Launching a Virtual Machine

Type 📒 Lecture
Date @December 22, 2021

Lecture # 1

Lecture URL https://youtu.be/PHrN7yp1AJw

Notion URL https://21f1003586.notion.site/Launching-a-Virtual-Machine-e493cecce6a743a9b37516d196c07c1d

Week # 1

Why do we need a Virtual Machine (VM)?

Laptops usually come pre-installed with Windows

Unless, of course, you are an 🍎 person

We wish to try Linux almost natively, without removing the existing OS

Also considering the fact that we do not wish to dual boot

Requirements
An .iso image of the operating system we want

Ubuntu 20.04 is recommended, or just use arch btw

Can be downloaded here

A Hypervisor

A hypervisor, also known as a virtual machine monitor or VMM, is

software that creates and runs virtual machines (VMs). A hypervisor

Launching a Virtual Machine 1

 allows one host computer to support multiple guest VMs by virtually
sharing its resources, such as memory and processing.

Source: https://www.vmware.com/topics/glossary/content/hypervisor.html

Oracle VirtualBox

VMWare Workstation Player

or just use Windows Subsystem for Linux

Atleast 20GB free space for the VM

Some RAM ¯\_( ツ)_/¯

8GB+ recommended

Steps
Download the Ubuntu .iso file from https://ubuntu.com/download/desktop

Download either VirtualBox or the VMWare Workstation Player

Install them

Open VirtualBox / VMWare Workstation Player

(I will be using VirtualBox)

Click on the “New Button to create a new VM”

Add a name and choose the OS type and version

Adjust the RAM and Storage as per your liking, make sure to keep the minimum specs

Select the VM on the left menu and go to settings

Launching a Virtual Machine 2

 Go to Storage → Storage Devices → Controller → Empty → Click on the CD icon and choose “Choose/Create a
Virtual Optical Disk...” and choose your .iso file

Proceed with the installation

Uhh it’s just Next, Next, Next .... Next ... Restart

When you install it correctly and get it up and running, you might see something like this ...

Launching a Virtual Machine 3

 (this screenshot here is Ubuntu 21.10 and gosh that’s a creepy monke)

Launching a Virtual Machine 4

 Command Line Environment
Type 📒 Lecture
Date @December 22, 2021

Lecture # 2

Lecture URL https://youtu.be/qrAnlpcMyYc

Notion URL https://21f1003586.notion.site/Command-Line-Environment-f96a91e782a147a88894028d7848a2c4

Week # 1

Why use Command Line environment?

To use linux at its max potential

Combine commands to form powerful scripts

To automate using these scripts

To assert dominance over GUI plebs

Terminal in Ubuntu

Command Line Environment 1

 This is what the default terminal looks like in Ubuntu

To clear the command line

clear

or you can press Ctrl + L to clear the terminal screen

To check which directory we currently are in

pwd

By default, you are placed in the home directory of the currently logged in user

To list all the files and folders in the current directory

ls

To view the currently running processes

ps

To know the OS, duh

uname

To exit the shell

exit

Or you can also press Ctrl + D to exit out of the terminal session

Anatomy of a typical command on the terminal

Command Line Environment 2

 To display all the files, press ls -a

To display the files in a list, press ls -l

Command Line Environment 3

 These two flags are the most commonly used ones, we can also combine them as one flag

like, ls -al

To get help on any command

man <command-name>

For example

man ls

gives us the manual for the command ls

Filesystem in Linux

Traversing the tree

Command Line Environment 4

 / is the root of the file system

/ is also the delimiter for sub-directories

. is the current directory

.. is the parent directory

Path for traversal can be absolute or relative

To change directory

cd <location>

Examples

cd without any arguments will take us to the home directory of the currently logged in user

cd <folder-name> will change the move us into the folder-name

cd .. will takes us to the parent of the current directory

cd / will takes us to the root directory

What does this directory do?

/bin → Essential command binaries

/boot → Static files for the bootloader

/dev → Device files

/etc → Host specific system configuration

/lib → Essential shared libraries and kernel modules

/media → Mount points for removable devices

/mnt → Mount points

/opt → Add on application software packages

/run → Data relevant to running processes

/sbin → Essential system binaries

/srv → Data for services

/tmp → Temporary files

/usr → Secondary hierarchy

/var → Variable data

/usr hierarchy
/usr/bin → User commands

/usr/lib → Libraries

/usr/local → Local hierarchy

/usr/sbin → Non-vital system binaries

/usr/share → Architecture dependent data

/usr/include → Header files included by C programs

/usr/src → Source code

/var hierarchy
/var/cache → Application cache data

/var/lib → Variable state information

/var/local → Variable data for /usr/local

/var/lock → Lock files

Command Line Environment 5

 /var/log → Log files and directories

/var/run → Data relevant to running processes

/var/tmp → Temporary files preserved between reboots

Command Line Environment 6

 Simple Commands in Linux - 1
Type 📒 Lecture
Date @December 22, 2021

Lecture # 3

Lecture URL https://youtu.be/DIpBEmRDHnw

Notion URL https://21f1003586.notion.site/Simple-Commands-in-Linux-1-3e5b2c25e6d04a7499afcb89af041b20

Week # 1

Some basic commands

date → Date and time

date -R → Gives the date in RFC5322 standard

cal → Calendar of a month

free → Memory statistics

free -h → Makes the output human readable

groups → Groups to which the user belongs

Simple Commands in Linux - 1 1

 idk what the junk is this

file → What type of a file it is

cd - → To visit the previous directory we were in

Typical output of ls -l

File types
- → Regular file

d → Directory

l → Symbolic link

c → Character file

b → Block file

s → Socket file

p → Named pipe

inode (Read: eye node)

ls -l <name>

An entry in the filesystem table about the location in storage media

Permission string

Simple Commands in Linux - 1 2

 To modify permissions
Create a folder

mkdir <folder-name>

chmod g-w <folder-name> to remove the write permission from the group

Similarly, chmod g-x <folder-name> to remove the execute permission from the group

To add permission, chmod g+w <folder-name> to give write permission to the group

So, a general structure of permission syntax is something like ...

chmod <user-group><plus/minus><r/w/x> <folder-name/file-name>

Where <user-group> are ...

u → User

g → Group

o → Others

<plus/minus> are ...

- → To remove permission

+ → To add permission

<r/w/x> are ...

r → Read

w → Write

x → Execute

We can also use numerical values for permissions

chmod 700 <folder-name> to give the rwx permission to user only

touch command
Used to modify the timestamp of a file or folder

If a file does not exist, it will be created

touch <file-name> to create a new file

chmod 700 <file-name> to give rwx permission to user only

cp command

Simple Commands in Linux - 1 3

 cp <file-name> <new-name> to copy a file to a new name

cp <file-name> <new-path> can be used to copy a file to a new path

mv command
mv <file-name> <new-path> to move a file to a new path

mv <file-name> <new-file-name> can be used to rename a file

Also, use quotation marks if the file name includes a space

rm command
rm <file-name> to remove a file

IT WILL NOT ASK FOR YOUR CONFIRMATION

Just straight up delete

This is the default behaviour

We can pass -i flag for the confirm remove prompt

Alias
We can also set an alias for long commands, for example ...

alias ll="ls -altrhF"

Know current user

whoami

Read a text file, page-by-page

less <file-name>

To know the type of a file

file <file-name>

Some commands
chmod → Change permissions of a file

touch → Change modified timestamp of a file

cp → Create a copy of a file

mv → Rename/Move a file

mkdir → Create a directory

rm → Remove a file

Simple Commands in Linux - 1 4