsi= 0.927
Air layer, unventilated, upwards, thickness: 21 mm
ϕsi(50.0%)= 57.4% Concrete, reinforced (with 1% of steel)

ϕ100.0%= 87.2% EPS 038 WAP

E
EQ Service Cavity 400mm OC
ϕ80.0%= 69.7%
Gypsum plasterboard

Gypsum plastering 1000 kg/m3

A
Plywood 500 kg/m3

Timber 450 kg/m3 (softwoods)

-5 0 5 10 15

L
P
M
A
S

Wall to Roof Verge

Similar to the previous junction, the roof verge also achieves a thermal bridge free Psi value.

DETAILS: CALCULATED 35
 M14 Head Report

Φ Φ2 16.843 7.840
ψA-E-C, * = - U1·b1 - = - 0.123·2.317 - = 0.015 W/(m·K)
∆T ∆T 30.000 30.000

0 10 15 -5 0 5 10 15
A B U = 0.123 W/(m2·K)

E
2317.26

15

ΦA-C= -16.8 W/m

-5

L 0
0 15
5 10 15
P
CD
0

Material
M
Aluminium (Si Alloys)

Annex A EPDM

Concrete, reinforced (with 1% of steel) A

EPS 038 WAP
o
Gypsum plasterboard θsi min = 17.6 C
A-B
Gypsum plastering 1000 kg/m3
fRsi= 0.918
Panel

Polyethylene foam
ϕsi(50.0%)= 58.3%
Silicone, pure ϕ100.0%= 85.8%
A

Timber 450 kg/m3 (softwoods)

ϕ80.0%= 68.6%
Timber 700 kg/m3 (hardwoods)

Unventilated air cavity *

* EN ISO 10077-2:2017, 6.4.3/anisotrop

0 15
S

Understanding Passivhaus
Details: Calculated

Emma Walshaw - First In Architecture

firstinarchitecture.co.uk