PRINCIPLES AND

TECHNIQUES IN
GUIDANCE AND
COUNSELING
Ma. Fatima Baino
Bacala, RGC.
 WHAT IS GUIDANCE?
Is the process of helping an
individual to gain self-understanding, self-
direction, and to adjust maximally to the
environment.
This help is designed to assist people
in deciding where they want to go, what
they want to do, how to get to their
destination, and how to solve problems
arising in their life.
 WHAT IS GUIDANCE?
Guidance is an umbrella term
embracing counselling services, appraisal
services, information services,
referral services, research and
evaluation services, all of which help an
individual to grow in self-understanding
and consequently in making wise
decisions for best adjustment.
WHAT IS COUNSELING?
Counselling is a mutual relationship
between a counsellor who is a professionally
trained helper, and a client who is a consumer
of counselling services.

Counselling is a professional
relationship between a counsellor who
is professionally trained and a client
(counselee) who is seeking help to resolve a
problem.
WHAT IS COUNSELING?
Counselling is a face-face
relationship between a client and a
counsellor in a confidential setting.
Counselling is a dynamic and
purposeful relationship between two people
who approach a mutually defined problem, with
mutual consideration of each other to the end
that the younger or less mature or more
troubled of the two is aided to a self determined
resolution to his problem
 Counseling
constitutes three
activities like:
I - Informing A- Advising and
C - Counseling
• Informing: Here the role of the counselor is to
give appropriate and correct information to the
clients.
• Advising: The counselor suggests appropriate
courses of action. Here the counselor offers
several options and recommends one according
to your aim or interest.
• Counselling: The counselor helps the students
to clarify his needs, feelings or motivations so
that he can make the appropriate decision for
himself.

So you can think of these three activities as a continuous

spectrum of areas which merge into each other.
CHARACTERISTICS OF COUNSELING
•Counseling takes place in the confidential environment

•Counseling is a two way process.

•Counseling is the private relationship

(There is a mutual relationship between
the two individuals. mutual respect
between the two)
•Counseling is a professional relationship
•Counseling does not involve giving advice

•Counseling is non-hierarchical relationship

 Basic Principles of
Guidance and Counseling
Principles of Guidance:
HOLISTIC DEVELOPMENT OF
INDIVIDUAL:
Guidance needs to be provided in
the context of total development
of personality.
RECOGNITION OF INDIVIDUAL
DIFFERENCES AND DIGNITY:
Each individual is different from every
other individual.
Each individual is the combination of
characteristics which provides
uniqueness to each person
 Guidance is Concerned With
Individual Behavioral
Processes.
It helps the individual gain better control
over his/her own behavior such as likes,
dislikes, tendencies and weaknesses.
 GUIDANCE RELIES ON
COOPERATION, NOT ON
COMPULSION (FORCE).
Client should not be forced. The client
should consent by either explicitly
asking for help or implicitly hinting,
GUIDANCE IS A CONTINUOUS AND A
SEQUENTIAL EDUCATIONAL PROCESS.

•Guidance is a lifelong process; begins at

home goes on to school and into the
society.
(Parents → Teachers → Community).
•Guidance should be oriented towards a
single goal.
Principles of Counseling
Human Beings are Basically Self-
Determining Creatures.

Human beings have an innate

desire for independence and
autonomy.
A Client Should Move Towards
a Greater Level of Self-
Acceptance and Self-
Understanding.
Aim to excel more.
A CLIENT SHOULD DEVELOP A GREATER
LEVEL OF HONESTY IN RESPECT TO
HIMSELF.
Client’s real self should resemble the
ideal self (one would like to be). Self-
Concept (the way individuals perceive
themselves) should be congruent with
their experiences.
OBJECTIVES SHOULD BE BASED ON THE
CLIENT’S NEED AND NOT THE
COUNSELOR’S.
Guidance is a client centered.
It helps an individual to make a wise and
informed decision.
 CONCLUSIONS
Whenever of the guidance or counseling
principle is to be adopted, they should serve
to direct the attitudes activities of the
person engaged in guidance work. They have
value for the person engaged in guidance
work. They have value for the person being
guided. They serve to promote a smoothly
functioning program of guidance and
counseling in the schools.
SIMILARITIES OF GUIDANCE AND
COUNSELING

BOTH HELPING BOTH AIM SOLVING BOTH ARE PRINCIPLED

SERVICES PROBLEMS ACTIVITIES
 BASIS FOR COMPARISON GUIDANCE COUNSELING

Meaning Guidance refers to an advice or Counseling refers to a

a relevant piece of information professional advice given by a
provided by a superior, to counselor to an individual to
resolve a problem or help him in overcoming from
overcome from difficulty. personal or psychological
problems.

Nature Preventive Remedial and Curative

Approach Comprehensive and In-depth and Introverted

Extroverted
What it does? It assists the person in It tends to change the
choosing the best alternative. perspective, to help him get
Pioneers of Counselling

FRANK PARSONS CLIFFORD BEERS

JESSE B. DAVIS
FRANK PARSONS (1854-1908)
He is the most highly recognized
individual in vocational counselling. He
is often hailed as the “the father of
Guidance„. Parsons was characterized
as a broad scholar, a persuasive writer,
a tireless activist and a great
intellectual. He developed a
framework to help individuals decide
on a career.
Frank Parsons’ Steps for Choosing a
Career
1.The person should have a clear understanding
of his or her aptitudes, abilities, interests and
limitations (Self-Assessment).
2.The person should be aware of available job
opportunities, the requirements and demands
of the work, the compensations given and
prospects of the job (Study of Options)
3.To match or establish the relationship between
these two bodies of information i.e. the abilities
of the person and characteristics of the job
(Careful Reasoning)
JESSE B. DAVIS
Davis instituted guidance program in high school
to decrease problems created during the
industrial revolution.
Guidance and counselling in schools started to
respond to the national needs and concerns.
Social problems including substance abuse,
mental health issues, and changing family
patterns all pulled and tugged at defining the
purpose of the guidance in schools and role of
school counsellors.
CLIFFORD BEERS
ADVOCATOR OF THE INSANE
In 1900 he was first confined to a private mental
institution for depression and paranoia. He would
later be confined to another private hospital as well
as a state institution. During these periods he
experienced and witnessed serious maltreatment at
the hands of the staff. His book A Mind That Found
Itself (1908), an autobiographical account of his
hospitalization and the abuses he suffered, was
widely and favorably reviewed, became a bestseller,
and is still in print
 NEED AND IMPORTANCE
OF GUIDANCE
•To help students know themselves better

•To give students information that will help them to succeed in

life

•To assist students in planning for educational and vocational

choices

•To help students so that they can solve their problems

•To encourage students develop special abilities and right

attitudes

•To establish mutual understanding between teachers and

students
Purpose of Guidance and
Counselling in Educational
Institutions
1.Personal development and adjustment.
Self-understanding: the discovery of
potentialities, special aptitudes, and
interests.
Recognition and development of favorable
attitudes and habits, and the elimination of
undesirable traits
2.Educational progress and adjustment.
Selection of appropriate courses in line
with individual needs, interests, abilities,
and circumstances
Choice of the right type of advanced
training, college or otherwise
• 3.Occupational development and
adjustment. Information on
occupational opportunities and trends
• Knowledge of occupational fields
toward which individual aptitudes and
interests may best be directed. Help in
finding suitable employment.
• 4.Follow-up after leaving school.
• Research with respect to needs of
pupils and the effectiveness of the
secondary school curriculum.
• Evaluation of the guidance
programme.
TYPES/AREAS OF GUIDANCE SERVICES

Personal
guidance
Avocational Social
guidance Types of
guidance
Guidance
Services
Health Educationa
guidance l guidance
Vocational
guidance
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 ORGANIZATION OF COUNSELLING
SERVICES
 Types or forms of the organization of counselling services in
educational institutions are:

1. Centralization counselling services: II. Decentralization counselling services:

(The entire responsibilities of the guidance (The responsibilities of the counselling
& counselling services is vested upon a group services is vested upon teachers
of trained personnel of the department of
guidance & counselling services )
III. Combination of centralized &
decentralized counselling services:
(In this mixed form, guidance & counselling
services are provided by teachers &
expert collectively.)
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 Purposes of organization counselling
services…
 To help individuals with normal development problems.
 To help individuals through a temporary crisis during the
different stages of life.
 To identify signs of disturbed behavior at early stage, so manage it.
 To refer critical cases to specialists for best possible
management.
 To facilitate communication within & between nursing institutions & homes.
 To support not only the tutors/nursing faculty who are helping
individuals but also who themselves want guidance &
reassurance at times.
 Ingredients of guidance and counseling
services…
1. The Admission Service 2.The Orientation Service
(Admitting the right (A “welcome service” as it is
candidates concerned with welcoming
for the right course, selecting
fresher's to the world of
those candidates most likely) nursing )
3.The Student Information
Service 4.The Information Service
(Assist the student to obtain a (Information provide usually
realistic picture of his related to Education,
abilities, interests, personality occupational & personal-
characteristics , achievements, social )
levels of aspiration , state of
34 health, etc.) www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com 9/20/2013
Ingredients of guidance and counseling
services…6.The Placement Service
5.The Counselling Service (Help students to be in proper
(understand what he can do & scholastic track, to realize
what he should do, handle their career expectations,
his difficulties in a rational way, organize campus selection
make his own decision, etc.) interviews, provide
information regarding current
7.The Remedial Service trends, etc. )
(it is mainly oriented towards 8.The follow-up Service
helping students to improve (it is that review or systematic
their study habits, improve evaluation which is carried out
their adjustment in the clinical to find out whether
area, reducing stress, etc.) guidance services in particular
& educational programme in
general satisfies the needs of
 Ingredients of guidance and counseling
services…
10.The Evaluation Service
9.The Research Service
(it determines the
(It is intended to examine
effectiveness
both the personnel in the
& efficiency of the guidance
college guidance programme
programme, less number of
& the techniques of guidance
dropouts, harmonious
used by them so as to
relationship between teachers
discover their strong & weak
& students, good result, well
points
placed passed out students,
& ultimately strengthen the
sense of security, etc. )
whole programme .)

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