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MS5200 - HW1 - 23123001 - A Review On Geometrical Measurement Methods For Machine Tools

This document discusses geometric error measurement methods and compensation for machine tools. It begins with an introduction that machine tool accuracy requirements have increased from 0.8mm in 1940 to 0.02mm currently. Geometric errors are one factor affecting accuracy, with 21 types of errors identified for 3-axis machines. The most common geometric errors are then defined: positioning errors, straightness errors, cylindrical errors (roll, yaw, pitch), and squareness errors. Laser interferometry and ball bars are the most used measurement methods, while squareness requires mechanical squares or other diagonal methods. After measurement, error compensation techniques can be implemented to counteract deviations, though other factors also affect accuracy. The document outlines that subsequent sections will describe common measurement methods

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33 views2 pages

MS5200 - HW1 - 23123001 - A Review On Geometrical Measurement Methods For Machine Tools

This document discusses geometric error measurement methods and compensation for machine tools. It begins with an introduction that machine tool accuracy requirements have increased from 0.8mm in 1940 to 0.02mm currently. Geometric errors are one factor affecting accuracy, with 21 types of errors identified for 3-axis machines. The most common geometric errors are then defined: positioning errors, straightness errors, cylindrical errors (roll, yaw, pitch), and squareness errors. Laser interferometry and ball bars are the most used measurement methods, while squareness requires mechanical squares or other diagonal methods. After measurement, error compensation techniques can be implemented to counteract deviations, though other factors also affect accuracy. The document outlines that subsequent sections will describe common measurement methods

Uploaded by

fakihilham2705
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Fakih Ilham_23123001_MS5200

A Review on Geometrical Error Measurement Methods and


Compensations for Machine Tools
__________________________________________________________________________
1. Introduction
A precision machining definition that was refer to about 0,8mm level of machining accuracy
on 1940, was change in this time into about 0,02mm [1]. It shows that needs of machining
accuracy technology development are high. In the other side, due to high load of machine tool
running time on mass production operation, a mechanical performance of a machine tools is
naturally reduced and it can be categorized on 21 errors of geometry especially on 3 axis
machine tools [2]. To be simply, all of that can be generally classified on 6 types of axis error.
There is an error of positioning, straightness, roll, yaw, pitch and squareness [3].
First, error of “positioning” refers to a deviation of target and actual position only in one axis
point of view. We can say that “positioning” is the least complex error because if we assume
to a positioning error of x axis, it can be defined as ∆𝑥𝑥 and no other axis involved in this case.
There is 3 types Total of positioning error in 3 axis machine tools: ∆𝑥𝑥 , ∆𝑦𝑦 , and ∆𝑧𝑧 [3]. The
second error is straightness that more complex because it involving a two axis in case.
Straightness error define a deviation of motion on main axis reference relative of secondary
axis point of view. There is about 6 types total of positioning error in 3 axis machine tools: 𝛿𝑥𝑦 ,
𝛿𝑥𝑧 , 𝛿𝑦𝑥 , 𝛿𝑦𝑧 , 𝛿𝑧𝑥 , and 𝛿𝑧𝑦 .
For a next type of geometry error: roll, yaw, and pitch errors are classified as a cylindrical error
[4]. It called that because error will project on cylindrical motion on two monitored axes when
the main axis is assumed as a reference condition. Roll error define a cylindrical deviation on
main axis reference, then “yaw-error” define a cylindrical deviation on vertical axis of
reference, since a” pitch-error” define a cylindrical deviation on horizontal axis of reference.
There is about 9 types total of positioning error in 3 axis machine tools: 𝑃𝑥 , 𝑊𝑥 , 𝑅𝑥 , 𝑃𝑦 , 𝑊𝑦 , 𝑅𝑦 .
𝑃𝑧 , 𝑊𝑦 , dan 𝑅𝑦 .
The last terminology of geometrical error is squareness. In short, squareness error has a
similarity with straightness because of its amount of two involved axis. But it actually has a
different amount of reference axis. Squareness error has two amount of reference axis on
simultaneously, Alpha (𝜶) define error on XY axis, Beta (𝜷) define error on XZ axis, then
Gamma (𝜸) define error on YZ axis.
Each of that geometry error classification has its own methods on how to measure. The most
used methods on geometric measurements are using laser interferometer measurements [5] and
ball bars [8]. The squareness is the only remains that can not be measured by its methods, so
usually it conducted a measurement using mechanical square references with collimator
devices or other diagonal measurements methods [6].
Then a further step of this comprehensive activities is processing that value of error
measurement result into a countermeasure action that it commonly called an error
compensation implementing [6]. In the bigger point of view, implementing an error
compensation is did not fully counter the error on machine tools accuracy, there is a some of
other factors that causing an accuracy error: Thermal errors, Fixture – Dependent Errors, and
Cutting force – Induced Error [5]. But especially, this review will concern only on Geometric
errors measurements and how to deal with it as a section follow bellows:
Section 2 – Describe on what is a measurement method that is commonly used on measure a
geometry error of machine tools. Define what is core of that measurement methodology, also
its characteristics.
Section 3 – Will define a how to process the value of measurement data result into scientific
approach such as interpolation, statistical approach like chi square, root sum of square etc. So
it can be clearer on how to counter the deviation or commonly called implementing an error
compensations.
Section 4 – Describe a conclusion an what is gap of research that founded.

References

[1] Kalpakjian, Serope. (2023). Manufacturing Engineering and Technology (Eighth


edition in SI Units). Pearson.

[2] Huang, Nuodi. (2015). Identification of two different geometric error definitions for the
rotary axis of the5-axis machine tools. International Journal of Machine Tools &
Manufacture- Elsevier.

[3] Chen, J. Rung (2018). Research on Geometric Errors Measurement of Machine Tools
Using Auto-Tracking Laser Interferometer World Journal of Engineering and
Technology, 2018, 6, 631-636. Scientific Research Publishing.

[4] Schwenke, H. (2008). Geometric error measurement and compensation of machines—


An update. CIRP Annals - Manufacturing Technology – Elsevier.

[5] Ramesh, R. Mannan, M.A., (2000). Error compensation in machine tools — a review
Part I: geometric, cutting-force induced and fixture dependent errors. International
Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture– Pergamon.

[6] Blackshaw, D.M.S. (1997). Machine Tool Accuracy and repeatability – a new approach
with the revision of ISO 230-2. Engineering sciences vol 16.

[7] Sartori, S. (1995). Geometric Error Measurement and compensation of Machines. CIRP
Annals - Manufacturing Technology vol 44/2/1995 – Elsevier.

[8] Holub, M. (2020). Geometric Accuracy of Large Machine Tools. Acta Mechanica
Slovaca. 24(3): 56-62

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